(a) (i) Re-organising the existing facility is an expensive exercise. Explain how you can delay the
factory layout under the following situations:
• The facility is experiencing increased production volume
• Over time the facility has become congested.
(ii) If you have a discrete item manufacturing system, what should be the best approach to
factory layout? (Indicate what should be the focus and how you will go about creating the new
layout design)
(b) (i) Briefly outline the SMED procedure and explain how cost, quality and flexibility are
affected by set –up time reduction.
Solution
Question 1)
Abstract The layout rearrangement of fashion production lines realizing many small batches is
rarely deployed according to wellknown engineering procedures. In fact, it would often appear
too complex to call a plant engineer for the proper layout design of such small production lines.
Rather, it is preferred to apply empirical methodologies when considering, generally, factory
knowhow, general business needs, safety requirements, and so on. In the present work, the
results of a fashion manufacturing line relayout were compared by analysing the current situation
with the solutions provided by a homemade company design, both through a systematic layout
planning approach and a broader lean reengineering activity. In order to evaluate the
effectiveness of each solution, the different alternatives were compared with the help of a
discrete event simulator, analysing productivity, transportation times and costs. The result of the
case study showed a slight advantage with the lean approach in considering such efficiency
indicators. In addition, the lean production methods allowed the designers to identify some
inefficiencies that other approaches could not see, since the latter did not focus on production in
a holistic way.
Keywords Layout Design, Systematic Layout Planning, Lean Production 1. Introduction One of
the main goals of a manufacturing system is the maximization of its productivity. This depends
upon several factors, such as the kind and the complexity of the product made, the quality of the
raw materials, the complexity of the manufacturing process and the arrangement of the
workstations constituting the production process. Some of these parameters are determined by
the product and, for this reason, are unchangeable; others, however, are variable and thus
improvable. The challenge of determining the best arrangement of the workstations is one of the
elements that has a great impact on system performance. It is known as the “facility layout
problem”[1], namely the problem of the arrangement of everything that is required for the
production process. A facility, in fact, is any element that simplifies an activity’s execution, such
as a machine tool, a work centre, a division, a manufacturing unit, and so on [2]. The literature
gives a
Filippo De Carlo, Maria Antonietta Arleo, Orlando Borgia and Mario Tucci: Layout Design for a
Low Capacity Manufactur.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A parts assembly station on a production line exhibits a severe vibra.pdfshalins6
A parts assembly station on a production line exhibits a severe vibration problem. A simplified
schematic representation is shown in Fig. 4.26. Two large tables of mass m_1 and m_2 are each
mounted to a sliding metal plate on resilient rubber mounts with shear stiffness K_1 and K_2, as
shown. The tables are each subjected to a vibrational excitation force, F_1(t) and F_2(t). The
plates are able to slide viscously on a second pair of deformable rubber mounts, with shear
stiffnesses K_3 and K_4. The viscous sliding coefficients are B_1 and B_2. The two plates are
coupled by a shaft with longitudinal stiffness K_5. Draw a linear graph for the system using the
two forces F_1 and F_2 as inputs.
Solution
An assembly line is a manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a
product in a sequential manner to create an end product. In most cases, a manufacturing
assembly line is a semi-automated system through which a product moves. At each station along
the line some part of the production process takes place. The workers and machinery used to
produce the item are stationary along the line and the product moves through the cycle, from
start to finish.
Assembly line methods were originally introduced to increase factory productivity and
efficiency. Advances in assembly line methods are made regularly as new and more efficient
ways of achieving the goal of increased throughput (the number of products produced in a given
period of time) are found. While assembly line methods apply primarily to manufacturing
processes, business experts have also been known to apply these principles to other areas of
business, from product development to management.
The introduction of the assembly line to American manufacturing floors in the early part of the
twentieth century fundamentally transformed the character of production facilities and businesses
throughout the nation. Thanks to the assembly line, production periods shortened, equipment
costs accelerated, and labor and management alike endeavored to keep up with the changes.
Today, using modern assembly line methods, manufacturing has become a highly refined process
in which value is added to parts along the line. Increasingly, assembly line manufacturing is
characterized by \"concurrent processes\"—multiple parallel activities that feed into a final
assembly stage. These processes require sophisticated communications systems, material flow
plans, and production schedules. The fact that the assembly line system is a single, large system
means that failures at one point in the \"line\" cause slowdowns and repercussions from that
point forward. Keeping the entire system running smoothly requires a great deal of coordination
between the parts of the system.
Computer power has enabled tracking systems to become more sophisticated and this, in turn,
has made it possible to reduce the costs associated with holding inventories. Just-in-time (JIT)
manufacturing methods have been developed to reduce t.
Demystifying Designing for ‘X’ by ProTek Medical ProtekMedical
http://www.protek.ie/
Annette Carty-Mole B.Eng (Hons)
Design Engineer, ProTek Medical
When a company is given the task of designing a
new product or redesigning an existing product, it
is important to keep in mind the three main goals
of cost, quality and speed. These goals can be
further split into more quantitative criteria which
are relevant throughout the product’s life cycle.
Designing for manufacture and assembly are typical
examples of two criteria which will have a large
impact on the cost, quality and speed at which the
product is developed. The methodology of design
that meets an all-encompassing range of criteria is
known as designing for ‘X’.
Experimental Plans and Intensive Numerical Aided DesignIJERA Editor
This paper deals with new methods to optimize design and subsequent phases, notably in SMEs specialized in manufacturing. SMEs use numerical simulation to verify that the design meets the expectations of the specification, following the current traditional process: CAD model, simulation of its behavior, changes in the CAD model... This process suffers from a number of drawbacks: no overall multi-criteria vision, use of CAD software, by nature "constructive, not considering the overall objectives (even with integration of the parameters or with considering the downstream phases). The research centre DINCCS led several projects, relying on industrial cases to consider more efficient approaches. It is proposed to reverse this process by making intensive simulations, based on trade knowledge, before design itself. In order to plan the great number of simulations, automatically designed plan of experiences are used. We discuss the application of this approach to intensive simulations. The stakes are crucial for SMEs, particularly manufacturing ones. Using numerical simulation (optimization) intensively, before setting the CAD model, they can get unexpected gains (mass, better use of the means of manufacture...). The results show that the proposed approach is a very promising new way of computer aided design..
Optimization of Assembly Line and Plant Layout in a Mass Production Industry...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
For z 2.85, in which of the following graphs does the shaded area .pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
For z < 2.85, in which of the following graphs does the shaded area represent the correct
proportion? PLEASE EXPLAIN.
Solution
Answer: Graph I
For z < 2.85, shaded area should be shown all the area left side of z value 2.85.
( graph II is middle area, Graph III is left of some neagtive z value and Graph IV is two tail
areas).
In Drosophila melanogaster, the yellow body gene is X-linked. The yel.pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
In Drosophila melanogaster, the yellow body gene is X-linked. The yellow body phenotype is
recessive to brown body phenotype. A yellow body female fruit fly was mated to a brown body
male. The vast majority of the male progeny are yellow body. However, a rare brown body male
was found in the progeny (1 out of 2060 males). What is the likely karyotype of this brown body
son? XXY XX XYY XO XXX
Solution
Sex inheritance by modified Mendelian mechanism:
X-linked inheritance means that the gene causing the trait or the disorder is located on the X
chromosome.
X-linked recessive inheritance is a mode of inheritance in which a mutation in a gene on the X
chromosome causes the phenotype to be expressed in males who are necessarily hemizygous for
the gene mutation because they have one X and one Y chromosome. Carrier females who have
only one copy of the mutation do not usually express the phenotype,
Females are XX (homogametic)
Males are XY (heterogametic)
Body color inherited by single gene, two allele system, brown dominant to yellow
But, sex and body color not inherited independently
Body color is linked to sex
Body color gene on X chromosome
Therefore, males have only one body color allele: Haploid and females have two eye color
alleles: Diploid.
