This document calls for research on how social media influences mothers' child feeding practices and childhood obesity risk. It suggests that mothers are uniquely important targets for social media interventions aimed at childhood obesity prevention due to their influence on children's eating behaviors and high engagement with social media. The document recommends exploring how mothers currently use social media to learn about child feeding, and the mechanisms through which social media impacts their practices. Understanding mothers' social media behaviors and needs related to child feeding could help develop effective social media interventions for obesity prevention.
Pearson: Social Media for Teaching and LearningTanya Joosten
Pearson to Host “Social Media for Teaching and Learning” Conference
Second annual event focuses on trends, best practices for using social media in higher education.
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Pearson
Boston, MA (PRWEB) October 02, 2013
Who: For several years, Pearson has been researching faculty use of social media for personal, professional and teaching purposes.
What: The Social Media for Teaching and Learning Conference is designed for educators looking to expand their teaching with social tools. This event is valuable for teachers, faculty, instructional designers, deans of academic technology, chief information officers, and chief technology officers.
Speakers will include educators from Milwaukee Area Technical College, University of New Hampshire, University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, the Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts and Pearson.
Keynote speaker – Tanya Joosten, Director (Interim) at the University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee Learning Technology Center (LTC), where almost 3,000 instructors (faculty, academic staff, and TA's) are supported in their use of digital technologies to facilitate teaching and learning. Tanya is the author of Social Media for Educators, published by Jossey Bass. Her work and expertise on social media, virtual worlds, and other emerging technologies has been highlighted in The Chronicle of Higher Education, Ed Tech Magazine, eCampus News, EDUCAUSE Review, EDUCAUSE Quarterly, and other news and media publications.
When: October 18, 2013
Where: The Museum of Science, Boston MA
Why attend:
Learn and exchange best practices for implementing social tools into education
Gain insight into the latest in social learning from leading researchers and practitioners
Network with other innovative educators
Session topics include:
Major findings from the 2013 Social Media in Higher Education Survey
Integrating gamification and social media
Social media for professional and career development
Best practices for incorporating social networks into class
The complete conference agenda can be found here: http://bit.ly/160yAhI.
The deadline to register is October 11, 2013. To register, please visit: http://plsevents.pearsonlearningsolutions.com/plsevents/social-media/registration.jsp.
About Pearson
Pearson is the world’s leading learning company, providing educational materials and services and business information through the Financial Times Group. Pearson serves learners of all ages around the globe, employing 41,000 people in more than 70 countries. For more information, visit http://www.pearson.com.
Media Contact: Susan Aspey, susan.aspey(at)pearson(dot)com or 800-745-8489
From: http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/10/prweb11191602.htm
Pearson: Social Media for Teaching and LearningTanya Joosten
Pearson to Host “Social Media for Teaching and Learning” Conference
Second annual event focuses on trends, best practices for using social media in higher education.
Share on TwitterShare on FacebookShare on Google+Share on LinkedInEmail a friend
Pearson
Boston, MA (PRWEB) October 02, 2013
Who: For several years, Pearson has been researching faculty use of social media for personal, professional and teaching purposes.
What: The Social Media for Teaching and Learning Conference is designed for educators looking to expand their teaching with social tools. This event is valuable for teachers, faculty, instructional designers, deans of academic technology, chief information officers, and chief technology officers.
Speakers will include educators from Milwaukee Area Technical College, University of New Hampshire, University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, the Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts and Pearson.
Keynote speaker – Tanya Joosten, Director (Interim) at the University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee Learning Technology Center (LTC), where almost 3,000 instructors (faculty, academic staff, and TA's) are supported in their use of digital technologies to facilitate teaching and learning. Tanya is the author of Social Media for Educators, published by Jossey Bass. Her work and expertise on social media, virtual worlds, and other emerging technologies has been highlighted in The Chronicle of Higher Education, Ed Tech Magazine, eCampus News, EDUCAUSE Review, EDUCAUSE Quarterly, and other news and media publications.
When: October 18, 2013
Where: The Museum of Science, Boston MA
Why attend:
Learn and exchange best practices for implementing social tools into education
Gain insight into the latest in social learning from leading researchers and practitioners
Network with other innovative educators
Session topics include:
Major findings from the 2013 Social Media in Higher Education Survey
Integrating gamification and social media
Social media for professional and career development
Best practices for incorporating social networks into class
The complete conference agenda can be found here: http://bit.ly/160yAhI.
The deadline to register is October 11, 2013. To register, please visit: http://plsevents.pearsonlearningsolutions.com/plsevents/social-media/registration.jsp.
About Pearson
Pearson is the world’s leading learning company, providing educational materials and services and business information through the Financial Times Group. Pearson serves learners of all ages around the globe, employing 41,000 people in more than 70 countries. For more information, visit http://www.pearson.com.
Media Contact: Susan Aspey, susan.aspey(at)pearson(dot)com or 800-745-8489
From: http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/10/prweb11191602.htm
Sexual Assault Prevention for Community Colleges WebinarMaria Candelaria
This webinar focuses on sexual assault prevention for community colleges, sharing new data insights about students, and actionable strategies from practitioners to help you craft an effective prevention strategy that is focused on the specific needs and strengths of your students and your institution.
Integration of WASH and Nutrition: Successes, Challenges, and Implications fo...Jordan Teague
The relationship between water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and nutrition is well-known and well-documented in the literature. Lack of WASH causes diarrheal disease and is associated with environmental enteropathy. Both of these inhibit the absorption and use of calories and nutrients, causing undernutrition. In turn, undernutrition makes children more vulnerable to enteric infections like diarrheal disease.
It is recognized that WASH and nutrition programs are both necessary to achieve improved health outcomes. Studies have shown that the most effective interventions will be those that combine both improved nutrition and infection control and prevention efforts. However, there is
limited evidence on how WASH and nutrition programs are integrated in the field, what barriers these programs face, and what stakeholders believe to be necessary for successful integration.
This study explored this integration to identify barriers to and necessary steps for successful integration of WASH and nutrition programs.Participants identified a total of 14 barriers or challenges and a total of 11 actions, strategies, or changes needed to support effective integration. The main barriers and needs are listed below.
Barriers:
- Insufficient or siloed funding
- Staff capacity and interest
- Knowledge of each sector
- Coordination between sectors
- Lack of evidence on impact of integrated programs
Needs:
- Comprehensive strategy
- Coordination between sectors
- Funding and donor support
- Evidence of impact of integrated programs
- Leadership
Integrating programs in public health is not an emerging concept, but has yet to be operationalized in WASH and nutrition practice. Below are several suggested initial steps toward effective integration of WASH and nutrition:
- Donors should support and fund integration in appropriate contexts through integrated funding streams
- Donors should fund operational research to generate the evidence base of the additive or multiplicative effects of integrated programs and to formulate a standard methodology for integration
- The WASH and nutrition sectors should improve knowledge sharing and cross-training
- Organizations and donors should design incentives through reporting or evaluation criteria for the WASH and nutrition sectors to work in collaboration toward common
goals, objectives, and targets
Source: Teague, J, et al. (2014). Water, sanitation, hygiene, and nutrition: successes, challenges, and implications for integration. International Journal of Public Health. DOI: 10.1007/s00038-014-0580-8.
Session 94: Social Media “Strategery” & Guidance for Advising with @matt_rupert - Follow #SMadv & http://bit.ly/smadv - Monday (10/7) 3:15-4:15 pm in 255 C
Suresh Babu
POLICY SEMINAR
Virtual Event - Food Policy Research and Capacity Development in Eurasia
Co-Organized by the Eurasian Center for Food Security (ECFS), World Bank Group, and IFPRI
DEC 2, 2020 - 07:30 AM TO 09:00 AM EST
Utilizing Mobile Technologies to Reach Young People with Sexual and Reproduct...YTH
There are currently 1.8 billion young people between the age of 10 and 24, and the youth population is growing fastest in developing countries. The majority of these young people are faced with a myriad of challenges, including weak health systems with limited access to sexual and reproductive health resources. Hear from Pathfinder International, a global health organization, on how mobile technology can be used to effectively reach these individuals with important sexual and reproductive health information and services. Pathfinder has experience using mobile technology to support health programs in eight countries, including SMS projects in Ethiopia and Mozambique that are designed to support youth with timely, accurate, and impartial sexual and reproductive health information.
