Abstract:
The World Wide Web has evolved drastically over the past decade
– and the proliferation of Web APIs has turned it into the middleware of choice for most distributed systems. The recent focus on hypermedia-driven APIs together with initiatives such as the Web of Things and Linked Data are now promoting and advancing the development of a new generation of dynamic, open, and long-lived systems on the Web. These systems require agent-based solutions to the point thatWeb researchers have started to build autonomous systems on their own. It is thus both timely and necessary to investigate and align the latest developments in Web research and multi-agent systems (MAS) research. In this paper, we analyze in hindsight the factors that hindered the widespread acceptance of early Web-based MAS. We argue that the answer lies equally in a lack of practical use cases as well as the premature development and alignment of Web and agent technologies. We then present our vision for a new generation of autonomous systems on the Web, which we call hypermedia MAS, together with the research opportunities and challenges they bring.
Andrei Ciortea, Simon Mayer, Fabien Gandon, Olivier Boissier, Alessandro Ricci, Antoine Zimmermann, "A Decade in Hindsight: The Missing Bridge Between Multi-Agent Systems and the World Wide Web", AAMAS 2019
Read full paper online: http://www.ifaamas.org/Proceedings/aamas2019/pdfs/p1659.pdf
Poster presentation on IA in Wikipedia Poster at the 2015 IA Summit in Minneapolis. Companion to IA Wikipedia Edit-a-Thon.
Full bibliography available at:
Books: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BbzaObS6gLe1VhUknLqRcU5DgOrBzakmbxOfN-8Yyp0/edit?usp=docslist_api
Articles and Proceedings: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1YZMpHnH7mWtQ52qnjzBAZ-O7jy9nDRWJGPbNT4S7zCE/edit?usp=docslist_api
Poster presentation on IA in Wikipedia Poster at the 2015 IA Summit in Minneapolis. Companion to IA Wikipedia Edit-a-Thon.
Full bibliography available at:
Books: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BbzaObS6gLe1VhUknLqRcU5DgOrBzakmbxOfN-8Yyp0/edit?usp=docslist_api
Articles and Proceedings: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1YZMpHnH7mWtQ52qnjzBAZ-O7jy9nDRWJGPbNT4S7zCE/edit?usp=docslist_api
My team is taking part in the Elsevier GranChallenge. Our proposal focuses on facilitating three aspects central to the semantic web vision: organize, share and discover. This is the presentation we used for the semifinals.
Sharing Scientific Data: Legal, Normative and Social IssuesKaitlin Thaney
A look at the legal, normative and social issues surrounding data sharing and the ways we've chosen to address this increasingly complex space.
Presented in Beijing on 25 March 2009.A l
The Web, similar to other successful man made systems is continuously evolving. With the miniaturization and increased performance of computing devices which are also being embedded in common physical objects, it is natural that the Web evolved to also include these – therefore the Web of Things. This tutorial provides an overview of the system vertical structure by identifying the relevant components, illustrating their functionality and showing existing tools and systems. The aim is to show how small devices can be connected to the Web at various levels of abstraction and transform them into "first-class" Web residents.
Research and development related to the Internet of Things, Web of Things and Smart Objects is carried out by SensorLab an interdepartmental laboratory within Jozef Stefan Institute. Most solutions are prototyped and tested, and based on obtained results and experience we continuously improve our hardware and software platforms.
The Web of Things was presented by Carolina Fortuna and Marko Grobelnik (Jozef Stefan Institute) at the 20th International World Wide Web Conference 2011 - Hyderabad, India on March 28, 2011.
The Web of Things: Enabling the Physical World to the WebAndreas Kamilaris
A presentation about the practice of Web-enabling the physical world, by means of principles inspired from the Web of Things. This is an invited presentation of Prof. Andreas Pitsillides and Andreas Kamilaris at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa in April, 2012. In this presentation, the motivation, practice, historical background, exemplary applications, dangers and future challenges of the Web of Things are discussed.
New challenges for digital scholarship and curation in the era of ubiquitous ...Derek Keats
A keynote presentation that I gave at the The 4th African Digital Scholarship and Curation Conference (see: http://www.nedicc.ac.za/test/Programme.aspx) on 16 May 2011.
Semantic web approach towards interoperability and privacy issues in social n...ijwscjournal
The Social Web is a set of social relations that link people through World Wide Web. This Social Web
encompasses how the websites and software are designed and developed to support social relations. The
new paradigms, tools and web services introduced by Social Web are widely accepted by internet users.
