This document discusses solid waste management and vermicomposting as an option. It notes that solid waste generation is a major problem globally and in India. Vermicomposting uses earthworms to break down organic waste into compost. It is an effective waste management technique that improves soil quality and fertility. The document outlines the vermicomposting process and the types of earthworms used, such as Eisenia foetida, noting their roles in waste breakdown and soil modification. Vermicompost has benefits for plant growth and yields. Widespread adoption of vermicomposting could help address waste management issues while boosting agricultural output.
Earthworms Vermicompost - A Powerful Crop Nutrient over the Conventional Compost & Protective Soil Conditioner; Gardening Guidebook for Australia www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ Griffith University ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Vermiculture Bio-Technology: An Effective Tool for Economic and Environmental...x3G9
Vermicomposting is an environmentally friendly and economically productive process that uses earthworms to convert organic wastes into a nutrient-rich fertilizer called vermicompost. It diverts waste from landfills, reducing greenhouse gas emissions. While landfill construction and monitoring costs millions, vermicompost can be produced on farms from abundant waste materials at low cost. Vermicompost improves soil quality, boosts crop yields, reduces costs by decreasing water, pesticide and fertilizer needs, and can be a commercial product. As a waste management strategy, vermicomposting promotes sustainable agriculture and livelihoods.
This document discusses current developments in organic farming. It begins with an overview of organic farming practices, principles, and regulations. Organic farming aims to use natural materials and processes to produce food in a sustainable way that protects human and environmental health. It has grown rapidly in recent years. The document then discusses key aspects of organic farming such as soil quality improvements, labor requirements, crop rotation challenges, and yield impacts. It also defines organic farming and reviews its production requirements regarding crops, livestock, and nutrient management strategies. Finally, the document examines regulations for organic farming in different regions such as the EU and Mexico.
This document discusses the history and concepts of agroecology. It provides context on the current state of global food security and agriculture. It then discusses key principles of agroecology, including biomass recycling, soil biological activity, biodiversity, and minimizing losses. Examples are given of agroecological farming practices and systems that mimic natural ecosystems. The document advocates for agroecology as an alternative paradigm to conventional agriculture that is more sustainable. It discusses challenges in further developing agroecology, including the need for public funding, supportive policies, and attracting new farmers.
1. Vermiculture, or worm farming, is an important part of developing a circular economy and macro-agriculture system in China. Earthworms can process large amounts of organic waste into premium organic fertilizer, improving soil quality and the environment.
2. As intensive livestock and aquaculture have increased in China, there is a need to properly treat the large volumes of manure and waste these industries produce. Vermiculture can play a key role in stabilizing sludge from wastewater treatment plants and recycling organic wastes.
3. While vermiculture was an established industry in parts of the Western world by the 1990s, processing tens of thousands of tons of waste per week,
This document discusses soil, agroecosystem, and landscape health as it relates to sustainable food production. It covers topics such as soil health being the basis for sustainability, agroecosystem health through mimicking natural systems like the slash and mulch system, and landscape health through connecting agroecosystems. Case studies are provided on projects taking a landscape approach like the Nature Conservancy's Cosumnes River Project. The overall message is that sustainable food production requires restoring soil, agroecosystems, and the connectivity of the landscape.
Earthworms for Safe and Useful Management of Solid Wastes and Wastewatersx3G9
Earthworms for Safe and Useful Management of Solid Wastes and Wastewaters, Remediation of Contaminated Soils and Restoration of Soil Fertility, Promotion of Organic Farming and Mitigation of Global Warming
Earthworms Vermicompost - A Powerful Crop Nutrient over the Conventional Compost & Protective Soil Conditioner; Gardening Guidebook for Australia www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ Griffith University ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Vermiculture Bio-Technology: An Effective Tool for Economic and Environmental...x3G9
Vermicomposting is an environmentally friendly and economically productive process that uses earthworms to convert organic wastes into a nutrient-rich fertilizer called vermicompost. It diverts waste from landfills, reducing greenhouse gas emissions. While landfill construction and monitoring costs millions, vermicompost can be produced on farms from abundant waste materials at low cost. Vermicompost improves soil quality, boosts crop yields, reduces costs by decreasing water, pesticide and fertilizer needs, and can be a commercial product. As a waste management strategy, vermicomposting promotes sustainable agriculture and livelihoods.
This document discusses current developments in organic farming. It begins with an overview of organic farming practices, principles, and regulations. Organic farming aims to use natural materials and processes to produce food in a sustainable way that protects human and environmental health. It has grown rapidly in recent years. The document then discusses key aspects of organic farming such as soil quality improvements, labor requirements, crop rotation challenges, and yield impacts. It also defines organic farming and reviews its production requirements regarding crops, livestock, and nutrient management strategies. Finally, the document examines regulations for organic farming in different regions such as the EU and Mexico.
This document discusses the history and concepts of agroecology. It provides context on the current state of global food security and agriculture. It then discusses key principles of agroecology, including biomass recycling, soil biological activity, biodiversity, and minimizing losses. Examples are given of agroecological farming practices and systems that mimic natural ecosystems. The document advocates for agroecology as an alternative paradigm to conventional agriculture that is more sustainable. It discusses challenges in further developing agroecology, including the need for public funding, supportive policies, and attracting new farmers.
1. Vermiculture, or worm farming, is an important part of developing a circular economy and macro-agriculture system in China. Earthworms can process large amounts of organic waste into premium organic fertilizer, improving soil quality and the environment.
2. As intensive livestock and aquaculture have increased in China, there is a need to properly treat the large volumes of manure and waste these industries produce. Vermiculture can play a key role in stabilizing sludge from wastewater treatment plants and recycling organic wastes.
