Submission Ide e223bfb4-049f-4c26-ba24-2ede2b73157041 SI.docx

Submission Ide: e223bfb4-049f-4c26-ba24-2ede2b731570
41% SIMILARITY SCORE 8 CITATION ITEMS 46
GRAMMAR ISSUES 0 FEEDBACK COMMENT
Internet Source 0%
Institution 41%
Avery Bryan
Benchmark – Capstone Project.docx
Summary
Running head: BENCHMARK – CAPSTONE PROJECT
1
BENCHMARK – CAPSTONE PROJECT
2
Use an m-dash.: – —
-dash.: – —
Benchmark – Capstone Project
Avery Bryan
Professor Tammy Gray

NRS-490
02/09/20
Benchmark – Capstone Project
Obesity is prevalent among the African American children.
Most of the African
American families fall in the low income groups. This results to
them not being able to purchase
3
healthy foods. There is a perception that healthy foods are very
expensive to purchase. Their
food consumption to a large extent consists of proteins from
genetically modified organisms
(GMOs), larger amounts of refined grains and sugars and high

level of fructose corn syrup. They
consume junky foods that are cheaper to buy. These foods
contribute a lot to childhood obesity
among the African American children who consume them.
Obesity is not a disease in itself. However, it leads to an
increased risk of individuals to
develop other diseases that may be considered to be chronic.
These chronic diseases include
some types of cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke,
osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes and other
complicated health conditions. A myriad of social and physical
negative consequences are
associated with obesity. The conditions associated with obesity
carry both short term and long
term negative outcomes that are extremely expensive to treat
both at individual and societal
level. It is less expensive to prevent obesity than to cure it. It is
therefore important to address the
problem of obesity by implementing effective preventive
measures.
Childhood obesity is a world-wide health problem and
development of interventions to
prevent or control it should be a priority (Amini et al, (2014).
Obesity is prevalent and on the

increase among many school going African American children
in the US. Physical activity and
healthy diet are the key preventive interventions that can be
implemented to tackle the challenge
of childhood obesity (Chircop et al., (2015).
Obesity is a major health concern. This is because children who
have obesity, compared
to those with normal weight are at high risk of getting many
serious health complications. These
health complications include high blood pressure, type 2
diabetes, low quality of life and stroke
and low. Generally, obesity is a growing health concern in the
US not only among the African
American children but also among the adults and adolescents of
all races. Individuals in the low
income bracket are mostly affected.
The key purpose of this particular change proposal is to reduce
the prevalence of obesity
among the African American children. Addressing the issue of
childhood obesity among the
African American children is very significant. This is because it
will lead to a reduction in the
prevalence of illnesses and conditions that are associated with

childhood obesity. It will also
result in improved quality of life among the African American
children.
The proposed PICOT question is, Among the African American
children (P), does
implementing childhood obesity prevention measures (I) results
to reduction in the prevalence of
childhood obesity (O) compared to those children who have not
been educated on obesity
prevention (C) within two years (T)?
Addressing the prevalence of obesity has implications on
nursing in that it will lead to
discovery of new evidence-based practices that are going to
prevent the prevalence of obesity.
A comprehensive literature search was employed. An electronic
search was conducted
4
randomized controlled trials. The literature search results
revealed about 100 publications. The
abstracts were screened and eight studies were relevant to the
PICOT question. These studies

included four quantitative studies and four qualitative studies.
Several studies have been done concerning the PICOT question.
The results of various
research studies have shown that there are an increasing number
of African American children
who are obese and overweight. Obesity is, therefore, one of the
major health concerns. Many
research studies have been carried out to determine
interventions that can be implemented to
reduce the prevalence of childhood obesity. Most of the
researchers have recommended
implementation of effective interventions to check this
particular trend of an increasing number
of obese African American children. Obese children are prone
to getting various serious health
complications that negatively affect their health and reduce
their life expectancy. The conditions
that are associated with obesity have been attributed to high
mortality rates among African
American children.
Most of the empirical studies have established a link between
childhood obesity and
parental obesity. The studies conclude that children that are
raised by obese parents are more

likely to be obese as compared to children who are raised by
parents who are not obese.
(Huffman, Kanikireddy & Patel, (2010) attempted to find out
ways in which parenthood
contributes to childhood obesity. They established that several
parenthood factors contribute to
obesity. These factors include obese parents raising children.
(Parrino et al, (2016) examined the
Influence of early-life and parental factors on childhood
overweight and obesity. These authors
also found out that obese parent raising children contribute to
early childhood obesity. Their
findings also indicated that early childhood obesity is not
caused by parents who are not obese
raising their children.
5
-Dec-
2019…