The main drawbacks of these tools are it acts as independent data silos; hence interoperability among
applications is a complex issue. This paper focuses on this issue and how best we can use semantic web
technologies to achieve interoperability among applications.
The tutorial on the Web of Things discusses possible solutions to build the entire vertical system by identifying the relevant components, illustrating their functionality and integration, and showing the examples of existing tools and
systems. First, the tutorial covers architectural aspects and discusses the levels of abstraction for integrating the “things” into the Web. Next, the tutorial focuses on semantic technologies and analytic methods for leveraging services and applications on top of the “things”. State of the art technology and tools are showed through live demos. The tutorial concludes with a brief review of existing projects and an outline of research directions and challenges.
Presentation about opportunities and challenges concerning Linked Data at the Open Science Data Cloud NSF PIRE Workshop [1] on 18 July 2012 in Edinburgh, UK.
[1] http://www.opensciencedatacloud.org/osdc-edinburgh-workshop-71612-71712/
Rethinking Multi-Agent Systems for the World-Wide WebAndrei Ciortea
The World Wide Web has emerged as the middleware of choice for most distributed systems. Recent standardization efforts for the Web of Things and Linked Data are now turning hypermedia into a homogenous information fabric that interconnects everything — physical objects, information resources, abstract concepts, and even holographic resources. The latest standards allow clients not only to browse, but also to observe and act on this hypermedia fabric. Researchers and practitioners are already looking for means to build more "intelligent" clients able to meet their design objectives through flexible autonomous use of this hypermedia fabric. Such autonomous agents have been studied to large extent in research on distributed artificial intelligence and, in particular, multi-agent systems (MAS). In this talk, we present our vision for integrating hypermedia systems and MAS, which we call Hypermedia MAS — a new class of MAS that are: (i) aligned with the Web architecture to inherit the properties of the Web as a world-wide, open, and long-lived system, and (ii) transparent and accountable to support acceptance by people. We believe Hypermedia MAS could break new ground in both Web and MAS research, and their potential applications would cut across society.
Hypermedia-driven Socio-technical Networks for Goal-driven Discovery in the W...Andrei Ciortea
To cope with dynamic environments, Internet of Things (IoT) applications are expected to autonomously discover and interact with services at runtime in pursuit of design or user-specified goals. On the one hand, various paradigms and technologies are available to program goal-driven autonomous software agents, and on the other hand hypermedia-driven environments are central to the development of robust machine-to-machine applications. However, existing approaches for the development of hypermedia-driven environments fall short of meeting the needs of autonomous agents: they either severely restrict the agents’ autonomy, or their topological structure is either fragmented or inefficient to navigate at scale. In this paper, we explore the use of socio-technical networks, that is networks of people and things interrelated in a meaningful manner via typed relations, as an overlay for enhancing hypermedia-driven interaction in IoT environments. We present a proof of concept and discuss several classes of applications in which this model could prove useful.
My team is taking part in the Elsevier GranChallenge. Our proposal focuses on facilitating three aspects central to the semantic web vision: organize, share and discover. This is the presentation we used for the semifinals.
Sharing Scientific Data: Legal, Normative and Social IssuesKaitlin Thaney
A look at the legal, normative and social issues surrounding data sharing and the ways we've chosen to address this increasingly complex space.
Presented in Beijing on 25 March 2009.A l
The Web, similar to other successful man made systems is continuously evolving. With the miniaturization and increased performance of computing devices which are also being embedded in common physical objects, it is natural that the Web evolved to also include these – therefore the Web of Things. This tutorial provides an overview of the system vertical structure by identifying the relevant components, illustrating their functionality and showing existing tools and systems. The aim is to show how small devices can be connected to the Web at various levels of abstraction and transform them into "first-class" Web residents.
Research and development related to the Internet of Things, Web of Things and Smart Objects is carried out by SensorLab an interdepartmental laboratory within Jozef Stefan Institute. Most solutions are prototyped and tested, and based on obtained results and experience we continuously improve our hardware and software platforms.
The Web of Things was presented by Carolina Fortuna and Marko Grobelnik (Jozef Stefan Institute) at the 20th International World Wide Web Conference 2011 - Hyderabad, India on March 28, 2011.