3. While vermiculture was an established industry in parts of the Western world by the 1990s, processing tens of thousands of tons of waste per week,
This document discusses soil, agroecosystem, and landscape health as it relates to sustainable food production. It covers topics such as soil health being the basis for sustainability, agroecosystem health through mimicking natural systems like the slash and mulch system, and landscape health through connecting agroecosystems. Case studies are provided on projects taking a landscape approach like the Nature Conservancy's Cosumnes River Project. The overall message is that sustainable food production requires restoring soil, agroecosystems, and the connectivity of the landscape.
Earthworms for Safe and Useful Management of Solid Wastes and Wastewatersx3G9
Earthworms for Safe and Useful Management of Solid Wastes and Wastewaters, Remediation of Contaminated Soils and Restoration of Soil Fertility, Promotion of Organic Farming and Mitigation of Global Warming
Enhancing the roles of ecosystem services in agriculture: agroecological prin...FAO
Presentation from Etienne Hainzelin from CIRAD, describing the principles of agroecological systems and the role of research within these. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
Human-induced climate change is resulting in less and more erratic rainfall, especially in food insecure regions. Adaptation strategies are needed to help farmers cope with drought and increased weather variability. Ecological farming approaches that build soil health and biodiversity can increase the resilience and stability of agriculture under a changing climate. Practices like cover crops, intercropping, and adding organic matter help soils hold more moisture while reducing erosion. This helps ensure more reliable yields during drought. Continued breeding of drought-tolerant varieties is also important, though genetic engineering is not well-suited due to the complexity of drought tolerance.
Agroecology: Applying Ecological Principles to Agriculturecwrobel
This document discusses the history and impacts of agriculture, as well as approaches to more sustainable agriculture through agroecology. It begins with a brief history of ancient Egyptian and bonanza farm agriculture. Tables show major structural changes in U.S. agriculture over the 20th century, including decreasing farm and rural population shares. Figures depict increasing world food production and the large percentage of global land used for agriculture. The impacts of conventional agriculture are then summarized, such as reduced biodiversity and soil impacts. The document introduces agroecology as an integrative approach and discusses examples of biodiversity management, pest management, and integrated soil management techniques.
Use of vermiculture technology for waste management and environmental remedia...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Puelles M. 2010. Use of vermiculture technology for waste management and environmental remediation in Argentina, International Journal of Environmental Engineering (IJEE), Sp. Issue on Vermiculture Technology, Vol. 10, No.3/4 pp. 239 –254. doi:10.1504/IJGENVI.2010.037269. ISSN (Online): 1756-8471, ISSN (Print): 1756-8463.
This document discusses the origins and principles of organic agriculture. It began in the early 20th century in Europe in response to problems with conventional agriculture like soil depletion. Organic farming focuses on regenerating soil through humus farming techniques like composting and crop rotation. The document also discusses the global presence of organic farmland and findings that most conventionally grown produce contains pesticide residues. It outlines the benefits of an organic lifestyle, including higher nutrition, supporting local economies and farmers, and environmental benefits. Finally, it proposes a 12-month plan to transition to a more organic home through changing cleaning products, food, clothing and other items.
Soil Fertility Management and eco-efficiency of small holder agricultural sys...CIAT
This document summarizes a presentation by Deborah Bossio on soil fertility management and eco-efficiency in smallholder agricultural systems. It discusses the global context of soils and land research, including issues of food security, water scarcity, planetary boundaries, and ecosystem services. It outlines Bossio's background working on soil fertility projects in various countries. It also discusses IWMI's work on productive water use and creating impact through strategic research partnerships.
The document discusses the benefits of creating an organic garden using chickens, manure, and compost to produce one's own food. It notes that soil erosion is a major global problem that reduces food supply. Growing food organically through composting and using chicken manure as fertilizer helps rebuild soil nutrients in a sustainable way while reducing reliance on chemicals. The document also outlines the history of organic farming and gardening and its rise as a means for greater self-sufficiency.
This document provides an overview of the history of farming and greenhouse use. It discusses how farming began around 10,000 BC and involved slash-and-burn techniques. Greenhouse use began in ancient Rome to grow crops out of season. Modern greenhouses allow growing food in a small space and conserving resources. The document also discusses the rise of community gardens in urban areas during industrialization. Taking gardening inside greenhouses and using hydroponic systems can further reduce land and water usage. Planning a community greenhouse requires considering location, support, zoning laws, and the garden's purpose.
A presentation written by Miguel Altieri, Professor of Agroecology at the University of California, Berkeley in the Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, with the participation of Angela Hilmi. You can choose to download the short or the long version; both of them are in Power Point format and available in English, French, Spanish and Portuguese download at ag-transition.org
Eco-Farming Addresses Hunger, Poverty and Climate Changex3G9
1) A UN report shows that small-scale farmers can double their food production within 10 years using agroecological farming methods instead of industrial agriculture. Agroecology improves soil quality, uses natural pest control, and diversifies crops.
2) Studies have found agroecological methods increased yields by 79% on average in projects across 57 countries. In Africa yields increased by 116% on average. These methods improve incomes and livelihoods for small-scale farmers while preserving ecosystems.
3) Supporting small-scale farmers' transition to agroecology worldwide is vital for avoiding future food and climate crises, as agroecology addresses hunger, poverty, and climate change in a sustainable way.
The document discusses agroecosystems, which involve the biological, physical, and socioeconomic components of farming systems, and provides checklists of factors to consider when analyzing agroecosystems, such as management practices, biophysical structures and processes, and social organization. It also outlines approaches for studying agroecosystems, including participatory rural appraisal, prototyping integrated farming systems, and identifying key relationships and decisions through agroecosystem analysis tools.