-Nov-
2019…
s, quotation m...: (
using several databases that include Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews and Cochrane
Central Register of Controlled Trials. The search included
English-only published articles
between 2009 and 2019. The keywords that were searched
include obesity, obese children, obese
parents, children’s risk of being obese, parents who are not
obese, systematic reviews, and
The research study conducted by (Sahoo et al, (2015) examined

the causes and
consequences of childhood obesity. Their empirical results
showed that food preferences of
parents can influence the foods that children eat. Obese parents
may prefer to take foods such as
sugary beverages and snacks. This will influence children to
take such kind of foods. These types
of foods have high chances causing obesity.
The study carried out by (Santangeli, Sattar & Huda, (2015)
found out that there is an
6
niversity 14-Dec-
2019…
e been reviewed
-Dec-

2019…
-Nov-
2019…
rackets, quotation m...: (
-Dec-
2019…
-Dec-
2019…
rackets, quotation m...: (
association between maternal obesity and childhood
development with increased risks of obesity.
It can, therefore, be concluded that maternal obesity is likely to
contribute to early childhood
obesity. The research carried out by (Yeung et al, (2017)

analyzed how parental obesity impacts
early childhood development. It can therefore be concluded that
there are high chances of
children raised by obese parents to be exposed to obesity risk
factors.
The studies that were reviewed have their strengths and
weaknesses. A strength that is
common with all these studies that have been reviewed is that it
establishes a cause and effect
relationship between parental obesity and childhood obesity.
Other studies also attempt to
examine childhood prevention measures are effective or not.
These studies therefore support the
claim in my PICOT question to a greater extent.
The change theory that was applicable or utilized is the Iowa
theory. This particular
theory incorporates use of research and other types of evidence.
The Iowa model has been used
extensively in many nursing research programs. There are seven
major steps that have to be
followed in the Iowa model. These steps that are followed in the
Iowa model include identifying
the problem that require change, establishing a team to assess
the problem, gathering and

analyzing research studies related to the problem at hand,
grading the evidence found, coming up
with an evidence-based standards, implementing changes, and
finally evaluating the changes.
The interventions that are required to reduce the prevalence of
childhood obesity among
the African American children will be implemented at the three
levels. These levels include,
individual, family and community levels. One of the
interventions is to educate the African
Americans concerning the importance of consuming healthy
foods and practicing healthy living.
This can go a long way in reducing the prevalence of obesity
among the African Americans. The
outcome measure associated with this particular intervention is
the reduction of the prevalence of
childhood obesity among the African American children by
10%.
Childhood obesity prevention interventions are implemented at
the family level because
parents play a unique role in the prevention of obesity
(Andrews, Silk & Eneli, (2010). Parents
are supposed to provide anticipatory guidance and counseling
that can influence families'

nutrition and physical activity habits (Andrews, Silk & Eneli,
(2010).
Parents are supposed to be keen and hence being able to
recognize obesity risk factors
early in a child's life. They will then be able to help their
children to make positive changes that
will improve their weight trajectory. Another outcome measure
is the full adoption of measures
that are aimed at reducing excess weight among the African
American children. These measures
include healthy diet, regular physical and assessing weight
(Andrews, Silk & Eneli, (2010).
These interventions will go a long way in preventing childhood
obesity. Parents should monitor
and model their children as they raise them. Parents should also
encourage their children to
engage in regular physical exercises (Andrews, Silk & Eneli,
(2010).
According to (Brown et al, 2015), the most efficient and cost-
effective technique of
reducing the risk of obesity among young children is parental
guidance as they raise them.