Keynote: Emerging Social Trends: Strategies and Best Practices for Teaching a...Tanya Joosten
Keynote: Emerging Social Trends: Strategies and Best Practices for Teaching and Learning
Dr. Tanya Joosten
Presented at Transformative Teaching and Technology Conference at St. Norbert College.
June 2, 2015
http://www.snc.edu/it/t3/2015/
Learn how colleges and universities are using Hootsuite to manage social media. This presentation will highlight real-world examples with a focus on student engagement, building public and influencer awareness, and fundraising and recruiting.
Research Proposal Grade SheetTitle Page (4 points)______.docxgholly1
Research Proposal Grade Sheet
Title Page (4 points)
__________
Abstract (2 points)
_________
Introduction (16 points)
__________
Literature Review (7 points)
Specifics on proposed study (5 points)
APA format (4 points)
Method (16 points)
__________
Content (12 points)
Participants
Design
Procedure
Measures
APA format (4 points)
Discussion (12 points)
__________
Content (8 points):
Restate hypothesis
If hyp. Supported
If hyp. not supported
Limitations
Unexpected factors
Conclusions
APA format (4 points)
References (6 points)
__________
At least 6 peer-reviewed sources (4 points)
__________
Total Grade
__________ / 60 points
Name: ___________________________________
Title Page (2 points)
__________
Abstract (2 points)
__________
Introduction (11 points)
__________
Literature Review (5 points)
Specifics on proposed study (4 points)
APA format (2 points)
Method (11 points)
__________
Content (9 points)
Participants
Design
Procedure
Measures
APA format (2 points)
Discussion (7 points)
__________
Content (5 points):
Restate hypothesis
If hyp. Supported
If hyp. not supported
Limitations
Unexpected factors
Conclusions
APA format (2 points)
References (3 points)
__________
At least 5 sources (2 points)
__________
Photocopied first pages for
each article (2 points)
__________
Total Grade
__________ / 40 points
Research Proposal Grade Sheet
Name: ___________________________________
Title Page (2 points)
__________
Abstract (2 points)
__________
Introduction (11 points)
__________
Literature Review (5 points)
Specifics on proposed study (4 points)
APA format (2 points)
Method (11 points)
__________
Content (9 points)
Participants
Design
Procedure
Measures
APA format (2 points)
Discussion (7 points)
__________
Content (5 points):
Restate hypothesis
If hyp. Supported
If hyp. not supported
Limitations
Unexpected factors
Conclusions
APA format (2 points)
References (3 points)
__________
At least 5 sources (2 points)
__________
Photocopied first pages for
each article (2 points)
__________
Total Grade
__________ / 40 points
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
RESEARCH PAPER 2
Research Proposal
Social Media Platform Users and Poor Eating Habits
Barbara Pina
Dr. Hackett
University of Houston Downtown
Abstract
This study provides an analysis of the relation that exists on social media users and the type of food that they consume. This is has been an existing problem in society especially with the fact that social media platforms advertise fast-moving foods and target the millennial. Therefore, to get the exact impact that these foods have on the people, secondary.
Sexual Assault Prevention for Community Colleges WebinarMaria Candelaria
This webinar focuses on sexual assault prevention for community colleges, sharing new data insights about students, and actionable strategies from practitioners to help you craft an effective prevention strategy that is focused on the specific needs and strengths of your students and your institution.
Integration of WASH and Nutrition: Successes, Challenges, and Implications fo...Jordan Teague
The relationship between water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and nutrition is well-known and well-documented in the literature. Lack of WASH causes diarrheal disease and is associated with environmental enteropathy. Both of these inhibit the absorption and use of calories and nutrients, causing undernutrition. In turn, undernutrition makes children more vulnerable to enteric infections like diarrheal disease.
It is recognized that WASH and nutrition programs are both necessary to achieve improved health outcomes. Studies have shown that the most effective interventions will be those that combine both improved nutrition and infection control and prevention efforts. However, there is
limited evidence on how WASH and nutrition programs are integrated in the field, what barriers these programs face, and what stakeholders believe to be necessary for successful integration.
This study explored this integration to identify barriers to and necessary steps for successful integration of WASH and nutrition programs.Participants identified a total of 14 barriers or challenges and a total of 11 actions, strategies, or changes needed to support effective integration. The main barriers and needs are listed below.
Barriers:
- Insufficient or siloed funding
- Staff capacity and interest
- Knowledge of each sector
- Coordination between sectors
- Lack of evidence on impact of integrated programs
Needs:
- Comprehensive strategy
- Coordination between sectors
- Funding and donor support
- Evidence of impact of integrated programs
- Leadership
Integrating programs in public health is not an emerging concept, but has yet to be operationalized in WASH and nutrition practice. Below are several suggested initial steps toward effective integration of WASH and nutrition:
- Donors should support and fund integration in appropriate contexts through integrated funding streams
- Donors should fund operational research to generate the evidence base of the additive or multiplicative effects of integrated programs and to formulate a standard methodology for integration
- The WASH and nutrition sectors should improve knowledge sharing and cross-training
- Organizations and donors should design incentives through reporting or evaluation criteria for the WASH and nutrition sectors to work in collaboration toward common
goals, objectives, and targets
Source: Teague, J, et al. (2014). Water, sanitation, hygiene, and nutrition: successes, challenges, and implications for integration. International Journal of Public Health. DOI: 10.1007/s00038-014-0580-8.
Session 94: Social Media “Strategery” & Guidance for Advising with @matt_rupert - Follow #SMadv & http://bit.ly/smadv - Monday (10/7) 3:15-4:15 pm in 255 C
Suresh Babu
POLICY SEMINAR
Virtual Event - Food Policy Research and Capacity Development in Eurasia
Co-Organized by the Eurasian Center for Food Security (ECFS), World Bank Group, and IFPRI
DEC 2, 2020 - 07:30 AM TO 09:00 AM EST
Utilizing Mobile Technologies to Reach Young People with Sexual and Reproduct...YTH
There are currently 1.8 billion young people between the age of 10 and 24, and the youth population is growing fastest in developing countries. The majority of these young people are faced with a myriad of challenges, including weak health systems with limited access to sexual and reproductive health resources. Hear from Pathfinder International, a global health organization, on how mobile technology can be used to effectively reach these individuals with important sexual and reproductive health information and services. Pathfinder has experience using mobile technology to support health programs in eight countries, including SMS projects in Ethiopia and Mozambique that are designed to support youth with timely, accurate, and impartial sexual and reproductive health information.
Keynote: Emerging Social Trends: Strategies and Best Practices for Teaching a...Tanya Joosten
Keynote: Emerging Social Trends: Strategies and Best Practices for Teaching and Learning
Dr. Tanya Joosten
Presented at Transformative Teaching and Technology Conference at St. Norbert College.
June 2, 2015
http://www.snc.edu/it/t3/2015/
Learn how colleges and universities are using Hootsuite to manage social media. This presentation will highlight real-world examples with a focus on student engagement, building public and influencer awareness, and fundraising and recruiting.