Presented by Barbara Gemmill-Herren during the seminar How to Feed Nine Billion within the Planet’s Boundaries - Agroecology for Food Security & Nutrition organised by the SIANI Expert group on Agriculture Transformation on March 10, 2015. Read more here: http://www.siani.se/expert-groups/agriculture-transformation-low-income-countries-under-environmental-change
Innovation, research, learning processes and transitions towards agroecologyExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/europe/events/detail-events/en/c/429132/
Presentation of Jean-François Soussana, from the Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), outlining Innovation, research and learning processes and transitions towards agroecology. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the Regional Symposium on Agroecology in Europe and Central Asia, held in Budapest, Hungary on 23-25 November 2016.
The document discusses agroecological intensification (AEI) approaches to increase agricultural productivity while also securing ecosystem services. It analyzes various AEI systems including conservation agriculture, forest farming, and agroforestry. These systems utilize practices like minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and diverse crop rotations. The goals are to provide functions like reduced pollution, increased soil fertility, nutrient retention, erosion control, and pollination services. The document reviews the extent of conservation agriculture globally and its benefits in Africa like improved soil quality and increased yields in countries like Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia.
The document discusses agroecosystems and landscapes. An agroecosystem is a site of agricultural production like a farm understood as an ecosystem. A landscape includes various ecosystems like agricultural, natural, urban, and aquatic in a geographic region. The individual agroecosystem is influenced by the larger landscape. Ecosystems have different levels of organization from individual species to communities to the entire ecosystem. Maintaining biodiversity is important for ecosystem health and stability. Agriculture interacts with natural ecosystems based on spatial, temporal, and functional characteristics. Agrochemical use like fertilizers and pesticides can benefit agriculture but also harm the environment if misused.
Concept of Agro ecosystem
Difference between manipulated Agroecology and Natural Ecology
Sustainable Agriculture
Biodiversification and Agroecology
Sustainable Agroecosystems
Agroecology and the Design of Sustainable Agroecosystems
This document discusses agroecological practices at The Farm Between, including maintaining biodiversity through crop rotations, cover crops, and livestock integration. Some key sustainability indicators where The Farm Between scores higher than industrial agriculture are species diversity, stability, internal nutrient cycling, and complexity of species interactions. Livestock are used for multiple benefits like manure production, weed control through grazing, and mimicking natural systems. The farm employs strategies like stacking functions, where individual elements provide multiple benefits, and balancing inputs and outputs to operate sustainably according to the laws of nature.
The document discusses the biotechnology industry in India. It notes that India has a large population that offers a huge market potential for biotech products. The country also has advantages like a low cost skilled workforce and increasing investments that are attracting outsourced research. The biotech sector has experienced significant growth in government support and spending. The key segments in the Indian biotech industry are bio-pharma, bio-services, bio-agri, bio-industrial and bio-informatics. Major products include vaccines, diagnostic tools, therapeutic drugs, hybrid seeds, bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides.
Earthworms largely consume organic matter and give out their excreta called as casts. these casts along with other composted organic material is called as vermicompost. Vermicompost today is part of the organic farming package.
This document provides an overview of mushroom cultivation and marketing. It discusses the life cycles of fungi, which are very different from green plants in that mushrooms rely on substrate for nutrients rather than photosynthesis. Several mushroom species are described as options for cultivation, with oyster and shiitake mushrooms recommended for beginners due to their ability to grow on various substrates and existing market demand, respectively. Indoor mushroom production requires more knowledge, monitoring, and manipulation of environmental conditions compared to outdoor cultivation. The document emphasizes that mushroom farming is labor intensive and not a quick way to profit, requiring planning, capital investment, and the ability to handle sporadic fruiting and other challenges.
Enhancing the roles of ecosystem services in agriculture: agroecological prin...FAO
Presentation from Etienne Hainzelin from CIRAD, describing the principles of agroecological systems and the role of research within these. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
Human-induced climate change is resulting in less and more erratic rainfall, especially in food insecure regions. Adaptation strategies are needed to help farmers cope with drought and increased weather variability. Ecological farming approaches that build soil health and biodiversity can increase the resilience and stability of agriculture under a changing climate. Practices like cover crops, intercropping, and adding organic matter help soils hold more moisture while reducing erosion. This helps ensure more reliable yields during drought. Continued breeding of drought-tolerant varieties is also important, though genetic engineering is not well-suited due to the complexity of drought tolerance.
Agroecology: Applying Ecological Principles to Agriculturecwrobel
This document discusses the history and impacts of agriculture, as well as approaches to more sustainable agriculture through agroecology. It begins with a brief history of ancient Egyptian and bonanza farm agriculture. Tables show major structural changes in U.S. agriculture over the 20th century, including decreasing farm and rural population shares. Figures depict increasing world food production and the large percentage of global land used for agriculture. The impacts of conventional agriculture are then summarized, such as reduced biodiversity and soil impacts. The document introduces agroecology as an integrative approach and discusses examples of biodiversity management, pest management, and integrated soil management techniques.
Use of vermiculture technology for waste management and environmental remedia...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Puelles M. 2010. Use of vermiculture technology for waste management and environmental remediation in Argentina, International Journal of Environmental Engineering (IJEE), Sp. Issue on Vermiculture Technology, Vol. 10, No.3/4 pp. 239 –254. doi:10.1504/IJGENVI.2010.037269. ISSN (Online): 1756-8471, ISSN (Print): 1756-8463.
