a. Explain how chronic bleeding leads to iron deficiency anemia. b. .pdf
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a. Explain how chronic bleeding leads to iron deficiency anemia. b. Explain the signs of anemia that indicate compensation for hypoxia is occurring. c. Explain how the destruction of acid- producing cells in the stomach can lead to iron deficiency anemia. Solution a. Iron-deficiency anemia is anemia caused by a lack of iron.It is the most common type of anemia. Anemia is defined as a decrease in the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. Blood contains iron within red blood cells, so blood loss leads to a loss of iron. There are several common causes of blood loss: Women with menorrhagia (heavy menstrual periods) are at risk of iron-deficiency anemia because they are at higher-than-normal risk of losing a larger amount blood during menstruation than is replaced in their diet. Slow, chronic blood loss within the body — such as from a peptic ulcer, angiodysplasia, a colon polyp or gastrointestinal cancer, excessively heavy periods — can cause iron-deficiency anemia. Gastrointestinal bleeding can result from regular use of some groups of medication, such as NSAIDs (e.g. aspirin), anticoagulants such as clopidogrel and warfarin, although these are required in some patients, especially those with states causing thrombophilia. b. Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level. Hypoxia may be classified as either generalized, affecting the whole body, or local, affecting a region of the body. Hemoglobin plays a substantial role in carrying oxygen throughout the body, and when it is deficient, anemia can result, causing \'anaemic hypoxia\' if tissue perfusion is decreased. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia. As iron is used in the synthesis of hemoglobin, less hemoglobin will be synthesised when there is less iron, due to insufficient intake, or poor absorption. Anemia is typically a chronic process that is compensated over time by increased levels of red blood cells via upregulated erythropoetin. A chronic hypoxic state can result from a poorly compensated anaemia. The signs that indicate compensation of hypoxia are fatigue, weakness, dizziness, headache, low body temperature, pale skin, irregular heartbeat etc..
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KASULA's ANAEMIA ASSIGNMENT IN MEDICINE AND SURGICAL NURSING.docx
ANAEMIA
Introduction
Classifications
Pathophysiology
Types
Medical Management
Investigations and Treatment
Recommended
KASULA's ANAEMIA ASSIGNMENT IN MEDICINE AND SURGICAL NURSING.docx
ANAEMIA
Introduction
Classifications
Pathophysiology
Types
Medical Management
Investigations and Treatment
Erythropoiesis,Anemia,Iron Deficiency Anemia by Dr. Sookun Rajeev Kumar
Erythropoiesis,Anemia,Iron Deficiency Anemia
Anemia, thalassemia and hemophilia in children
care of children with anemia , hemophilia and thalassemia
Anemia.pptx
Anemia is one of the most commonly seen condition predominantly in women due to various causes such as some chronic infection conditions and all. There are different types of anemias are there here we discuss mainly about Iron deficiency and sickle cell anemia.
ANEMIAS (1).pptx
Such a good slides about anemia and it's types on the base of categories
Read it and enhance your knowledge as you can in your life
For z 2.85, in which of the following graphs does the shaded area .pdf
For z < 2.85, in which of the following graphs does the shaded area represent the correct
proportion? PLEASE EXPLAIN.
Solution
Answer: Graph I
For z < 2.85, shaded area should be shown all the area left side of z value 2.85.
( graph II is middle area, Graph III is left of some neagtive z value and Graph IV is two tail
areas).
In Drosophila melanogaster, the yellow body gene is X-linked. The yel.pdf
In Drosophila melanogaster, the yellow body gene is X-linked. The yellow body phenotype is
recessive to brown body phenotype. A yellow body female fruit fly was mated to a brown body
male. The vast majority of the male progeny are yellow body. However, a rare brown body male
was found in the progeny (1 out of 2060 males). What is the likely karyotype of this brown body
son? XXY XX XYY XO XXX
Solution
Sex inheritance by modified Mendelian mechanism:
X-linked inheritance means that the gene causing the trait or the disorder is located on the X
chromosome.
