This document provides an introduction to Werner Ulrich's research program on "Critical Systems Thinking for Professionals & Citizens". It discusses reviving the concepts of civil society, citizenship, professionalism, and systems thinking. It argues that citizenship requires critical competencies beyond just civil rights. Professionals need reflective skills to identify and address the consequences of their actions on citizens. Boundary critique, as the critical employment of boundary judgments, provides a method for citizens to contest expert claims and develop reflective skills without expertise. The document introduces boundary critique as a link between systems thinking and critique that can help develop critical competencies for both citizens and professionals.
Debate on the Democracy of the Future, in the Digital Era (from Theory to Pra...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This article addresses the Democracy of the Future in a context of dynamic change in the reality
of people's lives in the Digital Age. Democracy is a political regime in which all citizens in the enjoyment of
their political rights also participate — directly or through elected representatives — in choosing the model of
governance for the country and or region, in its development and in the creation of laws, exercising the power
of governance through universal suffrage . It covers the social, economic and cultural conditions that allow the
exercise of power, free and equal to political self-determination.
Effective and efficient political leadership in representative democracy poses new challenges to political
powers. Traditional theoretical and practical political leadership needs a new systematic approach to seeking a
holistic vision for the constant improvement of meeting the social and economic needs of populations.
The greatest challenge that theory and practice face is the identification of effective
instruments for democracy of the future and deliberative practices so that the decisions
taken are considered rational, transparent, legitimate, in Freedom and protect the human
rights of all citizens and that they feel respected, represented and committed to their
implementation.
KEYWORDS: Information , Democracy, Democracy of the Future, Digital Age.
This document provides an overview of different approaches to studying public policy, including elite theory, group theory, and rational choice theory. It discusses the key assumptions of each approach. Elite theory posits that public policy primarily reflects the interests and values of a ruling elite class, rather than the masses. Group theory views public policy as the result of competition and compromise between various interest groups in society. Rational choice theory assumes that policymakers make decisions by rationally pursuing their self-interest. The document examines the strengths and limitations of each theoretical perspective in understanding the policymaking process.
Approaches to the study of Public Policy.pdfWAQARULLAHZIA1
This document provides an overview of different approaches to studying public policy, including elite theory, group theory, political systems theory, incremental theory, and rational choice theory. It discusses elite theory in depth, outlining the views of Vilfredo Pareto and Gaetano Mosca that society is divided into a ruling elite minority and a subordinate masses majority. The elite possess unique skills and influence policymaking in their own interests according to this theory. The document analyzes the strengths and limitations of each approach to public policy studies.
This document discusses the concept of global civil society (GCS) as a proposed model for global democracy. Proponents argue that GCS could help address the "problem of global democracy" by bridging democratic disjunctures and compensating for democratic deficits created by globalization. Specifically, they claim that networks and associations within GCS could perform democratic functions like representation, deliberation, and shaping global opinion. However, the document goes on to critically evaluate these claims, arguing that civil society's purported democratic roles depend on relationships that do not exist at the global level, so GCS cannot adequately conceptualize or achieve global democracy.
A new vision of healthy communities j mc knight 21st century mapCormac Russell
This document provides a comparison of two tools for social policymaking: systems and associational communities. It describes how current social policy maps prioritize systems over communities, seeing individuals only as clients or consumers of systems. However, this map is incomplete and inaccurate. Associational communities, made up of citizens solving local problems together, were historically important tools that current maps fail to include. When communities are crowded out by expanding systems, social problems tend to grow despite increased system resources. A more accurate map would show families and communities as central, with systems in a supporting role when mass production is needed.
A New Vision Of Healthy Communities J Mc Knight 21st Century MapCormac Russell
This document proposes a new map for social policymaking that includes the community. It summarizes the current map used by policymakers, which focuses on systems and clients/consumers. This map is limited because it does not account for individualized needs or empowerment. The document then introduces the concept of the community as described by Alexis de Tocqueville - a network of small, citizen-led associations that address local problems through participation and care rather than control or consumption. Including the community provides an alternative tool focused on consent, choice, and empowering citizens rather than managing clients.