This document discusses the origins and principles of organic agriculture. It began in the early 20th century in Europe in response to problems with conventional agriculture like soil depletion. Organic farming focuses on regenerating soil through humus farming techniques like composting and crop rotation. The document also discusses the global presence of organic farmland and findings that most conventionally grown produce contains pesticide residues. It outlines the benefits of an organic lifestyle, including higher nutrition, supporting local economies and farmers, and environmental benefits. Finally, it proposes a 12-month plan to transition to a more organic home through changing cleaning products, food, clothing and other items.
Soil Fertility Management and eco-efficiency of small holder agricultural sys...CIAT
This document summarizes a presentation by Deborah Bossio on soil fertility management and eco-efficiency in smallholder agricultural systems. It discusses the global context of soils and land research, including issues of food security, water scarcity, planetary boundaries, and ecosystem services. It outlines Bossio's background working on soil fertility projects in various countries. It also discusses IWMI's work on productive water use and creating impact through strategic research partnerships.
The document discusses the benefits of creating an organic garden using chickens, manure, and compost to produce one's own food. It notes that soil erosion is a major global problem that reduces food supply. Growing food organically through composting and using chicken manure as fertilizer helps rebuild soil nutrients in a sustainable way while reducing reliance on chemicals. The document also outlines the history of organic farming and gardening and its rise as a means for greater self-sufficiency.
This document provides an overview of the history of farming and greenhouse use. It discusses how farming began around 10,000 BC and involved slash-and-burn techniques. Greenhouse use began in ancient Rome to grow crops out of season. Modern greenhouses allow growing food in a small space and conserving resources. The document also discusses the rise of community gardens in urban areas during industrialization. Taking gardening inside greenhouses and using hydroponic systems can further reduce land and water usage. Planning a community greenhouse requires considering location, support, zoning laws, and the garden's purpose.
A presentation written by Miguel Altieri, Professor of Agroecology at the University of California, Berkeley in the Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, with the participation of Angela Hilmi. You can choose to download the short or the long version; both of them are in Power Point format and available in English, French, Spanish and Portuguese download at ag-transition.org
Eco-Farming Addresses Hunger, Poverty and Climate Changex3G9
1) A UN report shows that small-scale farmers can double their food production within 10 years using agroecological farming methods instead of industrial agriculture. Agroecology improves soil quality, uses natural pest control, and diversifies crops.
2) Studies have found agroecological methods increased yields by 79% on average in projects across 57 countries. In Africa yields increased by 116% on average. These methods improve incomes and livelihoods for small-scale farmers while preserving ecosystems.
3) Supporting small-scale farmers' transition to agroecology worldwide is vital for avoiding future food and climate crises, as agroecology addresses hunger, poverty, and climate change in a sustainable way.
The document discusses agroecosystems, which involve the biological, physical, and socioeconomic components of farming systems, and provides checklists of factors to consider when analyzing agroecosystems, such as management practices, biophysical structures and processes, and social organization. It also outlines approaches for studying agroecosystems, including participatory rural appraisal, prototyping integrated farming systems, and identifying key relationships and decisions through agroecosystem analysis tools.
Presented by Barbara Gemmill-Herren during the seminar How to Feed Nine Billion within the Planet’s Boundaries - Agroecology for Food Security & Nutrition organised by the SIANI Expert group on Agriculture Transformation on March 10, 2015. Read more here: http://www.siani.se/expert-groups/agriculture-transformation-low-income-countries-under-environmental-change
Innovation, research, learning processes and transitions towards agroecologyExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/europe/events/detail-events/en/c/429132/
Presentation of Jean-François Soussana, from the Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), outlining Innovation, research and learning processes and transitions towards agroecology. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the Regional Symposium on Agroecology in Europe and Central Asia, held in Budapest, Hungary on 23-25 November 2016.
The document discusses agroecological intensification (AEI) approaches to increase agricultural productivity while also securing ecosystem services. It analyzes various AEI systems including conservation agriculture, forest farming, and agroforestry. These systems utilize practices like minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and diverse crop rotations. The goals are to provide functions like reduced pollution, increased soil fertility, nutrient retention, erosion control, and pollination services. The document reviews the extent of conservation agriculture globally and its benefits in Africa like improved soil quality and increased yields in countries like Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia.
The document discusses agroecosystems and landscapes. An agroecosystem is a site of agricultural production like a farm understood as an ecosystem. A landscape includes various ecosystems like agricultural, natural, urban, and aquatic in a geographic region. The individual agroecosystem is influenced by the larger landscape. Ecosystems have different levels of organization from individual species to communities to the entire ecosystem. Maintaining biodiversity is important for ecosystem health and stability. Agriculture interacts with natural ecosystems based on spatial, temporal, and functional characteristics. Agrochemical use like fertilizers and pesticides can benefit agriculture but also harm the environment if misused.
Concept of Agro ecosystem
Difference between manipulated Agroecology and Natural Ecology
Sustainable Agriculture
Biodiversification and Agroecology
Sustainable Agroecosystems
Agroecology and the Design of Sustainable Agroecosystems
This document discusses agroecological practices at The Farm Between, including maintaining biodiversity through crop rotations, cover crops, and livestock integration. Some key sustainability indicators where The Farm Between scores higher than industrial agriculture are species diversity, stability, internal nutrient cycling, and complexity of species interactions. Livestock are used for multiple benefits like manure production, weed control through grazing, and mimicking natural systems. The farm employs strategies like stacking functions, where individual elements provide multiple benefits, and balancing inputs and outputs to operate sustainably according to the laws of nature.