X-linked recessive inheritance is a mode of inheritance in which a mutation in a gene on the X
chromosome causes the phenotype to be expressed in males who are necessarily hemizygous for
the gene mutation because they have one X and one Y chromosome. Carrier females who have
only one copy of the mutation do not usually express the phenotype,
Females are XX (homogametic)
Males are XY (heterogametic)
Body color inherited by single gene, two allele system, brown dominant to yellow
But, sex and body color not inherited independently
Body color is linked to sex
Body color gene on X chromosome
Therefore, males have only one body color allele: Haploid and females have two eye color
alleles: Diploid.
Normally all the sons and none of the daughters show the recessive sex-linked characters of the
mother when the father carries the dominant allelomorph. For example, a yellow body female
mated to a brown body male produces yellow body males and brown body females, but rarely
also a yellow body female or a brown body son. The production of these exceptions by a normal
XX female must be due to an aberrant reduction division at which the two X chromosomes fail
to disjoin from each other. In consequence both remain in the egg or both pass into the polar
body. In the latter case an egg without an X chromosome is produced. Such an egg fertilized by
an X sperm produces a male with the constitution XO. These males received their single X from
their father and therefore show the father\'s characters. But that the Y does play some positive
role is proved by the fact that all the XO males have been found to be absolutely sterile.
Answer is d) XO.
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Similar to a. Explain how chronic bleeding leads to iron deficiency anemia. b. .pdf
Erythropoiesis,Anemia,Iron Deficiency Anemia by Dr. Sookun Rajeev Kumar
Erythropoiesis,Anemia,Iron Deficiency Anemia
Anemia, thalassemia and hemophilia in children
care of children with anemia , hemophilia and thalassemia
Anemia.pptx
Anemia is one of the most commonly seen condition predominantly in women due to various causes such as some chronic infection conditions and all. There are different types of anemias are there here we discuss mainly about Iron deficiency and sickle cell anemia.
ANEMIAS (1).pptx
Such a good slides about anemia and it's types on the base of categories
Read it and enhance your knowledge as you can in your life
Similar to a. Explain how chronic bleeding leads to iron deficiency anemia. b. .pdf (20)
Erythropoiesis,Anemia,Iron Deficiency Anemia by Dr. Sookun Rajeev Kumar
Erythropoiesis,Anemia,Iron Deficiency Anemia by Dr. Sookun Rajeev Kumar
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For z 2.85, in which of the following graphs does the shaded area .pdf
For z < 2.85, in which of the following graphs does the shaded area represent the correct
proportion? PLEASE EXPLAIN.
Solution
Answer: Graph I
For z < 2.85, shaded area should be shown all the area left side of z value 2.85.
( graph II is middle area, Graph III is left of some neagtive z value and Graph IV is two tail
areas).
In Drosophila melanogaster, the yellow body gene is X-linked. The yel.pdf
In Drosophila melanogaster, the yellow body gene is X-linked. The yellow body phenotype is
recessive to brown body phenotype. A yellow body female fruit fly was mated to a brown body
male. The vast majority of the male progeny are yellow body. However, a rare brown body male
was found in the progeny (1 out of 2060 males). What is the likely karyotype of this brown body
son? XXY XX XYY XO XXX
Solution
Sex inheritance by modified Mendelian mechanism:
X-linked inheritance means that the gene causing the trait or the disorder is located on the X
chromosome.
X-linked recessive inheritance is a mode of inheritance in which a mutation in a gene on the X
chromosome causes the phenotype to be expressed in males who are necessarily hemizygous for
the gene mutation because they have one X and one Y chromosome. Carrier females who have
only one copy of the mutation do not usually express the phenotype,
Females are XX (homogametic)
Males are XY (heterogametic)
Body color inherited by single gene, two allele system, brown dominant to yellow
But, sex and body color not inherited independently
Body color is linked to sex
Body color gene on X chromosome
Therefore, males have only one body color allele: Haploid and females have two eye color
alleles: Diploid.