A Reflection On Public Administration Essay
Public Administration
Essay on Approaches to Public Administration
Strengths And Weaknesses Of Public Administration
Reflection On Public Administration
Public Administration And The Public Sector
Importance Of Leadership In Public Administration
Public Administration: Accountability
The Field Of Public Administration Essay
Essay about The Study of Public Administration
Importance of Public Administration
Characteristics of Public Administration
Traditional Public Administration
public administration Essay
The Five Paradigms Of Public Administration
Essay on Public Policy and Administration
Public Administration and Ethics Essay
This document discusses classical public administrative theory and how perspectives on bureaucracy have evolved over time. It summarizes Weber's view of bureaucracy as an impersonal hierarchical system and compares it to more modern approaches that emphasize serving citizens, empathy, and allowing flexibility. The document also analyzes how reforms from 1945 to 2002 reflected different viewpoints and discusses the importance of social equity in public administration.
Debate on the Democracy of the Future, in the Digital Era (from Theory to Pra...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This article addresses the Democracy of the Future in a context of dynamic change in the reality
of people's lives in the Digital Age. Democracy is a political regime in which all citizens in the enjoyment of
their political rights also participate — directly or through elected representatives — in choosing the model of
governance for the country and or region, in its development and in the creation of laws, exercising the power
of governance through universal suffrage . It covers the social, economic and cultural conditions that allow the
exercise of power, free and equal to political self-determination.
Effective and efficient political leadership in representative democracy poses new challenges to political
powers. Traditional theoretical and practical political leadership needs a new systematic approach to seeking a
holistic vision for the constant improvement of meeting the social and economic needs of populations.
The greatest challenge that theory and practice face is the identification of effective
instruments for democracy of the future and deliberative practices so that the decisions
taken are considered rational, transparent, legitimate, in Freedom and protect the human
rights of all citizens and that they feel respected, represented and committed to their
implementation.
KEYWORDS: Information , Democracy, Democracy of the Future, Digital Age.
This document provides an overview of different approaches to studying public policy, including elite theory, group theory, and rational choice theory. It discusses the key assumptions of each approach. Elite theory posits that public policy primarily reflects the interests and values of a ruling elite class, rather than the masses. Group theory views public policy as the result of competition and compromise between various interest groups in society. Rational choice theory assumes that policymakers make decisions by rationally pursuing their self-interest. The document examines the strengths and limitations of each theoretical perspective in understanding the policymaking process.
Approaches to the study of Public Policy.pdfWAQARULLAHZIA1
This document provides an overview of different approaches to studying public policy, including elite theory, group theory, political systems theory, incremental theory, and rational choice theory. It discusses elite theory in depth, outlining the views of Vilfredo Pareto and Gaetano Mosca that society is divided into a ruling elite minority and a subordinate masses majority. The elite possess unique skills and influence policymaking in their own interests according to this theory. The document analyzes the strengths and limitations of each approach to public policy studies.
This document discusses the concept of global civil society (GCS) as a proposed model for global democracy. Proponents argue that GCS could help address the "problem of global democracy" by bridging democratic disjunctures and compensating for democratic deficits created by globalization. Specifically, they claim that networks and associations within GCS could perform democratic functions like representation, deliberation, and shaping global opinion. However, the document goes on to critically evaluate these claims, arguing that civil society's purported democratic roles depend on relationships that do not exist at the global level, so GCS cannot adequately conceptualize or achieve global democracy.
A new vision of healthy communities j mc knight 21st century mapCormac Russell
This document provides a comparison of two tools for social policymaking: systems and associational communities. It describes how current social policy maps prioritize systems over communities, seeing individuals only as clients or consumers of systems. However, this map is incomplete and inaccurate. Associational communities, made up of citizens solving local problems together, were historically important tools that current maps fail to include. When communities are crowded out by expanding systems, social problems tend to grow despite increased system resources. A more accurate map would show families and communities as central, with systems in a supporting role when mass production is needed.