7
in reducing the risk of childhood obesity (Gunnarsdottir et al,
(2011). (Lindsay et al, (2006) laid
emphasis on the role played by parents in preventing childhood
obesity. Several evidence-based
practices also support this particular claim (Natale et al, (2014).
Implementing an evidence-based practice change is always
faced with many obstacles.
Often the use of research in clinical settings is a common
barrier. According to (Mathieson,
Grande & Luker, (2018) this barrier is linked to the support
provided by the institution in which
physicians work, healthcare workers’ skills and values, quality
of research and distribution of
information. From this standpoint potential barriers to the
proposed capstone project are
insufficient time, failure to pay attention to statistics and lack
of time gather enough information
about childhood obesity. In light of the above barriers, it is
recommended to adopt a viable
approach that can sustain the evidence-based approach. The
critical integration is to create an
environment that is supportive. Communication methods must

be enhanced to ensure effective
communication between the interdisciplinary members. Simply
by enhancing collaborative work
in the evidence-based practice and research, the clinical setting
will build rapport and credibility.
8
References
Amini, M., Djazayery, A., Majdzadeh, R., Taghdisi, M. H.,
Sadrzadeh-Yeganeh, H., & Eslami-
Amirabadi, M. (2014). Children with obesity prioritize social
support against stigma: a
qualitative study for development of an obesity prevention
intervention. International
journal of preventive medicine, 5(8), 960.
Chircop, A., Shearer, C., Pitter, R., Sim, M., Rehman, L.,
Flannery, M., & Kirk, S. (2013).
Privileging physical activity over healthy eating:‘Time’to
Choose?. Health promotion
international, 30(3), 418-426.

ttir
-played
-Dec-
2019…
Parents ought to guide their children on the best nutritional
practices. Parents have to implement
practices that reduce the risk of childhood obesity. Parental
interventions are therefore effective
Huffman, F. G., Kanikireddy, S., & Patel, M. (2010).
Parenthood—a contributing factor to
childhood obesity. International journal of environmental
research and public
health, 7(7), 2800-2810.
Mathieson, A., Grande, G., & Luker, K. (2018). Strategies,
facilitators and barriers to

implementation of evidence-based practice in community
nursing: a systematic mixed-
studies review and qualitative synthesis. Primary health care
research &
development, 20.
Parrino, C., Vinciguerra, F., La Spina, N., Romeo, L.,
Tumminia, A., Baratta, R., ... & Frittitta,
L. (2016). Influence of early-life and parental factors on
childhood overweight and
obesity. Journal of endocrinological investigation, 39(11),
1315-1321.
Sahoo, K., Sahoo, B., Choudhury, A. K., Sofi, N. Y., Kumar,
R., & Bhadoria, A. S. (2015).
Childhood obesity: causes and consequences. Journal of family
medicine and primary
care, 4(2), 187.
9
Santangeli, L., Sattar, N., & Huda, S. S. (2015). Impact of
maternal obesity on perinatal and
childhood outcomes. Best Practice & Research Clinical
Obstetrics &
Gynaecology, 29(3), 438-448.

Yeung, E. H., Sundaram, R., Ghassabian, A., Xie, Y., & Louis,
G. B. (2017). Parental obesity
and early childhood development. Pediatrics, 139(2),
e20161459.
Literature Evaluation Table
Student Name: Avery Bryan
Change Topic (2-3 sentences): Childhood obesity is a world-
wide health problem and development of interventions to
prevent or control it is a priority. Obesity is prevalent and on
the increase among school going African American children in
the US. Physical activity and healthy eating are the key
interventions that are used to tackle the problem of obesity.
Criteria
Article 1
Article 2
Article 3
Article 4
Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and
Permalink or Working Link to Access Article
Amini et al., International Journal of Preventive Medicine,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4258668/
Chircop et al., Health Promotion International,
https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dat056
Danford et al., Child: Care, Health & Development,
https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12256
Ranucci et al., BioMed Research International,
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8573725

Article Title and Year Published
Children with Obesity Prioritize Social Support against Stigma:
A Qualitative Study for Development of an Obesity Prevention
Intervention. 2014.
Privileging physical activity over healthy eating: ‘Time’ to
Choose? 2015.
Perceptions of low-income mothers about the causes and ways
to prevent Overweight in children. 2015.
Effects of an Intensive Lifestyle Intervention to Treat
Overweight/Obese Children and Adolescents. 2017.
Research Questions (Qualitative)/Hypothesis (Quantitative), and
Purposes/Aim of Study
The aim of the research was to complete the understanding of
ideas, attitudes, beliefs, and preferences of obese primary
school children.
The purpose of the research was to examine environmental
influences on youth obesity.
The aim of the research was to examine what low-income
mothers perceive to be the causes of and the ways to prevent
children from becoming overweight.
The aim of the study was to examine the effects of a
multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention to treat
overweight/obese children and adolescents.
Design (Type of Quantitative, or Type of Qualitative)
Qualitative study
Mixed methods study
Qualitative
Quantitative
Setting/Sample
Twenty-seven obese/overweight primary school-students
Forty seven families
286 Low‐income mothers with children aged 4–8 years
Seventy four overweight/obese children or adolescents
Methods: Intervention/Instruments
Focused Group Discussions
Interviews