Normally all the sons and none of the daughters show the recessive sex-linked characters of the
mother when the father carries the dominant allelomorph. For example, a yellow body female
mated to a brown body male produces yellow body males and brown body females, but rarely
also a yellow body female or a brown body son. The production of these exceptions by a normal
XX female must be due to an aberrant reduction division at which the two X chromosomes fail
to disjoin from each other. In consequence both remain in the egg or both pass into the polar
body. In the latter case an egg without an X chromosome is produced. Such an egg fertilized by
an X sperm produces a male with the constitution XO. These males received their single X from
their father and therefore show the father\'s characters. But that the Y does play some positive
role is proved by the fact that all the XO males have been found to be absolutely sterile.
Answer is d) XO.
How can Virtual Communities, Geographical Information Systems, and G.pdf
How can Virtual Communities, Geographical Information Systems, and Global Positioning
systems be leveraged to gain competitive advantage?
Solution
. This Process Design Slam, in a virtual community collaboration applying BPM design and
implementation tools and methodologies to solve a particular business challenge, sought and
succeeded to prove that geographically dispersed collaboration teams could create an \"agile\"
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most active SCN members. Many of our members write in-depth articles, pull others into the
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Here is what a Dubai-Sharjah metro link could meanStudy shows .pdf
Here is what a Dubai-Sharjah metro link could mean
Study shows a metro line between Al Qiyada station and Sharjah City Centre could reduce traffic
congestion by 30%
Published: 21:01 January 27, 2018
Shafaat Shahbandari, Staff Reporter
Dubai: A metro link connecting Sharjah with Dubai’s Green Line could reduce traffic on the
congested highways between the emirates by more than 30 per cent, a new study has found.
Conducted by Aurecon, a Dubai-based international transport planning firm that works closely
with the local transport authorities, the study highlights the economic impact of congestions
between the two emirates and shows how a direct link between Al Qiyada metro station and
Sharjah City Centre could offset at least a third of the current traffic problems.
Gulf News got an exclusive access to the study that is most likely a first look into the possibility
of linking the two emirates with the metro.
The five corridors in total have a capacity of 33,200 vehicles per hour, but somehow through a
lot of squeezing around, 40,000 vehicles use the highways per peak hour, causing delays of up to
2 hours 40 minutes.”
- Nadeem Shakir, Technical Director at Aurecon
“There could be more than one ways of linking the two emirates through the metro and this is
one such hypothetical scenario of what could happen if a metro link is built between Dubai and
Sharjah,” said Nadeem Shakir, technical director at Aurecon, who headed the study.
The study found that currently, the five corridors between Dubai and Sharjah witness 900,000
vehicular trips daily, with 450,000 passing in each direction. The combined peak direction flow
on Ittihad Road, Damascas Street, Beirut Street, Mohammad Bin Zayed Road and Emirate Road
is 40,000 vehicles or 52,000 passengers per hour during the morning peak hours.
“The five corridors in total have a capacity of 33,200 vehicles per hour, but somehow through a
lot of squeezing around 40,000 vehicles use the highways per peak hour, causing delays of up to
two hour 40 minutes. We calculated the economic impact of the time and fuel lost during these
delays and found that Dh4.3 billion is lost per year,” said Shakir.
He added that an equivalent amount would be enough to build a 12km metro line per year.
Shakir observed that increasing the lane capacity between the emirates is neither possible nor it
will help ease congestion.
“The border lane capacity increase will not help since the inflow/outflow from and to the border
crossing is dictated by the road network on the either side of border. The road network on
Sharjah side is limited due to corridors and ROW constraints,” he said.
Metro connectivity
So the only possible solution, according to Shakir, to ease the congestion could be a metro link.
“We developed the hypothetical direct link of 7.5km between Al Qiyadah station and Sharjah
City Centre, with no stations in between. Such a project could be built at a cost of Dh3 billion,
almost 30 per cent less than the amount lost in traffi.
For each mammalian organ system, list the organs and their function. .pdf
For each mammalian organ system, list the organs and their function. Respiratory Circulatory:
Digestive: Immune:
Solution
1....Main Parts of the Respiratory System and their Functions:
1. The nostrils: They bring air into the nose, where air is warmed and humidified. The tiny hairs
referred to as cilia filters out dirt and other debris in the air and protects the nasal passage and
different regions of the respiration tract.
2.Trachea: The trachea is also referred to as windpipe. The trachea filters the air we inhale.