Normally all the sons and none of the daughters show the recessive sex-linked characters of the
mother when the father carries the dominant allelomorph. For example, a yellow body female
mated to a brown body male produces yellow body males and brown body females, but rarely
also a yellow body female or a brown body son. The production of these exceptions by a normal
XX female must be due to an aberrant reduction division at which the two X chromosomes fail
to disjoin from each other. In consequence both remain in the egg or both pass into the polar
body. In the latter case an egg without an X chromosome is produced. Such an egg fertilized by
an X sperm produces a male with the constitution XO. These males received their single X from
their father and therefore show the father\'s characters. But that the Y does play some positive
role is proved by the fact that all the XO males have been found to be absolutely sterile.
Answer is d) XO.
More Related Content
Similar to (a) (i) Re-organising the existing facility is an expensive exercise.pdf
A parts assembly station on a production line exhibits a severe vibra.pdfshalins6
A parts assembly station on a production line exhibits a severe vibration problem. A simplified
schematic representation is shown in Fig. 4.26. Two large tables of mass m_1 and m_2 are each
mounted to a sliding metal plate on resilient rubber mounts with shear stiffness K_1 and K_2, as
shown. The tables are each subjected to a vibrational excitation force, F_1(t) and F_2(t). The
plates are able to slide viscously on a second pair of deformable rubber mounts, with shear
stiffnesses K_3 and K_4. The viscous sliding coefficients are B_1 and B_2. The two plates are
coupled by a shaft with longitudinal stiffness K_5. Draw a linear graph for the system using the
two forces F_1 and F_2 as inputs.
Solution
An assembly line is a manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a
product in a sequential manner to create an end product. In most cases, a manufacturing
assembly line is a semi-automated system through which a product moves. At each station along
the line some part of the production process takes place. The workers and machinery used to
produce the item are stationary along the line and the product moves through the cycle, from
start to finish.
Assembly line methods were originally introduced to increase factory productivity and
efficiency. Advances in assembly line methods are made regularly as new and more efficient
ways of achieving the goal of increased throughput (the number of products produced in a given
period of time) are found. While assembly line methods apply primarily to manufacturing
processes, business experts have also been known to apply these principles to other areas of
business, from product development to management.
The introduction of the assembly line to American manufacturing floors in the early part of the
twentieth century fundamentally transformed the character of production facilities and businesses
throughout the nation. Thanks to the assembly line, production periods shortened, equipment
costs accelerated, and labor and management alike endeavored to keep up with the changes.
Today, using modern assembly line methods, manufacturing has become a highly refined process
in which value is added to parts along the line. Increasingly, assembly line manufacturing is
characterized by \"concurrent processes\"—multiple parallel activities that feed into a final
assembly stage. These processes require sophisticated communications systems, material flow
plans, and production schedules. The fact that the assembly line system is a single, large system
means that failures at one point in the \"line\" cause slowdowns and repercussions from that
point forward. Keeping the entire system running smoothly requires a great deal of coordination
between the parts of the system.
Computer power has enabled tracking systems to become more sophisticated and this, in turn,
has made it possible to reduce the costs associated with holding inventories. Just-in-time (JIT)
manufacturing methods have been developed to reduce t.
Demystifying Designing for ‘X’ by ProTek Medical ProtekMedical
http://www.protek.ie/
Annette Carty-Mole B.Eng (Hons)
Design Engineer, ProTek Medical
When a company is given the task of designing a
new product or redesigning an existing product, it
is important to keep in mind the three main goals
of cost, quality and speed. These goals can be
further split into more quantitative criteria which
are relevant throughout the product’s life cycle.
Designing for manufacture and assembly are typical
examples of two criteria which will have a large
impact on the cost, quality and speed at which the
product is developed. The methodology of design
that meets an all-encompassing range of criteria is
known as designing for ‘X’.
Experimental Plans and Intensive Numerical Aided DesignIJERA Editor
This paper deals with new methods to optimize design and subsequent phases, notably in SMEs specialized in manufacturing. SMEs use numerical simulation to verify that the design meets the expectations of the specification, following the current traditional process: CAD model, simulation of its behavior, changes in the CAD model... This process suffers from a number of drawbacks: no overall multi-criteria vision, use of CAD software, by nature "constructive, not considering the overall objectives (even with integration of the parameters or with considering the downstream phases). The research centre DINCCS led several projects, relying on industrial cases to consider more efficient approaches. It is proposed to reverse this process by making intensive simulations, based on trade knowledge, before design itself. In order to plan the great number of simulations, automatically designed plan of experiences are used. We discuss the application of this approach to intensive simulations. The stakes are crucial for SMEs, particularly manufacturing ones. Using numerical simulation (optimization) intensively, before setting the CAD model, they can get unexpected gains (mass, better use of the means of manufacture...). The results show that the proposed approach is a very promising new way of computer aided design..
Optimization of Assembly Line and Plant Layout in a Mass Production Industry...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
For z 2.85, in which of the following graphs does the shaded area .pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
For z < 2.85, in which of the following graphs does the shaded area represent the correct
proportion? PLEASE EXPLAIN.
Solution
Answer: Graph I
For z < 2.85, shaded area should be shown all the area left side of z value 2.85.
( graph II is middle area, Graph III is left of some neagtive z value and Graph IV is two tail
areas).
In Drosophila melanogaster, the yellow body gene is X-linked. The yel.pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
In Drosophila melanogaster, the yellow body gene is X-linked. The yellow body phenotype is
recessive to brown body phenotype. A yellow body female fruit fly was mated to a brown body
male. The vast majority of the male progeny are yellow body. However, a rare brown body male
was found in the progeny (1 out of 2060 males). What is the likely karyotype of this brown body
son? XXY XX XYY XO XXX
Solution
Sex inheritance by modified Mendelian mechanism:
X-linked inheritance means that the gene causing the trait or the disorder is located on the X
chromosome.
X-linked recessive inheritance is a mode of inheritance in which a mutation in a gene on the X
chromosome causes the phenotype to be expressed in males who are necessarily hemizygous for
the gene mutation because they have one X and one Y chromosome. Carrier females who have
only one copy of the mutation do not usually express the phenotype,
Females are XX (homogametic)
Males are XY (heterogametic)
Body color inherited by single gene, two allele system, brown dominant to yellow
But, sex and body color not inherited independently
Body color is linked to sex
Body color gene on X chromosome
Therefore, males have only one body color allele: Haploid and females have two eye color
alleles: Diploid.
Normally all the sons and none of the daughters show the recessive sex-linked characters of the
mother when the father carries the dominant allelomorph. For example, a yellow body female
mated to a brown body male produces yellow body males and brown body females, but rarely
also a yellow body female or a brown body son. The production of these exceptions by a normal
XX female must be due to an aberrant reduction division at which the two X chromosomes fail
to disjoin from each other. In consequence both remain in the egg or both pass into the polar
body. In the latter case an egg without an X chromosome is produced. Such an egg fertilized by
an X sperm produces a male with the constitution XO. These males received their single X from
their father and therefore show the father\'s characters. But that the Y does play some positive
role is proved by the fact that all the XO males have been found to be absolutely sterile.
Answer is d) XO.
How can Virtual Communities, Geographical Information Systems, and G.pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
How can Virtual Communities, Geographical Information Systems, and Global Positioning
systems be leveraged to gain competitive advantage?
Solution
. This Process Design Slam, in a virtual community collaboration applying BPM design and
implementation tools and methodologies to solve a particular business challenge, sought and
succeeded to prove that geographically dispersed collaboration teams could create an \"agile\"
solution with the right resources. That work might well lead to different behaviors by SAP in the
year ahead, by the various companies of the participants, or by those participating individuals
themselves, and by anyone else who watched or read about the exercise. I would put that in the
\"borderless\" category as it is grassroots (versus top-down) community-led change with the
potential for outside-in and cross-organizational influence.The application was to be integrated
with the City’s global positioning system (GPS) and mobile geographic information system
(GIS) software. The SAP community today is a colorful blend of high ideals, social networking
innovation, and the messy interpersonal dynamics that make community so challenging.