Semi‐structured interviews
Multidisciplinary interventions
Analysis
All FGD notes were analyzed to find the main themes.
Interviews were transcribed verbatim and imported into NVIVO
qualitative data analysis software version 8 (2008) to organize
and code the data and initial codes were further analyzed into
emerging concepts and major themes by an interdisciplinary
team.
The semi structured interviews were first transcribed verbatim
and imported into qualitative data analysis software.
Analysis of cardio metabolic risk based on the waist-to-height
ratio (WHTR) measurement.
Key Findings
Children mentioned nutrition and physical improvement, social
support, and education as the main elements of an effective
intervention.
A perceived lack of time to meet the demands of youth'
scheduled physical activities was the dominant theme across
interviews from all neighborhoods
The majority of mothers (77.1%) reported that they carried out
their suggestions to prevent their children from becoming
overweight.
Both children and adolescents showed a significant reduction in
body weight, BMI, waist circumference, fat mass, and WHTR
index and an improvement of fat-free mass, adherence to the
Mediterranean diet, and physical fitness performance.
Recommendations
Obese children need to be supported against different barriers of
losing weight, mainly social barriers, especially humiliation by
the community.
Healthy eating should receive the same priority that was
exacerbated in suburban and rural environments.
Increased physical activity should be encouraged as a way to
prevent children from becoming overweight.
A family-based multidisciplinary approach should be

encouraged since it is effective in ameliorating the health
status, the nutrition habits, and physical performance in
children and adolescents.
Explanation of How the Article Supports EBP/Capstone Project
The article supports the EBP/Capstone Project since it
highlights ways in which children with obesity prioritize social
support against stigma.
The article supports the EBP/Capstone Project in that it lays
emphasis on physical activity and healthy eating as strategies to
tackle childhood obesity.
The article supports the EBP/Capstone Project in that it
examines the perceptions of low-income mothers about the
causes and ways to prevent obesity in children.
examines the impacts of an intensive lifestyle intervention to
treat overweight/obese children.
Criteria
Article 5
Article 6
Article 7
Article 8
Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and
Permalink or Working Link to Access Article
Sylvetsky et al., Journal of Obesity,
https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/670295
Xu et al., Journal of Obesity,
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2746595
Lutfiyya et al., Journal of the American Board of Family
Medicine, https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2008.03.070207
LaShun, ABNF Journal,
https://search.proquest.com/openview/9790b951685f186cffb071
e9099c2cc8/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=32975

Article Title and Year Published
Youth Understanding of Healthy Eating and Obesity: A Focus
Group Study. 2014.
A Community-Based Nutrition and Physical Activity
Intervention for Children Who Are Overweight or Obese and
Their Caregivers. 2017.
Overweight and obese prevalence rates in African American and
Hispanic children. 2014.
Parental depression, family functioning, and obesity among
African American children. 2015.
Research Questions (Qualitative)/Hypothesis (Quantitative), and
Purposes/Aim of Study
The aim of the study was to investigate youth’s understanding
of obesity and to investigate gaps between their nutritional
knowledge, dietary habits, and perceived susceptibly to obesity
and its co-morbidities.
The purpose of the research was to find out whether
collaborative community-based programs designed for children
and their caregivers are effective in reducing obesity rates.
The purpose of the study was to examine the prevalence of
overweight and obesity in African-American and Hispanic
children compared with white children.
The research aimed at examining issues concerning Parental
depression, family functioning, and obesity among African
American children.
Design (Type of Quantitative, or Type of Qualitative)
Qualitative
Quantitative
Qualitative
Quantitative
Setting/Sample
Sample ads for the development of an obesity awareness
campaign
Collaborative community-based setting
Obese African American children
African American setting: 44 parent-child dyads

