This document summarizes a study that explored young adults' perceptions of how social media influences their health behaviors related to diet and exercise. The study conducted focus groups and interviews with 34 young adults. It found that social media was perceived to both motivate and act as a barrier to exercise. Participants also felt that social media expanded their food choices through recipes and sharing food photos, but could also distract from making healthy choices. Many reported posting about exercise on social media. The study discussed these findings in the context of social ecological theory and how social media may impact individual health factors.
A Call for Research Exploring Social Media Influences on Mother's Child Feedi...Elizabeth (Lisa) Gardner
This document calls for research on how social media influences mothers' child feeding practices and childhood obesity risk. It suggests that mothers are uniquely important targets for social media interventions aimed at childhood obesity prevention due to their influence on children's eating behaviors and high engagement with social media. The document recommends exploring how mothers currently use social media to learn about child feeding, and the mechanisms through which social media impacts their practices. Understanding mothers' social media behaviors and needs related to child feeding could help develop effective social media interventions for obesity prevention.
TestingdiagnosisTests that are used to diagnose autism are done.docxtodd191
Testing/diagnosis
Tests that are used to diagnose autism are done in various fields such as psychology, psychiatry, pediatrics, and neurology. Diagnosis is established after observing the child’s behavior and testing the child’s abilities in these fields. Any child should be examined for developmental abilities from birth to the age of three. If a child is detected with some developmental delays or disabilities, the pediatrician should refer the child to a specialist in early Intervention.
Some of the behaviors that need to be noticed are:
· Absence of babbling and making gestures by the age of 12 months
· Absence of any word utterances by the age of 16 months
· Absence of two-word unprompted phrases by the age of 24 months
· Loss of social and language skills at any age
In order to determine whether a child has a disorder in the autism spectrum a psychiatrist will likely look at a variety of factors. These might include such things as:
· Evaluation of the medical history of the child’s mother during her pregnancy
· Assessment of the developmental milestones
· Complete physical examination
· Habits of eating and sleeping
· Functioning of the stomach and bowels
· Coordination disabilities
· Sensory impairments
· Allergies
· Any medical diseases
· History of developmental disorders in the family
· History of genetic and metabolic disorders in the family
· Exposure of the child or parents to toxins
Some tests may be done to confirm that the symptoms of the child are not due to other conditions which may seem like autism spectrum disorder, such as genetic or metabolic diseases, mental retardation, and deafness. These tests are:
Chromosomal Analysis This is performed to test for mental retardation. If there is mental retardation in the child's family, this test may be conducted. For instance, fragile X syndrome that leads to symptoms of low levels of intelligent may be diagnosed with chromosomal analysis.
Electroencephalograph (EEG) If there are symptoms of seizures and developmental regression, then an EEG is conducted.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) An MRI is done to detect any structural differences in the brain.
Running head: MEDIA IMAGES AND EATING DISORDERS1
MEDIA IMAGES AND EATING DISORDERS6
Title: Media Images and Eating Disorders
Name:
Course:
Lecturer:
Date: March 8, 2020
Introduction
In today's world, many people have an access to the media comprised of the Internet which includes social media platforms, the print media which is comprised of newspapers and magazines, and broadcast media which includes televisions and radios. The exposure to the aforementioned types of media has been associated with the increasing cases of eating disorders as reported by some researchers (Latzer, Spivak-Lavi, & Katz, 2015, p. 375). Studies have shown that children and young adolescents spent about 5 hours a day watching the television and about 7 hours using the various types of media combined (Morris & Katzman, 2003, p. 287).
Potential of social media as a tool to combat foodborne illnessMarcella Zanellato
Abstract
The use of social media platforms, such as Facebook and Twitter, has been increasing
substantially in recent years and has affected the way that people access information online.
Social media rely on high levels of interaction and user-generated context shared through
established and evolving social networks. Health information providers must know how to
successfully participate through social media in order to meet the needs of these online
audiences. This article reviews the current research on the use of social media for public health
communication and suggests potential frameworks for developing social media strategies. The
extension to food safety risk communication is explored, considering the potential of social
media as a tool to combat foodborne illness.
Social media in health--what are the safety concerns for health consumers? Luis Fernandez Luque
Social media in health--what are the safety concerns for health consumers? by Lau AY, Gabarron E, Fernandez-Luque L, Armayones M. HIM J. 2012;41(2):30-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23705132
Abstract: Recent literature has discussed the unintended consequences of clinical information technologies (IT) on patient safety, yet there has been little discussion about the safety concerns in the area of consumer health IT. This paper
presents a range of safety concerns for consumers in social media, with a case study on YouTube. We conducted a scan of abstracts on ‘quality criteria’ related to YouTube. Five areas regarding the safety of YouTube for consumers were identified: (a) harmful health material targeted at consumers (such as inappropriate marketing of tobacco or direct-to-consumer drug advertising); (b) public display of unhealthy behaviour (such as people displaying self-injury behaviours or hurting others); (c) tainted public health messages (i.e. the rise of negative voices against public health messages); (d) psychological impact from accessing inappropriate, offensive or biased social media content; and (e) using social media to distort policy and research funding agendas. The examples presented should contribute to a better understanding about how to promote a safe consumption and production of social
media for consumers, and an evidence-based approach to designing social media interventions for health. The
potential harm associated with the use of unsafe social media content on the Internet is a major concern. More empirical and theoretical studies are needed to examine how social media influences consumer health decisions, behaviours and outcomes, and devise ways to deter the dissemination of harmful influences in social media.
RESEARCH PAPERRESEARCH PAPER1Bruce W. .docxeleanorg1
RESEARCH PAPER
RESEARCH PAPER
1
Bruce W. Norcise
Excelsior College
LA 298 CAPSTONE
How has social Media affected today’s Youth?
Social Media is a prominent part of today's life, especially among young people. Unfortunately, the users of social media do not stop to think about the effects it has on their lives. For instance, people are becoming anti-social while they are at the same time desperate to make more friends on Facebook or get more followers on Twitter. People need to know the impact of social media, both negative and positive, rather than just engage blindly. While there are many positive aspects of social media, the negative aspects are equally many. To help make the right choices, this paper will be an analysis of the effects of social media on youths, and how the negative effects can be handled.
This paper will help youths and parents understand the dangers of social media and know the boundaries they should use as they use it. Failure to do so will cause them to fall to varying traps and dangers that will have negative consequences. Social media is one sector of the internet that is greatly used by criminals. On this site, youths get exposed to cyberbullying, online predators and sexting. These dangers should be discussed to let people know their damaging effects and how they can be avoided. Other than the above-mentioned dangers of using social media, there are effects that are rarely discussed. For instance, teens are not aware of the dangers of exposing their address on public platforms. This paper will expose these dangers and many more as well as provide the most appropriate solutions.
References
Agosto, D., & Abbas, J. (2010). High school seniors' social network and other ict use preferences and concerns. Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 47(1),
Christakis, D. (2006). Media as a public health issue. Editorial. Archives ofPediatric and Adolescent Medicine
Donath, J. (2007). Signals in social supernets. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 13(1), article
21
Journal of College & Character
The Impact of Social Media on College Students
Jeanna Mastrodicasa, University of Florida
Paul Metellus, University of Florida1
Abstract
There are numerous ways, positive and negative, in which social media impact college students.
Understanding sheer volume of time and the type of activities for which college students use social
networking sites is crucial for higher education administrators. Researchers have begun to empiri-
cally examine impacts on students’ well-being and have found some preliminary results that call for
more research. They find that social media are not the problem—the problem is the specific use and
purpose of social media activities that make the difference.
1 Jeanna Mastrodicasa is assistant vice president for student affairs at the University of Florida. E-mail: [email protected] Paul
Metellus is an undergraduate at.
Running head MEDIA IMAGES AND EATING DISORDERS1MEDIA IMAGES AN.docxjeanettehully
Running head: MEDIA IMAGES AND EATING DISORDERS1
MEDIA IMAGES AND EATING DISORDERS6
Title: Media Images and Eating Disorders
Name:
Course:
Lecturer:
Date: March 8, 2020
Introduction
In today's world, many people have an access to the media comprised of the Internet which includes social media platforms, the print media which is comprised of newspapers and magazines, and broadcast media which includes televisions and radios. The exposure to the aforementioned types of media has been associated with the increasing cases of eating disorders as reported by some researchers (Latzer, Spivak-Lavi, & Katz, 2015, p. 375). Studies have shown that children and young adolescents spent about 5 hours a day watching the television and about 7 hours using the various types of media combined (Morris & Katzman, 2003, p. 287). Effects of the media on eating disorders have been influenced by the decreasing weights of the beauty pageants, actresses, and models who many young people especially the young girls look up to in terms of setting standards of beauty (Spettigue &Henderson, 2004, p. 16). Generally, girls want to weigh less while on the contrary, boys want to get bigger and muscular which is influenced by their various role models who are displayed by the media (Morris & Katzman, 2003, p. 287). Magazines, advertisements, and television shows have contributed a lot to eating disorders in girls and women and researchers have found out that women's magazines have about 10 times more promotion of diet foods as compared to men's magazines (Spettigue & Henderson, 2004, p. 16). Despite the cases of eating disorders being associated with the young people, it does not mean that it is not present in older adults. In fact, people of all ages have been affected by the media which has led to this health condition. On the bright side, one can avoid being influenced by the media to embrace bad eating patterns by being keen with the content they choose to view and also relying on the advice of health care providers on the healthiest ways of living to mention but a few.
Causes of Eating Disorders
Mentioning that the media has contributed to eating disorders is not sufficient enough and therefore the topic needs to be tackled deeply. The most affected groups are children, adolescents, and emerging adults. The social media can be said to be one of the major platforms which is associated with body image and eating complications (Rodgers & Melioli, 2016, p. 96). The Internet and specifically the social media have a new kind of mass media which highly promotes content of why people should become thin or why particular diets are the best, the nature of the modern forms of media encourage users to create their personal profiles and post their pictures and this has been used by celebrities to influence other people, and the existence of groups which promote weight loss by misleading people into making bad feeding decisions (Rodgers & Melioli, 2016, p. 96). In addition, ...
Research Proposal Grade SheetTitle Page (4 points)______.docxgholly1
Research Proposal Grade Sheet
Title Page (4 points)
__________
Abstract (2 points)
_________
Introduction (16 points)
__________
Literature Review (7 points)
Specifics on proposed study (5 points)
APA format (4 points)
Method (16 points)
__________
Content (12 points)
Participants
Design
Procedure
Measures
APA format (4 points)
Discussion (12 points)
__________
Content (8 points):
Restate hypothesis
If hyp. Supported
If hyp. not supported
Limitations
Unexpected factors
Conclusions
APA format (4 points)
References (6 points)
__________
At least 6 peer-reviewed sources (4 points)
__________
Total Grade
__________ / 60 points
Name: ___________________________________
Title Page (2 points)
__________
Abstract (2 points)
__________
Introduction (11 points)
__________
Literature Review (5 points)
Specifics on proposed study (4 points)
APA format (2 points)
Method (11 points)
__________
Content (9 points)
Participants
Design
Procedure
Measures
APA format (2 points)
Discussion (7 points)
__________
Content (5 points):
Restate hypothesis
If hyp. Supported
If hyp. not supported
Limitations
Unexpected factors
Conclusions
APA format (2 points)
References (3 points)
__________
At least 5 sources (2 points)
__________
Photocopied first pages for
each article (2 points)
__________
Total Grade
__________ / 40 points
Research Proposal Grade Sheet
Name: ___________________________________
Title Page (2 points)
__________
Abstract (2 points)
__________
Introduction (11 points)
__________
Literature Review (5 points)
Specifics on proposed study (4 points)
APA format (2 points)
Method (11 points)
__________
Content (9 points)
Participants
Design
Procedure
Measures
APA format (2 points)
Discussion (7 points)
__________
Content (5 points):
Restate hypothesis
If hyp. Supported
If hyp. not supported
Limitations
Unexpected factors
Conclusions
APA format (2 points)
References (3 points)
__________
At least 5 sources (2 points)
__________
Photocopied first pages for
each article (2 points)
__________
Total Grade
__________ / 40 points
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
RESEARCH PAPER 2
Research Proposal
Social Media Platform Users and Poor Eating Habits
Barbara Pina
Dr. Hackett
University of Houston Downtown
Abstract
This study provides an analysis of the relation that exists on social media users and the type of food that they consume. This is has been an existing problem in society especially with the fact that social media platforms advertise fast-moving foods and target the millennial. Therefore, to get the exact impact that these foods have on the people, secondary.
This document discusses a study examining the climate change and health perspectives of adolescents living in urban slums in Surat, India. The study found that adolescents make up about 1/5 of the slum population and have relatively high levels of school attendance. Through surveys and interviews, the study assessed adolescents' knowledge of health issues like vector-borne diseases, as well as their understanding of behaviors and environmental factors that affect health. Adolescents displayed concrete knowledge of diseases but also more abstract understanding of how climate change can impact issues like migration, livelihoods, and conflicts that act as stressors affecting health. The study concludes that empowering adolescents through education can help enable them as agents of climate change resilience in their communities.
A Call for Research Exploring Social Media Influences on Mother's Child Feedi...Elizabeth (Lisa) Gardner
This document calls for research on how social media influences mothers' child feeding practices and childhood obesity risk. It suggests that mothers are uniquely important targets for social media interventions aimed at childhood obesity prevention due to their influence on children's eating behaviors and high engagement with social media. The document recommends exploring how mothers currently use social media to learn about child feeding, and the mechanisms through which social media impacts their practices. Understanding mothers' social media behaviors and needs related to child feeding could help develop effective social media interventions for obesity prevention.
TestingdiagnosisTests that are used to diagnose autism are done.docxtodd191
Testing/diagnosis
Tests that are used to diagnose autism are done in various fields such as psychology, psychiatry, pediatrics, and neurology. Diagnosis is established after observing the child’s behavior and testing the child’s abilities in these fields. Any child should be examined for developmental abilities from birth to the age of three. If a child is detected with some developmental delays or disabilities, the pediatrician should refer the child to a specialist in early Intervention.
Some of the behaviors that need to be noticed are:
· Absence of babbling and making gestures by the age of 12 months
· Absence of any word utterances by the age of 16 months
· Absence of two-word unprompted phrases by the age of 24 months
· Loss of social and language skills at any age
In order to determine whether a child has a disorder in the autism spectrum a psychiatrist will likely look at a variety of factors. These might include such things as:
· Evaluation of the medical history of the child’s mother during her pregnancy
· Assessment of the developmental milestones
· Complete physical examination
· Habits of eating and sleeping
· Functioning of the stomach and bowels
· Coordination disabilities
· Sensory impairments
· Allergies
· Any medical diseases
· History of developmental disorders in the family
· History of genetic and metabolic disorders in the family
· Exposure of the child or parents to toxins
Some tests may be done to confirm that the symptoms of the child are not due to other conditions which may seem like autism spectrum disorder, such as genetic or metabolic diseases, mental retardation, and deafness. These tests are:
Chromosomal Analysis This is performed to test for mental retardation. If there is mental retardation in the child's family, this test may be conducted. For instance, fragile X syndrome that leads to symptoms of low levels of intelligent may be diagnosed with chromosomal analysis.
Electroencephalograph (EEG) If there are symptoms of seizures and developmental regression, then an EEG is conducted.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) An MRI is done to detect any structural differences in the brain.
Running head: MEDIA IMAGES AND EATING DISORDERS1
MEDIA IMAGES AND EATING DISORDERS6
Title: Media Images and Eating Disorders
Name:
Course:
Lecturer:
Date: March 8, 2020
Introduction
In today's world, many people have an access to the media comprised of the Internet which includes social media platforms, the print media which is comprised of newspapers and magazines, and broadcast media which includes televisions and radios. The exposure to the aforementioned types of media has been associated with the increasing cases of eating disorders as reported by some researchers (Latzer, Spivak-Lavi, & Katz, 2015, p. 375). Studies have shown that children and young adolescents spent about 5 hours a day watching the television and about 7 hours using the various types of media combined (Morris & Katzman, 2003, p. 287).
Potential of social media as a tool to combat foodborne illnessMarcella Zanellato
Abstract
The use of social media platforms, such as Facebook and Twitter, has been increasing
substantially in recent years and has affected the way that people access information online.
Social media rely on high levels of interaction and user-generated context shared through
established and evolving social networks. Health information providers must know how to
successfully participate through social media in order to meet the needs of these online
audiences. This article reviews the current research on the use of social media for public health
communication and suggests potential frameworks for developing social media strategies. The
extension to food safety risk communication is explored, considering the potential of social
media as a tool to combat foodborne illness.
Social media in health--what are the safety concerns for health consumers? Luis Fernandez Luque
Social media in health--what are the safety concerns for health consumers? by Lau AY, Gabarron E, Fernandez-Luque L, Armayones M. HIM J. 2012;41(2):30-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23705132
Abstract: Recent literature has discussed the unintended consequences of clinical information technologies (IT) on patient safety, yet there has been little discussion about the safety concerns in the area of consumer health IT. This paper
presents a range of safety concerns for consumers in social media, with a case study on YouTube. We conducted a scan of abstracts on ‘quality criteria’ related to YouTube. Five areas regarding the safety of YouTube for consumers were identified: (a) harmful health material targeted at consumers (such as inappropriate marketing of tobacco or direct-to-consumer drug advertising); (b) public display of unhealthy behaviour (such as people displaying self-injury behaviours or hurting others); (c) tainted public health messages (i.e. the rise of negative voices against public health messages); (d) psychological impact from accessing inappropriate, offensive or biased social media content; and (e) using social media to distort policy and research funding agendas. The examples presented should contribute to a better understanding about how to promote a safe consumption and production of social
media for consumers, and an evidence-based approach to designing social media interventions for health. The
potential harm associated with the use of unsafe social media content on the Internet is a major concern. More empirical and theoretical studies are needed to examine how social media influences consumer health decisions, behaviours and outcomes, and devise ways to deter the dissemination of harmful influences in social media.
RESEARCH PAPERRESEARCH PAPER1Bruce W. .docxeleanorg1
RESEARCH PAPER
RESEARCH PAPER
1
Bruce W. Norcise
Excelsior College
LA 298 CAPSTONE
How has social Media affected today’s Youth?
Social Media is a prominent part of today's life, especially among young people. Unfortunately, the users of social media do not stop to think about the effects it has on their lives. For instance, people are becoming anti-social while they are at the same time desperate to make more friends on Facebook or get more followers on Twitter. People need to know the impact of social media, both negative and positive, rather than just engage blindly. While there are many positive aspects of social media, the negative aspects are equally many. To help make the right choices, this paper will be an analysis of the effects of social media on youths, and how the negative effects can be handled.
This paper will help youths and parents understand the dangers of social media and know the boundaries they should use as they use it. Failure to do so will cause them to fall to varying traps and dangers that will have negative consequences. Social media is one sector of the internet that is greatly used by criminals. On this site, youths get exposed to cyberbullying, online predators and sexting. These dangers should be discussed to let people know their damaging effects and how they can be avoided. Other than the above-mentioned dangers of using social media, there are effects that are rarely discussed. For instance, teens are not aware of the dangers of exposing their address on public platforms. This paper will expose these dangers and many more as well as provide the most appropriate solutions.
References
Agosto, D., & Abbas, J. (2010). High school seniors' social network and other ict use preferences and concerns. Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 47(1),
Christakis, D. (2006). Media as a public health issue. Editorial. Archives ofPediatric and Adolescent Medicine
Donath, J. (2007). Signals in social supernets. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 13(1), article
21
Journal of College & Character
The Impact of Social Media on College Students
Jeanna Mastrodicasa, University of Florida
Paul Metellus, University of Florida1
Abstract
There are numerous ways, positive and negative, in which social media impact college students.
Understanding sheer volume of time and the type of activities for which college students use social
networking sites is crucial for higher education administrators. Researchers have begun to empiri-
cally examine impacts on students’ well-being and have found some preliminary results that call for
more research. They find that social media are not the problem—the problem is the specific use and
purpose of social media activities that make the difference.
1 Jeanna Mastrodicasa is assistant vice president for student affairs at the University of Florida. E-mail: [email protected] Paul
Metellus is an undergraduate at.
Running head MEDIA IMAGES AND EATING DISORDERS1MEDIA IMAGES AN.docxjeanettehully
Running head: MEDIA IMAGES AND EATING DISORDERS1
MEDIA IMAGES AND EATING DISORDERS6
Title: Media Images and Eating Disorders
Name:
Course:
Lecturer:
Date: March 8, 2020
Introduction
In today's world, many people have an access to the media comprised of the Internet which includes social media platforms, the print media which is comprised of newspapers and magazines, and broadcast media which includes televisions and radios. The exposure to the aforementioned types of media has been associated with the increasing cases of eating disorders as reported by some researchers (Latzer, Spivak-Lavi, & Katz, 2015, p. 375). Studies have shown that children and young adolescents spent about 5 hours a day watching the television and about 7 hours using the various types of media combined (Morris & Katzman, 2003, p. 287). Effects of the media on eating disorders have been influenced by the decreasing weights of the beauty pageants, actresses, and models who many young people especially the young girls look up to in terms of setting standards of beauty (Spettigue &Henderson, 2004, p. 16). Generally, girls want to weigh less while on the contrary, boys want to get bigger and muscular which is influenced by their various role models who are displayed by the media (Morris & Katzman, 2003, p. 287). Magazines, advertisements, and television shows have contributed a lot to eating disorders in girls and women and researchers have found out that women's magazines have about 10 times more promotion of diet foods as compared to men's magazines (Spettigue & Henderson, 2004, p. 16). Despite the cases of eating disorders being associated with the young people, it does not mean that it is not present in older adults. In fact, people of all ages have been affected by the media which has led to this health condition. On the bright side, one can avoid being influenced by the media to embrace bad eating patterns by being keen with the content they choose to view and also relying on the advice of health care providers on the healthiest ways of living to mention but a few.
Causes of Eating Disorders
Mentioning that the media has contributed to eating disorders is not sufficient enough and therefore the topic needs to be tackled deeply. The most affected groups are children, adolescents, and emerging adults. The social media can be said to be one of the major platforms which is associated with body image and eating complications (Rodgers & Melioli, 2016, p. 96). The Internet and specifically the social media have a new kind of mass media which highly promotes content of why people should become thin or why particular diets are the best, the nature of the modern forms of media encourage users to create their personal profiles and post their pictures and this has been used by celebrities to influence other people, and the existence of groups which promote weight loss by misleading people into making bad feeding decisions (Rodgers & Melioli, 2016, p. 96). In addition, ...