Research Proposal Grade SheetTitle Page (4 points)______.docxgholly1
Research Proposal Grade Sheet
Title Page (4 points)
__________
Abstract (2 points)
_________
Introduction (16 points)
__________
Literature Review (7 points)
Specifics on proposed study (5 points)
APA format (4 points)
Method (16 points)
__________
Content (12 points)
Participants
Design
Procedure
Measures
APA format (4 points)
Discussion (12 points)
__________
Content (8 points):
Restate hypothesis
If hyp. Supported
If hyp. not supported
Limitations
Unexpected factors
Conclusions
APA format (4 points)
References (6 points)
__________
At least 6 peer-reviewed sources (4 points)
__________
Total Grade
__________ / 60 points
Name: ___________________________________
Title Page (2 points)
__________
Abstract (2 points)
__________
Introduction (11 points)
__________
Literature Review (5 points)
Specifics on proposed study (4 points)
APA format (2 points)
Method (11 points)
__________
Content (9 points)
Participants
Design
Procedure
Measures
APA format (2 points)
Discussion (7 points)
__________
Content (5 points):
Restate hypothesis
If hyp. Supported
If hyp. not supported
Limitations
Unexpected factors
Conclusions
APA format (2 points)
References (3 points)
__________
At least 5 sources (2 points)
__________
Photocopied first pages for
each article (2 points)
__________
Total Grade
__________ / 40 points
Research Proposal Grade Sheet
Name: ___________________________________
Title Page (2 points)
__________
Abstract (2 points)
__________
Introduction (11 points)
__________
Literature Review (5 points)
Specifics on proposed study (4 points)
APA format (2 points)
Method (11 points)
__________
Content (9 points)
Participants
Design
Procedure
Measures
APA format (2 points)
Discussion (7 points)
__________
Content (5 points):
Restate hypothesis
If hyp. Supported
If hyp. not supported
Limitations
Unexpected factors
Conclusions
APA format (2 points)
References (3 points)
__________
At least 5 sources (2 points)
__________
Photocopied first pages for
each article (2 points)
__________
Total Grade
__________ / 40 points
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
RESEARCH PAPER 2
Research Proposal
Social Media Platform Users and Poor Eating Habits
Barbara Pina
Dr. Hackett
University of Houston Downtown
Abstract
This study provides an analysis of the relation that exists on social media users and the type of food that they consume. This is has been an existing problem in society especially with the fact that social media platforms advertise fast-moving foods and target the millennial. Therefore, to get the exact impact that these foods have on the people, secondary.
Running head MEDIA IMAGES AND EATING DISORDERS1MEDIA IMAGES AN.docxjeanettehully
Running head: MEDIA IMAGES AND EATING DISORDERS1
MEDIA IMAGES AND EATING DISORDERS6
Title: Media Images and Eating Disorders
Name:
Course:
Lecturer:
Date: March 8, 2020
Introduction
In today's world, many people have an access to the media comprised of the Internet which includes social media platforms, the print media which is comprised of newspapers and magazines, and broadcast media which includes televisions and radios. The exposure to the aforementioned types of media has been associated with the increasing cases of eating disorders as reported by some researchers (Latzer, Spivak-Lavi, & Katz, 2015, p. 375). Studies have shown that children and young adolescents spent about 5 hours a day watching the television and about 7 hours using the various types of media combined (Morris & Katzman, 2003, p. 287). Effects of the media on eating disorders have been influenced by the decreasing weights of the beauty pageants, actresses, and models who many young people especially the young girls look up to in terms of setting standards of beauty (Spettigue &Henderson, 2004, p. 16). Generally, girls want to weigh less while on the contrary, boys want to get bigger and muscular which is influenced by their various role models who are displayed by the media (Morris & Katzman, 2003, p. 287). Magazines, advertisements, and television shows have contributed a lot to eating disorders in girls and women and researchers have found out that women's magazines have about 10 times more promotion of diet foods as compared to men's magazines (Spettigue & Henderson, 2004, p. 16). Despite the cases of eating disorders being associated with the young people, it does not mean that it is not present in older adults. In fact, people of all ages have been affected by the media which has led to this health condition. On the bright side, one can avoid being influenced by the media to embrace bad eating patterns by being keen with the content they choose to view and also relying on the advice of health care providers on the healthiest ways of living to mention but a few.
Causes of Eating Disorders
Mentioning that the media has contributed to eating disorders is not sufficient enough and therefore the topic needs to be tackled deeply. The most affected groups are children, adolescents, and emerging adults. The social media can be said to be one of the major platforms which is associated with body image and eating complications (Rodgers & Melioli, 2016, p. 96). The Internet and specifically the social media have a new kind of mass media which highly promotes content of why people should become thin or why particular diets are the best, the nature of the modern forms of media encourage users to create their personal profiles and post their pictures and this has been used by celebrities to influence other people, and the existence of groups which promote weight loss by misleading people into making bad feeding decisions (Rodgers & Melioli, 2016, p. 96). In addition, ...
TestingdiagnosisTests that are used to diagnose autism are done.docxtodd191
Testing/diagnosis
Tests that are used to diagnose autism are done in various fields such as psychology, psychiatry, pediatrics, and neurology. Diagnosis is established after observing the child’s behavior and testing the child’s abilities in these fields. Any child should be examined for developmental abilities from birth to the age of three. If a child is detected with some developmental delays or disabilities, the pediatrician should refer the child to a specialist in early Intervention.
Some of the behaviors that need to be noticed are:
· Absence of babbling and making gestures by the age of 12 months
· Absence of any word utterances by the age of 16 months
· Absence of two-word unprompted phrases by the age of 24 months
· Loss of social and language skills at any age
In order to determine whether a child has a disorder in the autism spectrum a psychiatrist will likely look at a variety of factors. These might include such things as:
· Evaluation of the medical history of the child’s mother during her pregnancy
· Assessment of the developmental milestones
· Complete physical examination
· Habits of eating and sleeping
· Functioning of the stomach and bowels
· Coordination disabilities
· Sensory impairments
· Allergies
· Any medical diseases
· History of developmental disorders in the family
· History of genetic and metabolic disorders in the family
· Exposure of the child or parents to toxins
Some tests may be done to confirm that the symptoms of the child are not due to other conditions which may seem like autism spectrum disorder, such as genetic or metabolic diseases, mental retardation, and deafness. These tests are:
Chromosomal Analysis This is performed to test for mental retardation. If there is mental retardation in the child's family, this test may be conducted. For instance, fragile X syndrome that leads to symptoms of low levels of intelligent may be diagnosed with chromosomal analysis.
Electroencephalograph (EEG) If there are symptoms of seizures and developmental regression, then an EEG is conducted.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) An MRI is done to detect any structural differences in the brain.
Running head: MEDIA IMAGES AND EATING DISORDERS1
MEDIA IMAGES AND EATING DISORDERS6
Title: Media Images and Eating Disorders
Name:
Course:
Lecturer:
Date: March 8, 2020
Introduction
In today's world, many people have an access to the media comprised of the Internet which includes social media platforms, the print media which is comprised of newspapers and magazines, and broadcast media which includes televisions and radios. The exposure to the aforementioned types of media has been associated with the increasing cases of eating disorders as reported by some researchers (Latzer, Spivak-Lavi, & Katz, 2015, p. 375). Studies have shown that children and young adolescents spent about 5 hours a day watching the television and about 7 hours using the various types of media combined (Morris & Katzman, 2003, p. 287).
Computers in Human Behavior 45 (2015) 151–157Contents lists .docxdonnajames55
Computers in Human Behavior 45 (2015) 151–157
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Computers in Human Behavior
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / c o m p h u m b e h
#Gettinghealthy: The perceived influence of social media on young
adult health behaviors
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.013
0747-5632/� 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 (406) 994 3229.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (J.M. Vaterlaus), [email protected]
ksu.edu (E.V. Patten), [email protected] (C. Roche), [email protected]
(J.A. Young).