The Web of Things: Enabling the Physical World to the WebAndreas Kamilaris
A presentation about the practice of Web-enabling the physical world, by means of principles inspired from the Web of Things. This is an invited presentation of Prof. Andreas Pitsillides and Andreas Kamilaris at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa in April, 2012. In this presentation, the motivation, practice, historical background, exemplary applications, dangers and future challenges of the Web of Things are discussed.
New challenges for digital scholarship and curation in the era of ubiquitous ...Derek Keats
A keynote presentation that I gave at the The 4th African Digital Scholarship and Curation Conference (see: http://www.nedicc.ac.za/test/Programme.aspx) on 16 May 2011.
Semantic web approach towards interoperability and privacy issues in social n...ijwscjournal
The Social Web is a set of social relations that link people through World Wide Web. This Social Web
encompasses how the websites and software are designed and developed to support social relations. The
new paradigms, tools and web services introduced by Social Web are widely accepted by internet users.
The main drawbacks of these tools are it acts as independent data silos; hence interoperability among
applications is a complex issue. This paper focuses on this issue and how best we can use semantic web
technologies to achieve interoperability among applications.
The tutorial on the Web of Things discusses possible solutions to build the entire vertical system by identifying the relevant components, illustrating their functionality and integration, and showing the examples of existing tools and
systems. First, the tutorial covers architectural aspects and discusses the levels of abstraction for integrating the “things” into the Web. Next, the tutorial focuses on semantic technologies and analytic methods for leveraging services and applications on top of the “things”. State of the art technology and tools are showed through live demos. The tutorial concludes with a brief review of existing projects and an outline of research directions and challenges.
Presentation about opportunities and challenges concerning Linked Data at the Open Science Data Cloud NSF PIRE Workshop [1] on 18 July 2012 in Edinburgh, UK.
[1] http://www.opensciencedatacloud.org/osdc-edinburgh-workshop-71612-71712/
Rethinking Multi-Agent Systems for the World-Wide WebAndrei Ciortea
The World Wide Web has emerged as the middleware of choice for most distributed systems. Recent standardization efforts for the Web of Things and Linked Data are now turning hypermedia into a homogenous information fabric that interconnects everything — physical objects, information resources, abstract concepts, and even holographic resources. The latest standards allow clients not only to browse, but also to observe and act on this hypermedia fabric. Researchers and practitioners are already looking for means to build more "intelligent" clients able to meet their design objectives through flexible autonomous use of this hypermedia fabric. Such autonomous agents have been studied to large extent in research on distributed artificial intelligence and, in particular, multi-agent systems (MAS). In this talk, we present our vision for integrating hypermedia systems and MAS, which we call Hypermedia MAS — a new class of MAS that are: (i) aligned with the Web architecture to inherit the properties of the Web as a world-wide, open, and long-lived system, and (ii) transparent and accountable to support acceptance by people. We believe Hypermedia MAS could break new ground in both Web and MAS research, and their potential applications would cut across society.
Hypermedia-driven Socio-technical Networks for Goal-driven Discovery in the W...Andrei Ciortea
To cope with dynamic environments, Internet of Things (IoT) applications are expected to autonomously discover and interact with services at runtime in pursuit of design or user-specified goals. On the one hand, various paradigms and technologies are available to program goal-driven autonomous software agents, and on the other hand hypermedia-driven environments are central to the development of robust machine-to-machine applications. However, existing approaches for the development of hypermedia-driven environments fall short of meeting the needs of autonomous agents: they either severely restrict the agents’ autonomy, or their topological structure is either fragmented or inefficient to navigate at scale. In this paper, we explore the use of socio-technical networks, that is networks of people and things interrelated in a meaningful manner via typed relations, as an overlay for enhancing hypermedia-driven interaction in IoT environments. We present a proof of concept and discuss several classes of applications in which this model could prove useful.
Autonomous Agents for Flexible Hypermedia Systems Simon Mayer
The Web of Things community used to be driven by the application of Web technologies to enable flexible mashups of smart devices on top of the Internet of Things, an objective that we consider accomplished (from a research standpoint) in many different domains ranging from smart homes and cars to dynamic factories in the Industrie 4.0 paradigm. One of the next big things for us – consequently, perhaps, from an AAMAS standpoint – is to increase the autonomy of our Web-enabled devices and their understanding of one another, for instance by outfitting them with semantic descriptions of their properties and functions and, sometimes, even bestowing agency upon them. In this talk, I discuss this convergence that will enrich real-world devices with AAMAS technologies, and open up real-world applications to the AAMAS community, while examining important properties of the Web architecture that support flexibly interacting autonomous things on the Web.