The document discusses the biotechnology industry in India. It notes that India has a large population that offers a huge market potential for biotech products. The country also has advantages like a low cost skilled workforce and increasing investments that are attracting outsourced research. The biotech sector has experienced significant growth in government support and spending. The key segments in the Indian biotech industry are bio-pharma, bio-services, bio-agri, bio-industrial and bio-informatics. Major products include vaccines, diagnostic tools, therapeutic drugs, hybrid seeds, bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides.
Earthworms largely consume organic matter and give out their excreta called as casts. these casts along with other composted organic material is called as vermicompost. Vermicompost today is part of the organic farming package.
This document provides an overview of mushroom cultivation and marketing. It discusses the life cycles of fungi, which are very different from green plants in that mushrooms rely on substrate for nutrients rather than photosynthesis. Several mushroom species are described as options for cultivation, with oyster and shiitake mushrooms recommended for beginners due to their ability to grow on various substrates and existing market demand, respectively. Indoor mushroom production requires more knowledge, monitoring, and manipulation of environmental conditions compared to outdoor cultivation. The document emphasizes that mushroom farming is labor intensive and not a quick way to profit, requiring planning, capital investment, and the ability to handle sporadic fruiting and other challenges.
Mushrooms are fungi that grow above ground and have two main parts - a cap and a stalk. They reproduce via spores produced on gills under the cap. Mushrooms obtain nutrients from decomposing organic matter via a network of underground threads called mycelium. Edible mushrooms provide various vitamins, minerals, and health benefits. Common cultivated varieties include the white button mushroom and paddy straw mushroom, which are grown on compost and agricultural waste using controlled growing conditions. Poisonous mushrooms can be identified by features like bright colors, milky latex, and unpleasant odor.
Vermicompost - An Organic Gold (Vermiculture and Vermicompost, Earthworm Farm...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Vermiculture is the culture of earthworms. The goal is to continually increase the number of worms in order to obtain a sustainable harvest. The worms are either used to expand a vermicomposting operation or sold to customers who use them for the same or other purposes. Vermicomposting is the process by which worms are used to convert organic materials (usually wastes) into a humus-like material known as vermicompost. The municipal wastes; non-toxic solid and liquid waste of the industries and household garbage’s can also be converted into vermicompost in the same manner.
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Organic farming with special reference to vermicultureTakeleZike1
This presentation delves into the principles and practices of organic farming, with a particular focus on the innovative technique of vermiculture. Organic farming represents a sustainable approach to agriculture that emphasizes the use of natural inputs and biological processes to enhance soil fertility, conserve resources, and minimize environmental impact. Within this context, vermiculture, or the use of earthworms to process organic waste and create nutrient-rich vermicompost, emerges as a powerful tool for organic farmers.
Throughout the presentation, key aspects of organic farming are explored, including soil health management, crop rotation, companion planting, and natural pest control methods. The role of vermiculture in organic farming systems is examined in depth, highlighting its benefits in improving soil structure, increasing microbial activity, and supplying essential nutrients to plants. Practical guidance is provided on setting up and managing a vermiculture system, from selecting suitable earthworm species to optimizing environmental conditions for composting.
Case studies and examples illustrate the real-world applications of organic farming and vermiculture, showcasing successful initiatives and their positive impact on agricultural sustainability, biodiversity, and food security. By promoting a holistic and ecologically sound approach to agriculture, this presentation aims to inspire farmers, researchers, and policymakers to embrace organic farming practices, with vermiculture as a valuable component in achieving long-term agricultural resilience and environmental stewardship.
Vermiculture and vermicomposting is a biotechnology that uses earthworms to break down organic waste into a nutrient-rich fertilizer called vermicast or vermicompost. It is an environmentally friendly and low-cost way to utilize agricultural and other organic wastes while generating income. The process involves collecting earthworms, preparing beds with layers of waste materials, and harvesting the vermicompost after the earthworms have fed and the waste is broken down. Vermiculture has many benefits like waste management, soil enrichment, employment opportunities, and reduced use of chemical fertilizers.
Vermiculture and Vermicomposting Biotechnology for Organic Farming and Rural ...x3G9
1. Vermiculture and vermicomposting use earthworms to break down organic waste into a nutrient-rich fertilizer called vermicast or vermicompost.
2. Vermicompost contains more nutrients than traditional compost and improves soil quality. It can support organic farming and rural economic development by providing income opportunities and a sustainable waste management solution.
3. Setting up vermicomposting requires selecting appropriate earthworm species, maintaining proper temperature, moisture levels, and food sources to break down organic materials into high-quality vermicompost within 30 days.
This document discusses the benefits of organic farming using vermicompost (earthworm compost) as an alternative to chemical farming. It summarizes that chemical farming has degraded soils and harmed human health over decades of use, while earthworm compost can boost crop production without chemicals while improving soil and sequestering carbon. Earthworm compost is shown to be highly nutritive for plants, rich in nutrients and beneficial microbes, and can help protect against pests and diseases. Organic farming with vermicompost also produces safer, more nutritive foods and mitigates environmental issues like greenhouse gas emissions and soil degradation caused by chemical agriculture.
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1. Chemical agriculture has boosted food production but damaged soils, decreased food nutrition, and harmed human health through pesticide poisoning.
2. Organic farming using earthworm vermicompost can produce high, nutritious yields while improving soil fertility and suppressing pests in a sustainable way.
3. Vermicompost is rich in nutrients, beneficial microbes, and plant growth hormones, and helps retain soil carbon and moisture to reduce emissions and irrigation needs.