1 Tel.: +1 (208) 861 0727.
2 Tel.: +1 (308) 865 8477.
J. Mitchell Vaterlaus a,⇑, Emily V. Patten b,1, Cesia Roche c, Jimmy A. Young d,2
a College of Education, Health and Human Development, Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173540, Bozeman, MT
59717-3540, United States
b College of Human Ecology, Department of Hospitality Management and Dietetics, Kansas State University, 110 Justin Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-1404, United States
c College of Business and Technology, Department of Family Studies and Interior Design, University of Nebraska Kearney, Otto Olsen 205E, Kearney, NE 68849, United States
d College of Natural and Social Sciences, Department of Social Work, University of Nebraska Kearney, 2022 Founders Hall, Kearney, NE 68849, United States
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Available online 23 December 2014
Keywords:
Social media
Young adulthood
Diet
Exercise
Health
Social ecological theory
a b s t r a c t
Young adults (18–25 years old) spend a majority of their waking hours with technology and young adult-
hood is an important developmental time period for establishing lasting health behaviors. Considering
the relevance of technology and health during young adulthood the current study explored young adults
(N = 34) perceptions of social media’s (e.g., social networking) influence on their health behaviors (i.e.,
diet and exercise) using a social ecological framework. Data was collected through eight focus groups
and four individual interviews. Three themes were identified through phenomenological qualitative
analysis. Young adults perceived that technology could be both a barrier and a motivator for exercise.
Social media was also credited with expanding food choices through creating access to a variety of
recipes, providing a venue for showcasing the food young adults eat or prepare, and distracting young
adults from making positive food choices. Participants also reported that it is common to post statuses
or pictures relating to exercise practices on social media during young adulthood. Young adults indicated
that these posts could be inspirational or misused, depending on the context. Results are discussed in
terms of theory and preliminary implications.
� 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Young adults (18–25 years old) spend more time with media
and techn.
Running head CHILDHOOD OBESITY 1CHILDHOOD OBESITY 7.docxsusanschei
Running head: CHILDHOOD OBESITY 1
CHILDHOOD OBESITY 7
Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations
Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations
Summary of the Study
The study seeks to evaluate the efficacy of school-based programs in treating and managing overweight and obesity among children. Childhood obesity is increasingly becoming both national and global public health concern that has resulted in increased childhood morbidity and mortality. In particular, childhood obesity has catapulted the increase in health problems such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, as well as osteoarthritis later in adulthood (Mahmood et al. 2014). Schools can provide one of the most effective channels through which childhood obesity interventions can be directed. In this respect, policies, procedures, and guidelines have been passed in many nations and states for the implementation of school-based interventions. In the United States, many studies have recommended the utilization of school-based obesity management programs to address the unending crisis of childhood obesity. In light of this concern, this study seeks to investigate the efficacy of school-based interventions in treating and managing childhood obesity. In particular, the study will also assess school methodologies such as incorporation of obesity education into the routine curriculum in minimizing the constantly-increasing cases of obese children population.
Method of Study
The study is also going to use qualitative design in order to examine the perception of children towards school-based obesity management initiatives. Previous studies conducted by Clarke et al. (2015) also sought to investigate the experiences and views of kids who went through school-based obesity management programs. This can help to improve knowledge and understanding of better ways to address the problem of childhood obesity within school settings. In order to provide a comprehensive finding that guides future clinical decision-making, the study will evaluate efficacy of school-based interventions with respect to many key areas. They include cost efficiency of school-based interventions, improvements in physical activities and healthy eating habits following interventions, as well as level of awareness among children on the dangers of childhood obesity and the ways in which it can be averted. Furthermore, effectiveness will be investigated through evaluation of body weight and BMI before and after the introductions of these interventions (Mahmood et al. 2014). Most significantly, cardiovascular fitness and other outcome measures will be investigated. The target population and participants of the study will mainly be school-going children. Both boys and girls with an average age of between 8 and 16 years will be incorporated into the study.
Schools vary in the ways in which they utilize such interventions. For instance, some schools utilize planet health programs that incorpo ...
1Running head NUTRITION IN SCHOOLSNUTRITION IN SCHOOLS .docxvickeryr87
1
Running head NUTRITION IN SCHOOLS
NUTRITION IN SCHOOLS 2
Nutrition in Schools
Author
Institution
Nutrition in Schools
The children are the future of this great nation. As such, it is important that adequate attention and consideration is put into ensuring the future of the nation is secured. The growing incidences of child obesity should thus, be considered a threat to the future of the country. One is termed as being obese when they have a body mass percentage that is at and/ or goes over the 95th percentile of the CDC sex specific BMI charts. As a nurse, I feel that there is immediate need to address the matter of childhood obesity and nip it in the bud before it grows and becomes an even more troublesome issue. According to a report released by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently, approximately 13.7 million children aged between the ages of 2 and 19 suffered from obesity (CDC, 2018). These numbers are very alarming especially seeing that there is an anticipated increase. The purpose of this paper is to communicate the author’s desire to implement policies in schools that will help manage and eventually reduce the prevalence of obesity in the nation by proposing solutions to the problem.
The Problem of Obesity
The food an individual consumes plays an important role in shaping their health. As such, it is very worrying when children continue to feed on heavily processed foods that are not nutritionally beneficial to them. Child obesity, just like adult obesity, is caused by the consumption of high-calorie foods and beverages that are lacking essential nutrients. This, paired with living a sedentary lifestyle, increases the chances of becoming overweight and eventually, obese (Dawes, 2014).
Obese children have very many health risks including, high cholesterol as well as high blood pressure which makes them susceptible to developing heart conditions, breathing problems such as asthma, joint problems; they may also develop mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression. Childhood obesity also negatively impairs the child’s social development and ability to associate properly with their peers. This is due to the feelings of low self-esteem they may develop as a result of being jeered at by other children because of their weight. They become anxious about whether they will be socially accepted by their age mates and conclude that they will not be. As a result, they end up isolating themselves and if this is left unaddressed, they may become depressed (Halfon, Larson & Slasser, 2016). When this children grow up to become adults, they are at risk of even more health problems such as adult obesity which brings with it even more serious health conditions such as risk of developing Diabetes type 2, Heart disease as well as cancer. According to CDC, when child obesity is left to advance into adu.
This week our forum looks at the foundations of where we learn t.docxrowthechang
This week our forum looks at the foundations of where we learn to become parents. Please answer both parts within your initial posting. Remember to review grading feedback from previous week to improve your discussion this week. Follow the rubric when you develop your posting.
As for all forum questions, please use the forum question to guide your discussion and write your post in a paragraph(s) format. You do not want to repost the question and then insert your answer. Using references to support your work is important that correct APA format uses in-text citations.
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
1. We learn parenting skills from many places. Perhaps our biggest influence on our attitude towards parenting is from our parents and how we were raised. We also are influenced by media, science, religion, and other sources. In your observation, how have any of these sources influenced parenting, in general, today
2. Pick a theory from this list (Erikson’s Lifespan Theory of Development, Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory of Development, Jean Piaget’s Constructivist Theory, or Socio-Culture Theory of Lev Vygotsky) and apply it to either how you were raised or how you will (would) raise your own children?
Initial posts are due by 11:59 PM on Wednesday
2 Reply posts are due by 11:59 PM on Sunday
https://edge.apus.edu/access/content/group/education-common/Universal/CHFD/331/elf/lesson-2/elf_index.html
As we learnt in Lesson 1, a parent’s own childhood and parenting experiences influence their parenting approach. In fact, when surveyed, over half of all parents admitted that their parenting style is greatly affected by the way they were parented themselves (Lerner & Ciervo, 2010). However, 30 percent of surveyed parents indicated that the way they were parented had a moderate impact on the personal parenting style. Although that amounts to just over 80 percent of surveyed parents, parents also have media, historical patterns, and scientific research to inform their parenting style. This lesson will first examine the influences on parental style and then will explore the many different theories that exist (and have historically evolved) regarding parenting.