Walking Our Way to the Web - Fabien Gandon
The Web: Scientific Creativity, Technological Innovation and Society
XXVIII Conference on Contemporary Philosophy and Methodology of Science
9 and 10 March 2023
University of A Coruña
The prospect of Walking our Way to the Web may sound strange to contemporary readers of this article for whom the Web is omnipresent. However, the slogan of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has been, for years, and remains today, to lead “the Web to its full potential” meaning we haven’t reached that potential yet, whatever it is. The first architect of the Web himself, Tim Berners-Lee, said in an interview in 2009: “The Web as I envisaged it, we have not seen it yet. The future is still so much bigger than the past”. And he is still very active, together with the W3C members and Web experts world-wide, in proposing evolutions of the Web architecture to improve its growing usages and applications. In this article we will review the path that led us to the actual Web, the shape it is taking now and the possible evolutions, good and bad, we can identify today. This will lead us to consider the distance that we witness between the initial vision and the reality of the Web today, and to reflect on the possible divergence between the potential we see in the Web and the directions it could take. Our goal in this article is to reflect on how we could walk the delicate path to the full potential of the Web, finding the missing links and avoiding the one too many links.
A Lecture given during a Learning Lunch at A Hundred Years. Overviewing the changing web and how the Internet of Things is impacting the use of the internet and how designers thing about it.
June 2023:Top 10 Cited Articles in Web & Semantic Technologydannyijwest
June 2023:Top 10 Cited Articles in Web & Semantic Technology
International Journal of Web & Semantic Technology (IJWesT)
**IS INDEXED JOURNAL***
ISSN : 0975 - 9026 ( Online ) 0976- 2280 ( Print )
http://www.airccse.org/journal/ijwest/ijwest.html
VISIT LINK US
https://www.academia.edu/104027618/June_2023_Top_10_Cited_Articles_in_Web_and_Semantic_Technology
IoT Challenges: Technological, Business and Social aspectsRoberto Minerva
Internet of Things is promising to be a set of technologies able to have a high impact on how people live, produce, modify and interact with the environment. Such a transformation is driven by increasing technologies capabilities of sensors/actuators, communications, general-purpose hardware, availability of software and programmability of devices. The integration of so different technologies is a problem in itself and IoT is also trying to solve cogent issues of specific problem domains, such as e-health, transportation, manufacturing, and so on. Large IoT systems (e.g., smart cities) stand on their own because the smartness requires integration of different technologies, processes and different administrative domains creating the needs to deal with a complex system. In addition to technological and problem domain specific challenges, there exist further challenges that fall in business, social and regulation realms. They can greatly impact the deployment and the success of IoT deployment. The speech aims at providing a view on some major technologies challenges of IoT and to cover a few critical business and social issues that could hamper the large deployment of IoT systems by providing some examples of implementation.
Future Internet: Challenge And Research TrendIJERA Editor
This article first presents the Challenges of the current Internet and concept of Future Internet Research, motivation for future Internet. Challenges and limitations of Current Internet are reason of Future Internet Researches. In order to provide Future Internet’s service, the Future Internet testbed must be deployed as foundation, and many countries such as USA, Europe and Asia are striving research of Future Internet and deployment of the Future Internet. This paper describe countries which are active on Future Internet research and summarizes the Trends of the Future Internet.
fsdfgList of Course Work Subjects
S.NO SEM SUBJECT CODE SUBJECT TITLE ELECTIVE/CORE CREDIT
1 1 22MC202 MACHINE LEARNING
TECHNIQUES CORE 3
2 1 22PRM01
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND
IPR CORE 3
3 1 22MC302
ADVANCED ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE ELECTIVE 3
4 3 22MC209 ADVANCED INTERNET OF THINGS CORE 3
5 3
22PVD30 SYSTEM LEVEL HARDWARE SOFTWARE CODESIGN ELECTIVE 3
6 3 22MC324
INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
TECHNIQUES ELECTIVE 3
22MC202 MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES
Course Objective 1. To introduce students to the basic concepts and techniques of Machine Learning.