3.Bronchi: The bronchi are the two air tubes that branch off of from the trachea and deliver
atmospheric air at once into the lungs.
4.Lungs: The major organ of the respiratory machine is lungs, oxygen is taken into and carbon
dioxide is expelled out. The red blood cells un the blood picks up the oxygen inside the lungs
and deliver and distribute the oxygen to all body cells.
5.Alveolus: gaseous exchange takes place.
6.Diaphragm: Breathing starts off evolved . When we breathe in the diaphragm contracts and
flatten out and pull downward. Due to this motion the space within the lungs will increase and
pulls air into the lungs. When we breathe out, the diaphragm expands and decreases the amount
of space for the lungs and forces air out.
2...Digestive organs and their functions:
Mouth
Mixes food with salivary secretion; taste, chewing
Salivary glands
Lubricate food; produce buffers and enzymes that begin digestion
Pharynx
Passageway shared with respiratory system, leads to esophagus
Esophagus
Delivers food to stomach
Stomach
Secretes acids and digestive enzymes that break down proteins
Small intestine
Secretes enzymes and other factors for nutrient digestion; absorbs nutrients
Liver
Secretesbile (required for lipid digestion); synthesizes blood proteins; stores lipid and
carbohydrate reserves
Gallbladder
Stores biles for release into small intestine
Pancreas
Secretes digestive enzymes and buffers into small intestine; produces hormones
Large intestine
Removes water from nondigested material; stores wastes
3....Excretory system and their functions:
Kidney
organs in the excretory system where waste is filtered out of the blood
ureter
tubes that connect the nephron to the bladder
urethra
tube through which urine exits the body
bladder
where urine is stored until you \"go to the bathroom\"
nephron
small capsule in the kidneys where excess water, salts, and urea are removed from the
bloodstream and other materials are put back into the blood
4....Reproductive organs:
Male reproductive organs:
testis
produces sperm
epididymis
stores sperm
vas deferens
transports sperm to urethra
urethra
receives seminal secretions from testes and accessory glands; also drains excretory products from
urinary bladder
seminal vesicles
secrete alkaline fluids that aid in neutralizing acidity and contain nutrients to promote sperm
motility and viability and hormones to stimulate uterine contractions
bulbourethral glands
secretes alkaline fluid to neutralize aci.
Direct but short answer to the following problemBased on intervie.pdf
Direct but short answer to the following problem:
Based on interviews what do each of the following terms mean:
a) Manifest content
b) Latent content
Solution
Manifest content is the tangible or concrete surface content (data). That is the actual concrete
terms within human communication. Advantages with manifest content are ease of testing and
reliability and a disadvantage is its validity
latent content is the underlying meaning behind this information , or the underlying means of
communication. An advantage with latent content is that it is designed perfect for tapping the
underlying meaning of communication and its disadvantages are its reliability and specificity..
Discuss the advantages of Hadoop technology and distributed data fil.pdf
Discuss the advantages of Hadoop technology and distributed data file systems. How is an
Hadoop Distributed File System different from a Relational Database system? What
organizational issues are best solved using Hadoop technology? Give examples of the type of
data they will analyze. What companies currently use Hadoopo related technologies.
Solution
The advantages of Hadoop technology
1. Scalable
Hadoop is a highly scalable storage platform, because it can store and distribute very large data
sets across hundreds of inexpensive servers that operate in parallel. Unlike traditional relational
database systems (RDBMS) that can\'t scale to process large amounts of data, Hadoop enables
businesses to run applications on thousands of nodes involving thousands of terabytes of data.
2. Cost effective
Hadoop also offers a cost effective storage solution for businesses\' exploding data sets. The
problem with traditional relational database management systems is that it is extremely cost
prohibitive to scale to such a degree in order to process such massive volumes of data. In an
effort to reduce costs, many companies in the past would have had to down-sample data and
classify it based on certain assumptions as to which data was the most valuable. The raw data
would be deleted, as it would be too cost-prohibitive to keep. While this approach may have
worked in the short term, this meant that when business priorities changed, the complete raw
data set was not available, as it was too expensive to store. Hadoop, on the other hand, is
designed as a scale-out architecture that can affordably store all of a company\'s data for later
use. The cost savings are staggering: instead of costing thousands to tens of thousands of pounds
per terabyte, Hadoop offers computing and storage capabilities for hundreds of pounds per
terabyte.