Methods: Intervention/Instruments
Focused Group Discussions
A Community-Based Nutrition and Physical Activity
Intervention
Examining the prevalence of overweight and obesity in African-
American and Hispanic children compared with white children
Demographic questionnaire and instruments that measured
family functioning, parental psychopathology, child behavior
and cardiovascular risks
Analysis
Inductive thematic coding to identify key themes related to
youth reports of family eating habits, perceived facilitators and
barriers of healthy diet, and knowledge about obesity and its
complications.
Analysis of the 16-week intervention including weekly group
nutrition and physical activity sessions.
Multivariate analyses were performed on cross-sectional data
from the National Survey of Children's Health collected in 2003
to 2004.
The collected data were statistically analyzed using the relevant
software.
Key Findings
Mixed attitudes about healthy eating, low perceived risk of
being or becoming obese, and limited knowledge about the
health consequences of obesity may contribute to the rising
prevalence of obesity among youth in Georgia.
Participants decreased their fat, carbohydrate, saturated fat, and
sodium intake and increased core body strength and endurance
from baseline to the end of the intervention.
Overweight children were more likely to be African American
and Hispanic than white.
Parental factors such as depression play a significant role in
childhood obesity.
Recommendations
There should be a need for education to connect lifestyle
behaviors to development of obesity.

South County Food, Fitness and Fun (SCFFF) program is
recommended since it is effective in reducing relative weight
and improving diet and core muscle strength and endurance in
children who are overweight or obese.
Policymakers concerned with issues of childhood obesity should
pursue the creation of school-based health clinics in schools
where at least 50% of the student body live in households with
incomes less than 150% of the Federal poverty level.
Effective parenting is essential for controlling childhood
obesity.
Explanation of How the Article Supports EBP/Capstone
The article supports the EBP/Capstone Project in that analyze
the youth’s understanding of obesity.
determines the effectiveness collaborative community-based
programs designed in reducing obesity rates.
examines the prevalence of overweight and obesity in African-
American.
examines how parental factors such as depression influences
obesity among children.
© 2015. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.
© 2017. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.
Running head: CAPSTONE PROJECT TOPIC
1
Obesity Among African American Children
2

Avery Bryan
NRS-490
December 8th, 2019
The project will focus on reducing the prevalence of obesity
among African American children. There have been an
increasing number of African American children with obesity
over the past few years. Obesity is a major health concern. This
is because children who have obesity, compared to those with
normal weight are at high risk of getting many serious health
complications. These health complications include high blood
pressure, type 2 diabetes, low quality of life and stroke and low.
Generally, obesity is a growing health concern in the US not
only among the African American children but also among the
adults and adolescents of all races. Individuals in the low
income bracket are mostly affected. The project will therefore
focus on educating families on practicing healthy lifestyle in
order to reduce the prevalence of obesity among the African
American children. Comment by Tammy Gray: When you state
facts in academic papers you must use a reference Comment by
Tammy Gray: Spacing must be consistently double spaced
through the entire paper
APA papers require the use of headings. Use the assignment
requirements as headings
Most of the African American families are low income earners.

This results to them not to be able to purchase healthy foods.
There is a perception that healthy foods are expensive. Their
genetically modified organisms (GMOs), larger amounts of
refined grains and sugars and high level of fructose corn syrup.
They consume junky foods that are cheaper to buy. The African
American children who consume these foods end up becoming
obese.
increased risk of individuals to develop other illnesses that are
chronic. These chronic diseases include some types of cancer,
coronary heart disease, stroke, osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes
and other complicated health conditions. A myriad of social
and physical negative consequences are associated with obesity.
The conditions associated with obesity carry both short term
and long term negative consequences that are extremely
expensive to treat both at individual and societal level. It is less
expensive to prevent obesity than to cure it. It is therefore
important to address the problem of obesity by implementing
effective preventive measures.
Obesity has several impacts on the work environment, the
quality of care provided by the staff and patient outcomes.
Obesity has a negative impact on work environment and the
quality of care offered by the staff in that obese staff may not
be able to undertake their duties as required. This can lead
undesired patient outcomes.
Addressing the issue of obesity among is significant. This is
because it will lead to a reduction in prevalence of illnesses and
conditions associated with childhood obesity. It will also
contribute to improved quality of life among the African
American children. The issue of addressing the prevalence of
obesity has implications on nursing in that it will lead to
implementation of new EBP practices that are going to prevent
the prevalence of obesity.
The proposed solution to addressing the prevalence of obesity is
to educate the African American families on the importance of

