1. A Difficult Past By: Courtney Grace

3. “By the 1840s westward expansion was well underway, and many Americans spoke of a "manifest destiny" to occupy all of North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. “

5. The beginning of the war ended in stalemate.

6. “90 percent of the country's industrial capacity and approximately two-thirds of its railroad lines-but still they fought four bitter years against a formidable enemy.”

8. “Religion often provided a justification for racial exclusiveness “

9. In North America, missionaries left Indians and focused on creating settlers.

10. “The main parallel to Latin America's mission frontier is to be found in French Canada: the missions of the early seventeenth century in Huronia were run by the Jesuits and the Recollets “

12. An Oil boom can be a temporary hold

13. Physical conditions and lack of easy access to food and transport makes the Arctic frontiers capital

14. Railways played a limited role in opening up frontiers

16. Occurred during the fourteenth to the nineteenth century

17. Violent storms caused flooding and ice began to take over.

18. Millions of people perished

19. During the Winter of 1780 New York Harbor froze over and people were able to walk from Manhattan to Staten Island

21. There first stop to Richmond they were stopped by a defeat along the banks of Bull Run in July 1861

22. “Northern spirits had risen temporarily in November when a Union warship captured Confederate envoys James Mason and John Slidell from the British steamer Trent”

23. June-July a small army was lead by McClellan to victories that secured Union control to what became West Virginia

25. Halleck went to Washington to become a general in chief in July and was assumed by Grant for the command of the occupation forces

27. Lee saw many of them to be cowards and stragglers

28. Farmers began to pack up and take their families and cattle north of the Susquehanna river

29. On September 7th- an army of Potomac moved out of Washington to find the enemy

30. They tried to see the best of the situation due to the fact they were under McClellan's command

32. Lincoln called for a meet of the Cabinet five days after

33. He reminded members of their decisions they made two months prior to postpone issuances of an emancipation proclamation

34. He said, “I think the time has come now… I wish it was a better time…”