2. To have a thorough understanding of the Supervised and Unsupervised learning techniques
3. To implement linear and non-linear learning models
4. To implement distance-based clustering techniques
5. To understand graphical models of machine learning algorithms
Unit I FUNDAMENTALS OF MACHINE LEARNING 9
Learning – Types of Machine Learning – Supervised Learning – The Brain and the Neuron – Design a Learning System – Perspectives and Issues in Machine Learning – Concept Learning Task – Concept Learning as Search – Finding a Maximally Specific Hypothesis – Version Spaces and the Candidate Elimination Algorithm – Linear Discriminants – Perceptron – Linear Separability – Linear regression.
Unit II LINEAR MODELS 9
Multi-layer Perceptron – Going Forwards – Going Backwards: Back Propagation Error – Multi-layer Perceptron in Practice – Examples of using the MLP – Overview – Deriving Back-Propagation – Radial Basis Functions and Splines – Concepts – RBF Network – Curse of Dimensionality – Interpolations and Basis Functions – Support Vector Machines
Unit III DISTANCE-BASED MODELS 9
Nearest neighbor models – K-means – clustering around medoids – silhouettes – hierarchical clustering
– Density based methods- Grid based methods- Advanced cluster analysis- k-d trees – locality sensitive hashing – non-parametric regression – bagging and random forests – boosting – meta learning
Unit IV
TREE AND RULE MODELS
9
Decision trees – learning decision trees – ranking and probability estimation trees – regression trees
– clustering trees – learning ordered rule lists – learning unordered rule lists – descriptive rule
learning – Mining Frequent patterns, Association and Correlations, advanced association rule techniques-first order rule learning
Unit V
REINFORCEMENT LEARNING AND GRAPHICAL MODELS
9
Reinforcement Learning – Overview – Getting Lost Example – Markov Decision Process, Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods – Sampling – Proposal Distribution – Markov Chain Monte Carlo – Graphical Models – Bayesian Networks – Markov Random Fields – Hidden Markov Models –
Tracking Methods.
TOTAL HOURS: 45 PERIODS
CO1 Understanding distinguish between, supervised, unsupervised and semi- supervised learning
CO2 Apply the appropriate machine learning strategy for any given problem
Course Outcome
CO3 Suggestion of using supervised, unsupervised or semi-superv
AN APPROACH TO EXTRACTING DISTRIBUTED DATA FROM THE INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENT OF...ijcsit
The composition and extraction of the information distributed by the different web technologies allow a design of a multifunction imported data environment. However, the problems of integration and communication between the heterogeneous data web always (lodges) on distributed servers.
In fact, Web technologies have been proposed to meet certain needs related to heterogeneous and distributed information systems for communicating and exchanging computerized data on the Web. Further more, web generations go through client-server communication (from a static, dynamic and semantic web human client) to server-server communication.
For this purpose, Web services are technology application integration by excellence across the Internet. They operate independently of the heterogeneities of the system components on which they are based and are weakly coupled software components interacting with each other.
This paper aims to achieve a management approach to extracting and modeling distributed information based on set theory and calculate the execution time of a query to this distributed data.
December 2022: Top 10 Read Articles in Web & Semantic Technologydannyijwest
The World Wide Web as the largest information construct has had much progress since its advent. This paper provides a background of the evolution of the web from web 1.0 to web 4.0. Web 1.0 as a web of information connections, Web 2.0 as a web of people connections, Web 3.0 as a web of knowledge connections and web 4.0 as a web of intelligence connections are described as four generations of the web in the paper.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A Decade in Hindsight: The Missing Bridge Between Multi-Agent Systems and the World Wide Web
1. A Decade in Hindsight: The Missing Bridge Between
Multi-Agent Systems and the World Wide Web
1 University of St. Gallen, Switzerland
2 Wimmics, Inria Sophia Antipolis, Univ. Côte D’Azur, CNRS, France
3 ETH Zurich, Switzerland
4 MINES Saint-Étienne, Univ. de Lyon, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, CNRS, France
5 University of Bologna, Italy
Andrei Ciortea1,2 Simon Mayer1,3 Fabien Gandon2
Olivier Boissier4 Alessandro Ricci5 Antoine Zimmermann4
AAMAS 2019, Blue Sky Track, May 17, Montreal
2. “(...) in fact documents on the web describe real objects and
imaginary concepts, and give particular relationships
between them. (...) This means that machines, as well as
operating on the web information, can do real things.”