A New Vision Of Healthy Communities J Mc Knight 21st Century MapCormac Russell
This document proposes a new map for social policymaking that includes the community. It summarizes the current map used by policymakers, which focuses on systems and clients/consumers. This map is limited because it does not account for individualized needs or empowerment. The document then introduces the concept of the community as described by Alexis de Tocqueville - a network of small, citizen-led associations that address local problems through participation and care rather than control or consumption. Including the community provides an alternative tool focused on consent, choice, and empowering citizens rather than managing clients.
A Reflection On Public Administration Essay
Public Administration
Essay on Approaches to Public Administration
Strengths And Weaknesses Of Public Administration
Reflection On Public Administration
Public Administration And The Public Sector
Importance Of Leadership In Public Administration
Public Administration: Accountability
The Field Of Public Administration Essay
Essay about The Study of Public Administration
Importance of Public Administration
Characteristics of Public Administration
Traditional Public Administration
public administration Essay
The Five Paradigms Of Public Administration
Essay on Public Policy and Administration
Public Administration and Ethics Essay
This document discusses classical public administrative theory and how perspectives on bureaucracy have evolved over time. It summarizes Weber's view of bureaucracy as an impersonal hierarchical system and compares it to more modern approaches that emphasize serving citizens, empathy, and allowing flexibility. The document also analyzes how reforms from 1945 to 2002 reflected different viewpoints and discusses the importance of social equity in public administration.
Ponencia marco impartida por el presidente de la Asociación Kyopol -Pedro Prieto Martín- en el marco de la jornada sobre Redes Digitales y Participación Local organizada por la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, el 16 de Mayo de 2013.
Lee más sobre el evento en: http://rumboalorien.kyopol.net/redes-digitales-y-participacion-local/
-- "Challenges for the application of ICT for participation at the local level"
Keynote Speech by Pedro Prieto-Martín (President of the Association Kyopol) in the Workshop on "Digital Networks and Local Participation" organised by the Univesitat Autónoma de Barcelona, May 16th, 2013.
Read about the event here: http://roadtolorien.kyopol.net/digital-networks-and-local-participation/
Hacia un método inductivo para investigar la formación de valores con respect...Alexandro Escudero-Nahón
Las condiciones económicas y políticas desafiantes están atrayendo a las personas a involucrarse en el compromiso cívico. Algunas de estas acciones están creando nuevas formas de participación y ampliando la ciudadanía activa, lo cual es deseable, pero otras amenazan los valores democráticos. La investigación en educación moral tiene el papel clave de descubrir la relación entre formas sin precedentes de ciudadanía activa y la formación de valores morales democráticos. Este artículo propone un proceso de investigación inductivo destinado a rastrear la formación de valores morales en la ciudadanía activa, teniendo como pilar la epistemología de la teoría del actor y la red, y el proceso de investigación general de la teoría fundamentada.
2014-02 - Debate Writing @MindLab - Prompt#1 Social sciences in actionStéphane VINCENT
This document discusses putting social sciences into action in the context of public policymaking. It notes that social sciences can help shape the environment by better understanding public problems. Design is seen as combining the reflexive approach of social sciences with experimentation to address social challenges. The challenge of a current project at MindLab is discussed - aiming to rethink policy development at the Danish Ministry of Employment to improve outcomes. Social sciences can help transform how this ministry understands the consequences of its interventions. While design promises innovative solutions, social sciences serve as a critical lens, illuminating different perspectives on problems and possible approaches.