Research Proposal Grade SheetTitle Page (4 points)______.docxgholly1
Research Proposal Grade Sheet
Title Page (4 points)
__________
Abstract (2 points)
_________
Introduction (16 points)
__________
Literature Review (7 points)
Specifics on proposed study (5 points)
APA format (4 points)
Method (16 points)
__________
Content (12 points)
Participants
Design
Procedure
Measures
APA format (4 points)
Discussion (12 points)
__________
Content (8 points):
Restate hypothesis
If hyp. Supported
If hyp. not supported
Limitations
Unexpected factors
Conclusions
APA format (4 points)
References (6 points)
__________
At least 6 peer-reviewed sources (4 points)
__________
Total Grade
__________ / 60 points
Name: ___________________________________
Title Page (2 points)
__________
Abstract (2 points)
__________
Introduction (11 points)
__________
Literature Review (5 points)
Specifics on proposed study (4 points)
APA format (2 points)
Method (11 points)
__________
Content (9 points)
Participants
Design
Procedure
Measures
APA format (2 points)
Discussion (7 points)
__________
Content (5 points):
Restate hypothesis
If hyp. Supported
If hyp. not supported
Limitations
Unexpected factors
Conclusions
APA format (2 points)
References (3 points)
__________
At least 5 sources (2 points)
__________
Photocopied first pages for
each article (2 points)
__________
Total Grade
__________ / 40 points
Research Proposal Grade Sheet
Name: ___________________________________
Title Page (2 points)
__________
Abstract (2 points)
__________
Introduction (11 points)
__________
Literature Review (5 points)
Specifics on proposed study (4 points)
APA format (2 points)
Method (11 points)
__________
Content (9 points)
Participants
Design
Procedure
Measures
APA format (2 points)
Discussion (7 points)
__________
Content (5 points):
Restate hypothesis
If hyp. Supported
If hyp. not supported
Limitations
Unexpected factors
Conclusions
APA format (2 points)
References (3 points)
__________
At least 5 sources (2 points)
__________
Photocopied first pages for
each article (2 points)
__________
Total Grade
__________ / 40 points
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
RESEARCH PAPER 2
Research Proposal
Social Media Platform Users and Poor Eating Habits
Barbara Pina
Dr. Hackett
University of Houston Downtown
Abstract
This study provides an analysis of the relation that exists on social media users and the type of food that they consume. This is has been an existing problem in society especially with the fact that social media platforms advertise fast-moving foods and target the millennial. Therefore, to get the exact impact that these foods have on the people, secondary.
This document discusses a study examining the climate change and health perspectives of adolescents living in urban slums in Surat, India. The study found that adolescents make up about 1/5 of the slum population and have relatively high levels of school attendance. Through surveys and interviews, the study assessed adolescents' knowledge of health issues like vector-borne diseases, as well as their understanding of behaviors and environmental factors that affect health. Adolescents displayed concrete knowledge of diseases but also more abstract understanding of how climate change can impact issues like migration, livelihoods, and conflicts that act as stressors affecting health. The study concludes that empowering adolescents through education can help enable them as agents of climate change resilience in their communities.
Where are my friends? The effects of real and imagined online communities on ...Lauren Wagner
This document summarizes a study that explores how online social interactions impact user well-being and happiness. The study developed a theory of perceived companionship, which posits that online environments can facilitate companionate relationships known to improve health. The theory was tested through an online survey of 61 Twitter users that evaluated how network structure, interaction expectations, and reactions to online correspondence related to metrics of well-being. The goal was to identify ways online interactions increase happiness to inform the creation of digital tools that advance the known benefits of online social connection and consider the psychological impacts of online use.
Running Head EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE YOUTHS .docxtodd271
Running Head: EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE YOUTHS 1
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE YOUTHS 8
Effects of Social Media on the Youths
Institution
Name
Section One
The fact that social media has become part our daily live cannot be overlooked especially in the current innovations in technology. Access to devices such as smart phones and broadband internet has created an easy way through which any one can access any form of information that they want. Although the social media has played a special role in ensuring that the information that we is at our disposal, it has resulted in serious erosion of human morals and ethics. It is not surprising that people value their phones more than they do to their fellow human. However, this research will look at how the young people have been impacted by the social media.
The current widespread of the social are becoming an area of interest among the researchers especially about how it has affected the community around the world. Almost every individual is connected to at least one social media plat form and this has attracted the researchers to learn more about these platforms and how they have affected the community around. However, the most affected are the teenagers who have become fanatics of these platforms and have made them part of their daily life to an extent they cannot spend a minute without accessing them. This has never implication on their ethics, behavior and even their education.
Social media has both positive and negative implications to the youths and this paper seeks to address these impacts with a special focus on the youths.
The positive impacts is that the youths can interact with one another without meeting physically across the globe and this has enhanced creation of friendship and therefore, strong social ties. Moreover, the youths stay updated on the events that happen around the world at the comfort of their rooms or working places. Also, many youths have made the social media a source of their income and have utilized it to improve their lives through improved connections.
Despite the good aspects connected to the social media, it has the negative side too and this has bad implications on the youths. To begin with, social media reduces face to interactions as they spend most of their time in these online platforms. This isolation result in psychological, emotional mental and physical effects to the youths. The minor are also introduced to immoral behaviors such as homosexuality, lesbianism and other sexual misconducts. Further, the youths are exposed to pornographic content which result in early pregnancies among the young girls and also increase the chance of contracting sexually transmitted infections.
A comprehension of these issues will help the society find ways through which to reduce the youth prevalence to the problems associated with sta.
Running head SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT1SOCIAL MED.docxjeanettehully
Running head: SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 1
SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 13
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child
Nisha Cunningham
Felician University
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child
Annotated Bibliography
Best, P., Manktelowa, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media, and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 27-36.
The article looks into the growing debate about the effects of online social technologies on children and teenagers. Through an in-depth analysis of empirical research, the authors identify both the benefits and harmful effects of social media on young people. The article gives recommendations on how to minimize adverse impacts and increase the positive effects of social media.
Loureiro, K., Solnet, D., Bolton, R. P., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N., & Kabadayi, S. (2013). Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: a review and research agenda. Journal of Service Management, 245-267.
Social media use has several implications for young people. This article refers to today's younger generation as Generation Y. The authors collect information to show the effects of social media on society, organizations, and individuals. Several research questions are derived to explain social media use in a better way.
Hutter, K., Hautz, J., Dennhardt, S., & Füller, J. (2013). The impact of user interactions in social media on brand awareness and purchase intention: the case of MINI on Facebook. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 342-351.
The article analyzes how social media influences the purchase of products. Through an online survey, the authors indicate how individuals can be talked into buying products over the internet. The authors use a mixed-method research method to show how social media has influenced the marketing of products.
Schwendler, I. L., & Trude, A. (2018). Implementation of Text-Messaging and Social Media Strategies in a Multilevel Childhood Obesity Prevention Intervention: Process Evaluation Results. The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 187-198.
Social media has been highly attributed to the increase in obesity in young children. Children are spending more time on social media platforms. Physical exercise has dramatically reduced as more children embrace social media and their major entertainment. The article reviews the use of social media in both increasing and lowering obesity prevalence.
Lewin, C., & Greenhow, C. (2016). Social media and education: reconceptualizing the boundaries of formal and informal learning. Journal of Learning, Media and Technology, 6-30.
Social media has several effects on society. Some people have argued that social media has the potential of creating a bridge between formal and informal learning. Social media affects learning at both levels. This article analyzes the use of ...
Running head SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT1SOCIAL MED.docxinfantkimber
Running head: SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 1
SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 13
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child
Nisha Cunningham
Felician University
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child
Annotated Bibliography
Best, P., Manktelowa, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media, and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 27-36.
The article looks into the growing debate about the effects of online social technologies on children and teenagers. Through an in-depth analysis of empirical research, the authors identify both the benefits and harmful effects of social media on young people. The article gives recommendations on how to minimize adverse impacts and increase the positive effects of social media.
Loureiro, K., Solnet, D., Bolton, R. P., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N., & Kabadayi, S. (2013). Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: a review and research agenda. Journal of Service Management, 245-267.
Social media use has several implications for young people. This article refers to today's younger generation as Generation Y. The authors collect information to show the effects of social media on society, organizations, and individuals. Several research questions are derived to explain social media use in a better way.
Hutter, K., Hautz, J., Dennhardt, S., & Füller, J. (2013). The impact of user interactions in social media on brand awareness and purchase intention: the case of MINI on Facebook. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 342-351.
The article analyzes how social media influences the purchase of products. Through an online survey, the authors indicate how individuals can be talked into buying products over the internet. The authors use a mixed-method research method to show how social media has influenced the marketing of products.
Schwendler, I. L., & Trude, A. (2018). Implementation of Text-Messaging and Social Media Strategies in a Multilevel Childhood Obesity Prevention Intervention: Process Evaluation Results. The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 187-198.
Social media has been highly attributed to the increase in obesity in young children. Children are spending more time on social media platforms. Physical exercise has dramatically reduced as more children embrace social media and their major entertainment. The article reviews the use of social media in both increasing and lowering obesity prevalence.
Lewin, C., & Greenhow, C. (2016). Social media and education: reconceptualizing the boundaries of formal and informal learning. Journal of Learning, Media and Technology, 6-30.
Social media has several effects on society. Some people have argued that social media has the potential of creating a bridge between formal and informal learning. Social media affects learning at both levels. This article analyzes the use of ...
This document discusses how consumers use the internet and social media for health information. About half of US adults own smartphones and 17% use them to look up health information. Social media allows for direct communication between patients and providers and the sharing of health experiences. However, privacy and unreliable information are concerns. The role of nurses includes disseminating effective health information online and enhancing provider-patient communication through technology.
Running head FINAL PROSPECTUSFINAL PROSPECTUS6Final.docxwlynn1
Running head: FINAL PROSPECTUS
FINAL PROSPECTUS
6
Final Prospectus
Argosy University
September 26, 2018
ABSTRACT
Social media is a dissenting topic, especially today. Some people have had the view that social media ruins human interaction not to mention real life human relationships. On the other hand, in the era of everything instant, the idea of living has drastically changed. Initially, people held the idea that life is too hard but with the advancement in technology it has now become a saying that life is easy. All this is attributable to modern technology and equally important globalization, in the sense that people are becoming more independent and interconnected. Social media has changed the world as people used to know it in the sense that people can do everything in an interconnected world that enables instant communication. Some of the most popular social networking includes Facebook, and Twitter among others. Similarly, in this era of social networking people’s idea of reality has greatly changed and people handle such things as relationship differently. This being the case, the objective of this paper is to develop a final prospectus regarding the impacts of social media. Mainly, the paper will focus its attention on the impact of social media and some of the ways that can be used to define the controversy between social media and youths below the 23 years of age.
Impact of Social Media
As mentioned in the discussion, there are many social networks to choose from such as Twitter, Snapchat and Instagram among others. In understanding how social media impacts the youth, it is imperative to look at both the pros and cons of social media on the youth. Essentially social media has reduced the world in a global village which means youths can share and interact easily and instant. Conferring with Ahn (2011), addiction to social media has resulted to poor performance in leaning institutions. Many bright students have resorted to bad behaviours because of social media. Ideally, social media has captured the attention of youths to an extent of not focusing on studies. The issue of mobile phones in learning institutions has invited an endless debate currently. Teachers have complained that students are using phones to connect with their friends and families through such networking sites like Facebook. This idea of using phones in classrooms has deteriorated student performance.
Additionally, youth are so addicted to social media that they do not study at home. Normally, students are supposed to maintain impartiality between social media and studies. This obsession with social media is detrimental to the youth lives. It is estimated that 70% of the district school block have access to social network sites. The rationale behind this is that online communities allow youths to build social capital. In other words, youths are able to access information, seek advice and share ideas through a network of relationships. Most of these SNS o.
PosterPPT Presentation Rubric – Research Methods 2 PSY 535 .docxpauline234567
Poster/PPT Presentation Rubric – Research Methods 2 PSY 535
Poster/Slides Poor Excellent
Organization of Information (good outline) 1 2 3 4 5
Ideas are clearly stated and understood 1 2 3 4 5
Attractiveness of slides/transitions 1 2 3 4 5
Complete (all necessary info included) 1 2 3 4 5
Proposal-
Quality of Materials/Ideas Poor Excellent
Materials for study are of sufficient quality 1 2 3 4 5
Methodology is appropriate to answer question 1 2 3 4 5
Variables are operationally defined appropriately 1 2 3 4 5
Provides theoretical background for study 1 2 3 4 5
Feasibility of study (could you really do this?) 1 2 3 4 5
Quality of hypotheses (linked to theory?) 1 2 3 4 5
Understanding of statistical analysis required 1 2 3 4 5
Understanding of possible outcomes/results 1 2 3 4 5
Able to articulate meaning of possible results 1 2 3 4 5
Peer-reviewed references (on reference page) 1 2 3 4 5
Delivery of Presentation Poor Excellent
Pace of speech is appropriate 1 2 3 4 5
Energy/enthusiasm 1 2 3 4 5
Volume is appropriate (no mumbling/ whispering/
yelling) 1 2 3 4 5
Clearly knowledgeable about topic 1 2 3 4 5
Holds audiences’ attention/responsive to inattentiveness
(or monotone deliver; tangents) 1 2 3 4 5
Anticipates and addresses possible questions at end 1 2 3 4 5
Individual Feedback:
Final Grade for Presentation:
The Influence of Social Media on Mental Health
Martha Ramsey
Saint Leo University
Research Method II: PSY 535
Instructor Andrea Goldstein
November 3, 2022
1
Final draft: The Influence of social media on Mental Health
Abstract
It is essential to define social media and mental health to have a meaningful conversation on the impact technology has on people's emotional well-being. One definition of social media is how individuals may discuss and learn more about a range of topics with one another. Video, still images, and sound are just some of the many ways data may be sent. The material provided on these sites has the potential to help people or to cause harm, such as mental health problems or radicalization. YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Flickr are all examples of well-known social networking sites. Pew predicts that by 2022, 84 percent of U.S. adults will be active on at least one social networking site, up from 5 percentage points in 2002. In the United States, people mainly utilize the social media sites Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest, and Twitter.
Introduction
One cannot imagine current life without the ubiquitous presence of social media. Since it was first created, people have found several ways to put it to use. Social media were designed to facilitate quick one-on-one contact. However, it h.
Older adults were interviewed to understand their perspectives on involvement in health care innovation and regional health innovation ecosystems (RHIEs). Results showed that older adults are interested in involvement and see multiple potential roles, from developing ideas to testing technologies. Diversity among older adults was emphasized as a factor in planning involvement. Barriers like ageism were also identified. Engaging older adults in developing RHIEs could provide insights to enhance the value, acceptability, and use of new health technologies for aging populations. Next steps will use concept mapping to further understand stakeholder perspectives on older adult involvement in RHIEs.
DELIVERABLE OF YOUTUBE PLATFORM AS A COMMERCIAL HEALTH AWARENESS COMMUNICATIO...ijma
YouTube video search is the number one source of views in aggregation, the related video recommendation is the main source of views for most of the videos on YouTube. Health awareness also significant to economic progress, as healthy population live longer and will be increasingly productivity. Positive mental and physical health is a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and can contribute to his or her community. In addition, our results reveal that there is a strong correlation between the view count of a video and the average view count of its top referrer videos. The aim of this study are to know the impacts of YouTube as a health awareness video to traveler from Malaysia, and also to find out factors of usage of YouTube rather than other medium applications . Besides that, the factors and the impact of usage is influencing the YouTube as a main website popular and the most websites trending in the worldwide. Health awareness is very crucial information that each person needs to know to ensure that they can maintain a better and healthier life. This study conducted out of 68 respondents where is 35 of female and 33 of male. Most of respondents are in range 15 to 45 years old that are users of new media platforms especially YouTube and interact frequently on these platforms. The questionnaire is made up of three major sections which collect data on the respondents’ demographic profile, their exposure to YouTube, and their knowledge about health awareness video. As the result, this study showed that YouTube as a main platform to find any precautions about health awareness video or materials. In the meanwhile, the researcher agrees personally that YouTube is the best place to look for any videos or materials on health awareness precautions. With this study, it is made evident that YouTube's effects as a health awareness film for travelers from Malaysia altered a respondent's willingness to agree with the study's objectives
DELIVERABLE OF YOUTUBE PLATFORM AS A COMMERCIAL HEALTH AWARENESS COMMUNICATIO...ijma
YouTube video search is the number one source of views in aggregation, the related video recommendation
is the main source of views for most of the videos on YouTube. Health awareness also significant to
economic progress, as healthy population live longer and will be increasingly productivity. Positive mental
and physical health is a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can
cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and can contribute to his or her
community. In addition, our results reveal that there is a strong correlation between the view count of a
video and the average view count of its top referrer videos. The aim of this study are to know the impacts
of YouTube as a health awareness video to traveler from Malaysia, and also to find out factors of usage of
YouTube rather than other medium applications . Besides that, the factors and the impact of usage is
influencing the YouTube as a main website popular and the most websites trending in the worldwide.
Health awareness is very crucial information that each person needs to know to ensure that they can
maintain a better and healthier life. This study conducted out of 68 respondents where is 35 of female and
33 of male. Most of respondents are in range 15 to 45 years old that are users of new media platforms
especially YouTube and interact frequently on these platforms. The questionnaire is made up of three
major sections which collect data on the respondents’ demographic profile, their exposure to YouTube, and
their knowledge about health awareness video. As the result, this study showed that YouTube as a main
platform to find any precautions about health awareness video or materials. In the meanwhile, the
researcher agrees personally that YouTube is the best place to look for any videos or materials on health
awareness precautions. With this study, it is made evident that YouTube's effects as a health awareness film
for travelers from Malaysia altered a respondent's willingness to agree with the study's objectives
4-5 Annotations and Writing Plan - Thu Jan 30 2111Claire Knaus.docxlorainedeserre
4-5 Annotations and Writing Plan - Thu Jan 30 21:11
Claire Knaus
Annotations:
Bekalu, M. A., McCloud, R. F., & Viswanath, K. (2019). Association of Social Media Use With Social Well-Being, Positive Mental Health, and Self-Rated Health: Disentangling Routine Use From Emotional Connection to Use. Health Education & Behavior, 46(2_suppl), 69S-80S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198119863768
It seems that this source is arguing the effect of social media on mental health. This source uses this evidence to support the argument: Provided studies focusing on why individuals use social media, types of social network platforms, and the value of social capital. A counterargument for this source is: Studies that focus more on statistical usage rather than emotion connection. Personally, I believe the source is doing a good job of supporting its arguments because it provides an abundance of study references and clearly portrays the information and intent. I think this source will be very helpful in supporting my argument because of the focus on emotional connection to social media and its effects on mental health.
Matsakis, L. (2019). How Pro-Eating Disorder Posts Evade Filters on Social Media. In Gale Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. (Reprinted from How Pro-Eating Disorder Posts Evade Filters on Social Media, Wired, 2018, June 13) Retrieved from https://link-gale-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/apps/doc/UAZKKH366290962/OVIC?u=nhc_main&sid=OVIC&xid=2c90b7b5
It seems that this source is arguing that social media platforms are not doing enough to eliminate harmful pro-ED posts. This source uses this evidence to support the argument: Information about specific platforms and what they have done to moderate content, links for more information, and what constitutes as harmful content. A counterargument for this source is that it is too difficult for platforms to remove the content and to even find it. In addition, it is believed there may be harmful effects on vulnerable people posting this type of content. Personally, I believe the source is doing a good job of supporting its arguments because it provides opposing viewpoints as well as raising awareness of some of the dangers of social media posts. I think this source will be very helpful in supporting my argument because it provides information on specifically what is being done to moderate this type of content on social media, and what some of the difficulties in moderating are.
Investigators at University of Leeds Describe Findings in Eating Disorders (Pro-ana versus Pro-recovery: A Content Analytic Comparison of Social Media Users' Communication about Eating Disorders on Twitter and Tumblr). (2017, September 4). Mental Health Weekly Digest, 38. Retrieved from https://link-gale-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/apps/doc/A502914419/OVIC?u=nhc_main&sid=OVIC&xid=5e60152f
It seems that this source is arguing that there are more positive, anti-anorexia posts on social media than harmful, pro-ED content. ...
Disability in Older Adults comprises public domain material frAlyciaGold776
Disability in Older Adults comprises public domain material from the National Institutes of Health.
http://report.nih.gov/nihfactsheets/Pdfs/DisabilityinOlderAdults(NIA).pdf
Disability in Older Adults
FACT SHEET - Disability in Older Adults
National Institutes of Health
Updated October 2010
1
Yesterday
Thirty years ago, America was steadily aging. In 1980,
approximately 26.1 million people were 65 years of age or
older, compared with 3 million in 1900. And Americans
were living notably longer than they had in the past –
average life expectancy for a child born in 1980 was 73.7
years, up from 47.3 years in 1900. Disability was on the
rise among older people. Studies from the 1970s and early
1980s pointed to modest increases in the prevalence of
disability. For example, in 1976, 4.8 million older people
reported limitations in the number or kinds of major
activities they could undertake.
It was widely believed that aging invariably brought with it
frailty and loss of independence. One study, for example,
predicted that technology would save people’s lives, but
still leave them disabled and an increasing burden on
society. However, groundbreaking research from projects
such as the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
(http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/branches/blsa/blsanew.htm),
initiated in 1958, began to suggest that disease and
disability were not inevitable consequences of aging.
The growth in the aging population, the increase in life
expectancy, and concerns about disability led to the
founding in 1974 of the National Institute on Aging (NIA)
within the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The Institute
was charged with “the conduct and support of biomedical,
social, and behavioral research, training, health
information dissemination, and other programs with
respect to the aging process and diseases and other
special problems and needs of the aged.”
Today
People continue to live longer and the U.S. population is
increasingly older. The leading edge of the Baby Boom
turns 65 in 2011, part of a rapid growth in population
aging in the United States – and worldwide. 39 million
people in the United States are age 65 or older, and life
expectancy at birth has reached 78.3 years. Most notable
is the growth in the population of individuals age 85 and
older who are at highest risk for disease and disability.
Research demonstrates that disease and disability are not
an inevitable part of aging. Disability rates can be reduced,
as evidenced by data from the National Long Term Care
Survey (http://www.nltcs.aas.duke.edu/), which found
that between 1982 and 1999, the prevalence of physical
disability in older Americans decreased from 26 percent to
20 percent. Additionally, there is evidence from the Health
and Retirement Study (http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/)
that the probability of being cognitively impaired at a
given age has been decreasing (from the mid-1990s up
unt ...