3. Flexible
Hadoop enables businesses to easily access new data sources and tap into different types of data
(both structured and unstructured) to generate value from that data. This means businesses can
use Hadoop to derive valuable business insights from data sources such as social media, email
conversations or clickstream data. In addition, Hadoop can be used for a wide variety of
purposes, such as log processing, recommendation systems, data warehousing, market campaign
analysis and fraud detection.
4. Fast
Hadoop\'s unique storage method is based on a distributed file system that basically \'maps\' data
wherever it is located on a cluster. The tools for data processing are often on the same servers
where the data is located, resulting in much faster data processing. If you\'re dealing with large
volumes of unstructured data, Hadoop is able to efficiently process terabytes of data in just
minutes, and petabytes in hours.
5. Resilient to failure
A key advantage of using Hadoop is its fault tolerance. When data is sent to an individual node,
that data is also replicated to other nodes in the cluster, which means that in the event of.
Describe how sexual orientation is a product of biology and soci.pdf
Describe how sexual orientation is a product of biology and society ?
Describe how sexual orientation is a product of biology and society ?
Describe how sexual orientation is a product of biology and society ?
Solution
Sexual orientation is the term used to describe what gender(s) someone is sexually and/or
romantically attracted to. Sexual orientation is different from gender and gender identity — how
you feel about and express your gender. Sexual orientation is about who you are attracted to and
want to have intimate relationships with.
Causes:
The exact causes of sexual orientation is known yet, but there is believe that it is caused by a
complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, environmental and social influences.
Biology:
The sexual orientation is not a choice and cannot be changed. The biological factor is the most
prominent factor among all which involves a complex interplay of genetic factors and hormonal
factors.
The hormonal theory of sexuality holds that just as exposure to certain hormones plays a role in
fetal sex differentiation, hormonal exposure also influences the sexual orientation that emerges
later in the adult. As females have XX chromosome and males have XY chromosome, the
chromosome Y is the responsible for producing male differentiation on the defect female
development. The differentiation process is driven by androgen hormones, mainly testosterone
and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The newly formed testicles in the fetus are responsible for the
secretion of androgens, that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing
fetus, included its brain. This results in sexual differences between males and females.
Society:
Though the biological effect shows most prominent cause of sexual orientation, but you can not
ignore the effect of society on sexual orientation. In 1976, philosopher and historian Michel
Foucault argued in \'The History of Sexuality\' that homosexuality as an identity did not exist in
the eighteenth century. Sexual orientation is argued as a concept that evolved in the
industrialized West, and there is a controversy as to the universality of its application in other
societies or cultures. Heterosexuality and homosexuality are terms often used in European and
American cultures to encompass a person\'s entire social identity, which includes self and
personality. In other cultures, homosexuality and heterosexual labels do not emphasize an entire
social identity or indicate community affiliation based on sexual orientation..
Define social contract theory. What does it attempt to explainS.pdf
Define social contract theory. What does it attempt to explain?
Solution
According to social contract theory - “morality consists in the set of rules governing behavior,
that rational people would accept, on the condition that others accept them as well.” (Rachels, p.
145)
We are already familiar with the concept of contracts like marriage, citizenship and employment.
Put simply a contract is a sort of agreements betwween two parties. if one party voilates theterms
of the agreement, the contract is no longer valid. Societies are controlled by governments. This is
the starting point of discussing social contract theory. Put simply this theory attemps to explain
the fact that people benefit from living together in countries, kindom or under any other
governmental jurisdiction. Living in societies hoever requires rules and laws. Societies are the
result of compromises and social contracts provide framework for how people and governments
are to interact. Individuals who stay together may gain protection from the other social elements
that might try to harm them. In return they must give up certain freedoms like ability to commit
crimes without being punished. They should contribte to making societies stable, healthy and
happy.