Leveraged properly, I believe it can be SAP\'s greatest source of competitive advantage.\"
Another business benefit of borderlessness even beyond the pure financials: competitive
advantage.This competitive advantage is a direct result of the impressive participation from our
most active SCN members. Many of our members write in-depth articles, pull others into the
discussion, set examples for participation, and pave the path for new discussions. This giving-up
of control by SAP, and enabling and supporting others to play an active and direct role, is yet
another example of becoming borderless - with obvious benefits to SAP and to its customers and
ecosystem members of efficiency, speed, depth and range of available / shared expertise, and
much else..
Here is what a Dubai-Sharjah metro link could meanStudy shows .pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
Here is what a Dubai-Sharjah metro link could mean
Study shows a metro line between Al Qiyada station and Sharjah City Centre could reduce traffic
congestion by 30%
Published: 21:01 January 27, 2018
Shafaat Shahbandari, Staff Reporter
Dubai: A metro link connecting Sharjah with Dubai’s Green Line could reduce traffic on the
congested highways between the emirates by more than 30 per cent, a new study has found.
Conducted by Aurecon, a Dubai-based international transport planning firm that works closely
with the local transport authorities, the study highlights the economic impact of congestions
between the two emirates and shows how a direct link between Al Qiyada metro station and
Sharjah City Centre could offset at least a third of the current traffic problems.
Gulf News got an exclusive access to the study that is most likely a first look into the possibility
of linking the two emirates with the metro.
The five corridors in total have a capacity of 33,200 vehicles per hour, but somehow through a
lot of squeezing around, 40,000 vehicles use the highways per peak hour, causing delays of up to
2 hours 40 minutes.”
- Nadeem Shakir, Technical Director at Aurecon
“There could be more than one ways of linking the two emirates through the metro and this is
one such hypothetical scenario of what could happen if a metro link is built between Dubai and
Sharjah,” said Nadeem Shakir, technical director at Aurecon, who headed the study.
The study found that currently, the five corridors between Dubai and Sharjah witness 900,000
vehicular trips daily, with 450,000 passing in each direction. The combined peak direction flow
on Ittihad Road, Damascas Street, Beirut Street, Mohammad Bin Zayed Road and Emirate Road
is 40,000 vehicles or 52,000 passengers per hour during the morning peak hours.
“The five corridors in total have a capacity of 33,200 vehicles per hour, but somehow through a
lot of squeezing around 40,000 vehicles use the highways per peak hour, causing delays of up to
two hour 40 minutes. We calculated the economic impact of the time and fuel lost during these
delays and found that Dh4.3 billion is lost per year,” said Shakir.
He added that an equivalent amount would be enough to build a 12km metro line per year.
Shakir observed that increasing the lane capacity between the emirates is neither possible nor it
will help ease congestion.
“The border lane capacity increase will not help since the inflow/outflow from and to the border
crossing is dictated by the road network on the either side of border. The road network on
Sharjah side is limited due to corridors and ROW constraints,” he said.
Metro connectivity
So the only possible solution, according to Shakir, to ease the congestion could be a metro link.
“We developed the hypothetical direct link of 7.5km between Al Qiyadah station and Sharjah
City Centre, with no stations in between. Such a project could be built at a cost of Dh3 billion,
almost 30 per cent less than the amount lost in traffi.
For each mammalian organ system, list the organs and their function. .pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
For each mammalian organ system, list the organs and their function. Respiratory Circulatory:
Digestive: Immune:
Solution
1....Main Parts of the Respiratory System and their Functions:
1. The nostrils: They bring air into the nose, where air is warmed and humidified. The tiny hairs
referred to as cilia filters out dirt and other debris in the air and protects the nasal passage and
different regions of the respiration tract.
2.Trachea: The trachea is also referred to as windpipe. The trachea filters the air we inhale.
3.Bronchi: The bronchi are the two air tubes that branch off of from the trachea and deliver
atmospheric air at once into the lungs.
4.Lungs: The major organ of the respiratory machine is lungs, oxygen is taken into and carbon
dioxide is expelled out. The red blood cells un the blood picks up the oxygen inside the lungs
and deliver and distribute the oxygen to all body cells.
5.Alveolus: gaseous exchange takes place.
6.Diaphragm: Breathing starts off evolved . When we breathe in the diaphragm contracts and
flatten out and pull downward. Due to this motion the space within the lungs will increase and
pulls air into the lungs. When we breathe out, the diaphragm expands and decreases the amount
of space for the lungs and forces air out.
2...Digestive organs and their functions:
Mouth
Mixes food with salivary secretion; taste, chewing
Salivary glands
Lubricate food; produce buffers and enzymes that begin digestion
Pharynx
Passageway shared with respiratory system, leads to esophagus
Esophagus
Delivers food to stomach
Stomach
Secretes acids and digestive enzymes that break down proteins
Small intestine
Secretes enzymes and other factors for nutrient digestion; absorbs nutrients
Liver
Secretesbile (required for lipid digestion); synthesizes blood proteins; stores lipid and
carbohydrate reserves
Gallbladder
Stores biles for release into small intestine
Pancreas
Secretes digestive enzymes and buffers into small intestine; produces hormones
Large intestine
Removes water from nondigested material; stores wastes
3....Excretory system and their functions:
Kidney
organs in the excretory system where waste is filtered out of the blood
ureter
tubes that connect the nephron to the bladder
urethra
tube through which urine exits the body
bladder
where urine is stored until you \"go to the bathroom\"
nephron
small capsule in the kidneys where excess water, salts, and urea are removed from the
bloodstream and other materials are put back into the blood
4....Reproductive organs:
Male reproductive organs:
testis
produces sperm
epididymis
stores sperm
vas deferens
transports sperm to urethra
urethra
receives seminal secretions from testes and accessory glands; also drains excretory products from
urinary bladder
seminal vesicles
secrete alkaline fluids that aid in neutralizing acidity and contain nutrients to promote sperm
motility and viability and hormones to stimulate uterine contractions
bulbourethral glands
secretes alkaline fluid to neutralize aci.
Direct but short answer to the following problemBased on intervie.pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
Direct but short answer to the following problem:
Based on interviews what do each of the following terms mean:
a) Manifest content
b) Latent content
Solution
Manifest content is the tangible or concrete surface content (data). That is the actual concrete
terms within human communication. Advantages with manifest content are ease of testing and
reliability and a disadvantage is its validity
latent content is the underlying meaning behind this information , or the underlying means of
communication. An advantage with latent content is that it is designed perfect for tapping the
underlying meaning of communication and its disadvantages are its reliability and specificity..
Discuss the advantages of Hadoop technology and distributed data fil.pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
Discuss the advantages of Hadoop technology and distributed data file systems. How is an
Hadoop Distributed File System different from a Relational Database system? What
organizational issues are best solved using Hadoop technology? Give examples of the type of
data they will analyze. What companies currently use Hadoopo related technologies.
Solution
The advantages of Hadoop technology
1. Scalable
Hadoop is a highly scalable storage platform, because it can store and distribute very large data
sets across hundreds of inexpensive servers that operate in parallel. Unlike traditional relational
database systems (RDBMS) that can\'t scale to process large amounts of data, Hadoop enables
businesses to run applications on thousands of nodes involving thousands of terabytes of data.
2. Cost effective
Hadoop also offers a cost effective storage solution for businesses\' exploding data sets. The
problem with traditional relational database management systems is that it is extremely cost
prohibitive to scale to such a degree in order to process such massive volumes of data. In an
effort to reduce costs, many companies in the past would have had to down-sample data and
classify it based on certain assumptions as to which data was the most valuable. The raw data
would be deleted, as it would be too cost-prohibitive to keep. While this approach may have
worked in the short term, this meant that when business priorities changed, the complete raw
data set was not available, as it was too expensive to store. Hadoop, on the other hand, is
designed as a scale-out architecture that can affordably store all of a company\'s data for later
use. The cost savings are staggering: instead of costing thousands to tens of thousands of pounds
per terabyte, Hadoop offers computing and storage capabilities for hundreds of pounds per
terabyte.
3. Flexible
Hadoop enables businesses to easily access new data sources and tap into different types of data
(both structured and unstructured) to generate value from that data. This means businesses can
use Hadoop to derive valuable business insights from data sources such as social media, email
conversations or clickstream data. In addition, Hadoop can be used for a wide variety of
purposes, such as log processing, recommendation systems, data warehousing, market campaign
analysis and fraud detection.