Importance of voting essay. Free Essay: Importance of Voting. 2022-10-15. Why is it important to vote? - GCSE Politics - Marked by Teachers.com. Why Voting Is Important 400 Words - PHDessay.com. 10 Lines on Importance of Election for Students and Children in English .... Essay On Importance Of Vote - Cite this page. Why My Vote matters-Essay format with example included-Bright Writers. why voting is important essay Final.pdf - Why Voting is Important Sarah .... WHY IT IS IMPORTANT TO VOTE. Why is it important to vote essay by Williams Kimberly - Issuu. PPT - The Importance of Voting PowerPoint Presentation, free download .... Why It Is Important To Vote In Elections. Essay on why voting is important. Importance of Voting Essay Essay on Importance of Voting for Students .... Argumentative Essay on Voting the Right Candidate Election Special .... Scholarship essay: Why voting is important essay. Presidential Election an Voting Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Essay On E-Voting Importance Of E-Voting Essay On Electronic Voting .... Essay on Election and Democracy Election and Democracy Essay for .... Why voting is important as a student - The David Eccles School of Business. Importance of Voting. Why every citizen should vote? Alicia Ashton. Why Americans should vote Essay Example Topics and Well Written .... Why is voting important essay - Academic Writing Help Advantageous .... Essay On Importance Of Vote - Related Documents. Importance of voting article. 5 Reasons Why You Should Vote!. 2022-10-24. School essay: Why voting is important essay. Right to vote essay. Importance of Voting Essay. 2022-10-20. Electoral College and National Popular Vote Pros and Cons Free Essay .... Essay on ethical voting. College personal statement essay: Essay on .... Why is voting difficult for some Americans? Heres what they told us .... Essay On Importance Of Vote Essay on voting rights. Essay On Importance Of Vote - Importance of voting essays. Why is voting important essay - Reliable Essay Writers That Deserve .... Essay On Importance Of Vote - The Importance of Voting Essay. Essay On Importance Of Vote : Every Single Vote Is Significant: Why Voting Is Important Essay Why Voting Is Important Essay
The expressive turn of political participation in the digital ageJakob Svensson
This document discusses how citizenship and political participation are changing in the digital age. It argues that theories of instrumental and communicative rationality are insufficient to understand political engagement today. Instead, it proposes that "expressive rationality" better captures how people use social media and online platforms to develop identities, socialize, and engage in cultural production - activities which can constitute new forms of citizenship practices and political participation outside of traditional representative democratic institutions. The rise of individualism and identity politics in late modern society emphasizes expressive and cultural dimensions of online activities that transcend traditional understandings of rational political behavior.
Here is a presentation I have made for a workshop in Bruxelles, on June, 12, 2009. I would have any kind of reflections and suggestions which you can send at damiano_fanni@yahoo.it thanks for your attention
This document summarizes Peter Dahlgren's presentation on the contingencies of political participation via social media. Some key points:
1) Dahlgren argues that political participation through social media is shaped by various contingencies including political economy, technology, and socio-cultural patterns. These factors both enable and constrain online participation.
2) He examines how the commercial logic and data collection practices of major tech companies like Google and Facebook can undermine democracy by collecting personal information without transparency and sluicing users towards certain sites.
3) Socio-cultural currents online often promote individualized consumerism and entertainment over political engagement, which can subvert alternative politics and civic participation. Navigating these
ial worklu alreacly knowthe cnd of thelacement, .docxsleeperharwell
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cutd to participate in the broad,er societal clebate trt resoltrc issu.es c{'
social cbctnge. D. Iatriclis, Social Pctliclt
Mara Liasson, repofter for National Public Raclio, startecl a presentation
to a NASV PoliticalAction Insritute by clefining her subject.The worcl
"politics," she saicl,"comes from1tro1l.s, a Greek worcl meaning cornmu-
nitv and /ics, meaning srnall, blooclsucking insects. politics is thus a
clomain of liI'e controlled by a gfollp of people leeching off the rest of
us" (Liasson, 1996). Ltnfortunarely for the field of social work and the
llnitecl States at large, this facetious clefinition is widely acceptecl.
The belief that politics and thus advocacy is a clirty arena, popu-
lated by the worst kinds of people, ancl something that no clecent per-
son woulcl want to be associated with, is ali too common in social
work. There is, howevet, another view of politics. A political scientist,
Harold Lasswell (I936),wrote that politics is the process iry which it
is decided "who gets what, u,hen ancl how" (p. 5). pr_ilitics, in this vicw,
is simpll' a tool that can be nsecl for good or bacl purposes.
Iteisch and Jani (2012) provide a ser of ideas that infbrm their
more-academic approach to understanding the term ,,politics',: they
focns on how pou'er dillbrences are created ancl perpetuatecl by insti-
tutions, language, and other socially constf,uctecl actions. They also
inclucle in their perspective how power affects the allocation of all
aspects of the social n elfare entcrprise , fiom worker-client relations to
the selection of policies.
