The document provides a history of the miniskirt from ancient times to the present. It describes how the miniskirt emerged as a symbol of the cultural revolution of the 1960s, popularized by designers Mary Quant in England and André Courrèges in France. Though initially seen as liberating women's fashion, it later became exploited and helped popularize dieting trends. The miniskirt declined in the early 1970s but was revived by punk fashion and later incorporated into powerful business attire. It remains a controversial fashion globally and continues to be reinvented today in various short styles.

1. A History of the Miniskirt
The 1960s was a politically charged decade of revolution and change. Apollo 11
became the first capsule to land on the moon, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 became
law, Vietnam was raging, Beatlemania was sweeping the world, birth control pills hit
the market, and a new cult of youth, known as “Youthquake,” had radically taken
over many areas of life. In the midst of these dramatic political and cultural changes
emerged one of the most enduring and controversial icons of the era: the miniskirt
(or mini skirt).
Existing, surprisingly, since ancient times, this small and sexy piece of fabric has
embodied some of the most fascinating paradoxes of our times as it suggests both
empowerment and vulnerability, independence and a desire to please, an attempt to
cover and to reveal, maturity and playfulness, and liberation and exploitation.
Simultaneously condemned and loved, the miniskirt exploded into the political
landscape and had women (and men) suddenly paying attention to what had been
hidden years before—a woman’s legs.
In the Beginning Was . . . the Miniskirt
High in the mountains in some of Europe’s oldest villages, archaeologists have
recently unearthed ancient figurines dating between 5400-4700 B.C. What is
remarkable about the figurines is not only their age, but also that the female
figurines appear to be beautifully dressed in miniskirts not unlike the fashionable
miniskirts of the 1960s, prompting some scholars to speculate that miniskirts were
common in the earliest of civilizations (Derbyshire 2007). Interestingly, these
figurines are not the only evidence of “ancient miniskirts. For example, an ancient
Egyptian fresco shows a female acrobatic dancer wearing a “mini skirt” seemingly
made out of cotton that shows off both her hips and her legs (Gandolfi 1989).
Early Twentieth-Century Skirts and Sowing the Seeds of
Change
While the miniskirt may have existed as long as civilization has, it is probably only

2. recently that it has evoked powerful political and cultural implications. In the mid
1800s, women in Europe and America were generally believed to be the weaker and
more vulnerable sex. Politics, business, and physical activity could be dangerous for
women, and tight corsets with long, restrictive skirts generally reflected these beliefs
(Weaver 2003).
After WWI, however, advances in women’s emancipation and post-war escapism led
to the “flapper” style, an androgynous style with hemlines up to a woman’s knee.
After dropping to a more sober calf length during the early 1930s, hemlines rose to
just below the knee during WWII, partly due to mandatory fabric rationing during the
war (Lehnert 2000).
After the end of wartime restrictions on cloth, women were ready for elegance and
femininity, and the fashion industry promoted the “New Look” epitomized by
Christian Dior. The New Look was mature and sophisticated, with an exaggerated
hourglass figure and long, lavish hemlines (Steele 1997). While the New Look
reflected the “best years of our life” consumerism that followed WWII, the “teddy
boys” and beatniks of the Beat generation were already sowing the seeds of
discontent in 1950s materialism—a discontent that would find its full voice in the
1960s and dramatically change hemlines forever (Reilly 2003).
The 1960s and the Politics of the Miniskirt
Teenagers Create Their Own Political (and Fashion) Space
Before the 1960s, young women had been expected to dress in the style of their
mothers, which was usually loosely based on Parisian couture. For example, as late as
1962, a Sears catalog portrayed mothers and daughters as “patchwork pals” who
were overjoyed that they are wearing identical dresses. Looking back on the late
1950s, the English designer Sally Tuffin remarked, “There weren’t any clothes for
young people at all. One just looked like their mother” (Steele 1997).
However, by the 1960s, youth protests and demands for individual expression
revealed that young adults were gaining a self-conscious awareness of themselves as
a distinct and unified group that was able to respond to political events in ways that
were different from their parents (Cawthorne 1999). Youngsters felt they no longer
needed to follow the rules of bourgeois morality and manners, which they saw as
hypocritical and based on double standards. As this young political entity gained a
voice, they created a space for a new and distinctive fashion that embodied their
own political views—not their parents’.