4. Fast
Hadoop\'s unique storage method is based on a distributed file system that basically \'maps\' data
wherever it is located on a cluster. The tools for data processing are often on the same servers
where the data is located, resulting in much faster data processing. If you\'re dealing with large
volumes of unstructured data, Hadoop is able to efficiently process terabytes of data in just
minutes, and petabytes in hours.
5. Resilient to failure
A key advantage of using Hadoop is its fault tolerance. When data is sent to an individual node,
that data is also replicated to other nodes in the cluster, which means that in the event of.
Describe how sexual orientation is a product of biology and soci.pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
Describe how sexual orientation is a product of biology and society ?
Describe how sexual orientation is a product of biology and society ?
Describe how sexual orientation is a product of biology and society ?
Solution
Sexual orientation is the term used to describe what gender(s) someone is sexually and/or
romantically attracted to. Sexual orientation is different from gender and gender identity — how
you feel about and express your gender. Sexual orientation is about who you are attracted to and
want to have intimate relationships with.
Causes:
The exact causes of sexual orientation is known yet, but there is believe that it is caused by a
complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, environmental and social influences.
Biology:
The sexual orientation is not a choice and cannot be changed. The biological factor is the most
prominent factor among all which involves a complex interplay of genetic factors and hormonal
factors.
The hormonal theory of sexuality holds that just as exposure to certain hormones plays a role in
fetal sex differentiation, hormonal exposure also influences the sexual orientation that emerges
later in the adult. As females have XX chromosome and males have XY chromosome, the
chromosome Y is the responsible for producing male differentiation on the defect female
development. The differentiation process is driven by androgen hormones, mainly testosterone
and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The newly formed testicles in the fetus are responsible for the
secretion of androgens, that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing
fetus, included its brain. This results in sexual differences between males and females.
Society:
Though the biological effect shows most prominent cause of sexual orientation, but you can not
ignore the effect of society on sexual orientation. In 1976, philosopher and historian Michel
Foucault argued in \'The History of Sexuality\' that homosexuality as an identity did not exist in
the eighteenth century. Sexual orientation is argued as a concept that evolved in the
industrialized West, and there is a controversy as to the universality of its application in other
societies or cultures. Heterosexuality and homosexuality are terms often used in European and
American cultures to encompass a person\'s entire social identity, which includes self and
personality. In other cultures, homosexuality and heterosexual labels do not emphasize an entire
social identity or indicate community affiliation based on sexual orientation..
Define social contract theory. What does it attempt to explainS.pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
Define social contract theory. What does it attempt to explain?
Solution
According to social contract theory - “morality consists in the set of rules governing behavior,
that rational people would accept, on the condition that others accept them as well.” (Rachels, p.
145)
We are already familiar with the concept of contracts like marriage, citizenship and employment.
Put simply a contract is a sort of agreements betwween two parties. if one party voilates theterms
of the agreement, the contract is no longer valid. Societies are controlled by governments. This is
the starting point of discussing social contract theory. Put simply this theory attemps to explain
the fact that people benefit from living together in countries, kindom or under any other
governmental jurisdiction. Living in societies hoever requires rules and laws. Societies are the
result of compromises and social contracts provide framework for how people and governments
are to interact. Individuals who stay together may gain protection from the other social elements
that might try to harm them. In return they must give up certain freedoms like ability to commit
crimes without being punished. They should contribte to making societies stable, healthy and
happy.
The idea of the social contract has a long history leading as far as the ages of mesopotanians.
however it was not until the enlightment of 17th and 18th century that social contract theory
gained widespread attention. The enlightment was a time when intellectuals began to question
established views relating to religion, science, economics and government. Social contract theory
challenged both the moral and social elements of power..
Assume that you have the following set of hexadecimal values $20, $.pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
Assume that you have the following set of hexadecimal values: $20, $25, $40, $50, $12. Write a
segment of a program to find the minimum and maximum values of the set.
Solution
DATASEGMENT
ARR DW $20, $25, $40, $50, $12
LEN DW $05
MIN DW ?
MAX DW ?
DATAENDS
CODESEGMENT
ASSUME DS:DATA CS:CODE
START:
MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
LEA SI,ARR
MOV AL,ARR[SI]
MOV MIN,AL
MOV MAX,AL
MOV CX,LEN
REPEAT:
MOV AL,ARR[SI]
CMP MIN,AL
JL CHECKMAX
MOV MIN,AL
CHECKMAX:
CMP MAX,AL
JG DONE
MOV MAX,AL
DONE:
INC SI
LOOPREPEAT
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODEENDS
END START.
Briefly explain why heating water close to boiling in a test tube wo.pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
Briefly explain why heating water close to boiling in a test tube would dramatically increase the
rate of distribtution of dissolved particles, like KMno4, so that they distribute within the entire
tube within several seconds? Please be specific in explanation. For animal physiology class.
Solution
It is due to the mechanism of convection.
KMnO4 will distribute easily when water in the test tube is boiled, because heat transfer in a
liquid occurs by the liquid movement itself. The liquid which is present at the bottom will get hot
first and this will rise to the surface and the liquid from top reach the bottom, like this the liquid
will move in a loop pattern (phenomenon called as convection) and this will allow the uniform
distribution of water soluble particles present in that water..
AP Biology II -1. What substrate does the enzyme Potassium Cyanide.pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
AP Biology II -
1. What substrate does the enzyme Potassium Cyanide (KCN) function with?
2. What does the enzyme Potassium Cyanide do in the process of cellular respiration?
3. Explain the optimum conditions for the enzyme Potassium Cyanide.
4. Describe any additional factors that could affect the enzyme\'s function?
Solution
1. Potassium cyanide (KCN) is extremely toxic - obstruct catalase and aerobic respiration.
2. Ingested - KCN is hydrolysed to process hydrogen cyanide (toxic gas) that can gladly detach
into H+ and CN- ions.
3. CN- ions attach irreparable to enzyme find in mitochondria, inhibit phase of aerobic
respiration. Final phase inhibited = earlier phase cannot run.
4. a) Cyanide and b) Snake venom.
The occupation of an Enzyme is elaborate by its environmental shape of molecules are enlarge
temperature enlarge the rate of reaction, establish more product. Eventually, the enzyme will
flatter to denatured and will no extended function..
allocation SolutionThe correct option is Depreciation.Depreci.pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
allocation
Solution
The correct option is Depreciation.
Depreciation is a systematic allocation of depreciable amount over the useful life of a fixed asset.
It is a reduction in the value of fixed asset due to wear and tear over the period by using the fixed
assets other than land.
Hence the correct option is Depreciation.
A) Explain five (5) challenges amphibians faced when colonizing land.pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
A) Explain five (5) challenges amphibians faced when colonizing land and how they solved
them. B) Explain the improvements reptiles evolved from the amphibian solutions (the five (5)
listed in the question above) to adapt to terrestrial environment
Solution
a) The terrestrial realm of land and air offers many challenges to organisms adapted to aquatic
life:
Gravity:aquatic life is buoyed by water.Air is not so buoyant! So terrestrial animals have to have
some sort of supporting tissue.Endoskeleton of bone and lobe fins modified to limbs.Also
changes in skeleton for land hunting - Shoulder free from skull to give head more flexibility and
arm greater lateral movement
Descication: air is drier than water,so terrestrial organisms need some form of skin or coat to
keep all their precious bodily fluids from leaking out.Fish scales don\'t protect the body much
against desiccation. Besides Amphibians lost those scales early in their evolution.Amphibians
never really solved the skin-permeability problem.They are restricted today to moist habitats.
Respiration: aquatic organisms exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolved in water.In
air,these substances are gases,so new structures are needed to breath.Fish breathe the oxygen
dissolved in water through their gills.Out of the water,however,they are unable to survive for
more than a few minutes.In order to live on dry land,they need to acquire a pulmonary
system.They developed lungs inside body
and stronger rib cage.
Reproduction:aquatic organisms often release their eggs,sperm,etc.,directly into the water.This
approach is much less effective in air,so other solutions evolve.But there is no special
adaptation,return to water to mate.