Topics to be covered include:
· Influences on parenting style
· Theories on parenting style
· Theories on children’s growth and development
CONTINUE
Influences on Parental Style Besides Upbringing
· MEDIA
·
HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS
Media resources are a significant source of information for parents. Increased access to and the speed of technology has put a wide range of information within close reach of many parents—especially ones who have disposable incomes that permit internet access. Parents can easily look up parenting websites that can advise on topics such as developmental stages, how to soothe sick babies, and when to call the doctor. Websites can also highlight issues in parenting and childcare and encourage debates that make parents think.
Social me ...
Submission Ide e223bfb4-049f-4c26-ba24-2ede2b73157041 SI.docxdeanmtaylor1545
Submission Ide: e223bfb4-049f-4c26-ba24-2ede2b731570
41% SIMILARITY SCORE 8 CITATION ITEMS 46 GRAMMAR ISSUES 0 FEEDBACK COMMENT
Internet Source 0%
Institution 41%
Avery Bryan
Benchmark – Capstone Project.docx
Summary
1911 Words
Running head: BENCHMARK – CAPSTONE PROJECT 1
BENCHMARK – CAPSTONE PROJECT 2
Use an m-dash.: – —
Use an m-dash.: – —
Benchmark – Capstone Project
Avery Bryan
Professor Tammy Gray
NRS-490
02/09/20
Benchmark – Capstone Project
Obesity is prevalent among the African American children. Most of the African
American families fall in the low income groups. This results to them not being able to purchase
BENCHMARK – CAPSTONE PROJECT 3
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Unpaired braces, brackets, quotation m...: (
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healthy foods. There is a perception that healthy foods are very expensive to purchase. Their
food consumption to a large extent consists of proteins from genetically modified organisms
(GMOs), larger amounts of refined grains and sugars and high level of fructose corn syrup. They
consume junky foods that are cheaper to buy. These foods contribute a lot to childhood obesity
among the African American children who consume them.
Obesity is not a disease in itself. However, it leads to an increased risk of individuals to
develop other diseases that may be considered to be chronic. These chronic diseases include
some types of cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke, osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes and other
complicated health conditions. A myriad of social and physical negative consequences are
associated with obesity. The conditions associated with obesity carry both short term and long
term negative outcomes that are extremely expensive to treat both at individual and societal
level. It is less expensive to prevent obesity than to cure it. It is therefore important to address the
problem of obesity by implementing effective preventive measures.
Childhood obesity is a world-wide health problem and development of interventions to
prevent or control it should be a priority (Amini et al, (2014). Obesity is prevalent and on the
increase among many school going African American children in the US. Physical activity and
healthy diet are the key preventive interventions that can be implemented to tackle the challenge
of childhood obesity (Chircop et al., (2015).
Obesity is a major health concern. This is because children who have obesity, compared
to those with normal weight are at .
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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2. 2013; Hall, Hammond, & Rahmandad, 2014; Harrison et al., 2011;
Institute of Medicine (IOM), 2012). The attitudes and behaviors
conveyed by family, peers, and media affect social norms and
individual-level decisions related to food intake, physical activity,
and body weight (Ajzen et al., 2012; Bandura and 1998; Hammond
and 2010; Nestle et al., 1998; Rosenstock, Strecher, & Becker, 1988).
Although the Internet and social media may influence numerous
risk factors for childhood obesity (e.g., physical activity)
(Eysenbach, Powell, Kuss, & Sa, 2002; Eysenbach and 2008; Pagoto
et al., 2013), this commentary serves as a specific call for research
on the extent to which mothers use social media to learn about
child feeding practices and the mechanisms through which social
media influences their child feeding practices. “Child feeding
practices” are defined as attitudes and behaviors related to what to
feed children (i.e. the types and portion sizes of food and bever-
ages), how to feed children (e.g., restricting certain foods,
responding to hunger and fullness cues), as well as the extent to
which mothers model the consumption of a healthy diet (Faith,
Scanlon, Birch, Francis, & Sherry, 2004; Gevers, Kremers, de Vries,
& van Assema, 2014; Musher-Eizenman et al., 2007). Formative
research on mothers' social media use and its influence on their
child feeding practices could be applied to the development and
dissemination of evidence-based childhood obesity prevention
strategies that utilize social media.
To encourage researchers in the fields of public health, human
development, and nutrition to pursue research on the extent to
which mothers use social media to learn about child feeding
practices and the mechanisms through which social media in-
fluences their child feeding practices, this commentary first high-
lights the importance of mothers for childhood obesity prevention.
It then describes three theoretical and analytic frameworks that
could inform research on child feeding practices in the context of
social media. Next, the commentary provides evidence that social
media platforms are increasingly adopted online social contexts in
which food and eating behavior are salient topics. The commentary
concludes by offering specific directions for future research.
2. Mothers' child feeding practices influence Children's risk
for obesity
During infancy and early childhood, mothers (i.e. primary
caregivers) have substantial control over children's food choices,
such as determining when, where, what, and how much children
eat (Anzman, Rollins, & Birch, 2010; Birch et al., 1998; Gable & Lutz,
2000). On average, mothers spend more time than fathers on child
feeding tasks, such as grocery shopping, preparing food, and eating
with children, which suggests mothers are the primary nutritional
gatekeepers in many households (Bureau of Labor Statistic, 2013).
Previous studies have found associations between mothers' child
feeding practices and children's food intake and weight status
(Faith et al., 2004; Gerards & Kremers, 2015). Children who expe-
rience overtly restrictive or indulgent (i.e. permissive, child
controlled) feeding are more likely to be overweight or obese than
children whose mothers do not engage in these practices (Chaidez,
McNiven, Vosti, & Kaiser, 2014; Rodgers et al., 2013; Wehrly,
Bonilla, Perez, & Liew, 2014). Children whose mothers model the
consumption of healthy foods (e.g., vegetables and fruit) are more
likely to consume healthier diets (Entin, Kaufman-Shriqui, Naggan,
Vardi, & Shahar, 2014; Gregory, Paxton, & Brozovic, 2011).
Responsive feeding practices that encourage children to consume
balanced diets and that are contingent with children's develop-
mental stage and hunger and fullness cues may promote children's
self-regulation of eating behavior and help to prevent obesity (Paul
et al., 2014). Efforts to improve mothers' child feeding practices to
date have predominately focused on individual-level influences
(e.g., mothers' knowledge and attitudes about nutrition) rather
than external social or environmental influences (Paul et al., 2014;
Waters et al., 2011). Research exploring social and environmental
influences on mothers' child feeding practices is needed to under-
stand how to promote responsive feeding practices and prevent
overtly restrictive and indulgent feeding practices throughout in-
fancy and early childhood (Davison et al., 2013).
3. Theoretical and analytic frameworks that can inform
research on child feeding practices and social media
3.1. Systems theory
Frameworks of childhood obesity risk that are based in systems
theory emphasize the transactional nature of risk and protective
factors that operate at numerous levels, ranging from genetics to
national policies (Davison & Birch, 2001; Davison et al., 2013; Hall
et al., 2014; Harrison et al., 2011; Skinner et al., 2013). Although
child weight status is the outcome of interest, its determinants are
multi-factorial and include interactions among individuals and
their families, peers, communities, and cultures. As just described,
mothers' child feeding practices are an important contributor to
children's risk for obesity, particularly during the first few years of
life. Systems frameworks propose mothers' child feeding practices
are both influenced by, and contribute to, the norms that exist
within their social groups (Davison et al., 2013). Individual-level
attitudes and behaviors are impacted by social norms, which are
formed through explicit and implicit social influences (Higgs, 2015;
Higgs & Thomas, 2016). Explicit social influences are the observable
beliefs, behaviors, and available opportunities in ones' social net-
works (e.g., awareness of others' public eating behaviors, expressed
opinions, and opportunities to engage in certain behaviors). Im-
plicit social influences are processes that are not explicitly cogni-
tively processed and include mechanisms such as behavioral
synchrony (e.g., eating when others are eating), adoption of implicit
weight norms shared by ones' social group, or behavioral economic
processes and biases. The media can also contribute to social norms
through explicit and implicit mechanisms (Lapinski et al., 2005).