Sir Tim Berners-Lee, WWW 1994
https://www.w3.org/Talks/WWW94Tim/
4. “The rest of the ideas in that article are now seeing widespread
deployment, but I ask again: where are all the agents?”
James Hendler, IEEE Intelligent Systems, 2007
“Once dynamic and open systems become the norm,
they’ll need to adopt agent technologies as fundamental.”
Peter McBurney and Michael Luck,
IEEE Intelligent Systems, 2007
Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler, Ora Lassila. Scientific American, 2001
5. Outline
• A Decade in Hindsight: MAS and the Web
– Availability of Practical Use Cases
– Juxtaposition of MAS and the Web
– MAS – More Than Just Agents
• Our Vision: Hypermedia MAS
• Opportunities and Challenges
6. Availability of Practical Use Cases
Recent developments in Web research unlock new practical use cases for MAS
– as dynamic, open, and long-lived systems gain adoption on the Web
[Singh and Huhns, 2005]
https://www.programmableweb.com/news/research-shows-interest-providing-apis-still-high/research/2018/02/23
[Amundsen, 2017]
The manual integration of static Web APIs becomes a pressing bottleneck:
• designing evolvable Web APIs with hypermedia (“Affordance is the key!”)
• designing general-purpose clients
7. Availability of Practical Use Cases
The Web of Things (WoT)
• core idea: to integrate devices into the Web architecture as first-class citizens
– Target: Class 1 devices [RFC 7228] (~100 KiB Flash and ~10 KiB ROM, less than $1)
• currently being standardized through combined efforts of the W3C, IETF, and IRTF
The dynamics of Web systems increase to a point where existing programming
paradigms become impractical and agent-based systems become a necessity.
8. Availability of Practical Use Cases
The Web of Things (WoT)
• core idea: to integrate devices into the Web architecture as first-class citizens
– Target: Class 1 devices [RFC 7228] (~100 KiB Flash and ~10 KiB ROM, less than $1)
• currently being standardized through combined efforts of the W3C, IETF, and IRTF
A personal view on the evolution of WoT systems:
2018 2010
[Guinard et al., 2010]
http://ifttt.com
2013
http://nodered.org
[Mayer et al., IoT 2014]
Goal-directed WoT systems
(planning + hypermedia
affordances)
2014
[Kovatsch et al., IoT 2015]
Goal-directed WoT systems
(planning + hypermedia
affordances)
2015
[Ciortea et al., IoT 2016]
JaCaMo + hypermedia
affordances
2016
[Ciortea et al., AAMAS 2018]
JaCaMo + planning + hypermedia
affordances + manufacturing
(Siemens WoT Research Group, Berkeley)
9. Availability of Practical Use Cases
Linked Data
• Linked Open Data Cloud (as of March 2019):
– 1.239 datasets and 16.147 links
• Clients can browse Linked Data, but also observe and act
on it:
– W3C Linked Data Platform, W3C Linked Data
Notifications, etc.
https://lod-cloud.net
The growing source of linked structured data on the Web now provides a
breeding ground for MAS research that was not available a decade ago.
10. Juxtaposition of MAS and the Web
Large body of literature on MAS and Web services [Singh and Huhns, 2005]
… but Web services have evolved drastically over the past decade
Roy T. Fielding, Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures. Doctoral dissertation, UC Irvine, 2000
It is now well recognized that systems using the Web merely as a transport layer are misaligned with
the Web architecture and remain outside of the Web [Pautasso et al., WWW 2008]
– WS-* standards (SOAP, WSDL, etc.) use the Web for transport
– FIPA Agent Message Transport Protocol for HTTP
11. Juxtaposition of MAS and the Web
Large body of literature on MAS and Web services [Singh and Huhns, 2005]
… but Web services have evolved drastically over the past decade
It is now well recognized that systems using the Web merely as a transport layer are misaligned with
the Web architecture and remain outside of the Web [Pautasso et al., WWW 2008]
– WS-* standards (SOAP, WSDL, etc.) use the Web for transport
– FIPA Agent Message Transport Protocol for HTTP
MAS using the Web merely as a hidden transport layer are
misaligned with the Web architecture and remain outside of the Web.
12. MAS – More Than Just Agents
Environment as a first-class abstraction [Weyns et al., 2007]
– Environment for Multiagent Systems (E4MAS)
Organization as a first-class abstraction
– Coordination, Organizations, Institutions, and Norms in Agent Systems (COIN)
What about the Web?