Locomotion:aquatic animals can swim,scuttle,squidge,orotherwise move through the
water.These motions have to be modified in the terrestrial realm.
Senses:light,sound,and smell transmit differently in water than in air,and some senses don\'t
work in air at all.Terrestrial animals have to evolve new adaptations to deal with these
differences.Lateral line which senses vibrations under water becomes lost and an operculum
overlaying the lower jaw is used to sense vibrations in air.
Excretion:Due to the abundant water in their environment,marine creatures can immediately
filter and expel their bodies waste products,particularly ammonia.On land,water must be used at
minimum levels.For that reason these living things have kidneys,in which ammonia is filtered
out as urea and stored in the bladder,and the minimum amount of water is used when it is
expelled.In addition,there is a need for new systems that enable the kidneys to
function.Amphibians ability to conserve body water is rudimentary.Considerable water is lost by
evaporation through their skin.Most species excrete a copious and diluteurine because a large
volume of water is needed to flush out toxic excretory products through their kidney tubules.
b)Amniotic egg:Amphibians never succeeded in becoming fully terrestrial because.
Classful addressing describes the IP address scheme thata.) divid.pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
Classful addressing describes the IP address scheme that:
a.) divides the address according to network and host
b.) defines addresses as A, B, C, D, and E
c.) Is structured in a dotted-decimal format
d.) is referred to as an IPv4 addressing method
e.) all of the above
f.) none of the above
Solution
Option E is true ....
That means ...option A ,B, C, D are valid for classful addressing .......
a. Explain how chronic bleeding leads to iron deficiency anemia. b. .pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
a. Explain how chronic bleeding leads to iron deficiency anemia. b. Explain the signs of anemia
that indicate compensation for hypoxia is occurring. c. Explain how the destruction of acid-
producing cells in the stomach can lead to iron deficiency anemia.
Solution
a. Iron-deficiency anemia is anemia caused by a lack of iron.It is the most common type of
anemia. Anemia is defined as a decrease in the number of red blood cells or the amount of
hemoglobin in the blood. Blood contains iron within red blood cells, so blood loss leads to a loss
of iron.
There are several common causes of blood loss: Women with menorrhagia (heavy menstrual
periods) are at risk of iron-deficiency anemia because they are at higher-than-normal risk of
losing a larger amount blood during menstruation than is replaced in their diet. Slow, chronic
blood loss within the body — such as from a peptic ulcer, angiodysplasia, a colon polyp or
gastrointestinal cancer, excessively heavy periods — can cause iron-deficiency anemia.
Gastrointestinal bleeding can result from regular use of some groups of medication, such as
NSAIDs (e.g. aspirin), anticoagulants such as clopidogrel and warfarin, although these are
required in some patients, especially those with states causing thrombophilia.
b. Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate
oxygen supply at the tissue level. Hypoxia may be classified as either generalized, affecting the
whole body, or local, affecting a region of the body.
Hemoglobin plays a substantial role in carrying oxygen throughout the body, and when it is
deficient, anemia can result, causing \'anaemic hypoxia\' if tissue perfusion is decreased. Iron
deficiency is the most common cause of anemia. As iron is used in the synthesis of hemoglobin,
less hemoglobin will be synthesised when there is less iron, due to insufficient intake, or poor
absorption.
Anemia is typically a chronic process that is compensated over time by increased levels of red
blood cells via upregulated erythropoetin. A chronic hypoxic state can result from a poorly
compensated anaemia. The signs that indicate compensation of hypoxia are fatigue, weakness,
dizziness, headache, low body temperature, pale skin, irregular heartbeat etc..
8. Identify the causes and symptoms of endocarditis, myocarditis, an.pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
8. Identify the causes and symptoms of endocarditis, myocarditis, and pericarditis
Solution
1.Endocarditis:
Causes: Endocarditis is caused due to inflammation of endocardium layer of heart. caused due to
infection in the valves of the heart and the inner lining of heart.The main cause is infection
through bacteria and less extent fungus and other microorganisms that enter the bloodstream and
attach to the heart valves.Rheumatic fever is often the cause of endocarditis.
Symptoms: Include fever,sweating, fatigue,pain in joints and muscles,breathing problems,change
in heart sounds,weight loss,enlargement of spleen,appearance of blood in uine,appearance of
Osler\'s nodes in which red spots appear under skin of fingers and petechiae in legs.
Myocarditis:
Causes:Caused due to inflammation of the muscles of heart known as myocardium.Chaga\'s
disease is the main cause behind myocarditis.It may be caused by viral ,protozoan
,fungal,bacterial or parasitic infection.Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthiritis may
also cause myocarditis.Alcohol, drugs such as anthracyclines also cause myocarditis.
Symptoms:Pain in the chest,abnormal heart beats,high fever ,congestion in the heart,joint pain,
fatigue ,diarrhea are some of the symptoms.
Pericarditis:
Causes:Caused due to inflammation of pericardium layer of the heart due to infection by virus,
bacteria or fungus. Viruses such as coxsackievirus, herpesvirus, mumps virus, and HIV , bacteria
such as pneumococcus and anaerobic bacteria, fungus such as Aspergillus and Candida are the
causative agents.Apart from this cancer, autoimmune diseases etc aldo cause pericarditis.
Symptoms:Sudden chest pain,shoulders,neck and back pain,fever,palpitations,fatigue,breathing
problems, and heart attack are some of the symptoms..
Can someone please help me with this question3. Describe the funct.pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
Can someone please help me with this question
3. Describe the functions of the hypothalamus and hippocampus. What part of the brain are these
structures located in? (4 marks)
Solution
Hippocampus found deep in the temporal lobe of brain.
The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus and right above the brainstem.
Functions:.
2. The probability that a phone call will last more than t minutes i.pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
2. The probability that a phone call will last more than t minutes is (1+t)-2. Given that a
particular phone call has not ended in two minutes, what is the probability it will last more than
three minutes?
Solution
Here,
P(T>t) = (1+t)^-2
Thus,
P(t>3|t>2) = P(t>3) / P(t>2)
= [(1+3)^-2]/[(1+2)^-2]
= 9/16 or 0.5625 [ANSWER].
28. Which of the following is an example of temporal structure in a .pdfarhamgarmentsdelhi
28. Which of the following is an example of temporal structure in a biological community? A. In
deserts, many insects, forbs, and grasses are only seen in the days following a large rainfall. B. In
rainforests, most monkey species are never seen on the ground. C. Understory flowers, such as
Trillium and Mayapple flower in early spring, before forest trees leaf out and shade them. D. A
and C E. B and C one of the above.
Solution
Temporal pattern of distribution of species influence the population structure in given
environment. Variability in temporal structure in a given environment affects the establishment
of the population. The examples of temporal structure in biological community include species
existence in a time bound pattern. In deserts, many insects, forbs, and grasses are only seen in the
days following a large rainfall and Understory flowers, such as Trillium and Mayapple flower in
early spring, before forest trees leaf out and shade them are the examples of temporal structure in
biological community. Option D is correct..
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
(a) (i) Re-organising the existing facility is an expensive exercise.pdf
1. (a) (i) Re-organising the existing facility is an expensive exercise. Explain how you can delay the
factory layout under the following situations:
• The facility is experiencing increased production volume
• Over time the facility has become congested.
(ii) If you have a discrete item manufacturing system, what should be the best approach to
factory layout? (Indicate what should be the focus and how you will go about creating the new
layout design)
(b) (i) Briefly outline the SMED procedure and explain how cost, quality and flexibility are
affected by set –up time reduction.
Solution
Question 1)
Abstract The layout rearrangement of fashion production lines realizing many small batches is
rarely deployed according to wellknown engineering procedures. In fact, it would often appear
too complex to call a plant engineer for the proper layout design of such small production lines.