This document provides an overview of health education. It defines health education as a systematic social activity aimed at imparting health knowledge and reinforcing positive health behaviors. The document discusses the objectives, definition, aims, models, principles, methods, effects, levels of prevention, and need for health education. It also analyzes gaps in health education research, such as the need for stronger focus on individual skills and interdisciplinary studies to understand misinformation.
Understanding Public Perceptions of Immunisation Using Social Media - Project...UN Global Pulse
This project examined how analysis of social media data could be used to understand public perceptions on immunisation. In collaboration with the Ministry of Development Planning (Bappenas), the Ministry of Health, UNICEF and World Health Organisation (WHO) in Indonesia, Pulse Lab Jakarta filtered tweets for relevant conversations about vaccines and immunisation. Findings included identification of perception trends including concerns around religious issues, disease outbreaks, side effects and the launch of a new vaccine. The results built on Global Pulse’s previous explorations in this field, confirming that real-time information derived from social media conversations could complement existing knowledge of public opinion and lead to faster and more effective response to misinformation, since rumours often spread through social networks.
Cite as: UN Global Pulse, 'Understanding Public Perceptions of Immunisation Using Social Media', Global Pulse Project Series no.9, 2014.
Social Media Use and Adolescent Mental Health: Findings From the UK Millenniu...eraser Juan José Calderón
Social Media Use and Adolescent Mental Health: Findings From the UK Millennium Cohort Study de Yvonne Kelly, Afshin Zilanawala, Cara Booker, Amanda Sacker publicado en eClinicalMedicine
Published: January 04, 2019 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2018.12.005
1) The document discusses a study on the impact of frequent social media usage on mental health, particularly depression. The study found that increased levels of social media usage correlated with increased depression symptoms.
2) Over 4 billion people use the internet and 3.3 billion are active social media users. Several studies show links between social media use and mental health issues like depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and negative well-being.
3) The objectives of the presented study were to observe the relationship between social media and depression, anxiety, and stress. It also aimed to provide an overview of social media use among adults and children and address concerns about its negative mental health impacts.
1) The document discusses a study on the impact of frequent social media usage on mental health, particularly depression. The study found that increased levels of social media usage correlated with increased depression symptoms.
2) Over 4 billion people use the internet and 3.3 billion are active social media users. Several studies show links between social media use and mental health issues like depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and negative well-being. Increased social media usage is positively correlated with increased depression symptoms.
3) The objectives of the presented study are to observe the impacts of social media on depression, anxiety, and stress. It aims to provide an overview of social media use among adults and children and address common concerns about
The presentation will be based on the hypothesis from Research Met.docxlillie234567
The presentation will be based on the hypothesis from Research Methods I,
and will include a finalized methodology to test the hypothesis, planned analyses, and
discussion of potential findings
The Influence of Social Media on Mental Health
Martha Ramsey
Saint Leo University
Research Method II: PSY 535
Instructor Andrea Goldstein
November 4, 2022
1
The Influence of social media on Mental Health
Abstract
It is essential to define social media and mental health to have a meaningful conversation on the impact technology has on people's emotional well-being. One definition of social media is how individuals may discuss and learn more about a range of topics with one another. Video, still images, and sound are just some of the many ways data may be sent. The material provided on these sites has the potential to help people or to cause harm, such as mental health problems or radicalization. YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Flickr are all examples of well-known social networking sites. Pew predicts that by 2022, 84 percent of U.S. adults will be active on at least one social networking site, up from 5 percentage points in 2002. In the United States, people mainly utilize the social media sites Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest, and Twitter.
Introduction
One cannot imagine current life without the ubiquitous presence of social media. Since it was first created, people have found several ways to put it to use. Social media were designed to facilitate quick one-on-one contact. However, it has steadily been implemented in several industries, including schools, the business world, and hospitals, as a tool for marketing, making it simpler to contact more consumers and prospective clients in a short period. However, social media's negative aspects may harm people's health and well-being. Among the harmful impacts of social media is the rise of mental health problems, according to recent studies. Anxiety, sadness, and mania are just some of the mental health problems that have been linked to excessive social media usage.
People's mental well-being is crucial since it determines how actively they engage in everyday life. Mental health issues may impair an individual's ability to operate and can be triggered by various traumatic experiences, abusive relationships, child maltreatment, unemployment, and failed marriages. Common mental health difficulties include melancholy, inability to sleep, tension, hostility, and suppression of feelings (Coyne et al.,2020). However, mental health encompasses not only physical health but also social and emotional well-being.
Some have suggested that media positively and negatively affect users' mental health. One of social media's most frequently cited advantages is the increased privacy it provides its users. Individuals can feel safe sharing their traumatic experiences, knowing their privacy will be protected. In other words, face-to-face interactions don't necessarily guarantee the same level of ope.
Overdependence on Digital Technology by ChildrenNele Rieve
This document discusses overdependence on digital technology by children under age 12 and proposes an intervention called QT to promote healthy media consumption. It provides background on increasing technology access and usage among young children. While technology offers benefits, excessive early use is linked to physical, psychological, and developmental issues. The automatic thinking encouraged by fast-paced media disrupts concentration and comprehension. Parents are uncertain about risks due to limited experience but see educational benefits, and moderate usage through rules but struggle with implementation due to their own tech habits. The proposed QT intervention aims to inform parents to improve children's health, development, learning, and social skills.
Running head SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT1SOCIAL MED.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running head: SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 1
SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 13
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child
Nisha Cunningham
Felician University
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child
Annotated Bibliography
Best, P., Manktelowa, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media, and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 27-36.
The article looks into the growing debate about the effects of online social technologies on children and teenagers. Through an in-depth analysis of empirical research, the authors identify both the benefits and harmful effects of social media on young people. The article gives recommendations on how to minimize adverse impacts and increase the positive effects of social media.
Loureiro, K., Solnet, D., Bolton, R. P., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N., & Kabadayi, S. (2013). Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: a review and research agenda. Journal of Service Management, 245-267.
Social media use has several implications for young people. This article refers to today's younger generation as Generation Y. The authors collect information to show the effects of social media on society, organizations, and individuals. Several research questions are derived to explain social media use in a better way.
Hutter, K., Hautz, J., Dennhardt, S., & Füller, J. (2013). The impact of user interactions in social media on brand awareness and purchase intention: the case of MINI on Facebook. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 342-351.
The article analyzes how social media influences the purchase of products. Through an online survey, the authors indicate how individuals can be talked into buying products over the internet. The authors use a mixed-method research method to show how social media has influenced the marketing of products.
Schwendler, I. L., & Trude, A. (2018). Implementation of Text-Messaging and Social Media Strategies in a Multilevel Childhood Obesity Prevention Intervention: Process Evaluation Results. The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 187-198.
Social media has been highly attributed to the increase in obesity in young children. Children are spending more time on social media platforms. Physical exercise has dramatically reduced as more children embrace social media and their major entertainment. The article reviews the use of social media in both increasing and lowering obesity prevalence.
Lewin, C., & Greenhow, C. (2016). Social media and education: reconceptualizing the boundaries of formal and informal learning. Journal of Learning, Media and Technology, 6-30.
Social media has several effects on society. Some people have argued that social media has the potential of creating a bridge between formal and informal learning. Social media affects learning at both levels. This article analyzes the use of .
KATIES POST The crisis case I chose to discuss this week is th.docxdonnajames55
KATIE'S POST:
The crisis case I chose to discuss this week is the Tennessee Valley and the Kingston ash slide. On December 22, 2008, Tennessee Valley Authority who uses coal to generate electricity, had one of their containment pods that holds sludge from the ash wall begin to leak. The leak then caused the wall to eventually crumble. The leak then flowed into the Emory River that is located nearby. The river flowed into a nearby community, destroyed several houses, and forced families to evacuate the area.
Chapter 5 discusses the importance of organization members accepting that crisis can start quickly and unexpectedly. Two months before the leak, TVA was informed of a wet spot located on one retaining wall that suggested a leak was present. The moisture was eroding the structure's integrity, but TVA continued to add ash to the pond. TVA organization leaders ignored the warning signs of a potential crisis. TVA then accepted blame for the spill and began dredging the Emory River shortly after the incident. No other independent party was allowed to assess the dredging plan before it launched. If TVA's plan failed, the organization would have been at fault once again.
Upon further investigation of the crisis, lawyers were able to identify six primary failures in TVA's systems, controls, standards, and culture. “Lack of clarity and accountability for ultimate responsibility, lack of standardization, training, and metrics, siloed responsibilities and poor communication, lack of checks and balances, lack of prevention priority and resources, and being reactive instead of proactive” (Ulmer, Sellnow,& Seeger, 87).
Unfortunately, this unintentional crises could have been avoided had the proper crisis management, quality assurance, and procedures been put in place. TVA's negligence cost people their homes, polluted the river, and the uncertainty of long-term health conditions from being exposed to the ash's toxins. "The community was not able to locate reliable information about potential short- and long-term health effects, uncertainty about the extent of environmental damage, and feared plummeting property values" (Ritchie, Little, & Campbell, 179). TVA was at fault for several things, but the most significant fault they did not consider is the risk of storing large volumes of fly ash near the Emory River that flowed into a nearby community.
Ulmer, R. R., Sellnow, T. L., & Seeger, M. W. (2017). Effective crisis communication: Moving from crisis to opportunity. Sage Publications.
Ritchie, L. A., Little, J., & Campbell, N. M. (2018). Resource Loss and Psychosocial Stress in the Aftermath of the 2008 Tennessee Valley Authority Coal Ash Spill. International journal of mass emergencies and disasters, 36(2), 179.
.
Kate Chopins concise The Story of an Hour. What does Joseph.docxdonnajames55
Kate Chopin's concise "The Story of an Hour".
* What does Josephine represent in the story? What does Richards represent?
*The doctors said Mrs. M. died of "heart disease - of joy that kills." How is this ironic?
* What are some themes in the story? What are some symbols?
.
More Related Content
Similar to Computers in Human Behavior 45 (2015) 151–157Contents lists .docx
Where are my friends? The effects of real and imagined online communities on ...Lauren Wagner
This document summarizes a study that explores how online social interactions impact user well-being and happiness. The study developed a theory of perceived companionship, which posits that online environments can facilitate companionate relationships known to improve health. The theory was tested through an online survey of 61 Twitter users that evaluated how network structure, interaction expectations, and reactions to online correspondence related to metrics of well-being. The goal was to identify ways online interactions increase happiness to inform the creation of digital tools that advance the known benefits of online social connection and consider the psychological impacts of online use.
Running Head EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE YOUTHS .docxtodd271
Running Head: EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE YOUTHS 1
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE YOUTHS 8
Effects of Social Media on the Youths
Institution
Name
Section One
The fact that social media has become part our daily live cannot be overlooked especially in the current innovations in technology. Access to devices such as smart phones and broadband internet has created an easy way through which any one can access any form of information that they want. Although the social media has played a special role in ensuring that the information that we is at our disposal, it has resulted in serious erosion of human morals and ethics. It is not surprising that people value their phones more than they do to their fellow human. However, this research will look at how the young people have been impacted by the social media.
The current widespread of the social are becoming an area of interest among the researchers especially about how it has affected the community around the world. Almost every individual is connected to at least one social media plat form and this has attracted the researchers to learn more about these platforms and how they have affected the community around. However, the most affected are the teenagers who have become fanatics of these platforms and have made them part of their daily life to an extent they cannot spend a minute without accessing them. This has never implication on their ethics, behavior and even their education.
Social media has both positive and negative implications to the youths and this paper seeks to address these impacts with a special focus on the youths.
The positive impacts is that the youths can interact with one another without meeting physically across the globe and this has enhanced creation of friendship and therefore, strong social ties. Moreover, the youths stay updated on the events that happen around the world at the comfort of their rooms or working places. Also, many youths have made the social media a source of their income and have utilized it to improve their lives through improved connections.
Despite the good aspects connected to the social media, it has the negative side too and this has bad implications on the youths. To begin with, social media reduces face to interactions as they spend most of their time in these online platforms. This isolation result in psychological, emotional mental and physical effects to the youths. The minor are also introduced to immoral behaviors such as homosexuality, lesbianism and other sexual misconducts. Further, the youths are exposed to pornographic content which result in early pregnancies among the young girls and also increase the chance of contracting sexually transmitted infections.
A comprehension of these issues will help the society find ways through which to reduce the youth prevalence to the problems associated with sta.
Running head SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT1SOCIAL MED.docxjeanettehully
Running head: SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 1
SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 13
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child
Nisha Cunningham
Felician University
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child
Annotated Bibliography
Best, P., Manktelowa, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media, and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 27-36.
The article looks into the growing debate about the effects of online social technologies on children and teenagers. Through an in-depth analysis of empirical research, the authors identify both the benefits and harmful effects of social media on young people. The article gives recommendations on how to minimize adverse impacts and increase the positive effects of social media.
Loureiro, K., Solnet, D., Bolton, R. P., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N., & Kabadayi, S. (2013). Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: a review and research agenda. Journal of Service Management, 245-267.
Social media use has several implications for young people. This article refers to today's younger generation as Generation Y. The authors collect information to show the effects of social media on society, organizations, and individuals. Several research questions are derived to explain social media use in a better way.
Hutter, K., Hautz, J., Dennhardt, S., & Füller, J. (2013). The impact of user interactions in social media on brand awareness and purchase intention: the case of MINI on Facebook. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 342-351.
The article analyzes how social media influences the purchase of products. Through an online survey, the authors indicate how individuals can be talked into buying products over the internet. The authors use a mixed-method research method to show how social media has influenced the marketing of products.
Schwendler, I. L., & Trude, A. (2018). Implementation of Text-Messaging and Social Media Strategies in a Multilevel Childhood Obesity Prevention Intervention: Process Evaluation Results. The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 187-198.
Social media has been highly attributed to the increase in obesity in young children. Children are spending more time on social media platforms. Physical exercise has dramatically reduced as more children embrace social media and their major entertainment. The article reviews the use of social media in both increasing and lowering obesity prevalence.
Lewin, C., & Greenhow, C. (2016). Social media and education: reconceptualizing the boundaries of formal and informal learning. Journal of Learning, Media and Technology, 6-30.
Social media has several effects on society. Some people have argued that social media has the potential of creating a bridge between formal and informal learning. Social media affects learning at both levels. This article analyzes the use of ...
Running head SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT1SOCIAL MED.docxinfantkimber
Running head: SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 1
SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 13
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child
Nisha Cunningham
Felician University
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child
Annotated Bibliography
Best, P., Manktelowa, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media, and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 27-36.
The article looks into the growing debate about the effects of online social technologies on children and teenagers. Through an in-depth analysis of empirical research, the authors identify both the benefits and harmful effects of social media on young people. The article gives recommendations on how to minimize adverse impacts and increase the positive effects of social media.
Loureiro, K., Solnet, D., Bolton, R. P., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N., & Kabadayi, S. (2013). Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: a review and research agenda. Journal of Service Management, 245-267.
Social media use has several implications for young people. This article refers to today's younger generation as Generation Y. The authors collect information to show the effects of social media on society, organizations, and individuals. Several research questions are derived to explain social media use in a better way.
Hutter, K., Hautz, J., Dennhardt, S., & Füller, J. (2013). The impact of user interactions in social media on brand awareness and purchase intention: the case of MINI on Facebook. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 342-351.
The article analyzes how social media influences the purchase of products. Through an online survey, the authors indicate how individuals can be talked into buying products over the internet. The authors use a mixed-method research method to show how social media has influenced the marketing of products.
Schwendler, I. L., & Trude, A. (2018). Implementation of Text-Messaging and Social Media Strategies in a Multilevel Childhood Obesity Prevention Intervention: Process Evaluation Results. The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 187-198.
Social media has been highly attributed to the increase in obesity in young children. Children are spending more time on social media platforms. Physical exercise has dramatically reduced as more children embrace social media and their major entertainment. The article reviews the use of social media in both increasing and lowering obesity prevalence.
Lewin, C., & Greenhow, C. (2016). Social media and education: reconceptualizing the boundaries of formal and informal learning. Journal of Learning, Media and Technology, 6-30.
Social media has several effects on society. Some people have argued that social media has the potential of creating a bridge between formal and informal learning. Social media affects learning at both levels. This article analyzes the use of ...
This document discusses how consumers use the internet and social media for health information. About half of US adults own smartphones and 17% use them to look up health information. Social media allows for direct communication between patients and providers and the sharing of health experiences. However, privacy and unreliable information are concerns. The role of nurses includes disseminating effective health information online and enhancing provider-patient communication through technology.
Running head FINAL PROSPECTUSFINAL PROSPECTUS6Final.docxwlynn1
Running head: FINAL PROSPECTUS
FINAL PROSPECTUS
6
Final Prospectus
Argosy University
September 26, 2018
ABSTRACT
Social media is a dissenting topic, especially today. Some people have had the view that social media ruins human interaction not to mention real life human relationships. On the other hand, in the era of everything instant, the idea of living has drastically changed. Initially, people held the idea that life is too hard but with the advancement in technology it has now become a saying that life is easy. All this is attributable to modern technology and equally important globalization, in the sense that people are becoming more independent and interconnected. Social media has changed the world as people used to know it in the sense that people can do everything in an interconnected world that enables instant communication. Some of the most popular social networking includes Facebook, and Twitter among others. Similarly, in this era of social networking people’s idea of reality has greatly changed and people handle such things as relationship differently. This being the case, the objective of this paper is to develop a final prospectus regarding the impacts of social media. Mainly, the paper will focus its attention on the impact of social media and some of the ways that can be used to define the controversy between social media and youths below the 23 years of age.
Impact of Social Media
As mentioned in the discussion, there are many social networks to choose from such as Twitter, Snapchat and Instagram among others. In understanding how social media impacts the youth, it is imperative to look at both the pros and cons of social media on the youth. Essentially social media has reduced the world in a global village which means youths can share and interact easily and instant. Conferring with Ahn (2011), addiction to social media has resulted to poor performance in leaning institutions. Many bright students have resorted to bad behaviours because of social media. Ideally, social media has captured the attention of youths to an extent of not focusing on studies. The issue of mobile phones in learning institutions has invited an endless debate currently. Teachers have complained that students are using phones to connect with their friends and families through such networking sites like Facebook. This idea of using phones in classrooms has deteriorated student performance.
Additionally, youth are so addicted to social media that they do not study at home. Normally, students are supposed to maintain impartiality between social media and studies. This obsession with social media is detrimental to the youth lives. It is estimated that 70% of the district school block have access to social network sites. The rationale behind this is that online communities allow youths to build social capital. In other words, youths are able to access information, seek advice and share ideas through a network of relationships. Most of these SNS o.
PosterPPT Presentation Rubric – Research Methods 2 PSY 535 .docxpauline234567
Poster/PPT Presentation Rubric – Research Methods 2 PSY 535
Poster/Slides Poor Excellent
Organization of Information (good outline) 1 2 3 4 5
Ideas are clearly stated and understood 1 2 3 4 5
Attractiveness of slides/transitions 1 2 3 4 5
Complete (all necessary info included) 1 2 3 4 5
Proposal-
Quality of Materials/Ideas Poor Excellent
Materials for study are of sufficient quality 1 2 3 4 5
Methodology is appropriate to answer question 1 2 3 4 5
Variables are operationally defined appropriately 1 2 3 4 5
Provides theoretical background for study 1 2 3 4 5
Feasibility of study (could you really do this?) 1 2 3 4 5
Quality of hypotheses (linked to theory?) 1 2 3 4 5
Understanding of statistical analysis required 1 2 3 4 5
Understanding of possible outcomes/results 1 2 3 4 5
Able to articulate meaning of possible results 1 2 3 4 5
Peer-reviewed references (on reference page) 1 2 3 4 5
Delivery of Presentation Poor Excellent
Pace of speech is appropriate 1 2 3 4 5
Energy/enthusiasm 1 2 3 4 5
Volume is appropriate (no mumbling/ whispering/
yelling) 1 2 3 4 5
Clearly knowledgeable about topic 1 2 3 4 5
Holds audiences’ attention/responsive to inattentiveness
(or monotone deliver; tangents) 1 2 3 4 5
Anticipates and addresses possible questions at end 1 2 3 4 5
Individual Feedback:
Final Grade for Presentation:
The Influence of Social Media on Mental Health
Martha Ramsey
Saint Leo University
Research Method II: PSY 535
Instructor Andrea Goldstein
November 3, 2022
1
Final draft: The Influence of social media on Mental Health
Abstract
It is essential to define social media and mental health to have a meaningful conversation on the impact technology has on people's emotional well-being. One definition of social media is how individuals may discuss and learn more about a range of topics with one another. Video, still images, and sound are just some of the many ways data may be sent. The material provided on these sites has the potential to help people or to cause harm, such as mental health problems or radicalization. YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Flickr are all examples of well-known social networking sites. Pew predicts that by 2022, 84 percent of U.S. adults will be active on at least one social networking site, up from 5 percentage points in 2002. In the United States, people mainly utilize the social media sites Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest, and Twitter.
Introduction
One cannot imagine current life without the ubiquitous presence of social media. Since it was first created, people have found several ways to put it to use. Social media were designed to facilitate quick one-on-one contact. However, it h.
Older adults were interviewed to understand their perspectives on involvement in health care innovation and regional health innovation ecosystems (RHIEs). Results showed that older adults are interested in involvement and see multiple potential roles, from developing ideas to testing technologies. Diversity among older adults was emphasized as a factor in planning involvement. Barriers like ageism were also identified. Engaging older adults in developing RHIEs could provide insights to enhance the value, acceptability, and use of new health technologies for aging populations. Next steps will use concept mapping to further understand stakeholder perspectives on older adult involvement in RHIEs.