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This document summarizes a study on the effect of different soil amendments (inorganic fertilizer, farmyard manure, and vermicompost) on the nutrient uptake and biochemical parameters of selected vegetable and medicinal plants. The study found that plants treated with vermicompost had higher uptake of macro and micronutrients as well as higher levels of growth-related compounds like proteins, carbohydrates, cellulose, and chlorophyll compared to plants treated with inorganic fertilizer or farmyard manure. The results indicate that vermicompost is more effective at enhancing plant nutrient content and biochemical properties than other soil amendments tested.
Oil palm composted biomass: preparation, utilization, handling and storageFiona9864
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2) The composting process is carried out through various stages as microorganisms break down the organic material. Initially mesophilic bacteria dominate, followed by thermophilic bacteria that raise temperatures.
3) Fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes all play important roles at different stages of decomposition. The finished compost is stable and can be used as fertilizer to improve soil properties.
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Abstract— Cotton production is an important primary industry in Australia. However, the industry faces several challenges, including access to fresh water, disposal of cotton waste, and the ability of Australian soil to sustain pesticide-intensive cultivation. Research programs into a variety of techniques aimed at amending soil with fertilisers, particularly those produced from novel organic sources rather than industrial fertilisers, have also been developed. This paper therefore considered the relationship of worm castings produced from a municipal vermicomposting facility and a modified form of alumina refinery residue (MARR) as a possible nutrient source for cotton farming, and examined their combined potential as a biological fertiliser to amend agricultural soil and improve cotton yields. The study found the addition of MARR enhanced the chemical and biological properties of worm castings, for example improving caution exchange capacity and increasing the total microbial biomass of castings by 38%, and the combined effect of applying 240 L/ha of this non-traditional organic fertiliser increased cotton yields by 9% over a nine-week growing period.
This document provides an overview of organic farming techniques, including the use of organic manures, composting methods, green manuring, and biofertilizers. It describes various organic manure sources like farmyard manure and composts. It discusses technologies for quicker compost production using compost accelerators and enriching compost with nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms. The document also covers the importance of green manures for supplying nutrients to soils and crops, listing suitable leguminous and non-leguminous green manure plants. Finally, it defines and classifies different types of biofertilizers used in organic farming to fix atmospheric nitrogen and solubilize soil
This document discusses current developments in organic farming. It begins with an overview of organic farming practices and principles, noting that organic farming aims to protect human health and the environment through sustainable practices like nutrient recycling and limiting synthetic inputs. The document then discusses key aspects of organic farming such as labor requirements, crop rotation challenges, and typical yields. It provides definitions of organic farming from various organizations and outlines general production requirements, emphasizing that organic farming relies more on natural processes and local resources than conventional farming.
This document provides an overview of organic fertilizers, including their classification and identification. It discusses various types of organic fertilizers such as bulky organic manures (e.g. farm yard manure, compost, green manures), concentrated organic manures (e.g. oilcakes, bone meal), and industrial and human wastes that can be used as fertilizers (e.g. press mud, night soil). For each type, it provides examples and describes how they are produced and their nutrient content. The document also briefly discusses biofertilizers and their advantages in agriculture.
1. Organic farming began in the 1930s-1940s as a reaction to agriculture's growing reliance on synthetic fertilizers. Sir Albert Howard is widely considered the "father of organic farming".
2. Organic farming relies on ecological processes and cycles rather than synthetic inputs. It aims to sustain soil, ecosystem, and human health.
3. Benefits of organic farming include high nutritional quality, maintenance of soil fertility, and avoidance of pollution. Principles include health, ecology, fairness, and care.
11.modeling the influence of floriculture effluent on soil quality and dry ma...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of floriculture effluent on soil quality parameters and wheat yield on Vertisols in Ethiopia. Floriculture effluent was characterized by high pH, EC, nitrogen, phosphorus and bases, and low micronutrients and heavy metals. When applied to soil in increasing volumes, the effluent did not affect soil texture but decreased field capacity, permanent wilting point and water holding capacity over time. It increased soil pH, EC, exchangeable bases and micronutrients. Organic carbon and total nitrogen initially increased at low effluent volumes but decreased at higher volumes. Wheat shoot dry weight was significantly affected by effluent volume, initially increasing but then decreasing in line
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1) The study examines the biodegradation of Ipomea carnea weed through composting. Samples were collected from water and sediment to isolate bacterial colonies including Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp.
2) As composting progressed over 30 days, thermophilic bacterial and fungal growth increased along with organic content and pH of the compost. The highest number of thermophilic bacteria was observed at 50°C on day 30.
3) Composting Ipomea carnea is a promising way to recycle plant wastes while improving soil fertility and structure through increased organic content and microbial activity in the compost.
Vermicomposting is an environmentally friendly and economically productive process that uses earthworms to convert organic wastes into a nutrient-rich fertilizer called vermicompost. It diverts waste from landfills, reducing greenhouse gas emissions. While landfill construction and monitoring costs millions, vermicompost can be produced on farms from abundant waste materials at low cost. Vermicompost improves soil quality, boosts crop yields, reduces costs by decreasing water, pesticide and fertilizer needs, and can be a commercial product. As a waste management strategy, vermicomposting promotes sustainability and livelihoods.
This document reviews vermicomposting as an eco-friendly approach to handling organic waste. Vermicomposting uses earthworms to convert organic waste into humus-rich vermicompost. It discusses how various organic wastes from domestic, industrial, agricultural, and temple sources can be used as feedstocks for vermicomposting. The review also evaluates the most common earthworm species used for vermicomposting and their environmental tolerances. Vermicompost has benefits such as being a nutrient-rich organic fertilizer that improves soil quality and reduces reliance on chemical fertilizers.
