The document summarizes several key events and developments in the Americas during the 19th century. Many Chinese immigrants came to California for gold in the mid-1800s. The Americas experienced massive migration, economic growth, and civil wars following periods of independence. The United States expanded westward and fought the Civil War over slavery and states' rights in the 1860s. Canada had a weak federal government, and Latin America was politically fragmented. The Little Ice Age occurred from the 16th to 19th centuries across Europe and the Americas. Frontier regions in the Americas saw violence over issues of class, race, and honor.