DELIVERABLE OF YOUTUBE PLATFORM AS A COMMERCIAL HEALTH AWARENESS COMMUNICATIO...ijma
YouTube video search is the number one source of views in aggregation, the related video recommendation is the main source of views for most of the videos on YouTube. Health awareness also significant to economic progress, as healthy population live longer and will be increasingly productivity. Positive mental and physical health is a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and can contribute to his or her community. In addition, our results reveal that there is a strong correlation between the view count of a video and the average view count of its top referrer videos. The aim of this study are to know the impacts of YouTube as a health awareness video to traveler from Malaysia, and also to find out factors of usage of YouTube rather than other medium applications . Besides that, the factors and the impact of usage is influencing the YouTube as a main website popular and the most websites trending in the worldwide. Health awareness is very crucial information that each person needs to know to ensure that they can maintain a better and healthier life. This study conducted out of 68 respondents where is 35 of female and 33 of male. Most of respondents are in range 15 to 45 years old that are users of new media platforms especially YouTube and interact frequently on these platforms. The questionnaire is made up of three major sections which collect data on the respondents’ demographic profile, their exposure to YouTube, and their knowledge about health awareness video. As the result, this study showed that YouTube as a main platform to find any precautions about health awareness video or materials. In the meanwhile, the researcher agrees personally that YouTube is the best place to look for any videos or materials on health awareness precautions. With this study, it is made evident that YouTube's effects as a health awareness film for travelers from Malaysia altered a respondent's willingness to agree with the study's objectives
DELIVERABLE OF YOUTUBE PLATFORM AS A COMMERCIAL HEALTH AWARENESS COMMUNICATIO...ijma
YouTube video search is the number one source of views in aggregation, the related video recommendation
is the main source of views for most of the videos on YouTube. Health awareness also significant to
economic progress, as healthy population live longer and will be increasingly productivity. Positive mental
and physical health is a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can
cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and can contribute to his or her
community. In addition, our results reveal that there is a strong correlation between the view count of a
video and the average view count of its top referrer videos. The aim of this study are to know the impacts
of YouTube as a health awareness video to traveler from Malaysia, and also to find out factors of usage of
YouTube rather than other medium applications . Besides that, the factors and the impact of usage is
influencing the YouTube as a main website popular and the most websites trending in the worldwide.
Health awareness is very crucial information that each person needs to know to ensure that they can
maintain a better and healthier life. This study conducted out of 68 respondents where is 35 of female and
33 of male. Most of respondents are in range 15 to 45 years old that are users of new media platforms
especially YouTube and interact frequently on these platforms. The questionnaire is made up of three
major sections which collect data on the respondents’ demographic profile, their exposure to YouTube, and
their knowledge about health awareness video. As the result, this study showed that YouTube as a main
platform to find any precautions about health awareness video or materials. In the meanwhile, the
researcher agrees personally that YouTube is the best place to look for any videos or materials on health
awareness precautions. With this study, it is made evident that YouTube's effects as a health awareness film
for travelers from Malaysia altered a respondent's willingness to agree with the study's objectives
4-5 Annotations and Writing Plan - Thu Jan 30 2111Claire Knaus.docxlorainedeserre
4-5 Annotations and Writing Plan - Thu Jan 30 21:11
Claire Knaus
Annotations:
Bekalu, M. A., McCloud, R. F., & Viswanath, K. (2019). Association of Social Media Use With Social Well-Being, Positive Mental Health, and Self-Rated Health: Disentangling Routine Use From Emotional Connection to Use. Health Education & Behavior, 46(2_suppl), 69S-80S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198119863768
It seems that this source is arguing the effect of social media on mental health. This source uses this evidence to support the argument: Provided studies focusing on why individuals use social media, types of social network platforms, and the value of social capital. A counterargument for this source is: Studies that focus more on statistical usage rather than emotion connection. Personally, I believe the source is doing a good job of supporting its arguments because it provides an abundance of study references and clearly portrays the information and intent. I think this source will be very helpful in supporting my argument because of the focus on emotional connection to social media and its effects on mental health.
Matsakis, L. (2019). How Pro-Eating Disorder Posts Evade Filters on Social Media. In Gale Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. (Reprinted from How Pro-Eating Disorder Posts Evade Filters on Social Media, Wired, 2018, June 13) Retrieved from https://link-gale-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/apps/doc/UAZKKH366290962/OVIC?u=nhc_main&sid=OVIC&xid=2c90b7b5
It seems that this source is arguing that social media platforms are not doing enough to eliminate harmful pro-ED posts. This source uses this evidence to support the argument: Information about specific platforms and what they have done to moderate content, links for more information, and what constitutes as harmful content. A counterargument for this source is that it is too difficult for platforms to remove the content and to even find it. In addition, it is believed there may be harmful effects on vulnerable people posting this type of content. Personally, I believe the source is doing a good job of supporting its arguments because it provides opposing viewpoints as well as raising awareness of some of the dangers of social media posts. I think this source will be very helpful in supporting my argument because it provides information on specifically what is being done to moderate this type of content on social media, and what some of the difficulties in moderating are.
Investigators at University of Leeds Describe Findings in Eating Disorders (Pro-ana versus Pro-recovery: A Content Analytic Comparison of Social Media Users' Communication about Eating Disorders on Twitter and Tumblr). (2017, September 4). Mental Health Weekly Digest, 38. Retrieved from https://link-gale-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/apps/doc/A502914419/OVIC?u=nhc_main&sid=OVIC&xid=5e60152f
It seems that this source is arguing that there are more positive, anti-anorexia posts on social media than harmful, pro-ED content. ...
Disability in Older Adults comprises public domain material frAlyciaGold776
Disability in Older Adults comprises public domain material from the National Institutes of Health.
http://report.nih.gov/nihfactsheets/Pdfs/DisabilityinOlderAdults(NIA).pdf
Disability in Older Adults
FACT SHEET - Disability in Older Adults
National Institutes of Health
Updated October 2010
1
Yesterday
Thirty years ago, America was steadily aging. In 1980,
approximately 26.1 million people were 65 years of age or
older, compared with 3 million in 1900. And Americans
were living notably longer than they had in the past –
average life expectancy for a child born in 1980 was 73.7
years, up from 47.3 years in 1900. Disability was on the
rise among older people. Studies from the 1970s and early
1980s pointed to modest increases in the prevalence of
disability. For example, in 1976, 4.8 million older people
reported limitations in the number or kinds of major
activities they could undertake.
It was widely believed that aging invariably brought with it
frailty and loss of independence. One study, for example,
predicted that technology would save people’s lives, but
still leave them disabled and an increasing burden on
society. However, groundbreaking research from projects
such as the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
(http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/branches/blsa/blsanew.htm),
initiated in 1958, began to suggest that disease and
disability were not inevitable consequences of aging.
The growth in the aging population, the increase in life
expectancy, and concerns about disability led to the
founding in 1974 of the National Institute on Aging (NIA)
within the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The Institute
was charged with “the conduct and support of biomedical,
social, and behavioral research, training, health
information dissemination, and other programs with
respect to the aging process and diseases and other
special problems and needs of the aged.”
Today
People continue to live longer and the U.S. population is
increasingly older. The leading edge of the Baby Boom
turns 65 in 2011, part of a rapid growth in population
aging in the United States – and worldwide. 39 million
people in the United States are age 65 or older, and life
expectancy at birth has reached 78.3 years. Most notable
is the growth in the population of individuals age 85 and
older who are at highest risk for disease and disability.
Research demonstrates that disease and disability are not
an inevitable part of aging. Disability rates can be reduced,
as evidenced by data from the National Long Term Care
Survey (http://www.nltcs.aas.duke.edu/), which found
that between 1982 and 1999, the prevalence of physical
disability in older Americans decreased from 26 percent to
20 percent. Additionally, there is evidence from the Health
and Retirement Study (http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/)
that the probability of being cognitively impaired at a
given age has been decreasing (from the mid-1990s up
unt ...
This document provides an overview of health education. It defines health education as a systematic social activity aimed at imparting health knowledge and reinforcing positive health behaviors. The document discusses the objectives, definition, aims, models, principles, methods, effects, levels of prevention, and need for health education. It also analyzes gaps in health education research, such as the need for stronger focus on individual skills and interdisciplinary studies to understand misinformation.
Understanding Public Perceptions of Immunisation Using Social Media - Project...UN Global Pulse
This project examined how analysis of social media data could be used to understand public perceptions on immunisation. In collaboration with the Ministry of Development Planning (Bappenas), the Ministry of Health, UNICEF and World Health Organisation (WHO) in Indonesia, Pulse Lab Jakarta filtered tweets for relevant conversations about vaccines and immunisation. Findings included identification of perception trends including concerns around religious issues, disease outbreaks, side effects and the launch of a new vaccine. The results built on Global Pulse’s previous explorations in this field, confirming that real-time information derived from social media conversations could complement existing knowledge of public opinion and lead to faster and more effective response to misinformation, since rumours often spread through social networks.
Cite as: UN Global Pulse, 'Understanding Public Perceptions of Immunisation Using Social Media', Global Pulse Project Series no.9, 2014.
Social Media Use and Adolescent Mental Health: Findings From the UK Millenniu...eraser Juan José Calderón
Social Media Use and Adolescent Mental Health: Findings From the UK Millennium Cohort Study de Yvonne Kelly, Afshin Zilanawala, Cara Booker, Amanda Sacker publicado en eClinicalMedicine
Published: January 04, 2019 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2018.12.005
1) The document discusses a study on the impact of frequent social media usage on mental health, particularly depression. The study found that increased levels of social media usage correlated with increased depression symptoms.
2) Over 4 billion people use the internet and 3.3 billion are active social media users. Several studies show links between social media use and mental health issues like depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and negative well-being.
3) The objectives of the presented study were to observe the relationship between social media and depression, anxiety, and stress. It also aimed to provide an overview of social media use among adults and children and address concerns about its negative mental health impacts.
1) The document discusses a study on the impact of frequent social media usage on mental health, particularly depression. The study found that increased levels of social media usage correlated with increased depression symptoms.
2) Over 4 billion people use the internet and 3.3 billion are active social media users. Several studies show links between social media use and mental health issues like depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and negative well-being. Increased social media usage is positively correlated with increased depression symptoms.
3) The objectives of the presented study are to observe the impacts of social media on depression, anxiety, and stress. It aims to provide an overview of social media use among adults and children and address common concerns about
The presentation will be based on the hypothesis from Research Met.docxlillie234567
The presentation will be based on the hypothesis from Research Methods I,
and will include a finalized methodology to test the hypothesis, planned analyses, and
discussion of potential findings
The Influence of Social Media on Mental Health
Martha Ramsey
Saint Leo University
Research Method II: PSY 535
Instructor Andrea Goldstein
November 4, 2022
1
The Influence of social media on Mental Health
Abstract
It is essential to define social media and mental health to have a meaningful conversation on the impact technology has on people's emotional well-being. One definition of social media is how individuals may discuss and learn more about a range of topics with one another. Video, still images, and sound are just some of the many ways data may be sent. The material provided on these sites has the potential to help people or to cause harm, such as mental health problems or radicalization. YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Flickr are all examples of well-known social networking sites. Pew predicts that by 2022, 84 percent of U.S. adults will be active on at least one social networking site, up from 5 percentage points in 2002. In the United States, people mainly utilize the social media sites Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest, and Twitter.
Introduction
One cannot imagine current life without the ubiquitous presence of social media. Since it was first created, people have found several ways to put it to use. Social media were designed to facilitate quick one-on-one contact. However, it has steadily been implemented in several industries, including schools, the business world, and hospitals, as a tool for marketing, making it simpler to contact more consumers and prospective clients in a short period. However, social media's negative aspects may harm people's health and well-being. Among the harmful impacts of social media is the rise of mental health problems, according to recent studies. Anxiety, sadness, and mania are just some of the mental health problems that have been linked to excessive social media usage.
People's mental well-being is crucial since it determines how actively they engage in everyday life. Mental health issues may impair an individual's ability to operate and can be triggered by various traumatic experiences, abusive relationships, child maltreatment, unemployment, and failed marriages. Common mental health difficulties include melancholy, inability to sleep, tension, hostility, and suppression of feelings (Coyne et al.,2020). However, mental health encompasses not only physical health but also social and emotional well-being.
Some have suggested that media positively and negatively affect users' mental health. One of social media's most frequently cited advantages is the increased privacy it provides its users. Individuals can feel safe sharing their traumatic experiences, knowing their privacy will be protected. In other words, face-to-face interactions don't necessarily guarantee the same level of ope.
Overdependence on Digital Technology by ChildrenNele Rieve
This document discusses overdependence on digital technology by children under age 12 and proposes an intervention called QT to promote healthy media consumption. It provides background on increasing technology access and usage among young children. While technology offers benefits, excessive early use is linked to physical, psychological, and developmental issues. The automatic thinking encouraged by fast-paced media disrupts concentration and comprehension. Parents are uncertain about risks due to limited experience but see educational benefits, and moderate usage through rules but struggle with implementation due to their own tech habits. The proposed QT intervention aims to inform parents to improve children's health, development, learning, and social skills.
Running head SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT1SOCIAL MED.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running head: SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 1
SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT 13
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child
Nisha Cunningham
Felician University
Social Media’s Effect on the Development and Learning Stages of A Child
Annotated Bibliography
Best, P., Manktelowa, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media, and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 27-36.
The article looks into the growing debate about the effects of online social technologies on children and teenagers. Through an in-depth analysis of empirical research, the authors identify both the benefits and harmful effects of social media on young people. The article gives recommendations on how to minimize adverse impacts and increase the positive effects of social media.
Loureiro, K., Solnet, D., Bolton, R. P., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N., & Kabadayi, S. (2013). Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: a review and research agenda. Journal of Service Management, 245-267.
Social media use has several implications for young people. This article refers to today's younger generation as Generation Y. The authors collect information to show the effects of social media on society, organizations, and individuals. Several research questions are derived to explain social media use in a better way.
Hutter, K., Hautz, J., Dennhardt, S., & Füller, J. (2013). The impact of user interactions in social media on brand awareness and purchase intention: the case of MINI on Facebook. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 342-351.
The article analyzes how social media influences the purchase of products. Through an online survey, the authors indicate how individuals can be talked into buying products over the internet. The authors use a mixed-method research method to show how social media has influenced the marketing of products.
Schwendler, I. L., & Trude, A. (2018). Implementation of Text-Messaging and Social Media Strategies in a Multilevel Childhood Obesity Prevention Intervention: Process Evaluation Results. The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 187-198.
Social media has been highly attributed to the increase in obesity in young children. Children are spending more time on social media platforms. Physical exercise has dramatically reduced as more children embrace social media and their major entertainment. The article reviews the use of social media in both increasing and lowering obesity prevalence.
Lewin, C., & Greenhow, C. (2016). Social media and education: reconceptualizing the boundaries of formal and informal learning. Journal of Learning, Media and Technology, 6-30.
Social media has several effects on society. Some people have argued that social media has the potential of creating a bridge between formal and informal learning. Social media affects learning at both levels. This article analyzes the use of .
Similar to Computers in Human Behavior 45 (2015) 151–157Contents lists .docx (20)
KATIES POST The crisis case I chose to discuss this week is th.docxdonnajames55
KATIE'S POST:
The crisis case I chose to discuss this week is the Tennessee Valley and the Kingston ash slide. On December 22, 2008, Tennessee Valley Authority who uses coal to generate electricity, had one of their containment pods that holds sludge from the ash wall begin to leak. The leak then caused the wall to eventually crumble. The leak then flowed into the Emory River that is located nearby. The river flowed into a nearby community, destroyed several houses, and forced families to evacuate the area.
Chapter 5 discusses the importance of organization members accepting that crisis can start quickly and unexpectedly. Two months before the leak, TVA was informed of a wet spot located on one retaining wall that suggested a leak was present. The moisture was eroding the structure's integrity, but TVA continued to add ash to the pond. TVA organization leaders ignored the warning signs of a potential crisis. TVA then accepted blame for the spill and began dredging the Emory River shortly after the incident. No other independent party was allowed to assess the dredging plan before it launched. If TVA's plan failed, the organization would have been at fault once again.
Upon further investigation of the crisis, lawyers were able to identify six primary failures in TVA's systems, controls, standards, and culture. “Lack of clarity and accountability for ultimate responsibility, lack of standardization, training, and metrics, siloed responsibilities and poor communication, lack of checks and balances, lack of prevention priority and resources, and being reactive instead of proactive” (Ulmer, Sellnow,& Seeger, 87).
Unfortunately, this unintentional crises could have been avoided had the proper crisis management, quality assurance, and procedures been put in place. TVA's negligence cost people their homes, polluted the river, and the uncertainty of long-term health conditions from being exposed to the ash's toxins. "The community was not able to locate reliable information about potential short- and long-term health effects, uncertainty about the extent of environmental damage, and feared plummeting property values" (Ritchie, Little, & Campbell, 179). TVA was at fault for several things, but the most significant fault they did not consider is the risk of storing large volumes of fly ash near the Emory River that flowed into a nearby community.
Ulmer, R. R., Sellnow, T. L., & Seeger, M. W. (2017). Effective crisis communication: Moving from crisis to opportunity. Sage Publications.
Ritchie, L. A., Little, J., & Campbell, N. M. (2018). Resource Loss and Psychosocial Stress in the Aftermath of the 2008 Tennessee Valley Authority Coal Ash Spill. International journal of mass emergencies and disasters, 36(2), 179.
.
Kate Chopins concise The Story of an Hour. What does Joseph.docxdonnajames55
Kate Chopin's concise "The Story of an Hour".
* What does Josephine represent in the story? What does Richards represent?
*The doctors said Mrs. M. died of "heart disease - of joy that kills." How is this ironic?
* What are some themes in the story? What are some symbols?
.
K-2nd Grade
3rd-5th Grade
6th-8th Grade
Major Concepts, Principles, and Learning Theories (To be completed in Topic 3)
Cognitive
Linguistic
Social
Emotional
Physical
.
Just Walk on By by Brent Staples My firs.docxdonnajames55
Just Walk on By
by Brent Staples
My first victim was a woman—white, well dressed, probably in
her early twenties. I came upon her late one evening on a deserted street
in Hyde Park, a relatively affluent neighborhood in an otherwise mean,
impoverished section of Chicago. As I swung onto the avenue behind her,
there seemed to be a discreet, uninflammatory distance between us. Not so.
She cast back a worried glance. To her, the youngish black man—a broad
six feet two inches with a beard and billowing hair, both hands shoved
into the pockets of a bulky military jacket—seemed menacingly close.
After a few more quick glimpses, she picked up her pace and was soon
running in earnest. Within seconds she disappeared into a cross street.
That was more than a decade ago. I was 23 years old, a graduate
student newly arrived at the University of Chicago. It was in the echo of
that terrified woman’s footfalls that I first began to know the unwieldy
inheritance I’d come into—the ability to alter public space in ugly ways. It
was clear that she thought herself the quarry of a mugger, a rapist, or
worse. Suffering a bout of insomnia, however, I was stalking sleep, not
defenseless wayfarers. As a softy who is scarcely able to take a knife
to raw chicken—let alone hold it to a person’s throat—I was surprised,
embarrassed, and dismayed all at once. Her flight made me feel like an
accomplice in tyranny. It also made it clear that I was indistinguishable
from the muggers who occasionally seeped into the area from the
surrounding ghetto. That first encounter, and those that followed signified
that a vast unnerving gulf lay between nighttime pedestrians—particularly
women—and me. And I soon gathered that being perceived as dangerous
is a hazard in itself. I only needed to turn a corner into a dicey situation,
or crowd some frightened, armed person in a foyer somewhere, or make
an errant move after being pulled over by a policeman. Where fear and
weapons meet—and they often do in urban America—there is always the
possibility of death.
In that first year, my first away from my hometown, I was to
become thoroughly familiar with the language of fear. At dark, shadowy
intersections in Chicago, I could cross in front of a car stopped at a traffic
light and elicit the thunk, thunk, thunk, thunk of the driver—black, white,
male, or female—hammering down the door locks. On less traveled streets
after dark, I grew accustomed to but never comfortable with people who
crossed to the other side of the street rather than pass me. Then there were
the standard unpleasantries with police, doormen, bouncers, cab drivers,
and others whose business it is to screen out troublesome individuals
before there is any nastiness.
I moved to New York nearly two years ago and I have remained an
avid night walker. In central Manhattan, the near-constant crowd cover
minimizes tense one-on-one stre.
Just make it simple. and not have to be good, its the first draft. .docxdonnajames55
Just make it simple. and not have to be good, it's the first draft.
I want it a complete essay of 2 pages before 10 am on Sunday.
The instructions in the second file. There is a picture in the third file.
CDT (Central Daylight Time)
UTC/GMT -5 hours
.
JUST 497 Senior Seminar and Internship ExperienceInternationa.docxdonnajames55
JUST 497: Senior Seminar and Internship Experience
International Film Critique: The Whistleblower
· Due: April 3
· Reaction Paper: 10 Points
· Presentation: 5 Points
Your first written assignment was to critique a newspaper article dealing with misconduct and/or corruption at a local level within the United States. The capstone essay asks you to consider a social injustice and its consequences that occur on a national level. The International film assignment asks you to consider issues of international law and justice.
The Whistleblower based on a true story depicts the horrors of human trafficking and human rights violations across international borders.
Please choose Assignment A or B.
Assignment A
Write a 3-4 page Reaction Paper to the above film. Summarize the producer’s main message in no more than a half page. The remainder of the paper should reflect your opinion of the content of the film based on your knowledge of international law. Make specific references to scenes in the film that correlate with information you have gained in previous or current coursework. Cite all sources in-text according to the Hacker & Sommers APA Manual of Style.
Cautionary Notes
· Do not summarize the video.
· Cite specific information from the film using the required APA Manual of style.
· Use 12 font, double spacing and 1 inch margins.
Students who need a special accommodation and cannot find a copy of a closed caption video, must meet with their instructor to design an alternative assignment.
Assignment B
The Whistleblower implicates the United Nations, the U.S. State Department, and private contractors in post war Bosnia in an organized human trafficking scheme. Kathryn Bolkovac discovers a lucrative, far-reaching operation involving the local police and United Nations peacekeepers, many of them protected by diplomatic immunity. This film is based on a true story and reflects the international concern with corruption and human trafficking.
Cast
· Kathryn Bolkovac: Nebraska police officer who accepts an offer to work with the U.N. International Police in Bosnia run by a private company in the U.K., Democra Security
· Madeleine Rees: Head of the United Nations Human Rights Commission
· Nick Kaufman: Kathryn’s Field Commander
· Peter Ward: Internal Affairs Specialist
· Luba, Raya and Irka: teenagers sold to the sex trafficking ring
· Fred Murray: Democra Security Officer
· John Blakely: Head of Human Resources
Based on the movie, address the following questions. Answers should be in a Question and Answer format and not essay style.
1. Discuss the suffering and oppression witnessed by (not experienced by) the main character. Cite specific scenes from the movie to support your discussion.
2. In whatspecific ways does Kathryn advocate for the victims she encounters? Cite scenes from the movie to support your answer.
3. Discuss how both local citizens and higher ranking officials contribute to organized corruption in post-war Bosn.
July 2002, Vol 92, No. 7 American Journal of Public Health E.docxdonnajames55
July 2002, Vol 92, No. 7 | American Journal of Public Health Editorial | 1057
⏐ EDITORIAL
A Code of
Ethics for
Public Health
The mandate to ensure and pro-
tect the health of the public is an
inherently moral one. It carries
with it an obligation to care for
the well-being of communities,
and it implies the possession of an
element of power to carry out
that mandate. The need to exer-
cise power to ensure the health of
populations and, at the same time,
to avoid abuses of such power are
at the crux of public health ethics.