3. The Miniskirt as an Expression and Tool of 1960s
Feminism
Growing awareness of feminism also paved the way for a different fashion for
women. For example, in 1963, American Betty Friedman published The Feminine
Mystique which deconstructed the myth of the happy housewife and expressed the
desire of women to explore other roles. In addition, the 1960s saw a dramatic
increase in women attending universities and entering the workforce, especially with
the advent of the “temp agency” which allowed greater flexibility in when and where
a woman wanted to work.
This decade also saw laws passed that helped protect and empower both married
and divorced women (Diamond and Diamond 2006). Perhaps most important was
the advent of the birth control pill, which removed fears of pregnancy and helped
usher in the sexual revolution (Cawthorne 1999). The image of a woman was
beginning to dramatically shift from being a wife and mother to a young, single,
carefree girl proud of her sexuality and confident with her power. The miniskirt
would express—and serve as a tool for—this growing woman’s movement.
A New Class of Young Consumerism
The young generation was indeed growing up rebellious and articulate—and with
more money than they’ve ever had before. Young people suddenly became a
powerful class of consumers who demanded a fashion that matched the spirit of
youth. Consequently, the whole structure of the fashion system was challenged from
the youth in the streets as the prestige of “couture” came under attack or, worse,
seemed irrelevant (Cawthorne 1999). Upstart designers and boutiques began to
cater to a new youth market that could now buy what they wanted—and to older
women who began to scramble to look like their daughters.
“The Mother of the Miniskirt” : Mary Quant
When a young upstart British designer named Mary Quant opened her boutique
Bazaar in 1955 on King’s Road (a mod and rocker hangout), she was poised to
spearhead a fashion revolution. Without any real training in fashion, but with a finger
on the pulse of everyday fashion of the street, she represented a distinctive

4. breakaway in fashion. She began to sell clothes that reflected the ideas of the day’s
youth and that had nothing to do with established Paris fashion houses (Lehnert
2000).
When she raised the hemline of her skirts in 1965 to several inches above the knee,
the iconic miniskirt was born. Named after her favorite car, the Mini, the miniskirt
was an instant success and epitomized the spirit of London in the mid-60s: free,
energetic, youthful, revolutionary, and unconventional (Diamond and Diamond
2006).
“The Lord of the Miniskirt” : André Courrèges
Quant probably deserves primary but not exclusive credit for the miniskirt. One
French designer also caught the spirit of the era and did for France what Quant did
for England (and America)—André Courrèges. Though he began to experiment with
hemlines as early as 1961, Courrèges showcased his futuristic, space-age minimalistic
dresses which scandalously fell above the knee in late 1964. Like Quant, Courrèges
shocked the fashion world. Unlike Quant, he tended to design his skirts with more
sophistication and maturity, which, in turn, helped make the miniskirt acceptable to
French haute couture (Cawthorne 1999).
While Courrèges would later claim that he invented the miniskirt, Quant dismissed
his claim, saying “It wasn’t me or Courrèges who invented the miniskirt anyway—it
was the girls in the street who did it.” Though the debates between Quant and
Courrèges can be amusing and many scholars tend to “skirt” the issue, both Quant
and Courrèges appropriated the trends of earlier fashion houses and both took
advantage of the greater social changes that were occurring around them. Regardless
of who really “invented” the miniskirt, both Quant and Courrèges deserve credit for
revolutionizing and enriching the fashion world with their daring hemlines (Diamond
and Diamond 2006).
The Mini Goes International
Quant’s influential position in the heart of “Swinging London,” Courrèges’ influential
position in the more sophisticated Parisian fashion world, and the mini’s easily
washable fabric that busy teenage girls were apt to buy helped the miniskirt become
a major international trend. The miniskirt’s international acceptance was also
boosted when Jean Shrimpton, a popular model, unwittingly caused an international
stir in late 1965 when she wore a miniskirt with no stockings, hat, or gloves at the
Melbourne Cup Carnival in Australia (Steele 1997). The classic photo of that day

5. showed a dramatic contrast: behind the young, carefree, and beautiful Shrimpton
was a group of disapproving middle-aged women dressed in their very proper twin
sets and pearls. Shrimpton’s apparent disregard for the bland status quo made a
trend-setting fashion statement around the world (in non-communistic and
non-Muslim countries, at least).
Accessorizing the Miniskirt
It wasn’t just moral outrage that followed the miniskirt, but also fashionable
accessories. Accessories included zip-up knee high boots made of stretch vinyl
(“kinky” or Courrèges’ “go-go” boots). Tights and pantyhose replaced awkward nylon
stockings and became fashion statements in their own right. Actually, tights and
pantyhose are what really made the miniskirt possible because they liberated the
woman from garter belts and from trying to keep the lines on old-fashioned
stockings straight (Olsen 1999).
By the late 1960s, miniskirts were being made of see-through fabrics and other loose
crotchet materials—which, in turn, made underwear an important new accessory in
fashion as well.
The “Lolita Look”
Ironically, the full sexuality of the miniskirt during the 1960s also played on a
“school-girl” image, and London became recognized as catering almost exclusively to
young girls between the ages of 15 and 20. The models on all the popular catwalks
and fashion magazines were typically skinny and androgynous, with an almost
prepubescent figure. Even Mary Quant’s husband and partner, Alexander
Plunket-Greene, told Rolling Stone in 1987 that “at the time, there was a slightly sort
of pedophile thing about it” (Cawthorne 1999). Indeed, the “Lolita look” was
everywhere, and the fashionable woman of the 1950s, “all high-heeled and
rock-hard tits,” was replaced by a London girl with a childish shape and a “great deal
of long legs” (Cawthorne 1999).
The most famous model of the era was seventeen-year-old Twiggy (Leslie Hornby),
who had a short boyish hairstyle, pale lips, and skinny figure (she was 5′ 7″ and
weighed 99 pounds). Even though the miniskirt initially was an expression of
individuality, women and girls alike copied Twiggy’s Vidal Sassoon geometric bob and
her heavily mascaraed eyelashes in an attempt to achieve her “doe-eyed” little girl
look. When young girls mimicked Twiggy’s fashionably gawky “broken limb” look,
they were said to resemble little shop dolls or mannequins (White and Griffiths 2000).