Media influences on child feeding practices are included in existing
systems frameworks, however, the rapid growth of social media
may require these models to be revised to include social media as a
novel media context that can facilitate family, peer, and cultural
influences on social norms (Li, Barnett, Goodman, Wasserman, &
Kemper, 2013).
Previous studies on the predictors of mothers' child feeding
practices have primarily focused on individual-level factors
including maternal demographic characteristics (e.g., education),
mental health (e.g., depression, eating pathology), and weight
status (Blissett et al., 2011; Cachelin et al., 2013; Francis, Hofer, &
Birch, 2001; Haycraft & Blissett, 2008; McPhie, Skouteris, Daniels,
& Jansen, 2014), or on children's weight status, appetitive traits
and temperament (Blissett et al., 2007; Carnell, Benson, Driggin, &
Kolbe, 2014; Haycraft et al., 2012; Webber, Cooke, Hill, & Wardle,
2010). Studies that have examined social and environmental in-
fluences on child feeding practices have mostly been limited to the
breastfeeding period. These studies suggest mothers' understand-
ing of breastfeeding and the messages they receive about breast-
feeding from their partners, family members, and peers impact
their initiation and duration of breastfeeding (Cameron, Hesketh,
Ball, Crawford, & Campbell, 2010; Rempel et al., 2004; Street
et al., 2013). One unique study examined the association between
advertisements for infant “hand feeding” in a popular parenting
magazine (i.e. advertisements for infant formulas, cereals, and
other solid foods) and breastfeeding rates in the United States be-
tween 1972 and 2000. The results suggested that when the
A.E. Doub et al. / Appetite 99 (2016) 298e305 299
3. frequency of hand feeding advertisements increased, the rate of
breastfeeding significantly decreased the following year (Foss et al.,
2006). These studies offer some evidence that social and environ-
mental influences can impact mothers' child feeding practices,
however, research extending beyond the breastfeeding period and
including social media as a new social context is needed (Li et al.,
2013; McPhie et al., 2014).
3.2. Social network analysis and theory
Social media platforms allow individuals to form and maintain
social relationships over the Internet. Previous studies have found
that in-person social networks can protect against or promote
obesity depending on how the characteristics of the individual
interact with those of his/her social group (Christakis & Fowler,
2007; Cohen-Cole et al., 2008; Leahey, Doyle, Xu, Bihuniak, &
Wing, 2015). To date, research has yet to examine the role of social
media in creating and maintaining relationships that influence
mothers' child feeding practices. Social network analysis is a rele-
vant field of research concerned with the structure and function of
relationships (Kadushin, 2012; Wasserman and Faust, 1994;
Wellman & Berkowitz, 1988). A recent meta-analysis found in-
terventions based on social network theory and delivered via social
media were among those with the strongest effects on health-
related behavior change (Laranjo et al., 2015). Social network the-
ory offers several principles of relationship (i.e. “tie”) formation
that could inform hypotheses about the social network contexts in
which mothers obtain information about child feeding practices on
social media. Preferential attachment suggests individuals are more
likely to form ties with other individuals who are already high
connected in the network (Newman and 2001). This implies social
media “influencers” who have a large number of friends and fol-
lowers are particularly important for determining the tone and
content of conversations about topics related to child feeding
practices, particularly mothers' brand preferences (Goodman,
Booth, & Matic, 2011).
Homophily suggests relationships are more likely to form
among individuals who share similar characteristics (e.g., similar
demographic characteristics, attitudes, interests) (McPherson,
Smith-Lovin, & Cook, 2001). One experimental study of relation-
ship formation within an online exercise community found that
users established relationships based on similarities in physical
characteristics including age, gender and body mass index, even
though these traits were observable only through text (i.e. no
photographs were included) (Centola et al., 2015). In contrast, users
did not form relationships, homophilous nor heterophilous, based
on traits related to health values such as exercise goals (Centola
et al., 2015). These findings suggest easily observable characteris-
tics such as physical and demographic attributes may be more
important than values about child health and nutrition in deter-
mining who is likely to connect on social media for information
about child feeding practices.
Even though relationships on social media are somewhat more
likely to form among individuals who share a geographic location
(Takhteyev, Gruzd, & Wellman, 2012), mothers can access infor-
mation that is shared by anyone over the Internet, presenting new
opportunities for information diffusion, including the dissemina-
tion of evidence-based information. Social media platform features
may influence the composition of mothers' online social networks.
Platforms with features enabling more direct communication and
reciprocated relationships among users such as Facebook may be
more likely to encourage online relationships among individuals
who have or previously had in-person contact (e.g., family mem-
bers, peers from work, school, or leisure settings) (Ellison et al.,
2013; Sosik et al., 2014). Platforms that allow users to form
unreciprocated ties, such as Twitter, Pinterest, Instagram, and blogs
(i.e. User A can form a tie with User B but User B may or may not
choose to form a tie with User A), may encourage ties among in-
dividuals who have not met in person (Ellison et al., 2013). The
extent to which mothers are accessing reciprocal close ties (e.g.,
family, friends) versus unreciprocated distant ties (e.g., celebrities,
brands, public health groups) for information about child feeding
practices and how ties of each kind influence mothers' actual
behavior is currently unknown.
3.3. Social cognitive theory
Social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986a) offers several intra-
personal mechanisms through which social and environmental
factors, including social media, may influence mothers' child
feeding practices. Social cognitive theory proposes individuals
learn behaviors through selectively observing, remembering, and
reproducing behaviors that are modeled and reinforced within
social groups (Fryling, Johnston, & Hayes, 2011). Factors such as
social status and perceived similarity of the model to the observer
affect the likelihood of acquiring behaviors through social learning
(Bandura, 1986a). Social cognitive theory is a commonly cited
framework in health behavior change interventions delivered on-
line (e.g., through websites and forums) (Webb, Joseph, Yardley, &
Michie, 2010). Social media may be an emerging context for social
influence because it enables users to easily observe, contribute, and
reinforce attitudes and behaviors within social groups. Social media
is likely to facilitate social learning in ways that other online con-
texts do not, such as webpages that do not facilitate relationships or
on which the source of information is unclear. Select functions of
social media, potential mechanisms of social influence from a social
cognitive framework, and platform specific terminology are
described in Table 1.
Information shared on social media may help mothers learn
about the social norms related to child feeding practices that exist
within their social groups. These social norms may reinforce
existing behaviors or promote behavior change such that mothers
adjust their behavior to more closely resemble their online peers. A
recent meta-analysis of experimental studies examining the influ-
ence of social norms on adult eating behavior found that observing
or having prior knowledge of what foods other individuals had
consumed influenced the types and amount of food participants
consumed (Robinson, Thomas, Aveyard, & Higgs, 2014). Viewing
photos of food alone has been shown to activate areas of the brain
associated with appetite (Frank et al., 2010; van Meer, van der Laan,
Adan, Viergever, & Smeets, 2015) and induce sensory specific
satiety (Larson, Redden, & Elder, 2014). Research is needed to
identify the intrapersonal mechanisms through which exposure to
information about child feeding practices influences mothers' at-
titudes and behaviors, including those proposed by social cognitive
theory.
4. Social media is an emerging context for social influence,
particularly for mothers
The Internet and social media are increasingly used to facilitate
social interactions and information exchange as they are integrated
into school, work, home, and leisure contexts (Pew Research Center,
2014b) Internet use among adults increased from 66% in 2005e87%
in 2014 (Pew Research Center, 2014a) As of January 2014, Internet
use did not differ significantly by gender, race, or community type
(i.e. urban, suburban, rural), however it was significantly lower
among older adults and those with less education and lower in-
comes (Pew Research Center, 2014c). Younger adults 18e49 years of
age were highly engaged with the Internet and mobile technology:
A.E. Doub et al. / Appetite 99 (2016) 298e305300
4. 93%e97% used the Internet (Pew Research Center, 2014c) and 74%e
83% used smartphones (Pew Research Center, 2014d).