Until recently, the ethical na-
ture of public health has been im-
plicitly assumed rather than ex-
plicitly stated. Increasingly,
however, society is demanding ex-
plicit attention to ethics. This de-
mand arises from technological
advances that create new possibil-
ities and, with them, new ethical
dilemmas; new challenges to
health, such as the advent of HIV;
and abuses of power, such as the
Tuskegee study of syphilis.
Medical institutions have been
more explicit about the ethical
elements of their practice than
have public health institutions.
However, the concerns of public
health are not fully consonant
with those of medicine. Thus, we
cannot simply translate the princi-
ples of medical ethics to public
health. In contrast to medicine,
public health is concerned more
with populations than with indi-
viduals, and more with prevention
than with cure. The need to artic-
ulate a distinct ethic for public
health has been noted by a num-
ber of public health professionals
and ethicists.1–5
A code of ethics for public
health can clarify the distinctive
elements of public health and the
ethical principles that follow from
or respond to those elements. It
can make clear to populations and
communities the ideals of the pub-
lic health institutions that serve
them, ideals for which the institu-
tions can be held accountable.
THE PROCESS OF
WRITING THE CODE
The backgrounds and perspec-
tives of people who identify
themselves as public health pro-
fessionals are as diverse as the
multitude of factors affecting the
health of populations. Articulating
a common ethic for this diverse
group is a formidable challenge.
In the spring of 2000, the gradu-
ating class of the Public Health
Leadership Institute chose writing
a code of ethics for public health
as a group project. The institute
provides advanced leadership
training to people who are al-
ready in leadership roles in pub-
lic health. Because the fellows
bring a wealth of experience from
a wide variety of public health in-
stitutions, they are uniquely able
to represent diverse perspectives
and identify ethical issues com-
mon in public health.
At the 2000 meeting of the Na-
tional Association of City and
County Health Officers, the group
added a non-institute member
( J. C. Thomas) and charted a plan
for working toward a code. The
plan included receiving a formal
charge as the code of ethics work-
ing group at the annual meeting of
the American Public Health Asso-
c.
Journals are to be 2 pages long with an introduction, discussion and.docxdonnajames55
Journals are to be 2 pages long with an introduction, discussion and conclusion. They must be double spaced. Your formatting, sentence structure, spell checking, etc., will all be taken into account.
Utilizing YouTube, do a search for and listen to at least two perspectives from CNN, Fox News and/or MSNBC regarding culture wars. Provide me with an analysis that discusses two different perspectives. I typed in CNN/Fox News/MSNBC and then culture war, and was able to find quite a few 5 minute vignettes with regard to the topic. If you find a discussion of the culture wars either in written form or at another site, you must insure that it is a legitimate source and provide a link to the site.
Make sure to first provide your understanding of the definition of culture wars as outlined in the text readings, then provide me with your analysis obtained from the news outlets.
.
Judgement in Managerial Decision MakingBased on examples fro.docxdonnajames55
Judgement in Managerial Decision Making
Based on examples from one of the recommended articles selected by you, the lecture notes, the text, and other sources, discuss one or several of the themes: the nature of managerial decision making, the steps in the managerial decision making, organizational learning and creativity, judgmental heuristics, common biases in managerial decision making, bounds of human judgment, strategies for making better decisions.
.
Joyce is a 34-year-old woman who has been married 10 years. She .docxdonnajames55
Joyce is a 34-year-old woman who has been married 10 years. She has three children, all less than 10 years old: Sheena (age 9), Jack (age 6), and Beth (age 2). Her husband is a prominent attorney. They present an ideal picture of an upper-middle-class family. They live in a fashionable suburb. The husband has been successful to the extent that he has been made a full partner in a large law firm. The family is very active in church, the country club, and various other social organizations. Joyce is an active member of several charitable, civic, and social groups. Joyce’s initial call to the abuse center was vague and guarded. She expressed an interest in inquiring for “another woman” in regard to the purpose of the center. After she had received information and an invitation to call back, a number of weeks elapsed. Joyce’s second call occurred after receiving a severe beating from her husband.
Joyce tells the crisis worker in the phone:"Well, last night he beat me worse than ever. I thought he was really going to kill me this time. It had been building up for the past few weeks. His fuse was getting shorter and shorter, both with me and the kids. It’s his work, I guess. Finally he came home late last night. Dinner was cold. We were supposed to go out, and I guess it was my fault . . . I complained about his being late, and he blew up. Started yelling that he was gonna teach me a lesson. He started hitting me with his fists . . .knocked me down . . . and then started kicking me. I got up and ran into the bathroom. The kids were yelling for him to stop and he cuffed Sheena . . . God, it was horrible! (Wracked with sobs for more than a minute. CW waits.) I’m sorry, I just can’t seem to keep control."
As the crisis worker:
1-What typical dynamics did you see occurring—denial, guilt, fear, rationalization, withdrawal, and so on—in the victim? How would you as the crisis worker handle them?
What are some of the domestic violence intervention strategies? Pick one and how would you apply it to the scenario
.
Journal Write in 300-500 words about the following topic.After .docxdonnajames55
Journal: Write in 300-500 words about the following topic.
After watching some news and some television shows, including movies and anime. What are some portrayals of sexual harassment and rape myths that are perpetuated by social media, entertainment media, and news outlets?
What is the motivation of rapists on TV and in the movies?
What “types” of women get raped or sexually assaulted and harassed in movies and television?
Some research suggests that on TV and in the movies nontraditional women get raped more often than traditional women as a means of putting nontraditional women “in their place.”
How does what you saw compare to the research? How do gender stereotypes perpetuate rape and harassment culture?
In your experience or opinion, what are some ways society can address some of these issues around sexual assault and sexual battery, especially on college campuses and workplaces?
.
Journal Supervision and Management StyleWhen it comes to superv.docxdonnajames55
Journal: Supervision and Management Style
When it comes to supervising and managing personnel in human services organizations, everyone has his or her own leadership style. Some styles are effective and supportive; others may be ineffectual and unhelpful. When supervising and managing staff, it is important for human services administrators to first identify their leadership style and examine personal strengths and weaknesses related to their leadership style. Understanding how to utilize strengths and address weaknesses in leadership style is important for administrators to be both effective and supportive when supervising and managing.
In order to complete the Application Assignment, you must first complete the "Types of Leadership and Patterns of Management" interactive graphic provided in the Learning Resources. Once you have done so, take note of your leadership style and think about your areas of strengths and weaknesses.
After completing the self-assessment tool in this week’s Learning Resources, reflect on the results.
RESULTS:
I am very good at executing the work of a task, though I like clarity about the desired outcome.
1.
Engaging
2.
I really prefer to be peaceful and calm, finding ways to help others achieve their goals
3.
Achieving consensus among followers assures the best success
4.
It is ok to breech boundaries if we can all move in the same direction
5.
Being a change agent is never easy, but it is very stimulating for me
6.
I really prefer to be in control, though it does not have to be out in public
7.
Challenges should be addressed head on
8.
I like predictability
9.
I like to always put my best foot forward
10.
I am known to sometimes be argumentative, I believe it is the way new ideas emerge
11.
The best way to succeed is to trust oneself
12.
When determining goals to reach, we should always challenge ourselves a little beyond what we can see ourselves accomplishing
13.
The best way for me to relax is to spend some time alone quietly.
14.
When decisions are necessary my primary concern is its effect on the persons involved
15.
I am confident and assertive
16.
I am a compassionate person and there is significant value in the person (s) knowing where it comes from
17.
I am a very consistent person and am guided by my values
18.
I am a compassionate person but would rather show it behind the scenes
19.
I am conscientious and organized
20.Next
I like to focus on group cohesion
21.
When decisions are necessary I can make them easily and quickly as circumstances demand it
22.
My strong ability to envision the future makes me a result oriented leader
23.
Building and sustaining a strong image is a principle contributor to progress
24.
I see the big picture
25.
The best way for me to relax is to be reflective with a friend
26.
I am known to create harmony among others as it creates an optimal working environment. I am unimpressed with conflict
27.
Realistic
28.
I lik.
Journal of Social Work Values & Ethics, Fall 2018, Vol. 15, No.docxdonnajames55
Journal of Social Work Values & Ethics, Fall 2018, Vol. 15, No. 2 - page 37
Ethnicity, Values, and Value Conflicts of African
American and White Social Service Professionals
Andrew Edwards, MSW, Ph.D.
Cleveland State University, Emeritus
[email protected]
Mamadou M. Seck, Ph.D.
Cleveland State University
[email protected]
Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics, Volume 15, Number 2 (2018)
Copyright 2018, ASWB
This text may be freely shared among individuals, but it may not be republished in any medium without
express written consent from the authors and advance notification of ASWB.
Abstract
This aspect of a broader study included 110 (68
White/European American and 42 Black/African
American) social service professionals. The primary
focus of this aspect of the study was to verify the
value orientation or core beliefs of the practitioners
who deliver services to clients through social service
agencies and programs. The conceptualization
of the core beliefs explored the values and value
conflicts in relation to professional practice. The
participants were employed in a Midwestern
metropolitan region. They responded to a survey
instrument that included vignettes, closed-ended
items, scaled responses, as well as either-or type
items. Major categories of the exploration included:
life and death issues, lifestyle, domestic and
social perspectives, value conflicts with the social
work profession, and personal responses to value
conflicts. Specific items measuring values related
to abortion, homosexuality, religiosity, euthanasia,
and corporal punishment were included. Study
results showed statistical significance on 26 issues
as African American participants were compared
with White participants.
Keywords: value conflicts, social work, ethical
dilemmas, ethnicity, professional relationship
Introduction
The complexity of American society (Jarrett,
2000), specifically due to its historic, economic,
social, and ethnic makeup, requires that social
work professionals take their clients’ ethnicity,
values, and professional-client value conflicts
into consideration. Historical dynamics, such as
unproductive treatment, have contributed to the
reluctance of various population groups to engage
with professional service providers. This history
(Barker, 2014) has influenced the adoption of
guidelines that require social workers to be culturally
aware during interventions and recognizing that
diversity-related characteristics have influence upon
an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Barker (2014) further noted that the concept of
values is influenced by one’s perceptions of what
comprises appropriate principles, practices, and
behaviors. An individual’s personal values are often
considered as a representation of one’s core beliefs
and what an individual may perceive as right.
Therefore, these beliefs do not require supporting
evidence for those who embrace them and may
result in behavio.
Journal of Personality 862, April 2018VC 2016 Wiley Perio.docxdonnajames55
Journal of Personality 86:2, April 2018
VC 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12301Unique Associations Between Big
Five Personality Aspects and
Multiple Dimensions of Well-Being
Jessie Sun ,
1,2
Scott Barry Kaufman,
3
and
Luke D. Smillie
1
1
The University of Melbourne
2
University of California, Davis
3
University of Pennsylvania
Abstract
Objective: Personality traits are associated with well-being, but the precise correlates vary across well-being dimensions and
within each Big Five domain. This study is the first to examine the unique associations between the Big Five aspects (rather
than facets) and multiple well-being dimensions.
Method: Two samples of U.S. participants (total N 5 706; Mage 5 36.17; 54% female) recruited via Amazon’s Mechanical Turk
completed measures of the Big Five aspects and subjective, psychological, and PERMA well-being.
Results: One aspect within each domain was more strongly associated with well-being variables. Enthusiasm and Withdrawal
were strongly associated with a broad range of well-being variables, but other aspects of personality also had idiosyncratic
associations with distinct forms of positive functioning (e.g., Compassion with positive relationships, Industriousness with
accomplishment, and Intellect with personal growth).
Conclusions: An aspect-level analysis provides an optimal (i.e., parsimonious yet sufficiently comprehensive) framework for
describing the relation between personality traits and multiple ways of thriving in life.
Keywords: Personality, aspects, Big Five, subjective well-being, psychological well-being
When multiple positive end states are examined, it becomes
apparent that aspects of psychological well-being may be
achieved by more people than just the nonneurotic, extra-
verted members of society. (Schmutte & Ryff, 1997, p. 558)
The large literature describing the associations between person-
ality traits and well-being suggests that Extraversion (the tendency
to be bold, talkative, enthusiastic, and sociable) and Neuroticism
(the tendency to be emotionally unstable and prone to negative
emotions) are especially strong predictors of well-being (e.g.,
Steel, Schmidt, & Shultz, 2008). But is well-being only accessible
to the extraverted and non-neurotic? We propose that more
nuanced insights can be revealed by examining the relation
between narrower traits and a broader spectrum of well-being
dimensions. The goal of the current study is to comprehensively
describe the unique associations between personality aspects and
dimensions of well-being across three well-being taxonomies.
Personality Traits and Three Taxonomies
of Well-Being
Personality traits and well-being dimensions can each be
described at different levels of resolution. The Big Five domains
provide a relatively comprehensive framework for organizing
differential patterns of affect, behavior, and cognition (John,
Naumann, & Soto, 2008). These broad traits can be further bro-
ken dow.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology1977, Vol. 35, N.docxdonnajames55
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1977, Vol. 35, No. 9, 677-688
Self-Reference and the Encoding of Personal Information
T. B. Rogers, N. A. Kuiper, and W. S. Kirker
University of Calgary, Canada
The degree to which the self is implicated in processing personal information
was investigated. Subjects rated adjectives on four tasks designed to force
varying kinds of encoding: structural, phonemic, semantic, and self-reference.
In two experiments, incidental recall of the rated words indicated that adjec-
tives rated under the self-reference task were recalled the best. These results
indicate that self-reference is a rich and powerful encoding process. As an
aspect of the human information-processing system, the self appears to func-
tion as a superordinate schema that is deeply involved in the processing, inter-
pretation, and memory of personal information.
Present research and theory in personality
appear to be placing more and more empha-
sis on how a person has organized his or her
psychological world. Starting with Kelly's
(1955) formulation of personal constructs,
we see a gradual emergence of a number of
avenues of inquiry that use this as their focal
point. In person perception, the concept of
lay personality theory stresses that the ob-
server's analytic network of expected trait
covariations is an integral part of how he
processes (and generates) interpersonal data
(Hastorf, Schneider, & Polefka, 1970). Bern
and Allen (1974), in their embellishment of
Allport's (1937) idiographic position, argue
that an important determinant of predictive
utility of trait measurement is the manner
in which the respondent has organized his or
her view of the trait being measured. These
authors see the overlap between the respond-
ent's and the experimenter's concept of the
trait as a necessary prerequisite of predic-
tion. Attribution theory (Jones et al., 1971)
is another example of this increased accent
on personal organization. Here the emphasis
is on how the subject explains past behavior
This research was supported by a grant from the
Canada Council. We would like to thank the fol-
lowing persons for their useful ideas and comments
on earlier drafts: F. I. M. Craik, E. J. Rowe, P. J.
Rogers, H. Lytton, J. Clark, J. Ells, C. G. Costello,
and especially one anonymous reviewer.
Requests for reprints should be sent to T. B.
Rogers, Department of Psychology, The University
of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 1N4.
and how these explanations are organized in
an attributional network. The common
thread in all of these contemporary research
areas is the notion that the cognitions of a
person, particularly their manner of organ-
ization, should be an integral part of our
attempts to explain personality and behavior.
Of concern in the present article is the
construct of self and how it is implicated in
the organization of personal data. Our gen-
eral position is that the self is an extremely
active and powerful agent in the organizati.
Journal of Pcnonaluy and Social Psychology1»M. Vd 47, No 6. .docxdonnajames55
Journal of Pcnonaluy and Social Psychology
1»M. Vd 47, No 6. 1292-1302
Copynghi I9S4 by the
American Psychological Association. Inc
Influence of Gender Constancy and Social Power
on Sex-Linked Modeling
Kay Bussey
Macquarie University
New South Wales, Australia
Albert Bandura
Stanford University
Competing predictions derived from cognitive-developmental theory and social
learning theory concerning sex-linked modeling were tested. In cognitive-develop-
mental theory, gender constancy is considered a necessary prerequisite for the
emulation of same-sex models, whereas according to social learning theory, sex-
role development is promoted through a vast system of social influences with
modeling serving as a major conveyor of sex role information. In accord with
social learning theory, even children at a lower level of gender conception emulated
same-sex models in preference to opposite-sex ones. Level of gender constancy
was associated with higher emulation of both male and female models rather
than operating as a selective determinant of modeling. This finding corroborates
modeling as a basic mechanism in the sex-typing process. In a second experiment
we explored the limits of same-sex modeling by pitting social power against the
force of collective modeling of different patterns of behavior by male and female
models. Social power over activities and rewarding resources produced cross-sex
modeling in boys, but not in girls. This unexpected pattern of cross-sex modeling
is explained by the differential sex-typing pressures that exist for boys and girls
and socialization experiences that heighten the attractiveness of social power
for boys.
Most theories of sex role development as-
sign a major role to modeling as a basic
mechanism of sex role learning (Bandura,
1969; Kagan, 1964; Mischel, 1970; Sears,
Rau & Alpert, 1965). Maccoby and Jacklin
(1974) have questioned whether social prac-
tices or modeling processes are influential in
the development of sex-linked roles. They
point to findings that in laboratory situations
children do not consistently pattern their
This research was supported by Research Grant No.
M-S162-21 from the National Institute of Mental Health,
U.S. Public Health Services, and by the Lewis S. Haas
Child Development Research Fund, Stanford University.
We thank Martin Curland, Brad Carpenter, Brent Sha-
phren, Deborah Skriba, Erin Dignam, and Pamela Minet
for serving as models. We are indebted to Marilyn
Waterman for filming and editing the videotape modeling
sequence, to Eileen Lynch and Sara Buxton, who acted
as experimenters, and to Nancy Adams, who assisted in
collecting the data. Finally, we also thank the staff and
children from Bing Nursery School, Stanford University.
Requests for reprints should be sent to either Kay
Bussey, School of Behavioral Sciences, Macquarie Uni-
versity, North Ryde, Australia, 2113, or to Albert Bandura,
Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Building
420 Jordan Hall, Stanford,.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
Computers in Human Behavior 45 (2015) 151–157Contents lists .docx
1. Computers in Human Behavior 45 (2015) 151–157
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Computers in Human Behavior
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c
a t e / c o m p h u m b e h
#Gettinghealthy: The perceived influence of social media on
young
adult health behaviors
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.013
0747-5632/� 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 (406) 994 3229.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (J.M. Vaterlaus),
[email protected]
ksu.edu (E.V. Patten), [email protected] (C. Roche),
[email protected]
(J.A. Young).
1 Tel.: +1 (208) 861 0727.
2 Tel.: +1 (308) 865 8477.
J. Mitchell Vaterlaus a,⇑ , Emily V. Patten b,1, Cesia Roche c,
Jimmy A. Young d,2
a College of Education, Health and Human Development,
Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State
University, P.O. Box 173540, Bozeman, MT
59717-3540, United States
b College of Human Ecology, Department of Hospitality
Management and Dietetics, Kansas State University, 110 Justin
Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-1404, United States
c College of Business and Technology, Department of Family
2. Studies and Interior Design, University of Nebraska Kearney,
Otto Olsen 205E, Kearney, NE 68849, United States
d College of Natural and Social Sciences, Department of Social
Work, University of Nebraska Kearney, 2022 Founders Hall,
Kearney, NE 68849, United States
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Available online 23 December 2014
Keywords:
Social media
Young adulthood
Diet
Exercise
Health
Social ecological theory
a b s t r a c t
Young adults (18–25 years old) spend a majority of their
waking hours with technology and young adult-
hood is an important developmental time period for establishing
lasting health behaviors. Considering
the relevance of technology and health during young adulthood
the current study explored young adults
(N = 34) perceptions of social media’s (e.g., social networking)
influence on their health behaviors (i.e.,
diet and exercise) using a social ecological framework. Data
was collected through eight focus groups
and four individual interviews. Three themes were identified
through phenomenological qualitative
analysis. Young adults perceived that technology could be both
a barrier and a motivator for exercise.
Social media was also credited with expanding food choices
3. through creating access to a variety of
recipes, providing a venue for showcasing the food young adults
eat or prepare, and distracting young
adults from making positive food choices. Participants also
reported that it is common to post statuses
or pictures relating to exercise practices on social media during
young adulthood. Young adults indicated
that these posts could be inspirational or misused, depending on
the context. Results are discussed in
terms of theory and preliminary implications.
� 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Young adults (18–25 years old) spend more time with media
and technology daily than any other activity (Coyne, Padilla-
Walker, & Howard, 2013). Media and technology that facilitate
social interaction (i.e., social media) are preferred mediums
among
young adults (Xenos & Foot, 2008). The developmental time
period
of young adulthood is marked by transition (e.g., living arrange-
ments, college, work) and the development of some
independence
while maintaining some continued reliance on parents for a
variety
of resources (e.g., financial support, emotional support;
Aquilino,
2006; Arnett, 2000). With increased independence and
transitions,
young adulthood has been proposed to be an important time per-
iod for the development of lasting health behaviors (Nelson,
Story,
Larson, Neumark-Sztainer, & Lytle, 2008). A variety of factors
(e.g.,
individual, environmental) influence health behaviors and social
4. media may be an important factor in understanding young adult
health (Freeland-Graves & Nitzke, 2013). It is essential to
identify
the influence of technology use on health behaviors during
young
adulthood due to the potential salience of health behaviors and
fre-
quency of technology use during this time period of
development.
The current exploratory study was designed to begin to identify
the perceived connection between health behaviors (i.e., diet
and
exercise) and social media use among young adults.
1.1. Social media in young adulthood
New media and technology are viewed by young people as a
normal part of daily living (Brown & Bobkowski, 2011; Cupples
&
Thompson, 2010). It has been reported that young adults spend
between 11 and 12 h a day with technology and media (Alloy
Media, 2009; Kaiser Family Foundation., 2010). Young adults
have
a particular affinity for social media—or technologies that
facilitate
social interaction (Xenos & Foot, 2008). As of January 2014,
89% of
18–29 year olds report using social networking sites and 67%
access these sites on their cell phones (Pew Research Center,
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1016/j.chb.2014.12
.013&domain=pdf
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.013
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
5. mailto:[email protected]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.013
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/07475632
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/comphumbeh
152 J.M. Vaterlaus et al. / Computers in Human Behavior 45
(2015) 151–157
2014). The social media landscape has expanded to include
several
different platforms for interaction and communication (Duggan
&
Smith, 2013). One of the most popular features afforded by
these
social platforms is photo sharing and 79% of 18–29 year olds
report
sharing photos they have taken online (Duggan, 2013). Table 1
provides a summary of some of the most popular social media
plat-
forms that are utilized by young adults. Facebook (84%)
continues
to be the most widely accessed social networking site, although
young adults also report accessing additional sites such as
Twitter
(53%), Instagram (37%), and Pinterest (27%) (Duggan & Smith,
2013). Additionally, 26% of young adults report using the
Snapchat
mobile app (Duggan, 2013). Considering the quantity of time
young adults spend with technology and the variety of social
media platforms available, it appears that social media has
become
a normative aspect of young adult life.