6. Not surprising, dieting fads and eating disorders skyrocketed during this decade
(Lehnert 2000).
Decline of the Mini in the Late 1960s
The miniskirt of the “swinging 60s” lasted until the end of the decade. Throughout,
fashion designers created some new and extreme variations in order to keep the
excitement alive. For example, Paco Rabanne launched his plastic chain-mail
miniskirt in 1966 and then the throw-away minidress. Despite this creativity, the mini
eventually fell out of fashion when disillusionment about Vietnam became more
widespread and the future looked less positive.
With increasingly political despondency, fashion became a little more nostalgic and
hemlines fell back down to the ankle in 1969 in a style called the “maxi,” which was
the longest hemline since 1914 (Cawthorne 1999). In addition, while the miniskirt
initially was seen as liberating women, the development of terms such as “dolly birds”
tended to objectify women, and feminists realized that the miniskirt had great
potential to be more exploitive than liberating (Reilly 2003). With the feminist
movement in full swing by the early 1970s, minis (whose hemlines had nowhere to
go but down, anyway) fell into disfavor.
The Late 1970s Punk Revival of the Mini
While the miniskirt fell out of fashion in the early 1970s, the punk movement at the
end of the decade helped revive the miniskirt, thanks in part to female rock stars
such as Debbie Harry (Blondie) who were fond of wearing miniskirts on stage. The
punks were motivated by anti-fashion and tried to avoid mainstream trends, which
were considered bourgeois, bland, and over-indulgent.
Influenced by punk designers such as Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McLaren,
whose shop SEX sold the fashion, the mini was reincarnated in black leather and PVC.
The mini was also now often worn with ripped fishnet tights and took on a slightly
“trashy” overtone that reflected the “whatever” attitude (Cawthorne 1999). In an
ironic twist of fashion, once the punk look was picked up by designers, the punk
movement’s anti-establishment edge became mainstream itself.

7. 1980s and 1990s: The Corporate Miniskirt
The 1980s and early 1990s heralded a return to a more womanly figure in contrast to
the adolescent androgyny of the 1960s. Rather than disappearing, however, the
miniskirt was incorporated into the new, big-shouldered, “power” business suit for
women, either in traditional pinstripes or jewel-colored wools (Cawthorne 1999).
Popular characters in TV sitcoms such as Carrie in Sex in the City and Heather
Locklear in Melrose Place helped the miniskirt appear sexy—and smart (Diamond
and Diamond 2006).
Miniskirts were no longer considered appropriate only for teenagers, but they also
became a power statement for sophisticated, long-legged, thirty-something career
women who were in total control of their single life.
Mini Skirts around the World
For the most part, the miniskirt has been accepted in the Western world (check
randomhistory); however, not all countries and cultures embraced the short skirt.
Inmany African countries, the miniskirt was seen not only as a corrupting influence of
the West but alsoof the modern world.
For example, in Tanzania in 1968, at least one barmaid was stoned by a mob that
supposedly disapproved of the shortness and tight fit of her miniskirt (Ross 2008),
and politicians argued that the spread of AIDS would be halted if women would stop
wearing miniskirts (“It’s in Our Hands”). And just this year, a strict Muslim father
hired hitmen to kill his 21-year-old daughter because she refused to stop wearing
miniskirts. After he paid the gangsters the equivalent of about $3,000, they
kidnapped and shot her in the head on the outskirts of St. Petersburg, Russia
(“Daughter Killed”).
Twenty-first Century Miniskirts
While the miniskirt has been met with disapproval and even violence, the tiny skirt
shows no signs of disappearing. On the contrary, the miniskirt is still heavily featured
on Western catwalks and in fashion magazines—and it is often shorter than ever. The
phone company Samsung even introduced a new cell phone in 2008 called the
“Miniskirt Season 2” which, while looking nothing like a miniskirt, is targeted toward
women who like to “Talk, Play, Love” (Evans 2008). The miniskirt—variously known as

8. the “micro-mini,” “pelmet,” or “bondage” skirt—continues to occupy a fascinating
and paradoxical space in the fashion world as it teasingly attempts to cover and
reveal at the same time. In all of its contradictions and reinventions, the miniskirt still
provokes, challenges, and demands attention from both men and women alike.
From:
http://www.randomhistory.com/2009/05/25_miniskirt.html
https://www.devilplus.com/72-mini-dresses
http://www.blogofclothes.com/