Individuals use social media platforms to maintain and build
social relationships (Ellison et al., 2013), gather health information
(Pagoto et al., 2013), learn about current events (Purcell, Rainie,
Mitchell, Rosenstiel, & Olmstead, 2010), and for entertainment
(Ellison et al., 2013). Social media platforms are also used by
companies for marketing purposes (Constantinides & Fountain,
2008; Freeman et al., 2014). In September 2014, 52% of adult
Internet users had at least two social media profiles (Duggan,
Lenhart, Lampe, & Ellison, 2015). Facebook was the most popular
platform, used by 71% of online adults overall and accessed daily by
70% of Facebook users (Duggan et al., 2015). There was some evi-
dence of racial and ethnic disparities in social media use by plat-
form, such that Twitter and Instagram were more highly used by
Black and Hispanic adults, whereas Pinterest was more highly used
by White adults (Duggan et al., 2015).
Mothers are highly engaged with the Internet and social media
and use the these tools to seek information about parenting and
child health (Asiodu, Waters, Dailey, Lee, & Lyndon, 2015; Okdie
et al., 2014; Dworkin, Connell, & Doty, 2013; Radey & Randolph,
2009). Mothers have also expressed interest in joining online
communities focused on child health (Mitchell, Godoy, Shabazz, &
Horn, 2014). In 2014, women were more likely than men to use
Facebook (77% vs. 66%), Pinterest (42% vs. 13%), and Instagram (29%
vs. 22%) (Duggan et al., 2015). In a similar pattern, mothers were
more engaged with some social media platforms compared to fa-
thers, including Facebook (81% vs. 66%), Pinterest (40% vs. 15%), and
Instagram (30% vs. 19%) (Duggan et al., 2015). Mothers were more
likely than fathers to use social media to obtain parenting forma-
tion and to receive social and emotional support on parenting is-
sues (Duggan et al., 2015) Additionally, the majority of mothers of
young children read blogs (McDaniel, Coyne, & Holmes, 2012),
which are frequently updated personal webpages increasingly
connected to other social media platforms through hyperlinks
(Kane et al., 2014; Park, 2003). Because it is clear that mothers are
highly engaged with social media in the general areas of parenting
and child health, research is needed to describe the content and
delivery of information relevant to child feeding practices mothers
are likely to obtain from these platforms (Bentley et al., 2014; Li
et al., 2013).
5. Several social media platforms expose users to food-
related digital content
The volume, velocity, and variety of data generated on social
media makes it challenging to quantify the amount of content
dedicated to any given topic (Manovich and Gold, 2012). That said,
there is preliminary evidence to suggest several social media
platforms expose users to food-related digital content. Examples of
food-related digital content that may be shared on social media
platforms include text, images, and/or videos about meals
consumed at home or away from home, food or beverage products
and/or restaurant endorsements, and hyperlinks to recipes found
on blogs or other websites containing recipes. Mothers who
observe such content on social media may develop perceived social
norms about the types and amount of food they should consume
and feed to their children. Few studies have specifically looked at
content specific to child feeding practices on social media, which is
a critical next step to inform future research and intervention
studies that aim to leverage social media for childhood obesity
prevention. The following studies are examples of food-related
research conducted across various social media platforms that
can inform future studies specific to child feeding practices.
Pinterest is one social media platform that allows users to
collect, share, and endorse information about food. Pinterest users
create categorized groupings of images that are hyperlinked the
original content source. Individually, the hyperlinked images are
referred to as “Pins.” As a categorized grouping, they are referred to
as “Pinboards.” (Chang, Kumar, Gilbert, & Terveen, 2014; Gilbert,
Bakhshi, Chang, & Terveen, 2013; Hall & Zarro, 2013; Mittal,
Gupta, Dewan, & Kumaraguru, 2014; Pinterest, 2015) Hall and
Table 1
Select social media functions, potential mechanisms of social influence, and platform specific terminology.
Function Potential mechanism of social influence Platform: Terminology
Form online
relationships
Creates an online social network whose attitudes and behaviors are observable through social
media activity (i.e. content contributions, endorsements, and direct communication);
Homophilous and strong ties may reinforce existing behavior where as heterophilous or weak ties
may encourage behavior change
Facebook: Friend (Profiles); Like (Pages)
Twitter: Follow
Pinterest: Follow
Instagram: Follow
Blogs: Follow via direct webpage visitation or
Rich Site Summary (RSS) feed
Contribute and
categorize/label
content
Content may convey users' attitudes and behaviors and establish social norms within online
communities
Facebook: Post; Hashtag
Twitter: Tweet; Hashtag
Pinterest: Pin; Hashtag; Pinboard names
Instagram: Share; Hashtag
Blogs: Post; Tag or category
Browse and search
content
Exposes users to content that may reinforce existing attitudes and behaviors or introduce new
attitudes and behaviors
Facebook: News Feed
Twitter: Timeline
Pinterest: Home Feed
Instagram: Home Tab/Feed
Blogs: Homepage or RSS Feed
Endorse content Reinforces social norms through affirming content that other social media users have created Facebook: Like, Share
Twitter: Favorite; Retweet
Pinterest: Heart; Repin
Instagram: Like
Blogs: Share
Direct Communication Allows for social pressure and support to be exchanged among users Facebook: Comment; Message; Tag other
users
Twitter: Reply; Mention; Direct message
Pinterest: Comment; Message
Intstagram: Comment; Message; Tag other
users
Blogs: Comment
A.E. Doub et al. / Appetite 99 (2016) 298e305 301
5. Zarro (2013) analyzed a random sample of 1000 pins collected
between February and March 2012 and found pins depicting food
and beverages were the single largest category (15%). Pins depicting
home and garden decor were the next largest category (14%), which
may have contained images related to eating contexts such as
kitchens and dining rooms. Blogs were the original content source
for 45% of sampled pins, indicating these two social media plat-
forms are closely connected (Hall Zarro, 2013). Ecommerce sites
(i.e. webpages primarily intended to sell products) were the next
most frequent source of original content (10%). This finding sug-
gests Pinterest users are frequently exposed to food-related images
and are often able to easily purchase products they see endorsed by
other users. Mothers who use Pinterest may create and follow
Pinboards that focus on child feeding topics (e.g., snacks for tod-
dlers, family dinner recipes). Future studies should examine the
extent to which mothers use Pinterest to obtain ideas about child
feeding practices and the sources of information they draw upon to
create their own Pinboards (e.g., friends, family, food bloggers).
Research should also explore how Pinterest influences mothers'
attitudes and behaviors, such as the types of food brands they
purchase and the types of recipes they prepare for their children.
Food blogs offer information about recipes, food products, and
restaurants that may inform readers' social norms regarding what
and how much to eat. Food blogs written by mothers and focused
specifically on child and family feeding may be particularly like to
influence mothers' child feeding practices; mothers may view food
bloggers as domain experts and relatable social models and thus be
more likely to take action on their recommendations (Higgs, 2015;
Higgs Thomas, 2016). The types of recipes food bloggers prepare
and the nutritional quality of those recipes could impact children's
dietary quality if mothers prepare recipes they obtain from food
blogs. In a small study examining the nutrition profiles of 96 recipes
found on six general food blogs, Schneider et al. (Schneider,
McGovern, Lynch, Brown, 2013) found recipes were within
one-third of the adult dietary reference intake for calories (M ¼ 516
calories), but exceeded dietary recommendations for saturated fat
and sodium content. Over one-third (38%) of sampled recipes were
for vegetarian dishes, and these dishes were significantly lower in
calories, saturated fat, and sodium than recipes that contained red
meat or poultry (Schneider et al., 2013). Additional studies exam-
ining a larger sample of recipes and food blogs, particularly blogs
created to appeal to mothers feeding young children, would pro-
vide further insight into the information about the types and
portion sizes of foods endorsed for children's consumption on food
blogs.