Rather, it is preferred to apply empirical methodologies when considering, generally, factory
knowhow, general business needs, safety requirements, and so on. In the present work, the
results of a fashion manufacturing line relayout were compared by analysing the current situation
with the solutions provided by a homemade company design, both through a systematic layout
planning approach and a broader lean reengineering activity. In order to evaluate the
effectiveness of each solution, the different alternatives were compared with the help of a
discrete event simulator, analysing productivity, transportation times and costs. The result of the
case study showed a slight advantage with the lean approach in considering such efficiency
indicators. In addition, the lean production methods allowed the designers to identify some
inefficiencies that other approaches could not see, since the latter did not focus on production in
a holistic way.
Keywords Layout Design, Systematic Layout Planning, Lean Production 1. Introduction One of
the main goals of a manufacturing system is the maximization of its productivity. This depends
upon several factors, such as the kind and the complexity of the product made, the quality of the
raw materials, the complexity of the manufacturing process and the arrangement of the
workstations constituting the production process. Some of these parameters are determined by
the product and, for this reason, are unchangeable; others, however, are variable and thus
improvable. The challenge of determining the best arrangement of the workstations is one of the
elements that has a great impact on system performance. It is known as the “facility layout
2. problem”[1], namely the problem of the arrangement of everything that is required for the
production process. A facility, in fact, is any element that simplifies an activity’s execution, such
as a machine tool, a work centre, a division, a manufacturing unit, and so on [2]. The literature
gives a
Filippo De Carlo, Maria Antonietta Arleo, Orlando Borgia and Mario Tucci: Layout Design for a
Low Capacity Manufacturing Line: A Case Study 1www.intechopen.com
ARTICLE
www.intechopen.com Int. j. eng. bus. manag., 2013, Vol. 5, Special Issue Innovations in Fashion
Industry, 35:2013
lot of definitions of various layout problems: one of the first dates back to 1957, when it was
defined as an ordinary industrial problem with the aim of minimizing the cost of transporting
materials between the different workstations [3] [4]. Transportation, as a matter of fact, is the key
factor in the facility layout problem. A wellknown study of the 1970s [5], in fact, has highlighted
that from 20% to 50% of total operating manufacturing costs are related to the material handling
activities and that these costs could be reduced by 10% to 30% annually with efficient facility
planning. In addition to the direct target of minimizing material handling costs, effective facility
layout planning also has indirect advantages: for example, it can help to decrease the work in
process (WIP) and the throughput times (TT) [6], or it can simply facilitate the control of
information and material flows [7]. A more recent description [8] defines the facility layout
problem as an optimization problem that tries to improve layout efficiency, considering all the
interactions between facilities and material handling systems while designing layouts. During
this optimization phase, there are a lot of elements to be considered: safety, flexibility for future
design changes, noise and aesthetics are examples of basic qualitative factors in the facility
layout planning process [5] [9]. The industrial significance of the facility layout problem is
attested also to by the numerous references in the literature: some texts offer an exposition of the
plant layout principles [10] [11] [12] or a review of all the different approaches to the facility
layout problem [9] [13]; others present case studies with possible optimal solutions to the
problem [14]. The choice of the best facility layout configuration is clearly a decision to be made
during the early plant design phase, even if it could be modified during a redesign phase due, for
example, to a plant extension. According to the different properties of a manufacturing process –
mainly, the productive capacity and the variety of products the workstations should be organized
appropriately. It is possible to refer to a schematic classification, represented in Figure 1 [15],
that highlights the presence of four kinds of layout. Fixed position: this is used for the
realization of very big products, such as ships, aircrafts and heavy machinery [16]. Jobshop: this
is the production area is divided into different departments, each of which is specialized in a
particular technology [17]. Cellular layout: this is characterized by cells (namely, groups of
3. different workstations) and used to produce similar products of few different
families. It is suitable when the production volume does not support the choice of mass
production [18]. Flow line: this is used for the realization of one product in high quantity
through a series of closely connected workstations.
The classification of Figure 1 is only an initial step in identifying the possible facility layout
configurations for a specific manufacturing plan. The development of the best and more suitable
plant layout configuration, in fact, is usually made with some specific technique in which many
other parameters are considered, such as the relationships between the different workstations,
problems in their proximity, etc. According to Figure 1, the optimal layout for the production of
a few parts with high variety is the cellular layout. The ‘group technology’ or ‘cellular layout’ is
effectively proposed for small batch production [19]. It gives many advantages related to
improving productivity and cost reductions [20].
Figure 1. Varietyquantity production relationship. In the picture is shown the best layout for
several combinations of quantity and variety. Generally speaking, if the layout is different from
the one proposed, higher opportunity costs or lower efficiencies are faced. For many lowvolume
batch production lines – as, for instance, in the fashion industry the choice of plant layout type is
essential in order to ensure not only high productivity and cost control but also a high level of
flexibility. This strongly depends upon the facility layout: the possibility of changing the
production type easily and quickly, in fact, is strictly related to the workstations’ disposition.
Increased international competition and its growing economic importance have caused, in recent
years, a growing attention on the part of researchers to the fashion field, where problems and
solutions are moving closer and closer to those of more mature industries. The topics dealt with
by researchers comprehend methods to enhance logistics innovation and integration [21] [22],
Int. j. eng. bus. manag., 2013, Vol. 5, Special Issue Innovations in Fashion Industry, 35:2013 2
www.intechopen.com
tools in performing effective performance measurement [23], proper layout selection [24], the
appraisal of the brand equity [25] and suitable adaptations of forecasting techniques [26] [27].
An important element to be considered in choosing the proper layout configuration for small
batch fashion production lines is the level of the similarity of the products in the manufacturing
processes. If an item differs a little from the others (for example, only in terms of colour, size,
etc.) and the manufacturing sequence of operations remains unchanged, the optimum layout may
be somewhat different from the classical cellular layout. In this case, it is necessary to adopt one
or more of the specific layout models currently available. The aim of the present study is to make
a comparison of the different layout design methods for lowvolume batch fashion manufacturing
lines. In particular, a case study was investigated analysing a manufacturing line of felt hats. The
results show that the best approach to be adopted – i.e., to gain an appropriate layout
4. arrangement is the facility layout coming from a wider “lean production” analysis and
reengineering process. This result was achieved through a discrete events simulation analysis,
which permitted us to compare the costs and productivity performance of each solution
investigated. The remainder of the present paper is organized as follows: in section 2 the
principal layout design methods are presented; section 3 gives the case study analysis and the
description of its manufacturing process; the results of the analysis are explained in section 4,
while the fifth section provides a discussion of the results and presents some conclusions. 2.
Methods To design or redesign the facility layout of a manufacturing process, it is possible to
apply many different methods. Each one is based on a specific idea and goal to be achieved.
Since a method usually gives an optimal layout configuration different from the others, it is
important to have a performance measurement tool in order to gain hints about the best method
to adopt. This comparison could be made through a score, such as the total closeness rating index
[28], or a simulation analysis highlighting the results of the main production process parameters,
such as costs, times, the throughput rate, the WIP or the line availability [29] [30] [31]. Before
investigating the best facility layout design method, we present in this section some of their
major features, especially those of the systematic layout planning (SLP) technique [32] and the
layout suggested by the wider activity of “lean” redesign, through the value stream mapping tool.
2.1 SLP
SLP, developed in 1973 by Richard Murther, is one of the most frequently used methods in the
design or redesign of a facilities layout. SLP includes three specific phases [32], namely: Data
collection and analysis; Searching among the possible layout solutions; Evaluating alternatives
and the choice of the best layout. The output of the first step of SLP is the relationship chart, or
‘buff diagram’. It derives from information such as the flow of materials between the different
workstations [2], their adjacency requirements and the corresponding reasons. In a relationship
chart, we can see the different operations on the right side and a specific letter code with a
number, corresponding to each department pair. Each letter code represents a specific class of
adjacency, in particular: A: absolutely necessary. E: especially important. I: important. O:
ordinary. U: unimportant. X: undesirable. Alternatively, the number is related to the reason why
the relationship code is appointed, such in terms of safety, ease of supervision, etc. The next step
is the construction of the relationship diagram. This represents the activities of the buff diagram
with the ASME notation, connected with lines. The number of lines linking two activities derives
from the level of desired nearness: four lines for the A class of adjacency, three for the E class,
and so on. The relationship diagram, which derives from the relationship chart, allows the
consideration of alternative layout configurations. Among them we will find the best solution,
chosen considering more than just factors of economy, such as the improvement of material flow
and waste reduction, etc.