The idea of the social contract has a long history leading as far as the ages of mesopotanians.
however it was not until the enlightment of 17th and 18th century that social contract theory
gained widespread attention. The enlightment was a time when intellectuals began to question
established views relating to religion, science, economics and government. Social contract theory
challenged both the moral and social elements of power..
Assume that you have the following set of hexadecimal values $20, $.pdf
Assume that you have the following set of hexadecimal values: $20, $25, $40, $50, $12. Write a
segment of a program to find the minimum and maximum values of the set.
Solution
DATASEGMENT
ARR DW $20, $25, $40, $50, $12
LEN DW $05
MIN DW ?
MAX DW ?
DATAENDS
CODESEGMENT
ASSUME DS:DATA CS:CODE
START:
MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
LEA SI,ARR
MOV AL,ARR[SI]
MOV MIN,AL
MOV MAX,AL
MOV CX,LEN
REPEAT:
MOV AL,ARR[SI]
CMP MIN,AL
JL CHECKMAX
MOV MIN,AL
CHECKMAX:
CMP MAX,AL
JG DONE
MOV MAX,AL
DONE:
INC SI
LOOPREPEAT
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODEENDS
END START.
Briefly explain why heating water close to boiling in a test tube wo.pdf
Briefly explain why heating water close to boiling in a test tube would dramatically increase the
rate of distribtution of dissolved particles, like KMno4, so that they distribute within the entire
tube within several seconds? Please be specific in explanation. For animal physiology class.
Solution
It is due to the mechanism of convection.
KMnO4 will distribute easily when water in the test tube is boiled, because heat transfer in a
liquid occurs by the liquid movement itself. The liquid which is present at the bottom will get hot
first and this will rise to the surface and the liquid from top reach the bottom, like this the liquid
will move in a loop pattern (phenomenon called as convection) and this will allow the uniform
distribution of water soluble particles present in that water..
AP Biology II -1. What substrate does the enzyme Potassium Cyanide.pdf
AP Biology II -
1. What substrate does the enzyme Potassium Cyanide (KCN) function with?
2. What does the enzyme Potassium Cyanide do in the process of cellular respiration?
3. Explain the optimum conditions for the enzyme Potassium Cyanide.
4. Describe any additional factors that could affect the enzyme\'s function?
Solution
1. Potassium cyanide (KCN) is extremely toxic - obstruct catalase and aerobic respiration.
2. Ingested - KCN is hydrolysed to process hydrogen cyanide (toxic gas) that can gladly detach
into H+ and CN- ions.
3. CN- ions attach irreparable to enzyme find in mitochondria, inhibit phase of aerobic
respiration. Final phase inhibited = earlier phase cannot run.
4. a) Cyanide and b) Snake venom.
The occupation of an Enzyme is elaborate by its environmental shape of molecules are enlarge
temperature enlarge the rate of reaction, establish more product. Eventually, the enzyme will
flatter to denatured and will no extended function..
allocation SolutionThe correct option is Depreciation.Depreci.pdf
allocation
Solution
The correct option is Depreciation.
Depreciation is a systematic allocation of depreciable amount over the useful life of a fixed asset.
It is a reduction in the value of fixed asset due to wear and tear over the period by using the fixed
assets other than land.
Hence the correct option is Depreciation.
A) Explain five (5) challenges amphibians faced when colonizing land.pdf
A) Explain five (5) challenges amphibians faced when colonizing land and how they solved
them. B) Explain the improvements reptiles evolved from the amphibian solutions (the five (5)
listed in the question above) to adapt to terrestrial environment
Solution
a) The terrestrial realm of land and air offers many challenges to organisms adapted to aquatic
life:
Gravity:aquatic life is buoyed by water.Air is not so buoyant! So terrestrial animals have to have
some sort of supporting tissue.Endoskeleton of bone and lobe fins modified to limbs.Also
changes in skeleton for land hunting - Shoulder free from skull to give head more flexibility and
arm greater lateral movement
Descication: air is drier than water,so terrestrial organisms need some form of skin or coat to
keep all their precious bodily fluids from leaking out.Fish scales don\'t protect the body much
against desiccation. Besides Amphibians lost those scales early in their evolution.Amphibians
never really solved the skin-permeability problem.They are restricted today to moist habitats.