Twitter users share food-related content related to the main
meals of the day, which suggests mothers who use Twitter may be
exposed information relevant to eating behavior and child feeding
practices even if they were not initially seeking it out when
accessing the platform. Fried et al. (Fried, Surdeanu, Kobourov,
Hingle, Bell, 2014) collected a sample of over 3.5 million tweets
containing a selection of food-related labels (i.e. “hashtags”) be-
tween October 2013 and May 2014. Among the sampled food-
related hashtags, the most common hashtag was #dinner, found
in 32% of collected tweets, followed by #breakfast (27%) and #lunch
(26%). Less than 10% of tweets contained the remaining sampled
hashtags: #brunch, #snack, #meal, and #supper. Twitter users may
be sharing text, images, videos, or hyperlinks to webpages about
what they consumed or plan to prepare for their meals along with
these hashtags. Future studies should explore the amount of con-
tent that is relevant to child feeding practices by examining more
domain specific hashtags such as #breastfeeding, #PickyEater, or
#FamilyMeals. Future studies should also explore how receiving
reinforcement for sharing content related to certain child feeding
practices (e.g., rewarding a toddler with candy for good behavior or
preparing family meals) influences the likelihood the behavior is
sustained.
Facebook is another social media context in which mothers may
be exposed to food-related digital content, which may include food
and beverage marketing. Food and beverage companies can use
Facebook to advertise to users by creating company unique profiles
(i.e. “pages”), which allow them to form online relationships with
other users, contribute content (e.g., images, videos, games, give-
aways, polls), and engage with other users (i.e. endorse their con-
tent and/or directly communicate) (Constantinides Fountain,
2008; Freeman et al., 2014). Freeman et al. (Freeman et al., 2014)
found over 277.5 million Facebook users from across the globe had
endorsed (i.e. “liked”) food companies among their sample of 27
food company pages. Young adults 18e24 years of age were the
most frequent group to endorse the sampled food company Face-
book pages (Freeman et al., 2014). Facebook users can see the pages
that members of their online social network (i.e. “friends”) have
endorsed, which may establish social norms around the food
brands and products mothers purchase for themselves and their
children. Previous qualitative research has found mothers endorse
companies as a source of information about parenting and child
development, which suggests it is important to understand the
quality of content companies provide to mothers who engage with
their social media pages (Asiodu et al., 2015). Future studies should
explore which food companies target mothers of young children on
social media, as well as the characteristics of mothers who choose
to engage with these companies on social media.
6. Conclusions and future directions
Childhood obesity remains a persistent health problem in the
United States affecting nearly 20% of children (Ogden et al., 2014).
Children who enter kindergarten overweight or obese are more
likely to develop obesity in later childhood (Cunningham et al.,
2014), which underscores the importance of early prevention
(Paul et al., 2009). To date, there is limited empirical evidence to
inform the development of effective interventions that aim to
leverage social media to prevent childhood obesity (Tobey et al.,
2014). This commentary draws upon various theoretical and ana-
lytic frameworks to propose social media is an emerging context for
social influence on mothers' child feeding practices, which have a
proximal influence on children's risk for obesity. Social network
theory and social cognitive theory are relevant frameworks that
could inform research on the mechanisms through which social
media influences mothers' child feeding practices. Given that
mothers are highly engaged with social media in the general areas
of parenting and child health and these platforms contain food-
related content, future studies should examine whether social
media platforms such as Pinterest, Twitter, blogs, and Facebook
influence child feeding practices. In particular, research is needed to
explore how the content and delivery of information on social
media attracts and engages mothers, prompts behavior change, and
sustains behavior change to have a lasting impact on child feeding
practices and children's risk for obesity.
One specific area of future research relates to how mothers build
and maintain social networks to obtain information about child
feeding practices on social media. Studies should explore how
mothers form ties based on easily observable traits such as de-
mographic characteristics or parenting stage (e.g., pregnancy, in-
fancy, toddlerhood, school-aged) and more subtle characteristics
such as attitudes toward child feeding practices. Previous research
on naturally occurring ties on Twitter (Wu, Hofman, Mason,
Watts, 2011) and Pinterest (Chang et al., 2014; Gilbert et al.,
2013), and experimental research on an online exercise commu-
nity (Centola et al., 2015), suggest individuals form homophilous
A.E. Doub et al. / Appetite 99 (2016) 298e305302
6. relationships, which may serve to maintain rather than change
behavior. Research is needed to test how the structure and
composition of social media relationships influence mothers' child
feeding practices in combination with the information that is
shared. Such research could guide the development of in-
terventions that use social network concepts to promote positive
child feeding practices. Potential intervention opportunities
include engaging social media influencers to disseminate
evidenced-based information and facilitating the formation of new
ties that expose individuals to new information and social support
for positive child feeding practices (Shin et al., 2014; Valente et al.,
2015). This is a promising avenue given the evidence that social
network-based interventions have effectively promoted behavior
change in related domains such as encouraging exercise (Zhang,
Brackbill, Yang, Centola, 2015) and weight loss (Poncela-
Casasnovas et al., 2015).
Additionally, research should explore when mothers form their
attitudes about infant and early childhood feeding practices and
how the information they obtain on social media during that
timeframe influences their attitudes and behaviors (e.g., during
preconception, pregnancy, toddlerhood). Previous research on
mothers' breastfeeding intention and duration found the majority
of mothers decided whether to breastfeed prior to conception or
during their first trimester of pregnancy (Lawson et al., 1995) and
social support for breastfeeding was an important predictor of
long-term breastfeeding intention (i.e. beyond 9-months) (Rempel
and 2004). A recent qualitative study found that while mothers and
their partners used the Internet and social media to learn about
pregnancy and receive social support, few could recall finding in-
formation about infant feeding from these sites (Asiodu et al.,
2015). Research that explores how to deliver memorable and im-
pactful information about child feeding practices during the time-
frame when mothers' form their attitudes about child feeding is a
critical next step for developing effective childhood obesity pre-
vention programs.
Finally, studies are needed on the role of food companies and
public health-oriented groups in informing mothers' child feeding
attitudes and behaviors on social media. Even though government
and non-profit groups are more likely promote evidence-based
content than corporations (Adams, 2010), they are less likely to
have social media profiles or engage with other social media users
(i.e. endorse their content or directly communicate) when they are
represented on these platforms (Lovejoy, Waters, Saxton, 2012).
Government, non-profit, and academic groups that are already
attempting to use social media to prevent childhood obesity could
offer insight into how evidence-based information about child
feeding practices could be effectively disseminated by reporting on
the successes and challenges of strategies they have used to engage
users and share content (Tobey et al., 2014; Spring, Gotsis, Paiva,
Spruijt-Metz, 2013).
There is growing enthusiasm to use large-scale data, including
data collected from social media platforms, to address public health
issues (Kaplan, Riley, Mabry, 2014). Childhood obesity is a
research area of public health importance that would benefit from
studies using such data. Research on the extent to which mothers
use social media platforms to learn about child feeding practices
and the mechanisms through which social media influences their
attitudes and behaviors is needed to determine how these highly
accessed contexts could be manipulated to promote healthy and
responsive child feeding practices. Integrating multiple frame-
works of social influences on health behaviors, including systems
theory, social network analysis, and social cognitive processes, is a
useful approach for future research that aims to leverage social
media for childhood obesity prevention.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the editor and reviewers whose
comments helped to improve and clarify this manuscript. This
material is based on work supported by the National Science
Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant
No. DGE1255832. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or rec-
ommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science
Foundation. The authors have no conflicts of interests to disclose.
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