5. 2.2 Lean facility layout system
Lean manufacturing is a production system born in Japan, based on the Toyota Production
System. This was founded on certain central ideas: the most significant are total quality
management, total productive maintenance and the ‘just in time’. The first is related to the
quality of the product, of the process itself and of each element related to the production process.
The second refers to the strategic role of maintenance activities, while the last refers to the
optimization of the logistic flow so as to decrease stock levels. The central idea of lean
manufacturing is waste elimination [33] [34], which is essential to increase
Filippo De Carlo, Maria Antonietta Arleo, Orlando Borgia and Mario Tucci: Layout Design for a
Low Capacity Manufacturing Line: A Case Study 3www.intechopen.com
profitability. The elimination or reduction of waste, in fact, is oriented towards both efficiency
and quality. The presence of waste in a manufacturing framework is intrinsic to the nature of the
manufacturing system itself. To make a product as is known a lot of processes and operations
are needed. Some of these add value to the production, while others are not valueadding and,
therefore, may be considered to wasteful. In particular, three different kinds of operations have
been identified [35]: Nonvalue adding: these operations are pure waste and should be removed
[36]. Necessary but nonvalue adding: since they are necessary to existing operating practices,
they could be eliminated by revising the operation procedures such as, for example, redesigning
the facility layout. Value adding: these operations give value added to the process’s
transformation of raw materials to final products. Taiichi Ohno [37], Toyota’s Chief Engineer,
identified seven types of “muda” (viz., the Japanese word for ‘waste’), namely: Overproduction;
Waiting; Transporting; Inappropriate processing; Unnecessary inventory; Unnecessary
motion; Defects. In recent years, the underutilization of employees has been added to the seven
original categories of waste. The specific features of lean manufacturing are used to design
facility layouts too. This activity, from the initial layout, gives a final lean facility layout scheme
[38]. It is based on four phases: Identification of the process’s value stream and the definition of
the current state mapping [39]: the aim of this phase represents the “as is” state of the studied
system through a map that represents all the actions required to make a specific product. The
value stream is the set of all these actions, namely are design and manufacturing activities.
Waste elimination and the identification of alternative solutions: these lean manufacturing
techniques are useful to remove or reduce all elements of the muda. Representation of the future
state map [39]. The design of the new facility layout, based on the changes and improvements
identified in the previous phases. The facility layout obtained according to this process has
properties and goals similar to the lean manufacturing ideas: it will be oriented towards a
reduction of each kind
of waste, such as transporting time, space and unnecessary workstations. 3. Case Study This
6. paper refers to a felt hats production line with a throughput time of about 50 days for every
batch. Each batch is composed of about 10 hats. The production process is described in what
follows. Fur is the raw material for the felt production, especially rabbit and hare fur. The first
processing phase is “blowing”, in which hair is mixed and blown in a particular machine called,
properly, a “blower”. Next, with the “basting and prefulling” phase, the hair is compacted around
a cone with a jet of hot water. This operation creates a bellshaped product, called a “cloche”, that
is carefully checked for any defect. After the cloche inspection, it undergoes “steeping”
treatment, which gradually shrinks its size. The next phases are “drying” and “dying”, following
which the bell is shrunk further until it reaches the desired size. The hood is then treated with
certain natural substances (lac) in the “stiffening” phase: the lac makes the cloche bright and
resistant. Next, there is the first “blocking” step, which gives the right shape and size required by
compression on specific aluminium moulds. The final form and size are completed after the
second and last blocking step, occurred after the “pumicing” phase which sands the felt outside.
The production process ends with the “finishing” phase, which includes the application of final
standard accessories (lining, leather bands, etc.) and those required by customers. The hat is then
ready for further packaging activities. To summarize, there are 11 activities to be accomplished
and 9 workstations needed in the line: A. Blowing; B. Basting and prefulling; C. Steeping; D.
Drying; E. Dying; F. Stiffening; G. Blocking; H. Pumicing; I. Finishing.
Figure 2: Production diagram. The figure shows the production phases required to produce a felt
hat. The phases are: Blowing (A), Basting and prefulling (B), Steeping (C), Drying (D), Dying
(E), Stiffening (F), Blocking (G), Pumicing (H) and Finishing (I). Notice that the C and G phases
must be performed twice.
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Figure 2 highlights the described sequence of activities required to produce felt hats. However, a
linear configuration of workstations is difficult observe in real cases. Steeping, in fact, is usually
made on a unique machine and the same is so for blocking; since these operations occur twice,
the flow material is not linear but rather becomes interlaced (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Usual process diagram for felt hat production. The material flow is not linear but
instead interlaced. Moreover, in recent years, the manufacturing process analysed has exhibited
significant efficiency degeneration for a number of reasons, such as work in progress growth, a
loss of control of manufacturing activities and a high variance of cycle time. Taking advantage of
a corporate reorganization opportunity, it was decided to redesign the production area layout. So,
the first step was the identification of the best design method to adopt: would it be better to
design the facility layout based only on the production crew’s experiences, or should it adopt a
more skilled engineering approach, such as an analysis based on SLP? The actual production
7. area constituted a unique, huge space, where there were also offices, packaging areas, raw
materials and final product storage space. Therefore, the separation of the production activities
from all the other auxiliary ones was the first requirement expressed for the new layout.
Referring to the actual state represented in Figure 4, the manufacturing activities from the initial
blowing (A) to the pumicing (H) are represented by the “production” area, which is about 470
m2, while the finishing activity (I) is represented by a “finishing operation” area of 210 m2. The
“production” and “finishing” operations are the areas that need a redesign and to which a new
building of about 1300 m2 will be assigned. In particular, the production workstations will be
reorganized according to certain factory requirements (see below). The other activities will be
rearranged in the already existing plant. Figure 4 highlights the original configuration on the left
side and the desired one on the right.
Figure 4. Plan of the felt hat facility. On the left side is the actual configuration of the main
departments, while on the right is the new building made available for the production and
finishing operations. The redesign study presented in this paper is only concerned with the new
building in Figure 4, which comprises two different areas, as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. New building area. The workstations for the felt hat production (Blowing, Basting &
PreFulling, Steeping, Drying, Dying, Stiffening, Blocking, Pumicing and Finishing) will be
reorganized into this new plant in order to eliminate all the waste The main goal of the layout
redesign is the elimination or at least the reduction of the principal problems highlighted in the
actual organization. The main criticalities are summarized below: Excessive distance between
workstations: this configuration causes an increase in moving times and enhances the complexity
of the visual controls of the raw material flows. In addition, the finishing process is divided into
two, near different workstations. With this arrangement, the operators have to move to do the
same operation, causing time inefficiencies. Logical subdivision among workstations: at the
present, there is no separation among the different kinds of workstations, though it would be
desirable that similar operations would be arranged next to each other. Conversely, conflicting
ones should be separated. Blowing, basting and prefulling, and
Filippo De Carlo, Maria Antonietta Arleo, Orlando Borgia and Mario Tucci: Layout Design for a
Low Capacity Manufacturing Line: A Case Study 5www.intechopen.com
pumicing, in fact, are “dirty” operations because they produce pollution during the fur
processing. Dying is another operation that is classifiable as “dirty” because of the use of
chemical substances. By closely positioning these operations, it might be possible to have a
unique air vacuum and purification system. On the other hand, steeping and drying are strictly
related for technological reasons. The hat’s final quality, in fact, also depends upon the time
passing between these operations: in fact, it must not be too long. Moreover, for stiffening and
finishing there is an organizational constraint. These operations are directly related to the visual
8. quality of the hat and use similar machines for final quality control. For this reason, they should
be placed close together. Raw materials’ availability: raw materials and accessory elements are
stored in three different areas, two of which are very far from the blowing station.
Disorganization of tool arrangements: all the accessory elements used in the production phases
have a messy arrangement.
4. Results The manufacturing process redesign was made through three different methodologies.
The first one is an empirical method while the others are engineering techniques. In the
following sections, the results of each method will be summarized.