Respiration: aquatic organisms exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolved in water.In
air,these substances are gases,so new structures are needed to breath.Fish breathe the oxygen
dissolved in water through their gills.Out of the water,however,they are unable to survive for
more than a few minutes.In order to live on dry land,they need to acquire a pulmonary
system.They developed lungs inside body
and stronger rib cage.
Reproduction:aquatic organisms often release their eggs,sperm,etc.,directly into the water.This
approach is much less effective in air,so other solutions evolve.But there is no special
adaptation,return to water to mate.
Locomotion:aquatic animals can swim,scuttle,squidge,orotherwise move through the
water.These motions have to be modified in the terrestrial realm.
Senses:light,sound,and smell transmit differently in water than in air,and some senses don\'t
work in air at all.Terrestrial animals have to evolve new adaptations to deal with these
differences.Lateral line which senses vibrations under water becomes lost and an operculum
overlaying the lower jaw is used to sense vibrations in air.
Excretion:Due to the abundant water in their environment,marine creatures can immediately
filter and expel their bodies waste products,particularly ammonia.On land,water must be used at
minimum levels.For that reason these living things have kidneys,in which ammonia is filtered
out as urea and stored in the bladder,and the minimum amount of water is used when it is
expelled.In addition,there is a need for new systems that enable the kidneys to
function.Amphibians ability to conserve body water is rudimentary.Considerable water is lost by
evaporation through their skin.Most species excrete a copious and diluteurine because a large
volume of water is needed to flush out toxic excretory products through their kidney tubules.
b)Amniotic egg:Amphibians never succeeded in becoming fully terrestrial because.
Classful addressing describes the IP address scheme thata.) divid.pdf
Classful addressing describes the IP address scheme that:
a.) divides the address according to network and host
b.) defines addresses as A, B, C, D, and E
c.) Is structured in a dotted-decimal format
d.) is referred to as an IPv4 addressing method
e.) all of the above
f.) none of the above
Solution
Option E is true ....
That means ...option A ,B, C, D are valid for classful addressing .......
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8. Identify the causes and symptoms of endocarditis, myocarditis, and pericarditis
Solution
1.Endocarditis:
Causes: Endocarditis is caused due to inflammation of endocardium layer of heart. caused due to
infection in the valves of the heart and the inner lining of heart.The main cause is infection
through bacteria and less extent fungus and other microorganisms that enter the bloodstream and
attach to the heart valves.Rheumatic fever is often the cause of endocarditis.
Symptoms: Include fever,sweating, fatigue,pain in joints and muscles,breathing problems,change
in heart sounds,weight loss,enlargement of spleen,appearance of blood in uine,appearance of
Osler\'s nodes in which red spots appear under skin of fingers and petechiae in legs.
Myocarditis:
Causes:Caused due to inflammation of the muscles of heart known as myocardium.Chaga\'s
disease is the main cause behind myocarditis.It may be caused by viral ,protozoan
,fungal,bacterial or parasitic infection.Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthiritis may
also cause myocarditis.Alcohol, drugs such as anthracyclines also cause myocarditis.
Symptoms:Pain in the chest,abnormal heart beats,high fever ,congestion in the heart,joint pain,
fatigue ,diarrhea are some of the symptoms.
Pericarditis:
Causes:Caused due to inflammation of pericardium layer of the heart due to infection by virus,
bacteria or fungus. Viruses such as coxsackievirus, herpesvirus, mumps virus, and HIV , bacteria
such as pneumococcus and anaerobic bacteria, fungus such as Aspergillus and Candida are the
causative agents.Apart from this cancer, autoimmune diseases etc aldo cause pericarditis.
Symptoms:Sudden chest pain,shoulders,neck and back pain,fever,palpitations,fatigue,breathing
problems, and heart attack are some of the symptoms..
Can someone please help me with this question3. Describe the funct.pdf
Can someone please help me with this question
3. Describe the functions of the hypothalamus and hippocampus. What part of the brain are these
structures located in? (4 marks)
Solution
Hippocampus found deep in the temporal lobe of brain.