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This document discusses biofumigation as a potential method for suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes. It begins by explaining that plant-parasitic nematodes cause large economic losses worldwide and that chemical nematicides are commonly used but have negative environmental impacts. It then describes how biofumigation uses glucosinolate compounds produced by some plants, like mustards, which break down to form volatile isothiocyanates that can suppress nematodes and other soil pathogens. Several factors that influence the biofumigation process and its effectiveness are discussed, including the plant variety used, soil temperature, depth, and microbes. The document concludes by stating that biofumigation shows potential as part of an integrated pest
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2. 60
Vermicomposting was started in Ontario (Canada)
in 1970 and is now processing about 75 tones of
refuse per week.American Earthworm Company
(AEC) began a farm in 1978-79 with about 500
tones capacity per month.Aoka Sangyo Co. Ltd.,
Japan has three 1000 tones per month plants
processing wastes from pulp and food industries.
Besides these, there are about 3000 other
vermicomposting plants in Japan with 5-50 tones
capacity per month. It has also started in Italy
and in the Philippines. It is now time for India to
think about vermitechnology commercially
(Palaniappan et.al., 2005).
VERMITECHNOLOGY
The use of organic amendment, such as
traditional thermophilic composts, has long been
recognized as an effective means of improving
soil structure, enhancing soil fertility (Follet et
al., 1981), increasing microbial diversity and
populations (Barakan et al., 1995), improving the
moisture-holding capacity of soils and increasing
crop yields. Effects on microorganisms have also
been associated with their capability to suppress
soil-borne plant diseases (Hoitink and Fahy,
1986), plant parasitic nematode populations and
increased crop yields (Johnston et al., 1995).
Vermicomposts are finely-divided mature
peat-like materials with a high porosity, aeration,
drainage and water-holding capacity and micro-
bial activity which are stabilized by interactions
between earthworms and microorganisms in a
non-thermophilic process (Edwards and Burrows,
1988). Vermicompost contains most nutrients in
plant available form such as nitrates, phosphates
and exchangeable calcium and soluble potassium
(Edwards, 1998; Orozco et al., 1996).
Vermicompost have large particulate surface
areas that provide many micro sites for microbial
activity and for the strong retention of nutrients
(Shi-wei and Fu-Zhen, 1991). Vermicomposts are
rich in microbial populations and diversity,
particularly fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes
(Edwards, 1998; Tomati et al., 1987).
Vermicomposts consistently promote biological
activity which can cause plants to germinate,
flower and grow and yield better than in
commercial container media, independent of
nutrient availability (Arancon et al., 2004;Atiyeh
et al., 2000 a, b). For instance, substitution of
small amounts of vermicomposts into soil-less
bedding plant potting mixture has resulted in
significant increase in the germination and
growth of marigolds tomatoes and peppers, in
greenhouse trials, when all necessary nutrients
are available, even at substitution rates as low
as 5-30% into the medium (Atiyeh et al., 2000a,b,
2002 a). Vermicompost contains plant growth
regulators and other plant growth influencing
materials produced by microorganisms (Grappelli
et al., 1987; Tomati et al., 1988, 1990) including
humates (Atiyeh et al., 2002 b). Krishnamoorthy
and Vajrabhiah (1986) reported the production
of cytokinins and auxins in organic wastes that
were processed by earthworms. Vermicompost
also contains large amounts of humic substances
(Masciandaro et al., 1997; Senesi et al., 1992) and
some of the effects of these substances on plant
growth regulators or hormones (Muscolo et al.,
1999). However, most research on the use of
vermicomposts has been in the greenhouse, and
few workers have reported on the use and effects
of vermicomposts in the field.
The technology to use surface and sub-
surface local varieties of earthworms in compost-
ing and soil management is called vermitech.
Regular inputs of feed materials for the earth-
worms can be in the form of agro wastes, kitchen
wastes, and nitrogen rich materials like cattle
dung, goat manure and pig manure. Poultry
manure should however be handled carefully due
to the presence of toxic components (Senapati,
1993). By processing these wastes into organic
fertilizers we also get rid of organic solid wastes.
Vermicomposting therefore is also solid waste
management, where organic wastes are consi-
dered as resources. Vermitechnology comprises
three main processes:
1. Vermiculture - rearing of earthworms.
2. Vermicomposting - biodegradation of
waste biomass in earthwormic way.
3. Vermiconvertion - mass maintenance of
sustainability of waste lands through earth-
worms.
Utilizable products and benefits of vermi-
technology are waste biomass management,
animal protein production, and organic pollution
abatement, waste land conservation, land
reclamation, production of worm-worked manure,
soil fertility and enhancement in plant production.
WORMSFOR CULTURE (VERMICULTURE)
Nature has created and differentiated
earthworms into epigeic, anecic and endogeic
ASHA AALOK, A.K. TRIPATHI AND P. SONI
3. 61
species based on definite ecological and trophic
functions in the respective soils. Of the three
ecological varieties, the epigeics in particular and
the aneceic in general, have largely been harne-
ssed for use in the vermicomposting process.
Epigeics like Eisenia foetida (Hartenstein
et.al., 1979 a, b) and Eudrilus euginiae (Kale and
Bano, 1988) have been used in converting organic
wastes (agro waste and domestic refuse) into
vermicompost. Though these surface dwellers are
capable of working hard on the litter layer and can
convert all the organic waste into manure they are
of no significant value in modifying the structure
of the soil. The anecics however are capable of
both organic waste consumption as well as in
modifyingthestructureofthesoil.Suchburrowing
species that are widely used in soil management
liketheearthworms,Lampitomauritii(Ismail,1993)
also effectively create a drilosphere apart from
helping in compost production.