1.2. Young adult health behaviors
The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (Academy) advocates
6. for the total diet approach, which emphasizes that a health-
promoting lifestyle consists of varied and moderate intake of
nutrient-dense food, coupled with adequate physical activity
(Freeland-Graves & Nitzke, 2013). Consistent with the total diet
approach, our conceptualization of health behaviors included
both
diet and exercise. Young adulthood has been proposed to be a
risky
time period for the development of poor diet and exercise habits
(Nelson et al., 2008). The National College Health Assessment
(NCHA; American College Health Association, 2013) reported
that
58.7% of young adults (N = 123, 078; mean age = 22.82) eat
one
to two servings of fruits and vegetables per day and 56.6%
engage
in moderate-intensity cardio exercise between one and four
times
a week. This large scale health survey also asked students to
address a variety of contextual factors such as relationships,
aca-
demic performance, finances, etc., but does not include
questions
about technology or media use. This is surprising considering
the
amount of time young adults spend with technology.
1.3. Social ecological theory: Media and health
There are a variety of factors that influence health behaviors
and we propose that social media could be a relevant factor
contributing to a persons’ total diet. The social ecological
model
has been used to describe the complexity of how people make
the decisions to eat what they eat within concentric ecosystem
lev-
7. els (i.e., individual factors, environmental settings, sectors of
influ-
ence, and social and cultural norms and values; Freeland-Graves
&
Nitzke, 2013). Within the social ecological theory, individual
fac-
tors in making food choices include time availability,
convenience,
and psychosocial factors. The sector of influence level of the
Table 1
Descriptions of Select social media platforms.
Name of
platform
Brief description
Facebook Allows users to create a personal profile to share
selected personal in
accept friends with whom they wish to connect. Facebook
allows for
found on the internet
Twitter Allows users to create a brief profile with a photo.
Twitter allows use
updates referred to as Tweets. Twitter users can follow people
or org
Instagram This is a photo and video sharing app. Users can take
a picture and se
with their followers. Users develop their own profile and can
select t
updates
Pinterest This platform is an electronic pin board. Users create a
profile and ‘‘pin
8. form of social bookmarking where users can organize
information on
information
Snapchat A photo and video sharing app that allows users to
share with a speci
Snaps. Senders can decide how long (between 1 and 10 s) the
receive
ecological model includes the larger societal structures and
influ-
ences on food choices and exercise such as government, agricul-
ture, and industry. Media and technology, also at the sector of
influence level, has been credited as one factor that has led to a
shift in perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs about nutrition during
the last 50 years (Freeland-Graves & Nitzke, 2013). Social
scientists
have proposed that media and technology now have a more
direct
influence as they are a regular part of young peoples’
psychosocial
experience (McHale, Dotterer, & Kim, 2009). It is proposed that
media and technology are now a part of the individual factors
level
of the ecological system. Considering the relevancy of
environmen-
tal factors on health behaviors, it would be logical to
investigate
the relationship between young adult social media use and
health
behaviors among young adults.
1.4. Connecting social media to health behaviors
Media and technology (e.g., TV, movies, video games, Internet)
are conceptualized as sedentary activities that displace time for
physical activity and ultimately lead to increases in Body Mass
9. Index (BMI) among children and adolescents (Arora et al.,
2013;
Proctor et al., 2003). With technological convergence (i.e., the
abil-
ity to access several technologies from one device) many young
adults have access to social media on their cell phone and prefer
to carry their social network around with them at all times
(Brown & Bobkowski, 2011), which could be indicative of an
increase in sedentary behavior. Television viewing has also
been
investigated in association with food choices and portion sizes
(Blass et al., 2006; Cleland, Schmidt, Dwyer, & Venn, 2008).
Young
adult abdominal weight gain can be partially explained by the
foods and beverages consumed while watching TV (Cleland et
al.,
2008) and young adults are more likely to consume high-density
foods (e.g., pizza and macaroni and cheese) with less
moderation
while eating and viewing TV concurrently (Blass et al., 2006).
Like
TV, social media could serve as a distraction during eating.
How-
ever, unlike television social media allows for interaction with
oth-
ers through technology.
The interactive nature of social media may have a different
influence on young adult health behavior than non-interactive
technologies (e.g., TV, movies, music). Researchers have
identified
that social interaction can influence food choices and portions
among young adults (McFerran, Dahl, Fitzsimons, & Morales,
2010). For example, an experimental study concerning food
con-
sumption in social situations reported that all of the young adult
10. participants were likely to take more food than the consumer
before them, but the people who followed a thin consumer in a
food line took significantly less food when compared to people
who followed after an obese consumer (McFerran et al., 2010).
It
may be that social media use can be a distraction, like TV, for
Website
formation, interests, photos or videos. Users can find and
status updates, instant messaging, and posting content
www.facebook.com
rs to share photos, videos, and brief 140-character status
anizations to stay connected
www.twitter.com
lect different filter options in order to share their picture
o follow specific people/organizations to get photo/video
www.instagram.com
’’ (i.e., post) content from the internet to their board. It is a
their own board and follow other Pinterest users to share
www.pinterest.com
fied group of recipients. Sent messages are referred to as
r(s) can view the Snap before it is erased
www.snapchat.com
http://www.facebook.com
http://www.twitter.com
http://www.instagram.com
11. http://www.pinterest.com
http://www.snapchat.com
J.M. Vaterlaus et al. / Computers in Human Behavior 45 (2015)
151–157 153
moderate food intake, but the interactive nature of social media
may have a unique relationship with health behaviors. Food
con-
sumers now use social media to inform others about what they
eat through posts, restaurant reviews, recipes, and pictures
(Zimmer & Kaplan, 2014). Social media also affords the
opportunity
for users to control how they present themselves to their social
network (Zhao, Grasmuck, & Martin, 2008). Users can present
the
version of themselves that they hope for, rather than their actual
selves, which could potentially influence the content they post
relating to their health behaviors (e.g., I want people to think I
exercise and eat healthy so I ‘‘like’’ exercise and nutrition
pages
on Facebook).
Finally, social media could be a tool to learn about health
behaviors and seek support. Young adults have reported using
social media to seek health related social support from people
within their social network (Oh, Lauckner, Boehmer, Fewins-
Bliss,
& Li, 2013). Further, young adults have reported using the
internet
as a health information source (McKinley & Wright, 2014). The
internet has risen from an obscure nutrition resource in 1995
(3%
of respondents) to the third (40% of respondents) most utilized
nutrition information resource in 2011 behind television and
mag-
12. azines (Academy, 2011). With the ability to share information
via
social media it is a real possibility that social media has become
an important health information source on the internet (Rutsaert
et al., 2013). This does not mean that all the information about
diet
and exercise is accurate. Pseudo professionals, celebrities, and
the
population at large now can disseminate information about
health
behaviors (whether accurate, inaccurate, oversimplified, or
exag-
gerated) virally with social media outlets (Freeland-Graves &
Nitzke, 2013; Rutsaert et al., 2013).
1.5. Purpose of the current study
At present the relationship between social media use, diet, and
exercise in young adulthood is unclear. As such, we designed an
exploratory qualitative study to capture young adults’
perceptions
of the phenomenon. Young adult perceptions are important
because perceptions ‘‘help to influence how people think of
them-
selves and how others think of them’’ and can ultimately
influence
behavioral outcomes (Taylor, 2014, p. 52). Our aim was to give
voice and provide a rich description of young adults’ lived
experi-
ence with the phenomenon, and to generate further research
inter-
est on social media and health behaviors. The study was guided
by
the following research question:
What are the perceived influences of social media on young
13. adult health behaviors (i.e., diet and exercise)?
2. Methods
2.1. Design
A qualitative focus group approach was selected to ‘‘uncover
factors that influence opinions, behavior, or motivation’’
(Krueger
& Casey, 2000, p. 24) surrounding the perceived influence of
social
media on young adult health behaviors. Focus groups have been
shown to be effective in health (Neumark-Sztainer, Story, Perry,
& Casey, 1999) and social media (McLaughlin & Vitak, 2012)
research. To ensure saturation (i.e., themes become repetitive as
additional focus groups are implemented and by the later focus
groups no new information emerges; Krueger & Casey, 2000)
occurred, eight focus groups (m = 4.25 participants per group)
were
scheduled. In-depth semi-structured interviews were also
included
within this study. Using multiple approaches in qualitative
research increases the trustworthiness of the results (Vaterlaus
&
Higginbotham, 2011).
2.2. Sample
Young adult participants (N = 34) were recruited from five
courses at a midwestern university in the United States to
partici-
pate in a research study focused on social media use in young
adult
life. The mean age for male (n = 7) and female (n = 27)
participants
was 20.4 years old. All of the participants reported cell phone
own-
ership and 97.1% indicated that their phone was a ‘‘smart
14. phone’’.
Table 2 presents demographic information and selected health
and
social media practices of the sample.
2.3. Data collection and analysis
The project primarily utilized focus group methodology and was
approved by the university IRB. The instructors of five courses
agreed to allow student participation and one researcher
presented
the option and study protocol to each course. Students were
offered
extra credit to incentivize participation in one of eight focus
groups.
One researcher, with experience in group counseling skills,
facili-
tated the focus groups which included (a) an introduction and
explanation of informed consent, (b) participant completion of a
short questionnaire including questions relating to
demographics,
technology use, and health behaviors, and (c) 50–60 min
videotaped
semi-structured focus groups consisting of open-ended
questions
about social media use on daily life (i.e., relationships,
exercise,
and diet). Participants were specifically asked, ‘‘What, if any,
are
the influences of social media on your eating habits’’ and
‘‘What, if
any, are the influences of social media on your exercise
habits’’,
but participants also discussed health practices throughout the
focus groups. To protect participant confidentiality codes were
used
to pair participant responses with their questionnaire responses.
15. Additionally, four students (n = 2 male; n = 2 female)
volunteered
(no additional incentive) to participate in semi-structured, audio
recorded, 50–60 min interviews to gain a more in-depth
perspective
on social media and daily life.
Focus groups and individual interviews were transcribed verba-
tim, any identifiable information was deleted, and all
information
relating to health behaviors (i.e., exercise or diet) was extracted
to form the data set for this study. A phenomenological
qualitative
approach (van Manen, 1984) was used to capture young adults’
lived experience with social media and health behavior. A
human
development scholar and a dietetics scholar independently
immersed themselves in the data and highlighted (van Manen,
1984) commonalities. The two researchers met together to
discuss
the commonalities. Three themes were identified and the data
was
coded independently line-by-line (van Manen, 1984) resulting in
93% inter-coder agreement. Disagreements were resolved by
con-
sulting the data to ensure participant experience was accurately
presented. To increase the trustworthiness of the results a varia-
tion of member checking was employed (Vaterlaus, Beckert,
Tulane, & Bird, 2014). The results were sent to two of the focus
group participants and they were asked to review the
consistency
of the themes with their own experience and with their peers’
gen-
eral experience. Both indicated that the themes were represented
with their peers and their own experience with social media and
health behaviors.
16. 3. Results
The majority of participants (n = 32) perceived that social
media
has an influence on young adult health behaviors. Three themes
were identified using a phenomenological approach that articu-
lates the young adult lived experience with social media and
health behaviors. The themes included: (a) social media as a
moti-
vator and barrier to exercise, (b) the perceived connection
between
Table 2
Sample characteristics.
Participants
n %
Demographic characteristics
Ethnicity
Caucasian 28 82.4
Hispanic/Latino 6 17.6
Marital status
Single 30 88.2
Married/cohabiting 4 11.8
Living arrangement
On campus housing 11 32.4
Off campus housing 22 64.7
With parents 1 2.9
17. Participant BMI categorization
Under-
weight
Normal
weight
Overweight Obese
(n = 1) (n = 24) (n = 6) (n = 3)
Health and social media behaviors
Social media behavior
Average number of texts
sent per day
20 67 87 83
Average number of
Snapchats sent per day
0 13 18 20
Average number of
Instagram posts per week
0 2 3 0
Average amount of time
on Facebook per day
6.0 hrs 1.3 hrs 7.5 hrs 3.7 hrs
Diet
18. Average number of days
per week eat
2 ½-3 cups of vegetables 2.0 3.0 3.2 1.6
2 cups of fruit 4.0 3.0 3.0 1.3
Primary Source of meal
preparation
Cafeteria meal plan 33%
Self-preparation 100% 58% 83% 67%
Relative preparation 4% 17%
Eat out 4% 33%
Exercise
Average number of
exercise sessions per
week
0 3.2 3.5 3.0
Average length of exercise
time per session
0 min 40–50 min 40–50 min 20–30 min
Type of exercise*
Cardio 150% 83% 67%
Strength training 42% 7% 67%
Yoga 13% 33%
No exercise 100% 13% 2%
Note. The criteria from Center for Disease Control (CDC; 2011)
for identifying Body
Mass Index (BMI; BMI < 18.5 is underweight; BMI > 18.5 and
19. < 24.9 = normal;
BMI > 24.9 and < 29.9 = overweight; and, BMI > 30 = Obese)
was used.
* Case percentages (often exceeding 100%) are reported
because participants
indicated more than one type of exercise.
154 J.M. Vaterlaus et al. / Computers in Human Behavior 45
(2015) 151–157
food and social media, and (c) the perceptions of exercise
pictures
and posts online. Percentages of participants are included to
indi-
cate the prevalence of themes and subthemes. Participants were
only counted once in these percentages for each
theme/subtheme.
For example, a participant who participated in a focus group
and
individual interview were counted only once in the prevalence—
even if they talked about the theme more than once. The themes
are presented in order of prevalence.
3.1. Social media as a motivator and barrier to exercise
The majority of participants (97%) explained that social media,
like everything else, ‘‘has pros and cons.’’ Participants
perceived
that social media could both be a motivator and a barrier to
exercise in young adulthood. For example, a young adult
(female,
19) explained the ways that social media could influence her
exer-
cise habits as: ‘‘ (a) I don’t go exercise because I’m on
Facebook and
just being lazy or (b) I’m on Pinterest and I look at these cool
20. exer-
cises, and I’m like dude I’m gonna try this out.’’ Thirty-four
percent
of participants reported that technology was a both a motivator
and a barrier to exercise in young adulthood. In total, 50% of
partic-
ipants perceived that social media could motivate them and their
peers to exercise, while 47% perceived that social media was a
bar-
rier to exercise among young adults.
3.1.1. Motivator
Participants indicated that social media provides specific apps,
like ‘‘Nike + ’’ (see https://secure-nikeplus.nike.com/plus/) and
‘‘Map My Run’’ (see www.mapmyrun.com), they use to track
their
progress and increase accountability. They also acknowledged
that
social media platforms increase access to new exercises. Partici-
pants shared that they followed exercise pages or organizations
on Instagram, Pinterest, and Facebook to stay motivated. A
partic-
ipant (male, 19) declared, ‘‘I’m on Pinterest and I look at these
cool
exercises and I’m like, I’m going to try this out and then I
exercise
more.’’ Seeing other peoples’ accomplishments in
‘‘#transforma-
tiontuesday’’ (i.e., posting before and after weight loss
pictures)
posts, pictures of progress through participation in specific
exer-
cise programs (e.g., Crossfit; see www.crossfit.com), and
motiva-
tional quotes were also perceived to increase the personal desire
21. to exercise. A young adult (male, 22) explained:
You see a little quote or something like ‘‘what are you doing
with your life.’’ And you’re like hey I’m better than this I’m
not going to bother eating this tub of ice cream. I’m going to
go out there and run.
Finally, social media was perceived to be a motivator in its own
right because people are going to post pictures and people are
‘‘obviously going to want to look their best for everybody
they’re
sharing pictures with’’ (female, 22).
3.1.2. Barrier
Young adults indicated that social media could serve as a bar-
rier to exercise in terms of displacing exercise time, being
distract-
ing during exercise, and by providing inaccurate information
about
exercise. A participant (female, 21) confessed:
I was just going to look on Facebook just for a little while then
I
was going to go workout. Then I get enticed by something and
time flies by and then I’m like, ‘‘Oh it’s really late and I don’t
want to go to the gym anymore.’’ So I end up not going to the
gym. . . . [Social media] is a big part of our daily lives and
some
people just don’t realize how much it does consume our lives
and so sometimes the gym or exercise of any kind gets put on
the back burner.
Further, finding exercise information and tips online was also
described as a barrier because weak commitments are made to
actually exercising. For example, A (male, 22) described a
22. process
of finding good workout ideas on Pinterest and then:
. . .saying ‘‘oh that sounds great’’ but you continue looking
through the crap saying, ‘‘Oh I’m going to try this at some point
in my life.’’ The next day you do the same thing over and over
and you don’t ever act on it.
Young adults also described how social media was distracting
while exercising. For example, ‘‘When I’m at the gym and my
phone starts buzzing because someone messaged me or they
liked
something on Twitter. I’m like seriously leave me alone. This is
my
time to focus.’’ (male, 20). In addition to being distracting,
some of
https://secure-nikeplus.nike.com/plus/
http://www.mapmyrun.com
http://www.crossfit.com
J.M. Vaterlaus et al. / Computers in Human Behavior 45 (2015)
151–157 155
the advertisements or information may be misleading. A young
adult (male, 21) observed how one of his friends was misled by
a
‘‘get ripped quick’’ scheme. He stated:
[My friend] saw this ‘‘click here and get one free month of this
supplement’’ [social media post] and he ordered it and he
showed me. It was going to be absolutely terrible for him . . .
He was pretty excited and I ended up throwing it away because
it wasn’t healthy for him at all.
3.2. The perceived connection between food and social media
23. Participants (81%) talked about the connection between food
and Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, Snapchat, and Instagram.
They
talked about this social media and food connection in three
distinct
ways. Participants (38%) reported that social media was
associated
with increased food choices. Social media was also perceived by
participants (28%) to be a venue to share pictures of their food
with
their social network. Finally, participants (32%) explained that
social media could be a source of distraction during meal times
and when making food choices.
3.2.1. Expanded food choices
Participants indicated that recipes are readily available on Pin-
terest, Facebook, and Twitter. A young adult (female, 21)
revealed
that social media:
. . . gives you more ideas to work with. I mean, let’s be honest,
we pretty much all get into our ‘eating habits’ and they may
not always be the best or they may be really boring. We eat
the same stuff so sometimes it’s like, ‘‘that sounds really good
I’m going to try it.’’ [Social media] may open this realm of
taste
that you never have experienced.
A young adult (male, 21) stated, ‘‘I actually use Twitter for
good
diets and eating habits so [Twitter] is beneficial for me.’’
Partici-
pants indicated that there were good opportunities for healthy
recipes on social media although they cautioned that the
majority
24. of recipes available were for ‘‘unhealthy foods,’’ ‘‘sweets,’’
and
‘‘desserts.’’ Social media was also credited with expanding
food
choices/recipes for specific diets like ‘‘paleo,’’ ‘‘vegan,’’ or for
specific ‘‘food allergies.’’
3.2.2. Showcasing food
Participants discussed that the practice of posting pictures of
food on social media was to either entice others to want to make
the food or to just showcase their own food preparation skills. A
participant (male, 20) indicated that on Instagram, ‘‘the big
hash-
tag they use is #foodporn. They want you to look at it, and be
like,
‘That looks delicious!’’’ Illustrating the other major reason for
post-
ing food a young adult (female, 21) disclosed, ‘‘I don’t like to
cook,
so it’s like ‘Oh, I outdid myself’ so I’m actually going to share
it
because it actually looks edible.’’ However, young adults
indicated
that posting pictures of food too frequently is irritating—‘‘I
don’t
want to deal with what someone’s eating every five minutes’’
(female, 21).
Young adults elucidated that viewing these posts could lead to
feeling hungry, eating, or restraint. A young adult (female, 21)
divulged, ‘‘People post pictures of food all the time and it
makes
me want to go eat. It makes me hungry when I’m not really
hungry.
It makes me eat when I shouldn’t.’’ A young adult (male, 21)
25. shared, ‘‘My parents post desserts on Facebook and I look at
them
and want to try them.’’ Finally, showing restraint after viewing
a
food post of chocolate cake, a participant (female, 21) said,
‘‘That
looks good, but it’s not like I’m going to go buy a chocolate
cake
because of that.’’
3.2.3. Distraction
Social media was perceived to be a distraction that could lead to
(a) disconnection during meal times and (b) making poor food
choices. Participants explained that now most people spend
their
meal times ‘‘on their cellphone’’ instead of talking to the other
peo-
ple who are also eating. This disconnection during meal times
was
evident to participants when eating at home and while eating at
restaurants. In addition to disconnection, participants explained
that social media could shape the food choices young adults
make.
A young adult (female, 19) indicated, ‘‘If you’re on the
computer
you probably eat more than if you paid attention to what you’re
eating. I know if I’m just doing stuff [on the computer] and I’m
eat-
ing chips or something—I’ll just keep eating them.’’ Another
partic-
ipant (female, 21) shared this example about her roommate:
My roommate didn’t have class yesterday and so she was just
like, ‘‘Oh I’m just going to get on Instagram and Facebook and
just kind of check some things out.’’ . . . She forgot to eat lunch
because she got in that zone where she wasn’t paying attention
26. to time well . . . So what did she do? She went and picked up
some fast food and . . . was up really late studying. When if she
wouldn’t have been on the social media so much she could have
been able to manage her time more wisely . . . she loves to cook
and she tries to eat healthy. So for her to go out and eat fast
food
just because she was on social media all day really hindered her
healthy routine of eating on time and eating healthier foods.
3.3. #Gettingswoll: Exercise selfies and posts
Participants (59%) explained that taking exercise selfies (i.e.,
pic-
tures of themselves pre/post/during exercise), posting statuses,
sending texts, or sending Snapchats regarding exercise is a
regular
practice facilitated by social media. Participants affirmed that
exer-
cise updates via social networking were appropriate for large
accomplishments—losing a significant amount of weight or just
beginning a lifestyle that includes exercise. Collectively
participants
agreed that it was inspirational and motivational to see a person
post
a picture when they have lost a lot of weight. For example, a
partic-
ipant (male, 19) explained, ‘‘I have a friend who lost a lot of
weight
and it was cool, inspiring. He had never [posted a picture
before]—
His first one and I’m like that’s awesome. Some people do it to
get
attention.’’ Another participant (female, 20) added that she
waited
until she lost 80 pounds before she posted a picture on social
media.