13. Our Vision: Hypermedia MAS
Affordances:
Turn On / Off
Change color
Org. Spec.
Init.
propose
reject
Part.
Interaction
Prot. Spec.
Policies
PUT [lightbulb_IRI]
[intended state]
200 Ok
Distributed hypermedia environment
Socio-technical systems composed of people and autonomous agents situated and
interacting in a shared hypermedia environment that is distributed across the open Web.
14. Our Vision: Hypermedia MAS
Affordances:
Turn On / Off
Change color
Org. Spec.
Init.
propose
reject
Part.
Interaction
Prot. Spec.
Policies
New state
Distributed hypermedia environment
Socio-technical systems composed of people and autonomous agents situated and
interacting in a shared hypermedia environment that is distributed across the open Web.
15. Our Vision: Hypermedia MAS
Affordances:
Turn On / Off
Change color
Org. Spec.
Init.
propose
reject
Part.
Interaction
Prot. Spec.
Policies
Distributed hypermedia environment
Socio-technical systems composed of people and autonomous agents situated and
interacting in a shared hypermedia environment that is distributed across the open Web.
16. Our Vision: Hypermedia MAS
Affordances:
Turn On / Off
Change color
Org. Spec.
Init.
propose
reject
Part.
Interaction
Prot. Spec.
Policies
Distributed hypermedia environment
Socio-technical systems composed of people and autonomous agents situated and
interacting in a shared hypermedia environment that is distributed across the open Web.
• Key point: agent environments are not layered on top of the Web (technological integration), but
they are integrated into the hypermedia fabric of the Web (conceptual integration)
17. Opportunities & Challenges: the MAS Perspective
What does it mean for an agent to be situated on the Web?
How can agents leverage affordances provided by resources discovered in their
environment at run-time in order to achieve their goals?
How can agents find resources required to achieve their goals in large-scale
hypermedia environments?
What architectures, paradigms, and languages are suitable for designing and
programming agents that operate on Linked Data?
etc. (open list!)
18. Opportunities & Challenges: the Web Perspective
Interaction as a first-class abstraction on the Web
Regulation as a first-class abstraction on the Web
20. May 13, San Francisco, CA
Andrei Ciortea, Simon Mayer, Fabien Gandon, Olivier Boissier
First Workshop on Hypermedia Multi-Agent Systems
in conjunction with
@hyperagents Weaving a Web for People and Artificial Agents http://hyperagents.org
22. References
M. Amundsen. 2017. RESTful Web Clients: Enabling Reuse Through Hypermedia. O’Reilly Media.
A. Ciortea, S. Mayer, and F. Michahelles. 2018. Repurposing Manufacturing Lines on the Fly with Multi-agent Systems for the Web of Things. In
Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS ’18). International Foundation for
Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC, 813–822.
A. Ciortea, O. Boissier, A. Zimmermann, and A. M. Florea. 2016. Responsive Decentralized Composition of Service Mashups for the Internet of
Things. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Internet of Things (IoT'16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 53-61.
D. Guinard, V. Trifa, T. Pham, and O. Liechti. 2009. Towards physical mashups in the web of things. In Proceedings of the 6th international
conference on Networked sensing systems (INSS'09), Raj Rajkumar and Hide Tokuda (Eds.). IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 196-199.
M. Kovatsch, Y. N. Hassan, and S. Mayer. 2015. Practical semantics for the Internet of Things: Physical states, device mashups, and open
questions. In 2015 5th International Conference on the Internet of Things (IOT). 54–61.
S. Mayer, N. Inhelder, R. Verborgh, R. Van de Walle, and F. Mattern. 2014. Configuration of smart environments made simple: Combining
visual modeling with semantic metadata and reasoning. In 2014 International Conference on the Internet of Things (IOT). 61–66.
C. Pautasso, O. Zimmermann, and F. Leymann. 2008. Restful Web Services vs. "Big"’ Web Services: Making the Right Architectural Decision.
In Proceedings of the 17th Intl. Conference on World Wide Web (WWW ’08). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 805–814.
M. P. Singh and M. N. Huhns. 2006. Service-oriented computing: semantics, processes, agents. John Wiley & Sons.
D. Weyns, A. Omicini, and J. Odell. 2007. Environment as a first class abstraction in multiagent systems. Autonomous agents and multi-agent
systems 14, 1 (2007), 5–30.