The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus and right above the brainstem.
Functions:.
2. The probability that a phone call will last more than t minutes i.pdf
2. The probability that a phone call will last more than t minutes is (1+t)-2. Given that a
particular phone call has not ended in two minutes, what is the probability it will last more than
three minutes?
Solution
Here,
P(T>t) = (1+t)^-2
Thus,
P(t>3|t>2) = P(t>3) / P(t>2)
= [(1+3)^-2]/[(1+2)^-2]
= 9/16 or 0.5625 [ANSWER].
28. Which of the following is an example of temporal structure in a .pdf
28. Which of the following is an example of temporal structure in a biological community? A. In
deserts, many insects, forbs, and grasses are only seen in the days following a large rainfall. B. In
rainforests, most monkey species are never seen on the ground. C. Understory flowers, such as
Trillium and Mayapple flower in early spring, before forest trees leaf out and shade them. D. A
and C E. B and C one of the above.
Solution
Temporal pattern of distribution of species influence the population structure in given
environment. Variability in temporal structure in a given environment affects the establishment
of the population. The examples of temporal structure in biological community include species
existence in a time bound pattern. In deserts, many insects, forbs, and grasses are only seen in the
days following a large rainfall and Understory flowers, such as Trillium and Mayapple flower in
early spring, before forest trees leaf out and shade them are the examples of temporal structure in
biological community. Option D is correct..
17 Testing Your Knowledge s. Why are biologists sointerested inchemis.pdf
17 Testing Your Knowledge s. Why are biologists sointerested inchemistry a. Chemicals are the
fundamental parts of all Multiple choice living things. b. Most chemicals are harmful to living
things. 1. Which of the following is a trace element, re- They know little about life except the
chemi- quired only in small amounts by most living cals it made from. d. you understand the
dhemistry of life, you oxygen can make a lot of money. b, iron ie. Everything about life can be
knowm by un- derstanding its dhemistry. d, carbon 9. Molecules are always moving, some
molecules move faster than others; is a 2. An acid is a substance that their average velocity of
movement. dissolves in water. b, forms covalent bonds with other substances. b, heat c. donates
hydrogen ions to solutions. d. is a versatile solvent. e, removes hydrogen ions from solutions.
How an atom behaves when it comes into con- 10 Which of the following holds atomstogether in
tact with other atoms is determined by its a. nucleus. a. ionic bonds between atoms b. size. b.
transfer of protons from one atom to another sharing of electrons between atoms d, neutrons. d.
loss of neutrons by atoms e sharing of protons between atoms 4. Most of water\'s unique
properties result from 11. loe floats because the fact that water molecules a. it is colder than
liquid water a. are very small. its molecules are moving faster than in liq- b. tend to repel each
other. uid water. extremely large. c it is more dense than liquid water. d. tend to stick together. d
its hydrogen molecules bond to the water e are in constant motion. e, its water molecules are
farther apart than in 5. Atoms of different phosphorus isotopes a. have different atomic numbers.
b, have different numbers of neutrons. 12. Adding acid tends to of a solution. e. react differently
with other atoms. a. increase the hydrogen ion concentration and d. have different numbers of
electrons. raise the pH e. have different numbers of protons. b, increase the hydrogen ion
concentration and lower the PH 6. An ion is formed when an atom c. decrease the hydrogen ion
concentration forms a oovalent bond with another atom. and raise the pH b. gains or loses an
electron. d. decrease the hydrogen ion ooncentration becomes part of a molecule. and lower the
pH d. gains or loses a proton. e. cord,depending on the original acidity e, gains or loses a
neutron. 7. The smallest particle of water is Essay a. an atom. 1. List the four elements meeded
by living things b a crystal. in large amounts, two others needed in moder- an element. ate
amounts, and two elements needed in trace d, a
Solution
1. The answer is: b. Iron.
Others are macro nutrient, require in higher amounts by the body.
2. The answer is: c. donates hydrogen ions to solutions.
Acid is a proton donator.
3. The answer is: e. electrons.
How an atom behaves when it comes in contact with other atoms is determined by its electronic
configuration and hence electrons.
4. The answer is: d tend to stock togethe.
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