consuming healthy foods and practicing healthy living. This can
go a long way in reducing the prevalence of obesity among the
African Americans. The proposed EBP project aims at reducing
the prevalence of childhood obesity among the African
Americans by 10%.
References Comment by Tammy Gray: Start references on
separate page
Andrews, K. R., Silk, K. S., & Eneli, I. U. (2010). Parents as
health promoters: A theory of planned behavior perspective on
the prevention of childhood obesity. Journal of health
communication, 15(1), 95-107. Comment by Tammy Gray:
Journal titles are iltalized
Brown, C. L., Halvorson, E. E., Cohen, G. M., Lazorick, S., &
Skelton, J. A. (2015). Addressing childhood obesity:
opportunities for prevention. Pediatric Clinics, 62(5), 1241-
1261.
Gunnarsdottir, T., Njardvik, U., Olafsdottir, A. S., Craighead,
L. W., & Bjarnason, R. (2011). The Role of parental motivation
in family‐based treatment for childhood obesity. Obesity, 19(8),
1654-1662.
Hesketh, K., Waters, E., Green, J., Salmon, L., & Williams, J.
(2005). Healthy eating, activity and obesity prevention: a
qualitative study of parent and child perceptions in Australia.
Health promotion international, 20(1), 19-26. Comment by
Tammy Gray: Capitalize all words except prepositions in
journal titles
A minimum of 8 articles is required
Lindsay, A. C., Sussner, K. M., Kim, J., & Gortmaker, S. L.
(2006). The role of parents in preventing childhood obesity. The

Future of children, 16(1), 169-186.
Natale, R. A., Messiah, S. E., Asfour, L., Uhlhorn, S. B.,
Delamater, A., & Arheart, K. L. (2014). Role modeling as an
early childhood obesity prevention strategy: effect of parents
and teachers on preschool children's healthy lifestyle habits.
Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 35(6), 378-
387.
Skouteris, H., McCabe, M., Swinburn, B., Newgreen, V.,
Sacher, P., & Chadwick, P. (2011). Parental influence and
obesity prevention in pre‐schoolers: a systematic review of
interventions. Obesity reviews, 12(5), 315-328.
Running head: CAPSTONE PROJECT TOPIC
1
2
Avery Bryan
NRS-490
December 8th, 2019

The project will focus on reducing the prevalence of obesity
among African American children. There have been an
increasing number of African American children with obesity
over the past few years. Obesity is a major health concern. This
is because children who have obesity, compared to those with
normal weight are at high risk of getting many serious health
complications. These health complications include high blood
pressure, type 2 diabetes, low quality of life and stroke and low.
Generally, obesity is a growing health concern in the US not
only among the African American children but also among the
adults and adolescents of all races. Individuals in the low
income bracket are mostly affected. The project will therefore
focus on educating families on practicing healthy lifestyle in
order to reduce the prevalence of obesity among the African
American children. Comment by Tammy Gray: When you state
facts in academic papers you must use a reference Comment by
Tammy Gray: Spacing must be consistently double spaced
through the entire paper
APA papers require the use of headings. Use the assignment
requirements as headings
Most of the African American families are low income earners.
This results to them not to be able to purchase healthy foods.
There is a perception that healthy foods are expensive. Their
genetically modified organisms (GMOs), larger amounts of
refined grains and sugars and high level of fructose corn syrup.
They consume junky foods that are cheaper to buy. The African
American children who consume these foods end up becoming
obese.
increased risk of individuals to develop other illnesses that are
chronic. These chronic diseases include some types of cancer,
coronary heart disease, stroke, osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes

and other complicated health conditions. A myriad of social
and physical negative consequences are associated with obesity.
The conditions associated with obesity carry both short term
and long term negative consequences that are extremely
expensive to treat both at individual and societal level. It is less
expensive to prevent obesity than to cure it. It is therefore
important to address the problem of obesity by implementing
effective preventive measures.
Obesity has several impacts on the work environment, the
quality of care provided by the staff and patient outcomes.
Obesity has a negative impact on work environment and the
quality of care offered by the staff in that obese staff may not
be able to undertake their duties as required. This can lead
undesired patient outcomes.
Addressing the issue of obesity among is significant. This is
because it will lead to a reduction in prevalence of illnesses and
conditions associated with childhood obesity. It will also
contribute to improved quality of life among the African
American children. The issue of addressing the prevalence of
obesity has implications on nursing in that it will lead to
implementation of new EBP practices that are going to prevent
the prevalence of obesity.
The proposed solution to addressing the prevalence of obesity is
to educate the African American families on the importance of
consuming healthy foods and practicing healthy living. This can
go a long way in reducing the prevalence of obesity among the
African Americans. The proposed EBP project aims at reducing
the prevalence of childhood obesity among the African
Americans by 10%.
References Comment by Tammy Gray: Start references on
separate page
Andrews, K. R., Silk, K. S., & Eneli, I. U. (2010). Parents as
health promoters: A theory of planned behavior perspective on
the prevention of childhood obesity. Journal of health
communication, 15(1), 95-107. Comment by Tammy Gray:

Journal titles are iltalized
Brown, C. L., Halvorson, E. E., Cohen, G. M., Lazorick, S., &
Skelton, J. A. (2015). Addressing childhood obesity:
opportunities for prevention. Pediatric Clinics, 62(5), 1241-
1261.
Gunnarsdottir, T., Njardvik, U., Olafsdottir, A. S., Craighead,
L. W., & Bjarnason, R. (2011). The Role of parental motivation
in family‐based treatment for childhood obesity. Obesity, 19(8),
1654-1662.
Hesketh, K., Waters, E., Green, J., Salmon, L., & Williams, J.
(2005). Healthy eating, activity and obesity prevention: a
qualitative study of parent and child perceptions in Australia.
Health promotion international, 20(1), 19-26. Comment by
Tammy Gray: Capitalize all words except prepositions in
journal titles
A minimum of 8 articles is required
Lindsay, A. C., Sussner, K. M., Kim, J., & Gortmaker, S. L.
(2006). The role of parents in preventing childhood obesity. The
Future of children, 16(1), 169-186.
Natale, R. A., Messiah, S. E., Asfour, L., Uhlhorn, S. B.,
Delamater, A., & Arheart, K. L. (2014). Role modeling as an
early childhood obesity prevention strategy: effect of parents
and teachers on preschool children's healthy lifestyle habits.
Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 35(6), 378-
387.
Skouteris, H., McCabe, M., Swinburn, B., Newgreen, V.,
Sacher, P., & Chadwick, P. (2011). Parental influence and
obesity prevention in pre‐schoolers: a systematic review of
interventions. Obesity reviews, 12(5), 315-328.

Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Avery Bryan
Professor Tammy Grey
NRS-490
01/19/2020
The proposed capstone project aims to recommend effective
measures that will assist in reducing the prevalence of obesity
among African American children. The findings of various
research studies have shown that there are an increasing number
of African American children who are obese and overweight.
Obesity is, therefore, one of the major health concerns. Many
research studies have been carried out to determine measures
that can be put in place to curb the prevalence of obesity. Most
of the researchers have been able to recommend effective
interventions to check this particular trend of an increasing
number of obese children. Obese children are prone to getting
various serious health complications that impact negatively on
their health and reduce their life expectancy. The conditions
that are associated with obesity have been attributed to high

mortality rates among African American children. The capstone
project will, therefore, recommend interventions such as
educating families on practicing healthy lifestyles. This will
help in reducing the prevalence of obesity among African
American children.
The research questions of studies that have examined the issue
of childhood obesity have been similar. For instance, the
research questions contained in the article by (Amini et al.,
2014) addressed issues concerning barriers to losing weight and
interventions that are effective in losing weight among children.
The research questions that were asked by (Chircop et al., 2015)
addressed the environmental influences on childhood obesity.
Generally, the research questions that were asked by various
researchers attempted to come up with the answer of several
aspects of childhood obesity from causes to interventions. Most
of the research questions led to the discovery of new aspects
surrounding childhood obesity.
The researchers examining the issue of childhood obesity used a
different set of sample populations. This largely depended on
the nature of the study. For example, a sample population of
twenty-seven obese/overweight primary school-students was
used in the study that was carried out by (Amini et al., 2014). A
sample population of forty-seven families was used by (Chircop
et al., 2015). A sample population of seventy-four
obese/overweight children was used in the research study that
was conducted by (Ranucci et al., 2017). In the study carried
out by (Danford et al., 2015), a sample population of 286
low‐income mothers with children aged 4–8 years was involved
in the study. After reviewing various studies, it is apparent that
most of the researchers used a convenient sample size. The
convenient sample population enabled the researchers to better
determine the average values of their data and avoid errors
when making inferences concerning various aspects of
childhood obesity. They were, therefore, able to obtain accurate
results and come up with correct recommendations.