4.1 Empirical approach
The first layout was identified empirically. According to the problems recognized and the goals
sought, various different solutions have been suggested in an attempt to place similar operations
or activities with specific needs close together.
Figure 6. Empirical approach layout. Eight operations out of the eleven are organized
sequentially, while for four operations more complex moves are necessary.
Among the alternative solutions, the most impressive layout was chosen. The selection technique
was the factor analysis method, which identifies the principal desirable features (factors) for the
new layout. The main factors considered were: worker flow; process flow; flow visualization;
possible expansion; interaction among departments; grouping of equipment; flexibility. Each
factor has a weight representing its importance. A score was assigned to all the layouts identified
for each factor. Next, it was multiplied for the weight of the respective factors. Finally, each
solution received its total score: the layout with the best total value was the preferred layout.
Figure 6 shows the selected empirical layout. This result combines product and process layout
features. The workstations, in fact, have a Ushaped configuration that follows the sequence of
the manufacturing process activities. However, machines with similar features are in the same
zone. The new layout partially follows the main workstations’ unification requirements,
according to the reasons presented in section 3: steeping and drying are nearby, and stiffening
and finishing are neighbours in the same area. The empirical layout also facilitates a reduction of
the distance between the final phases (stiffening and finishing) and the other workstations. At the
same time, the tool arrangement was reorganized in a unique area. This first new layout thus
seems to provide important improvements to the production system. 4.2 SLP The first step of a
layout redesign with SLP is the construction of a relationship chart. The buff diagram
Figure 7. Relationship chart. The buff diagram highlights the relationships between pairs of
process operations. The intersection of two division lines shows a letter specifying the
importance of their proximity.
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9. allows the definition of an optimal operations sequence with a corresponding block layout. This
will need to be successively adapted to the size and shape of the allowable functional area.
Figure 7 represents the relationship chart for the process activities of the felt hat manufacturing
process. From the buff diagram, the relationship chart of Figure 8 was acquired. The various
relationships of proximity for the workstations add to the complexity the diagram, as it is
difficult to satisfy all the requirements at the same time.
Figure 8. Relationship diagram. In image, all the workstations are shown; they are connected by
lines, the thickness and colour of which are dependent upon the strength of the desired
relationship. Figure 9 shows the optimum layout obtained with the SLP method.
Figure 9. Layout obtained with the SLP method: eight operations out of the total of eleven are
organized sequentially, while two of the operations have a woven path.
As is clearly visible, this layout has a workstation configuration with a more complex material
flow than the empirical layout. The Ushaped configuration is available only for a few operations,
in a similar fashion to the empirical layout case. As for the empirical layout, the SLP gives a
more efficient organization of the auxiliary elements and generates a reduction of the distances
between the final phases and the other workstations. Finally, the main requirement of keeping
similar operations close to one another is only respected to a limited extent. 4.3 Lean approach
The layout derived from the application of a wider lean Manufacturing approach, was obtained
according to the four progressive phases presented in the methods section. In particular, the value
stream map was performed so as to better understand the actual configuration of the process
production and to identify and eliminate waste.
Figure 10. Value stream map of the “asis” state. In the picture is shown the production process
with the duration of each activity and the waiting time between workstations.
Figure 11. Future value stream map. The main time reductions are related to the raw materials’
processing times and the final transportation and waiting activities.
Filippo De Carlo, Maria Antonietta Arleo, Orlando Borgia and Mario Tucci: Layout Design for a
Low Capacity Manufacturing Line: A Case Study 7www.intechopen.com
Figure 10 shows the value stream map of the “as is” state, from which the future and desired
layout was obtained. The future value stream map is shown in Figure 11. It is possible to note
that the main changes concern the reduction of waiting times between the final operations and
the reduction of the processing time for the raw material. In the desired configuration, there is
also a new storage area for semifinished products between the two final workstations. The layout
obtained through this lean approach is shown in figure 12. As is clearly visible, this new layout
offers many benefits, since it derives from an overall redesign of the felt hat manufacturing
process. One of the most representative elements is the presence of cells: the three operations of
steeping, drying and dying are grouped into a cell and, therefore, the operator of these activities
10. can work in a smaller, more ergonomic area than before. This causes a significant reduction of
the transportation of waste, which is a novalue added time. Furthermore, this new layout enables
for easier blocking and pumicing, since they are grouped and organized into two parallel lines.
For this layout, and similar to the previous results, the workstations are organized sequentially
according to the manufacturing process flow. The advantages of the previous layouts are proved
here again.
Figure 12. Layout obtained through the main ideas of the lean production. It is possible to note
that some activities have been matched and that the operations are organized in a completely
sequential manner. 5. Discussion and Conclusions The three layout configurations obtained with
the three different methodological approaches presented are, at first glance, very similar. The
mere graphical representation and empirical conclusions of each layout, however, are not
sufficient to compare them efficiently.
Throughput time [%]
Workers moving time [%]
Orders fulfilled per year [#/y]
Yearly revenue [€/y] Empirical 2.95% + 8% 0.25 500 SLP 3.9% 15% +1.8 +3,600 Lean
4.15% 24% +3 +6,000 Table 1. The layouts’ production performance. The table shows the
production efficiency performance of each layout tested in comparison to the actual layout’s
performance. To examine the productive performance of every layout, a discrete event
simulation was performed. The simulation model allowed us to analyse the efficiency of each
layout through its quantitative results. For each layout configuration, a corresponding simulation
model was realized, generating many important productive parameters such as: the production
time, the operator waiting time, the ratio between throughput time and value added time, the
number of annual orders, and so on. Table 1 summarizes the simulation results of some of these
parameters. Table 1 highlights the following elements: The production time (the sum of all the
times necessary to make a felt hat, from the first operation on the raw material to the last
packaging phase) is barely conditioned by the chosen layout. The transfer operation times, which
are a direct consequence of the layout configuration are in fact very low when compared to the
production time. The lean layout ensures the best production time reduction, because it better
respects the operation sequence. The lean layout enables the fulfilment of 1,381 orders a year,
13 more than the value reachable with the old workstation configuration. The annual turnover
increases by €5,722 compared with the value estimated with the old layout. In contrast, the
empirical layout causes a decrease of this parameter. Hence, the simulation results prove that the
layout derived from the lean approach is the best for the production of felt hats in this case study.
Lean ideas have also allowed the identification of a potential improvable element of the
manufacturing process. To reduce all the waste as much as possible, it was determined to
11. introduce a recipe control weighing system (RCWS) at the beginning of the process. Its aim is to
optimize and check the starting phases of the manufacturing process: the realization of the felt
cloth. RCWS, in fact, enables the better use of the proper amount of raw materials by avoiding
unnecessary waste. Moreover, RCWS makes it possible to improve the traceability of all the
information about an order and the associated raw materials’ quantities. Finally, the introduction
of RCWS in the process production would
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improve the manufacturing process’s performance: namely in terms of lower transfer operation
times, a reduction in the number of noncompliant items, and an improvement in the traceability
of the products. All these advantages were evaluated by a custom feasibility study, resulting in a
revenue markup of €17,300. As such, we can conclude that when it is necessary to redesign the
layout of a lowvolume batch production line, the best way to confront this activity is to imagine a
possible reengineering of the process with the aim of reducing waste according to lean
manufacturing principles. This methodology, in fact, in addition to the reduction of transporting
times and costs, analyses and helps the redesign of the productive system with the aim of
reducing all possible waste. In such a case, the unavoidable costs of redesign would trigger a
double benefit: on the one hand, they will generate the necessary the layout redesign and, on the
other hand, they will hopefully define improvements that would lead to better system
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Question 3)
SMED (Single-Minute Exchange of Dies) is a system for dramatically reducing the time it takes
to complete equipment changeovers. The essence of the SMED system is to convert as many
changeover steps as possible to “external” (performed while the equipment is running), and to
simplify and streamline the remaining steps. The name Single-Minute Exchange of Dies comes
from the goal of reducing changeover times to the “single” digits (i.e. less than 10 minutes).
A successful SMED program will have the following benefits:
Note-I have just taken it from internet only to help you.Hope you will get some ideas from it.