27. When people frequently posted about working out or exercise
selfies this was perceived as a form of digital showboating or
brag-
ging that was annoying. In some instances participants felt like
the
person posting intended the viewers in their social network to
feel
shame about their own bodies. A (female, 20) lamented, ‘‘It’s
like
they post a pic ‘still really fat, trying to lose weight’ and their
mus-
cles are ripped and they got bulging biceps and you’re like
where’s
the fat?’’ Similarly another participant explained (male, 19):
It’s kind of more irritating sometimes when somebody will
Facebook, Tweet, or send a Snapchat or any of that stuff like,
‘‘Oh just at the gym’’ or ‘‘#gettingswoll’ [i.e., getting swollen]
it’s just annoying. I could understand if that was your first time
stepping foot in a gym and not knowing what to do was excit-
ing. Yeah, take a picture and send it to me because I’d like to
know. But you know where you go five or six times a week,
we already assume that for an hour a day you’re at the gym—
you don’t need to post about it.
People who frequently posted exercise posts and selfies were
thought to be ‘‘seeking attention’’ or looking for an ‘‘ego
boost.’’
One participant (male, 22) revealed why he did not post
exercise
selfies:
156 J.M. Vaterlaus et al. / Computers in Human Behavior 45
(2015) 151–157
28. Listen dude you’re posting pictures of yourself and you’re huge.
Your friend that feels they’re a little overweight and sees the
picture and they’re like, ‘‘dang man that’s really hard to get
to.’’ Instead post something like ‘‘if anybody needs a workout
buddy hit me up.’’ You know? Instead of posting a picture to
bum someone out.
4. Discussion
Young adulthood is a developmental time period marked by
transition (e.g., living arrangements, college, work) and large
quantities of time spent with media and technology (Arnett,
2000; Coyne et al., 2013). Because of the transitions during this
time period, young adulthood is a recommended area of study in
terms of physical health (Nelson et al., 2008). The aim of the
cur-
rent study was to identify the perceived influence of social
media
use on young adult health behaviors (i.e., diet and exercise).
The
majority of young adults in this study perceived that social
media
use does have an influence on young adult health behaviors.
Find-
ings from this study provide support for the social ecological
model—indicating that several factors, including social media,
can have an influence on health behaviors within the total diet
approach (Freeland-Graves & Nitzke, 2013). Results are
discussed
in terms of increased food choices, self-presentation, and how
social media is perceived to be a motivator or barrier to health
behaviors among young adults.
4.1. Food choices and social media
Consistent with previous research, young adults perceived that
social media serves as a platform to share and receive
29. information
about food (Zimmer & Kaplan, 2014). Participants reported that
their food choices were expanded through recipes that were
read-
ily available on social media platforms and that social media
could
assist people in varying meal plans. The Academy of Nutrition
and
Dietetics (2011) reported that the internet has become a top
source
for nutrition information and participants in this study
perceived
that social media specifically provided information about
specific
diets and eating habits. Participant responses provide additional
support for the theoretical proposition that social media is now
integrated into the individual factors level of the social
ecological
model (McHale et al., 2009) and that social media is perceived
to
have an influence on young adult food choices. Consistent with
social ecological theory (Freeland-Graves & Nitzke, 2013),
partici-
pants talked about how time spent (individual factors level)
with
social media could lead to distraction. This distraction could
lead
to eating immoderate food portions or selecting low nutrient
based
food items that are quick to consume because of time wasted on
social media. This finding is consistent with previous research
on
young adults’ food consumption during TV viewing (Blass et
al.,
2006). Also, food posts by participants’ friends in their social
net-
30. work (psychosocial influence at the individual factors level)
was
perceived to influence them to eat food when they were not hun-
gry, have the desire to prepare the food they see in the post, or
declare restraint and not allow the picture to influence their
food
choices. Consistent with McFerran et al. (2010), this provides
some
indication that social influences (digitally in this case) can
influ-
ence young adult diet practices.
4.2. Self-presentation
Social media provides a digital platform for users to present the
version of themselves that they want their social network to see
(Zhao et al., 2008). This phenomenon is referred to as a form of
self-presentation. Young adults reported that self-presentation
on
social media includes diet and exercise lifestyles. Participants
indi-
cated that social media could be used to showcase their ability
to
prepare food—presenting themselves as capable in the kitchen.
Pic-
tures and posts related to exercise practices were also seen to
shape a young adults’ personal brand on social media. It has
been
proposed that a youth culture has emerged around new technolo-
gies that is invisible to adults (Vaterlaus & Tulane, in press;
Oksman & Turtiainen, 2004). Participants’ responses provided
sup-
port for this proposition describing unwritten rules and mores
relating to posting health information. Young adults indicated
that
posting a weight loss picture was appropriate and applauded
31. when
a person lost a significant amount of weight. However, frequent
exercise or food posts were seen to be annoying attention
seeking
behaviors. Some participants suggested that some of these posts
could lead to body shame in viewers when pictures of fit people
had captions declaring they needed to lose more weight (when
they were in fact physically fit) or if the post’s creator
insinuated
that becoming exceptionally fit is an easy process.
4.3. Social media: A double-edge sword
Media and technology have largely been associated with nega-
tive health outcomes because of their sedentary and distracting
nature (Arora et al., 2013; Blass et al., 2006; Cleland et al.,
2008;
Proctor et al., 2003). Little is known about how social media
specif-
ically influences health outcomes. Participants did acknowledge
that social media could serve as a distraction from face-to-face
human interaction while eating, displace exercise time, and lead
to poor food/diet choices (e.g., missing meals, eating unhealthy
foods in large quantities). Also, some participants indicated that
there was inaccurate health information and products available
via social networking. In contrast, young adults also shared that
social media could be a motivator for positive health behaviors
and a venue to increase food choices. Social media was credited
with providing apps that increased exercise accountability,
infor-
mational pages that provided exercise and nutrition advice, and
inspirational quotes that were perceived to motivate people to
exercise. There is still much to be learned about the positive
and
negative influences of social media on health behaviors. Future
research should continue to explore the potential benefits and
challenges associated with social media in terms of young adult
32. health behaviors.
5. Preliminary Implications
Although considered preliminary, implications from this study
include that social media is a ripe and informal venue for
dissem-
inating health information to young adults. Evaluations of
formal
health interventions (e.g., self-directed weight loss program
hosted
on social media, nutrition educational curriculum offered
entirely
through social media) implemented on social media have been
shown to only have small participation rates and small benefits
(Williams, Hamm, Shulhan, Vandermeer, & Hartling, 2014). A
more
informal approach (i.e., not a prescribed curriculum or program)
to
using social media to promote health may reach more young
adults. An informal approach may involve health professionals
connecting with young adults in their community or
organization
through a variety of social media platforms—posting short
motiva-
tional quotes or memes (potentially focused on the total diet
approach), pinning or posting recipes, and posting or retweeting
accurate exercise information. Empirical evaluation the
effective-
ness of informal social media health promotion with young
adults
is needed.
Additionally, the youth culture that surrounds new technology
warrants more research attention. This line of research may lead
33. J.M. Vaterlaus et al. / Computers in Human Behavior 45 (2015)
151–157 157
social and health practitioners to better acculturate into this
youth
culture, which could lead to a better understanding in how to
nav-
igate and implement effective social media interventions for
young
adults. Finally, it is not surprising that results from this study
include both social and health implications. This study reaffirms
the importance of interdisciplinary studies within the social and
health sciences and the value of implementing a social
ecological
framework in human development research.
6. Limitations and conclusions
This study was not without limitations. As an exploratory study
a purposive sampling procedure was appropriate, but this limits
the generalizability of the results. The sample included young
adults enrolled in higher education from one region in the
United
States and results may vary with young adults from other
regions
and different educational/career aspirations. The sample was
also
primarily Caucasian. Future research should attempt to replicate
and extend these results with more diverse samples and with
mixed-method research designs. Despite the limitations, this
study
answers the call to conduct more research on factors influencing
health during young adulthood (Nelson et al., 2008). The study
also
gives voice to young adults’ own lived experiences—serving as
an
important step forward in understanding the connection between
34. social media use and young adult health behaviors.
References
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Nutrition and you: Trends
2011. <http://
www.eatright.org/nutritiontrends/#.VBdgrk1OW71>.
Alloy Media & Marketing. (2009). 9th annual college explorer
survey. <http://
www.marketingcharts.com/television/college-students-spend-
12-hoursday-
with-media-gadgets-11195/>.
American College Health Association (2013). National college
health assessment II:
Undergraduate reference group executive summary executive
report spring
2013. <http://www.acha-ncha.org/docs/ACHA-NCHA-
II_ReferenceGroup_ExecutiveSummary_Spring2013.pdf>.
Aquilino, W. S. (2006). Family relationships and support
systems in emerging
adulthood. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging
adults in America
(pp. 193–218). Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of
development from the late
teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469–
480. http://
dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469.
Arora, T., Hussain, S., Lam, K. H., Yao, G. L., Thomas, G. N.,
& Taheri, S. (2013).
Exploring the complex pathways among specific types of
35. technology, self-
reported sleep duration and body mass index in UK adolescents.
International
Journal of Obesity, 37(9), 1254–1260.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2012.209.
Blass, E. M., Anderson, D. R., Kirkorian, H. L., Pempek, T. A.,
Price, I., & Koleini, M. F.
(2006). On the road to obesity: Television viewing increases
intake of high-
density foods. Physiology & Behavior, 88, 597–604.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
j.physbeh.2006.05.035.
Brown, J. D., & Bobkowski, P. S. (2011). Older and newer
media: Patterns of use and
effects on adolescents’ health and well-being. Journal of
Research on Adolescence,
21, 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.111/j.1532-7795.2010.00717.x.
Cleland, V. J., Schmidt, M. D., Dwyer, T., & Venn, A. J.
(2008). Television viewing and
abdominal obesity in young adults: Is the association mediated
by food and
beverage consumption during viewing time or reduced leisure-
time physical
activity? The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87, 1148–
1155.
Coyne, S. M., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Howard, E. (2013).
Emerging in a digital world
a decade review of media use, effects, and gratifications in
emerging adulthood.
Emerging Adulthood, 1(2), 125–137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/
2167696813479782.
36. Cupples, J., & Thompson, L. (2010). Heterotextuality and
digital foreplay. Feminist
Media Studies, 10, 1–17.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680770903457063.
Duggan, M. (2013). Photo and video sharing grow online.
PewResearch Internet
Project. http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/10/28/photo-and-
video-sharing-
grow-online/.
Duggan, M., & Smith, A. (2013). Social media update 2013.
PewResearch Internet
Project. http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/12/30/social-media-
update-2013/.
Freeland-Graves, J. H., & Nitzke, S. (2013). Position of the
academy of nutrition and
dietetics: Total diet approach to healthy eating. Journal of the
Academy of
Nutrition and Dietetics, 113, 307–317.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
j.jand.2012.12.013.
Kaiser Family Foundation. (2010). Generation M2: Media in the
lives of 8- to 18-
year olds. Menlo Park, CA: Author.
Krueger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2000). Focus groups: A
practical guide for applied
research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
McFerran, B., Dahl, D. W., Fitzsimons, G. J., & Morales, A. C.
(2010). I’ll have what
she’s having: Effects of social influence and body type on the
food choices of
others. Journal of Consumer Research, 36, 915–929.
37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/
644611.
McHale, S. M., Dotterer, A., & Kim, J. (2009). An ecological
perspective on the media
and youth development. American Behavioral Scientist, 52,
1186–1203. http://
dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764209331541.
McKinley, C. J., & Wright, P. J. (2014). Informational social
support and online health
information seeking: Examining the association between factors
contributing to
healthy eating behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 37,
107–116. http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.04.017.
McLaughlin, C., & Vitak, J. (2012). Norm evolution and
violation on Facebook. New
Media & Society, 14, 299–315.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444811412712.
Nelson, M. C., Story, M., Larson, N. I., Neumark-Sztainer, D.,
& Lytle, L. A. (2008).
Emerging adulthood and college-aged youth: An overlooked age
for weight
related behavior change. Obesity, 16, 2205–2211.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/
oby.2008.365.
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., Perry, C., & Casey, M. A.
(1999). Factors influencing
food choices of adolescents: Findings from focus-group
discussions with
adolescents. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 99,
929–937. http://
38. dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00222-9.
Oh, H. J., Lauckner, C., Boehmer, J., Fewins-Bliss, R., & Li, K.
(2013). Facebooking for
health: An examination into the solicitation and effects of
health-related social
support on social networking sites. Computers in Human
Behavior, 29,
2072–2080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.04.017.
Oksman, V., & Turtiainen, J. (2004). Mobile communication as
a social stage:
Meanings of mobile communication in everyday life among
teenagers in
Finland. New Media and Society, 6, 319–339.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/
1461444804042518.
Pew Research Center (2014). Social networking fact sheet.
PewResearch Internet
Project. http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheets/social-
networking-fact-sheet/.
Proctor, M. H., Moore, L. L., Gao, D., Couples, L. A., Bradlee,
M. L., Hood, M. Y., et al.
(2003). Television viewing and change in body fat from
preschool to early
adolescence: The Framingham Children’s Study. International
Journal of Obesity
and Related Metabolic Disorders, 27, 827–833.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/
sj.ijo.0802294.
Rutsaert, P., Regan, Á., Pieniak, Z., McConnon, Á., Moss, A.,
Wall, P., et al. (2013). The
use of social media in food risk and benefit communication.
39. Trends in Food
Science & Technology, 30, 84–91.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2012.10.006.
Taylor, F. L. (2014). African American students’ perceptions of
their preparation for
college composition and their actual performance in a college
composition
course. Journal of Language and Cultural Education, 2, 48–59.
van Manen, M. (1984). Doing phenomenological research and
writing: An
introduction (Monograph No. 7). Edmonton, Canada: University
of Alberta.
Vaterlaus, J. M., & Higginbotham, B. J. (2011). Qualitative
program evaluation
methods. The Forum for Family and Consumer Issues, 16.
http://ncsu.edu/ffci/
publications/2011/v16-n1-2011-spring/vaterlaus-
higginbotham.php.
Vaterlaus, J. M. & Tulane, S., (in press). Digital generation
gaps in parent-adolescent
relationships. In C. J. Bruess (Ed.), Family Communication in
the Digital Age.
Vaterlaus, J. M., Beckert, T. E., Tulane, S., & Bird, C. V.
(2014). ‘‘They always ask what
I’m doing and who I’m talking to’’: Parental mediation of
adolescent interactive
technology use. Marriage and Family Review, 50, 691–713.
http://dx.doi.org/
10.1080/01494929.2014.938795.
Williams, G., Hamm, M. P., Shulhan, J., Vandermeer, B., &
40. Hartling, L. (2014). Social
media interventions for diet and exercise behaviours: A
systematic review and
meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open, 4, 1–
16. http://
dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003926.
Xenos, M., & Foot, K. (2008). Not your father’s internet: The
generation gap in online
politics. In W. L. Bennett (Ed.), Civic life online: Learning how
digital media can
engage youth (pp. 51–70). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J. (2008). Identity
construction on Facebook: Digital
empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human
Behavior, 24,
1816–1836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.012.
Zimmer, D., Kaplan, S. (2014). What the adoption literature can
teach us about
social media and network effects on food choices. In: 2014
AAEA/EAAE/CAES
joint symposium: social networks, social media and the
economics of food.
Symposium presented at the joint meeting of the Agricultural
and Applied
Economics Association & Canadian Agricultural Economics
Society & European
Association of Agricultural Economists. Montréal, Québec,
Canada. http://
purl.umn.edu/173076.
http://www.eatright.org/nutritiontrends/#.VBdgrk1OW71
http://www.eatright.org/nutritiontrends/#.VBdgrk1OW71
http://www.marketingcharts.com/television/college-students-
43. Introduction1.1 Social media in young adulthood1.2 Young
adult health behaviors1.3 Social ecological theory: Media and
health1.4 Connecting social media to health behaviors1.5
Purpose of the current study2 Methods2.1 Design2.2 Sample2.3
Data collection and analysis3 Results3.1 Social media as a
motivator and barrier to exercise3.1.1 Motivator3.1.2 Barrier3.2
The perceived connection between food and social media3.2.1
Expanded food choices3.2.2 Showcasing food3.2.3
Distraction3.3 #Gettingswoll: Exercise selfies and posts4
Discussion4.1 Food choices and social media4.2 Self-
presentation4.3 Social media: A double-edge sword5
Preliminary Implications6 Limitations and
conclusionsReferences
Social Support in Smoking Cessation
Among Black Women in Chicago Public Housing
LORETTA P. LACEY, DrPH, RN
CLARA MANFREDI, PhD
GEORGE BALCH, PhD
RICHARD B. WARNECKE, PhD
KAREN ALLEN, RN, PhD
CONSTANCE EDWARDS, RN, MS
Five of the authors are with the University of Illinois at
Chicago. Dr. Lacey is Associate Professor of Community
Health Sciences, School of Public Health, and Associate Profes-
sor of Public Health Nursing, College of Nursing; Dr. Manfredi
is Associate Director of Special Populations Research, Preven-
tion Research Center; Dr. Balch is visiting Associate Professor
of Marketing; Dr. Warnecke is Director, Survey Research
Laboratory, and Professor of Sociology and of Epidemiology
and Biometry; and Ms. Edwards is a doctoral candidate in the
School of Public Health. Dr. Allen is Assistant Professor,
44. School of Nursing, University of Maryland.
This research was funded by National Cancer Institute,
Cancer Control Science Program Project CA42760.
Tearsheets requests to Dr. Loretta Lacey, Community Health
Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at
Chicago, 2035 West Taylor St., (M/C 923), Chicago, IL 60612,
telephone 312-996-8578.
Synopsis....................................
To accomplish significant reductions in smoking
by the year 2000, special populations with relatively
low rates of smoking cessation must be reached
and helped to quit smoking. These populations are
most often groups in which traditional approaches
to smoking cessation have not been successful.
Focus groups were conducted with black women
who were residents of Chicago public housing
developments. The purposes were to assess factors
related to smoking and the women's willingness to
participate in cessation programs.
The findings reveal several barriers to smoking
cessation. These barriers are linked to the difficult
daily existence and environment of these women
and to a lack of social support that would help
them to achieve smoking cessation. The barriers
include (a) managing their lives in highly stressful
environments, (b) major isolation within these envi-
ronments, (c) smoking as a pleasure attainable with
very limited financial resources, (d) perceived mini-
mal health risks of smoking, (e) commonality of
45. smoking in their communities, (f) scarcity of infor-
mation about the process of cessation available to
them, and (g) belief that all they need is the
determination to quit on their own.
The women emphasized that smoking cessation
would be more relevant to them if part of broader
social support efforts geared to improve their lives.
The public health system may need to consider
such strategies to engage this group of women.
IN THE QUEST for a smoke-free society by the year
2000, some segments of the U.S. population lag
behind. For example, smoking prevalence rates
among young women with no more than high
school education and low income are high, while
smoking is declining in the total population (1-3).
Smoking is more prevalent among black than white
women because blacks have not stopped smoking
as rapidly as whites (1-4). Existing health promo-
tion programs that incorporate cessation have not
attracted the same participation or achieved the
same success among black women with low socio-
economic status (SES) as they have among black
and white women whose incomes are higher (5,6).
Additionally, participation in group efforts among
members of this population has been problematic
(7). Clearly, programs tailored to this segment of
the population are needed.
To attract greater participation from this group
of smokers, these programs must have a broader
focus than cessation alone. Boyd-Franklin (8) and
Trotman and Gallagher (9) document the benefits
of social support groups for black women based on
46. the sharing of their common experience and their
willingness to exchange emotional, spiritual, and
social assistance. Social support groups may be
especially important for low-SES urban black
women because they tend to experience a type of
isolation that creates fear and stress and distrust of
their environment. These factors limit their chances
May-June 1993, Vol. 108, No. 3 387
to build or join social networks and foster depen-
dence on smoking to reduce loneliness, reduce
stress, and provide affordable pleasure.
This paper reports formative research toward a
smoking cessation program that is socially support-
based and tailored to the needs of low-SES black
women. The focus groups that we describe were
originally designed to assess factors related to
smoking cessation and participation in such pro-
grams. However, as the groups progressed, it
became clear that there are powerful environmental
factors related to smoking that inhibit participation
in the kinds of programs currently offered.
We began to discover how the social environ-
ment of these women, particularly their social
isolation and limited sources of social support, is
inextricably linked to their smoking. It became
clear that successful cessation programs must mobi-
lize social support that will provide ways of coping
with these environmental factors to enhance cessa-
tion. Cessation programs that address these larger
issues will be more effective.
47. Background
Investigation of the factors associated with
smoking among low-SES black women was
prompted by the outcomes of an intervention that
proved satisfactory for the general Chicago popula-
tion but was less effective for low-SES black
women who are residents of Chicago public hous-
ing developments. The original study (7) used a
self-help manual,"Freedom From Smoking in 20
Days," and a series of televised segments on the
local evening news that followed the contents of
the manual. A supplement to the main intervention
was introduced in public housing developments.
This supplemental intervention was implemented by
lay health educators, who conducted a series of
specially designed classes on smoking cessation for
women 18-39 years old living in the housing
developments. The lay health educators had two
main tasks: to promote viewing of the televised
program and to elicit participation in the local
smoking cessation classes that were part of the
intervention (10).
More than 600 residents, who were canvassed
door-to-door in the housing developments, ex-
pressed interest in a smoking cessation program,
and more than 200 preregistered. However, main-
taining continuous participation in the smoking
cessation classes was problematic, and the number
of actual participants was less than half that of
those who preregistered.
We examined data from our baseline sample of
residents in housing developments not selected for
48. the intervention with data from a sample of the
general population of female smokers in the Chi-
cago metropolitan statistical area matched by age
and divided into two groups, one black and one
white. Based on this analysis, those in the public
housing sample had less interest in quitting or
desire to quit and were less likely to have made
plans to quit compared with other black or white
female smokers in the general population study.
Moreover, when we analyzed in detail the responses
of women in the housing developments, it was
evident that they did not share with other black
women or with white women the same understand-
ings about the relationship between smoking and
risk of disease, especially cancer, and did not see
how risks made smoking less desirable. On the
other hand, it was unclear from the results exactly
what value smoking held for these women (11).
How can this analysis and the results of the
original study be employed to design a more
effective program for women residents of public
housing? To address this task, we used qualitative
methods to help us understand the role of smoking
in the lives of these women and how best to deliver'
a cessation program relevant to these women.