The research studies that were reviewed had different
limitations. For instance, the study by (Amini et al., 2014) was
conducted in public schools, so the inferences and conclusion
may not necessarily be generalizable to private schools. There
are several limitations of the research study that was carried out
by (Chircop et al., 2015). First, the data presented was collected
from purposively sampled diverse contexts. The findings
generated were therefore not generalizable. Secondly, only one
school neighborhood of each type (high/low SES;
urban/rural/suburban) was represented in the data and there is
much variation within each of these categories in terms of
opportunities for physical activity and healthy eating. There are
various limitations to the study carried out by (Danford et al.,
2015). First, results may only be generalizable to low‐income
families. Secondly, the semi‐structured interview did not allow
for detailed probing to gain a greater understanding of the
perceptions of the mothers. Thirdly, the research questions were
answered in a socially desirable manner. Finally, parents who
participated in the study may have had a greater interest in
strategies for feeding children or a willingness to participate in
research than those who did not participate. It is, however, good
to note that these limitations did not impact negatively the
outcomes of the research studies.
There are several implications of the findings of the research
studies that were reviewed. First, implementing factual content
about healthy eating and activity alone may not be an effective
strategy for reducing the prevalence of childhood
overweight/obesity. This is because most parents that were
interviewed were already aware of these health messages.
Clinicians should consider focusing on the delivery of
information concerning obesity prevention strategies. The
results of most of the research studies that were reviewed
suggest that while most parents are very knowledgeable about
obesity prevention strategies; there may be obstacles to their
ability to implement these strategies in their homes. Clinicians
should also consider focusing on developing strategies with the

parents to support behavioral change. Novel strategies that
effectively support behavior change are required. The
implications for further research include the need to move
beyond the socio-ecological model, by integrating critical
dimensions such as ‘time’ to allow for a more nuanced
understanding of contemporary healthy living. Policy-makers
should take several lessons from the findings of the reviewed
studies. Health promotion campaigns should be designed. These
campaigns should concern healthy eating practices and
advertisements for physical activity. The researchers also
ascertain that childhood obesity prevention efforts aimed at
both physical activity and healthy eating should be consistent
with health.
References
Amini, M., Djazayery, A., Majdzadeh, R., Taghdisi, M. H.,
Sadrzadeh-Yeganeh, H., & Eslami-Amirabadi, M. (2014).
Children with obesity prioritize social support against stigma: a
qualitative study for development of an obesity prevention
intervention. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 5(8),
960.

Chircop, A., Shearer, C., Pitter, R., Sim, M., Rehman, L.,
Flannery, M., & Kirk, S. (2013). Privileging physical activity
over healthy eating:‘Time’to Choose?. Health Promotion
International, 30(3), 418-426.
Danford, C. A., Schultz, C. M., Rosenblum, K., Miller, A. L., &
Lumeng, J. C. (2015). Perceptions of low‐income mothers about
the causes and ways to prevent overweight in children. Child:
Care, Health and Development, 41(6), 865-872.
Ranucci, C., Pippi, R., Buratta, L., Aiello, C., Gianfredi, V.,
Piana, N., ... & Gili, A. (2017). Effects of an intensive lifestyle
intervention to treat overweight/obese children and
adolescents. BioMed Research International, 2017.

Submission Ide e223bfb4-049f-4c26-ba24-2ede2b73157041 SI.docx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Submission Ide e223bfb4-049f-4c26-ba24-2ede2b73157041 SI.docx

Similar to Submission Ide e223bfb4-049f-4c26-ba24-2ede2b73157041 SI.docx (18)

More from deanmtaylor1545

More from deanmtaylor1545 (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Submission Ide e223bfb4-049f-4c26-ba24-2ede2b73157041 SI.docx