Worm-worked soils are conspicuously diffe-
rent from soil devoid of earthworms. Importantly,
the tunnel formed by the worms (Rahuman, 1984)
aid in the passage of water, which also washes
the nutrients from the drilosphere to the roots
that extend quite rapidly along these channels.
This principle is also applied in the preparation
of vermiwash. Vermiwash functions as a good
foliar spray, as it contains the requisite nutrients
in it (Ismail, 1997).
VERMICOMPOSTING
Composting can be done either in pits or
concrete tanks or well rings or in wooden or
plastic crates appropriate in a given situation. It
is preferable to select a composting site under
shade, in the upland or an elevated level, to
prevent water stagnation in pits during rains.
Vermicomposting is set up by first placing a
basal layer of vermibed comprising broken bricks
or pebbles (3-4 cms.) followed by a layer of coarse
sand to a total thickness of 6-7 cms. To ensure
proper drainage, a 15 cms moist layer of loamy
soil follows. Into this soil 100 earthworms are
inoculated. Small lumps of cattledung (fresh or
dry) are then scattered over the soil and covered
with a 10cm layer of hay. Water is sprayed till the
entire set up is moist but not wet. Less water kills
the worms and too much water chases them away.
Watering the unit is continued and the unit is
monitored for 30 days. The appearance of
juvenile earthworms by this time is a healthy sign.
Organic refuse is added from the 31st
day as a
spread on the bed. Addition of refuse can be
done twice a week, watering to requirement.After
a few applications, the refuse is turned over
without disturbing the bed. The day enough
refuse has been added into the unit, watering is
continued and 45 days later the compost is ready
for harvest.
The organic refuse changes into a soft,
spongy, sweet smelling, dark brown compost
(Ismail,1997).
VERMICOMPOSTINGAT FRI
Vermicomposting is essentially an environ-
ment friendly technology generating wealth from
waste. As Uttaranchal is mostly covered with
forest and the main occupation of the people is
agriculture and cattle breeding, raw materials like
solid waste, cattle dung are available in abun-
dance. This abundance is causing major problems
in the disposal of the waste. Natural degradation
takes a long time. Thus, composting and
vermicomposting are ideal technologies. These
are cheap and non-time consuming as well.
At FRI, the division of Ecology and Environ-
ment has started a project on vermitechnology.
The project “Income generation for women in
rural areas of Uttaranchal through vermicom-
posting of organic solid waste into manure” is
sponsored by the Department of Biotechnology,
Government of India. The main objective of this
project is to develop additional source of income
for rural population especially women folk by
using the solid waste as useful resource
Under this project we have planned to con-
duct awareness programmes in selected villages
for the management of solid waste/organic waste
to produce rich compost, which can help villagers
to keep their surroundings clean and green
besides developing a reasonable income. Farmers
in general and women folk in particular would be
the main targets.
Various programme and activities will be
conducted for faster dissemination of the techno-
logy. The total activities will be divided into
training (1000 women), field demonstrations and
other extension activities. These activities have
been designed for various purposes like on
campus training to impart skills and improve the
knowledge of different technologies involved in
vermicomposting (Fig. 1, 2). Off campus training
and field demonstrations will be conducted to
VERMICOMPOSTING: A BETTER OPTION FOR ORGANIC SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
4. 62
show the results and also for the faster adoption
and diffusion of the vermicomposting business
(Fig. 3). For mass communication/group based
transfer of technology, various extension activi-
ties will be conducted. Amarketing support unit
will also be developed to avoid the inclusion of a
middle-man in the project, which generally
reduces the desired income of the farmers.
Women will be given special consideration as
the project is mainly for their benefit.
Earthworm species like Eisenia foetida, is
being cultured. This earthworm is highly
productive and is suitable for this region. In 12
months time the earthworm quantity can triple.
This increases the capacity of the farmers to
produce more vermicompost with no additional
investments for earthworms.
CONCLUSIONS
Vermicomposting technology is known
throughout the world, although in limited areas.
It may be considered a widely spread, though
not necessarily popular technology. As a pro-
cess for handling organic residuals, it represents
an alternative approach in waste management,
in as much as the material is neither landfilled
nor burned but is considered a resource that may
ASHA AALOK, A.K. TRIPATHI AND P. SONI
Fig. 1. On Camus training of the authors explaining the Four-pit vermicomposting system to the
participants from the village Rajawala (Dehradun, Uttarakhand)
Fig. 2. On Campus training field assistant showing the earthworm species Eisenia foefida to the
participants from the village Telpura (Dehradun, Uttarakhand).
5. 63
be recycled. In this sense, vermicomposting is
compatible with sound environmental principles
that value conservation of resources and sus-
tainable practices.
Vermicomposting in developing countries
could prove to be useful in many instances. Some
aspects of the process may be labour intensive
when mechanized equipment such as front-end
loaders, trommel screens, tractors, etc., are not
available to handle large volumes of material. In
areas where creation of low or semi-skilled jobs
is considered advantageous, vermicomposting
may supply an opportunity for employment.
Where accumulation of food waste, paper,
cardboard, agriculture waste, manures, and
biosolids are problematical, composting and
vermicomposting offer good potential to turn
waste material into a valuable soil amendment.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are thankful to the Director FRI for
providing all the necessary facilities and the
Department of Biotechnology, Government of
India, for funding the project.
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Atiyeh, R.M., Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A. and
Metzger, J.D.: Influence of earthworm-processed
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tomatoes. Bioresource Technology, 75(3): 175-180
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