Method
Marketing researchers commonly use focus
groups to provide data about how people think,
speak, act, and feel with respect to products,
services, and marketing communications (12-14).
Focus groups are used to identify issues important
to respondents in language that the respondents
use. Often, focus groups raise important issues that
49. researchers had anticipated; in other situations, the
results expand the data and generate new insights
and hypotheses about motivations, needs, symbols,
behavior, and meanings.
Recently, preventive health researchers have been
using focus groups to develop new interventions
(15-17). Schechter and coworkers (18), for exam-
ple, used focus groups to develop mammography
promotion messages. They- were used in Eckert's
research (19) to provide feedback on a smoking
cessation program among black adults.
We conducted eight focus groups with black
women residents from three Chicago public hous-
ing developments that were not among the inter-
vention sites for the original study. These women
had sociodemographic characteristics similar to
those of the women in the intervention sites.
388 Public Health Report
Specifically, our survey data revealed that 42 per-
cent of the women in public housing had not
completed high school, 66 percent were single
parents, and all had annual household incomes of
less than $13,000. By age 17, 68 percent had
initiated smoking. Just over half (51 percent)
smoked more than 10 cigarettes daily, and 96
percent smoked mentholated cigarettes. No or weak
desire to quit smoking was reported by 54 percent
(11).
Each group session had six to eight participants
50. and lasted about 2 hours. Discussion focused on
participants' daily activities, stresses and pleasures,
social environment, beliefs about smoking and
health, and smoking and health behavior. The
discussions followed a structured format to identify
perceived benefits of smoking, barriers to cessa-
tion, and receptivity to various cessation ap-
proaches.
To ensure reliability of the findings, we used
three different moderators (two black and one
white), multiple observers, and immediate postses-
sion debriefings. Observers wrote summaries of
each session. In addition, audiotapes and video-
tapes were made of each session, and transcripts of
the audiotapes were prepared and compared against
each videotape for accuracy and completeness.
Finally, all themes which emerged in the summaries
were cross-checked against the tapes and transcripts
for counter evidence.
Findings
Our synthesis of the sessions revealed a consis-
tent theme of distinct barriers to smoking cessation
that related to life circumstances and social envi-
ronments of the women. Their environments as
viewed through comments in the focus groups were
highly stressful. Smoking seemed to provide them
with relief and comfort.
Barriers to smoking cessation. Our synthesis of the
content of the group discussions indicated seven
barriers to the participants' cessation: (a) the
problems of managing their lives in a highly stress-
ful environment, (b) their isolation and the limited
51. support systems within these environments, (c) the
availability of smoking as an attainable pleasure in
a milieu with very limited resources for pleasure,
(d) perceived minimal health risks of smoking, (e)
the commonality of smoking, (f) the scarce-to-
nonexistent information about how to stop smok-
ing, and (g) the belief that all they need is determi-
nation to quit on their own.
All of these barriers followed from social isola-
tion and lack of support. In fact, we observed that
these women were most motivated to quit when
they were doing well, that is, working, attending
school, and receiving positive support. When their
lives left them little support or made them feel less
valued, they wanted to smoke. These general feel-
ings, however, can best be described when orga-
nized around the barriers.
Managing in a highly stressful environment. A
consistent theme among the women in the focus
groups was that smoking helps them to manage the
overwhelming pressures in their lives and to stay
calm. In this context, they believed smoking of-
fered strength for coping with the harsh realities of
their life situations in communities that presented
immediate and constant dangers to them and their
families. These communities were unclean, had
substandard housing, and offered few resources.
Life there was plagued by violence and crime, often
related to drug use. Although all smokers tend to
emphasize the stress-management utilities of smok-
ing as reasons for not quitting, the magnitude and
nature of stressors in these communities gave stress
a unique dimension. For example, one participant
described vividly the extreme stress encountered
52. daily in trying to get her daughter onto the school
bus:
My daughter use to have to get on the
[school] bus. She had to walk down the stairs,
stepping over the dope fiends and the junkies.
And one day she walked downstairs, this guy
was laying in the hallway with a needle in his
neck scaring her. She ran out to the bus, she
fell down, she missed the bus, she missed a
couple of days of school. I got to hear from
the school [about her absence] you know it's
bad.
Smoking was believed to bring some control
when the women faced so many situations over
which they had minimal control. Another partici-
May-June 1993, Vol. 108, No. 3 389
pant related the lack of control about the very
basic issues of survival as she described an encoun-
ter with the bureaucracy at the local welfare office
and her response:
To top it off, Public Aid mess me up. [She
was sent to the wrong office.] . . . I got there
late, and asked the gentleman, "Are you go-
ing to call my name back now?" He said,
"You have to wait." So they put down "no
show," then they sent me a letter decreasing
me for 3 months. Three months! ... I
smoked a lot on that day, do you hear me?
53. It was clear from watching the members of the
group that "lighting up" was a natural, norma-
tively accepted response to situations of this type.
They smoked to control their reactions to uncon-
trollable events.
Isolation and limited support systems. The struc-
ture of these communities promoted isolation. All
were located in racially and economically segre-
gated areas of the city. Some of these women lived
in housing developments considered the poorest
communities in the nation. One housing complex
was almost at the city limits, near a dump site.
Most of the high-rise buildings had poorly func-
tioning elevators and unsafe stairways, which lim-
ited movement outside of the home except for
necessary activities. General fear for personal
safety enhanced the physical and social isolation.
Women in the groups believed that development of
relationships and contacts beyond the immediate
family were risky. Opportunities to establish close
friendship networks were limited by the suspicion
that relationships with persons outside the house-
hold might create additional problems in their lives.
A recurring comment was that attempts to have
relationships outside of their immediate families
brought what was frequently described as confu-
sion into their lives. A participant who lived in a
high-rise development described why she limited
outside contact to her family: "I'm not visiting
too much-I'm a house person. There's too much
going on down there in the streets."
Families were the most trusted source of support.
For these women, family seemed focused on chil-
dren, sisters, and mothers. But still, many of the
54. participants described intense loneliness. One
woman, age 23, who smoked three packs of
cigarettes per day, had this vivid description of her
isolation:
I might be depressed or whatever and I don't
have anybody to talk to and my baby . . .
he'll be in his playpen. I'll just talk to him
and tell him a bit of my problems. He'll just
look at me, like mama I know what you are
going through or, you know . .. I just sit out
there and pour all my problems out to my
baby and sometimes I feel better.
One element frequently missing in the lives of
many of these women seemed to be the support
that can come from a male partner. A stable
relationship with a partner-whether or not he is
the spouse-means one can share problems, receive
emotional support, and in some cases, can rely on
someone to defend one's safety. But merely having
a partner was not enough to reduce the overwhelm-
ing stress caused by these women's environments.
Smoking as an attainable pleasure. Lack of
financial resources and physical and social isolation
limited access to sources of pleasure. Many pre-
fered to forego material pleasures for themselves to
provide the basic needs for their families. One
participant described her pleasure with smoking in
this context:
I have a lot of pressure on me. [She works,
takes care of an aging mother, has children,
and tries to keep the house together.] ... I
don't have time for me . .. so the only time I
55. have is when I take a cigarette out of the
pack and fire it. Cause that's the quickest
thing you can do, you know, something that
you want to do for yourself.
These women perceived smoking 'as a legal,
harmless pleasure, attainable for a relatively small
investment. The perceived alternatives were drugs,
alcohol abuse, or losing self-control. As one partic-
ipant remarked,
I'm going to have to stop smoking because I
really can't afford it but I've got to do some-
thing . . . I'd rather smoke than go there and
shoot some drugs or smoke a pipe or some-
thing like that.
Perceived minimal health risks of smoking. Al-
though these women tended to agree about the
negative effects of smoking on the health of their
children, they seemed less convinced about the
harmful health effects of cigarette smoking on
themselves or other adults. They felt that cigarette
390 Public Health Reports
smoking, in general, was not good, but they
expressed doubts about a specific link, for exam-
ple, between cancer and smoking. Few mentioned
cancer as a health concern for themselves or their
families.
Furthermore, they believed that the cancer that
they have seen among their family members and
56. other acquaintances was due to many other causes
than smoking. In fact, they were adamant that
medical scientists do not know the cause of cancer.
Balshem (20) has recently described similar findings
among a white working-class population. The
women in Balshem's focus groups also expressed
such fatalistic beliefs as "everything causes cancer"
and "once it occurs, there is little that medical
practitioners can do to control its course."
Surprisingly, even the actual presence of more
urgent health problems that smoking aggravates did
not deter these women. Several women had chronic
pulmonary disease (asthma, emphysema), heart dis-
ease, or kidney disease, but they continued to
smoke apparently unaware or unaccepting of a
possible relationship between smoking and these
health problems. Where they perceived possible
environmental effects, they attributed them to haz-
ards in their environments. These attributions had
a basis in reality, since some lived in housing
developments near waste dump sites, and all lived
in areas highly polluted with dust and dirt. They
emphasized this situation through their description
of their constant need to clean dirt from surfaces in
their homes.
Commonality of smoking. Another barrier to
cessation was the commonality of smoking in these
women's social environments. A consistent theme
throughout the groups was the belief that most
adults smoke. These women believed that more
than 75 percent of adults in their communities
smoked cigarettes. They thought that the rate in
the general population was the same.
When informed that smoking is decreasing and
57. that less than 30 percent of the general adult
population smokes, many of these women ex-
pressed disbelief. They seemed not to see smoking
in the same negative context that it increasingly
appears elsewhere. The actual prevalence within
their own social groups made it difficult to avoid
smokers or smoking situations and made their
perceptions accurate for their effective environ-
ment.
Scarce information about how to stop smoking.
Electronic media were a major source of health
information often cited by the women with whom
we spoke. This observation is consistent with our
1987 baseline data and has been reported by others
working with similar groups (21,22). When asked if
they knew where they could go or methods they
could use to help them stop smoking, nearly all
reported no knowledge about such resources. The
consensus was that the only way to quit smoking
was to do it on their own, "cold turkey."
Another theme emerging from this discussion
was that their sources of health information-
electronic media-provided little guidance about
smoking cessation. Although there were frequent
references to smoking-related issues on television,
the reports did not offer advice about or direction
for smoking cessation except for the infrequent
programs such as those offered in this study.
After tracking media references for 2 years, we
found very little in any of the media about
cessation. In our continuing work, we have found
58. that these women may be told often by their health
care providers to quit, but these recommendations
do not include clear guidance on how to quit.
Hence, there is minimal concrete direction to assist
them.
Determination to quit without help. Because of a
lack of specific guidance and information about the
cessation process and because of social isolation,
there was little awareness of the process and of the
fact that many smokers relapse and have to make
several attempts before successfully quitting smok-
ing. The lack of exposure to those who have tried
to quit reinforced the beliefs that only self-
determination leads to smoking cessation and that
those who quit must exert Herculean efforts. Per-
vasive smoking in the environment, the absence of
social support, and the likely absence of specific
constructive assistance should these women want to
quit reinforced their perceptions about the high
cost of trying. Besides, their reality was always to
be self-reliant; to be dependent or in need of
supportive help suggested vulnerability to their
May-June 1993, Vol. 108, No. 3 391
environment. Apparently, this ethos extended to
many areas of their lives.
The operative belief was that a woman must be
in control of herself to stop smoking, much as she
needed control to survive at all. Impersonal sources
of support in which she had little control were not
compatible with this belief structure. For example,
59. one woman recounted her failure to stop smoking.
She was among those who had seen a quit-smoking
manual at one of the local discount stores. When
asked if she thought a manual would work, she
replied,
No, if you haven't got the will power, it's not
going to work. You are just spending your
money on nothing. I look at it as if they are
taking my money. Because I'm not going to
go along with the program [because she does
not want to quit smoking] . . . if you really
want to stop smoking you don't need a man-
ual.
Others echoed from around the room, "It would
not work because they don't want to quit."
Social support. Smoking cessation in the face of all
of these barriers requires help and perseverance,
but the help must come from known and trusted
sources if it is to be accepted. Traditional smoking
cessation programs and the support from them
seemed not to be effective even when motivation to
quit is present.
Given these observations, it was surprising to
observe during these sessions a consistent pattern
of spontaneous formation of group support among
the women as they discussed their experiences and
frustration with everyday living. Most of these
women did not know each other before the group
sessions, yet they were remarkably accepting of
each other and openly shared experiences and the
accompanying sorrow, worry, and concerns. These
exchanges generated supportive and empathic un-
60. derstanding that obviously reflected common expe-
rience and resulted in warm, nonjudgmental, and
accepting interaction. As they shared personal sor-
rows, disappointments, joys (especially about their
children), and hopes during the limited session
time, each woman was accepted as having worth,
human dignity, and full membership in the group.
Some examples illustrate the empathic atmo-
sphere that emerged in each group. One young
woman had just been released from the county
correctional facility and shared her fear and sad-
ness about what led to her arrest and the possibility
of further incarceration:
I was scared because I never had a record be-
fore. I was never in trouble. And I've been
going to court since last year. They were get-
ting ready to give me 6 years, and they were
going to send me to Dwight [a State women's
correctional facility].
She related that her incarceration followed a
drug offense in which she had been both a user and
pusher. Her comments revealed a trust in the
members of the group, who had just discussed their
fears of and anger about pushers in their communi-
ties. The trust was well founded: when she con-
fessed to being one of those whom they had just
castigated, the response was nonjudgmental, warm,
and filled with expressions of relief that she did not
have to be incarcerated longer.
In another group, a woman said that she always
felt left out, as if she could not do anything right.
61. She had once prepared a Tupperware party and no
one came. She felt rejected by people in general,
and she did not know if group sessions (for
smoking cessation) would work for her. At that
point, a member of the session who had been
purposely reticent and almost hostile in her interac-
tions with the group said, "Well, you are accepted
here." Others agreed. The apparent need and
desire these women have to share their experiences
in an empathic but neutral setting may provide a
basis for interventions that might include smoking
cessation as a component.
Applying support to smoking cessation. Others
who have studied groups with black women have
reported the value of organizing the groups for so-
cial support (8,9). Participants in our focus groups
expressed enthusiasm about forming groups that
might help them to stop smoking. They immedi-
ately took ownership of the idea, providing several
valuable suggestions: (a) groups should be multi-
purpose, allowing for other important needs to be
met; (b) they do not need a professional leader,
since the direction of the discussion should come
from them; (c) organizers should be former smok-
ers; and (d) most of all, they wanted the group to
be a mechanism for them to give and receive emo-
tional and social assistance.
The group appeared to be seen as a potential
means of reducing the loneliness and isolation
experienced in their communities. These groups
were perceived as a neutral and safe environment,
392 Public Heafth Repors
62. not unlike that found in therapy groups; the group
was also seen as a potential social encounter, as
recreation. The women saw these groups as provid-
ing an opportunity for release from family obliga-
tions, such as the constant care of their children.
Finally, the group was seen as a way to learn about
life concerns from family- and household-related
tasks to job training. In each group, there was
considerable discussion about their desire and
strong need for employment. If the support serves
as a means of self-enhancement and esteem build-
ing, factors which they often associated with peri-
ods when they had stopped smoking, it may lead to
cessation.
The possibility of smoking cessation occurring
within groups that are formed to provide social
support is promising. These groups may offer the
help needed to attempt behavioral change. These
participants mentioned a variety of locales and
sites, some within their communities, in such places
as community centers and their homes. Churches,
which are often mentioned by health professionals
as promising places, were not mentioned as a first
choice. The strong spirituality that seemed to
influence many aspects of their lives did not always
translate into church affiliation or attendance.
Others were interested in getting away from their
communities, going even to places where people
smoked to aid in building resistance. What seemed
most important was the composition of the group.
They wanted to be among other women to learn,
share feelings, and offer and receive social and
emotional support.
63. Conclusions
Our findings are based on a qualitative ap-
proach, and hence, the limitations in interpreting
this type of study data apply. Despite the method-
ological constraints, there are a number of relevant
implications for public health programs for these
populations. We observed that for women in our
groups, smoking was associated with relief from
the heavy burden of stress in their lives. It helped
them to cope with a hostile environment and the
extraordinarily difficult life situations that accentu-
ated their lack of social support. Furthermore, it
was an attainable and acceptable pleasure that had
enormous value for them. These women did not see
cancer as a health threat associated with smoking.
Moreover, they did not see other health problems
as urgent enough to motivate a change in their
smoking behavior. On the other hand, smoking
appeared to be intimately tied to their life experi-
ences, and when they felt productive and sup-
ported, they appeared more likely to consider
smoking cessation.
Within these groups, the women demonstrated a
natural reservoir of support for one another. They
shared common backgrounds as black women en-
gaged in continuing life struggles. There was a
readiness to share their common life experiences,
and the sharing revealed mutual empathy and
nonjudgmental support. The group context ad-
dressed many of the barriers described previously.
The social isolation was lessened by the presence of
sympathetic peers with limited claims on the others
64. in the group.
If smoking cessation interventions could be intro-
duced into such a context, the potential for sup-
port, so important in the quitting process, would
be great, since there would be an environment
where cessation was accepted and the experiences
of relapse, slips, and so on could be shared and not
judged. The challenge is to develop health promo-
tion programs that use the participants' strengths
and put the programs in the context of methods
that the participants perceive as useful and accept-
able.
The fact that the women enthusiastically em-
braced the idea of support groups and immediately
wanted to assume program ownership by shaping
its format gave evidence of their interest. Their
responses also suggest that the need for self-
reliance can be met if the women are active
participants in program development and imple-
mentation as partners with the health professionals.
Our experience and that of others (7), however,
suggests that attendance and participation are prob-
lematic when the program competes with the every-
day concerns of living.
How then might the effort differ? Although this
paper cannot offer specific answers, it does offer
insights important to the development of innovative
strategies by health administrators and providers.
First, these women clearly indicated that smoking
cessation cannot be the single focus or even the
primary focus. To increase the likelihood of suc-
cess, smoking cessation should be part of a pro-
gram that has other meaningful purposes for these
65. women. Cessation is most likely to occur in the
context of programs that have some perceived
relationship to improving the lives of these women.
Relevance to them will focus on issues that differ
from those usually associated with health promo-
tion. These women did not see a clear relationship
between smoking and major illness, even when they
had an illness. Future research with black smokers
May-June 1993, Vol. 108, No. 3 393
should consider these barriers, and their relevance
for other groups should be determined.
References..................................
1. Novotny, T. E., Warner, K. E., Kendrick, J. S., and
Remington, P. L.: Smoking by blacks and whites: socioe-
conomic and demographic differences. Am J Public Health
78: 1187-1189 (1988).
2. Fiore, M. C., et al.: Trends in cigarette smoking in the
United States: the changing influence of gender and race.
JAMA 261: 49-55, Jan. 6, 1989.
3. Public Health Service, Office of Smoking and Health: The
health consequences of smoking: nicotine addiction. A
report of the Surgeon General. DHHS Publication No.
(CDC) 88-8406. Rockville, MD, 1988.
4. Orleans, C. T., et al.: A survey of smoking and quitting
patterns among black Americans. Am J Public Health
79: 176-181 (1989).
66. 5. Gottlieb, N., and Green, L.: Ethnicity and lifestyle health
risk: some possible mechanisms. Am J Health Promot
2: 37-45, 51 (1987).
6. Freimuth, V. S., and Mettger, W.: Is there a hard-to-reach
audience? Public Health Rep 105: 232-238, May-
June 1990.
7. Warnecke, R. B., et al.: Characteristics of participants in a
televised smoking cessation intervention. Prev Med
20: 389-403 (1991).
8. Boyd-Franklin, N.: Group therapy for black women: a
therapeutic support model. Am J Orthopsychiatry
57: 394-401 (1987).
9. Trotman, F. K., and Gallagher, A. H.: Group therapy
with black women. In Women's therapy groups: para-
digms of feminist treatment, edited by C. M. Brody.
Springer Publishing Co., New York, 1987, pp. 118-131.
10. Lacey, L., Tukes, S., Manfredi, C., and Warnecke, R. B.:
Use of lay health educators for smoking cessation in a
hard-to-reach urban community. J Community Health
16: 269-282 (1991).
11. Manfredi, C., Lacey, L., Warnecke, R., and Buis, M.:
Smoking-related behavior, beliefs, and social environment
of young black women in subsidized public housing in
Chicago. Am J Public Health 82: 267-272 (1992).
12. Abelson, H. I.: Focus groups in focus. Market Communi-
cations 14: 58-61, February 1989.
13. Goldman, A. E., and McDonald, S. S.: The group depth
interview: principles and practice. Prentice-Hall, Engle-
67. wood Cliffs, NJ, 1987.
14. Wells, W. D.: Group interviewing. In Handbook of mar-
keting research, edited by R. Ferber. McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1974, section 2, pp. 133-146.
15. Basch, C. E.: Focus group interview: an underutilized re-
search technique for improving theory and practice in
health education. Health Educ Q 14: 411-448 (1987).
16. Heimann-Ratain, G., Hanson, M., and Peregoy, S. M.:
The role of focus group interviews in designing a smoking
prevention program. J School Health 55: 13-16 (1985).
17. Ramirez, A. G., and Shepperd, J.: The use of focus
groups in health research. Scand J Prim Health Care Suppl
1: 81-90 (1988).
18. Schechter, C., Vanchieri, C. F., and Crofton, C.: Eva-
luating women's attitudes and perceptions in developing
mammography promotion messages. Public Health Rep
105: 253-257, May-June 1990.
19. Wright, G.: Smoking cessation focus group report. Pre-
pared for D. Eckert, Principal Investigator, Michigan
Cancer Foundation. Gant Marketing Research, Detroit,
MI, 1989.
20. Balshem, M.: Cancer, control, and causality: talking
about cancer in a working-class community. Am Ethnolog
18: 152-172 (1991).
21. Warnecke, R. B.: Intervention in black populations. In
Cancer among black populations, edited by C. Mettlin and
G. P. Murphy. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, 1981, pp.
68. 167-183.
22. Denniston, R. W.: Cancer knowledge, attitudes, and prac-
tices among black Americans. In Cancer among black
populations, edited by C. Mettlin and G. P. Murphy. Alan
R. Liss, Inc., New York, 1981, pp. 225-235.
394 Public HaIth Reports
FEDDBACK OF THE DISSCSSION
Please keep your commentaries focused on analysis of the
content, adding original thoughts/experiences and posting an
interesting question for group members to respond to.
250-30O WORDS OF DISCUSSION FOLLOWED BY TWO
RESPONSES 250-300 WORDS FOR THS DISSUSION AS
USUAL, THANKS.