A similar, though simplifiecl, version of this clefinition is that poli-
tics (or policy making) is "deciding how stuff gets spreacl arotmcl,,,and
23
So<:t'tt. [t-;s'rtt;I ANI) Al)vocAct PRA<;r'tcc
theunclerll'ingprocessesthatSuppoftthatclecisitlnprogess'Theonly
questiotl, then, is rvhether social wofkers (or any othef gfotlp of incli-
vich,rals with common interests) want to help make thesc ciccisious' I1
voll ltre not the clecision maker yourself' then advocacy is tlte pfocess
bv whicir lrlu help make the clecisions on these matters' FormerTexas
stirte senator ancl m;ryor of FortVbrth,Texas' Mikc Moncriet is foncl of
sa,vir-rg that social *',,rko., ancl politicians hlrve a comlnon goarl:to help
p.npf. Barbar;r Mikulski, If'ssetlator from Marvlancl' says"'Politics is
,ir.rpfy social work with power" (Reisch' 1995' p' 1)' If social workers
wzrilt to assist clients, it is imperative that enough of them afe active
ancl capable arlvocates in the policy-making arena to ensure that things
happen.
Soci;rlworkersnrustbeinvolveclinaclvocac,vpf'tcticeifclients'
situations afe to improve' If social u'ol'kers do not ac.
Debate on Future Democracy and Corruption, in the Digital Age (from Theory to...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This article is a reflection on the future of humanity, especially for young people. In my opinion, this
model of World Society, where inequalities are increasing, where there are men who send other men to war, where men order
men to be killed for political differences and or economic interests, where Corruption reigns. We need to change the
paradigm. But the change will be long.
Democracy is a political regime in which all citizens, in the enjoyment of their Human and Political Rights, participate in
the choice of the governance model for the country and/or region, who in their activity create the laws and implement them,
exercising the power of governance, through universal suffrage. It encompasses the social, political, economic and cultural
conditions that allow the exercise of power, free and equal, in political self-determination.
Democracy is both a normative ideal and a set of true world institutions. We have competing ideals of what democracy
should be, and there are many institutional forms of democracy around the world. Both as an idea and as an institutional
form, democracy has evolved over time, as changing circumstances make it possible to modify and solidify some of the
democratic institutions, sometimes for the benefit of democracy and sometimes not. One of the reasons democracy has
evolved, as an idea or institutionally, is people's disappointment with existing democratic institutions.
KEYWORDS: Democracy, Democracy of the Future, Corruption, Bribery, Systemic Corruption, Political
Corruption.
Challenges of the Democracy of the Future, in the Digital Society (from Theor...AJHSSR Journal
This document discusses the challenges of democracy in the future digital society. It begins by providing background on democracy and defining key terms like society, human dignity, and globalization. It then outlines the research goals, which are to define the main paths and rules to guide citizens in a world with equal rights and responsibilities for all. The challenges of future democracy will be discussed through the lenses of information, human, social, economic, and political sciences. The document presents a conceptual model and theoretical framework to analyze how measurements and meanings from different fields can interact to understand these challenges.
Introduction Symposium on Robust Political EconomyNick Cowen
This document provides an introduction to a symposium on Mark Pennington's book "Robust Political Economy". It summarizes the key ideas of Pennington's framework for analyzing and comparing institutional performance based on their ability to solve knowledge and incentive problems. The introduction discusses the intellectual context for Pennington's defense of classical liberalism in response to various critiques of capitalism. It explains the concept of "robustness" drawn from public choice theory and Austrian economics, which evaluates institutions based on their ability to cope with imperfect motivation and dispersed knowledge in society. The introduction sets up debates on Pennington's work to follow in the symposium papers.
This document provides an introduction to political analysis and research. It begins by defining political analysis as the objective examination of political processes, actors, and forces. Political analysis is related to but separate from political science, which systematically studies governance. Understanding political analysis requires comprehending its relationship with political science and examining the dynamic objects and subjects of political analysis. The document then discusses key concepts like political power and decision making to provide context around the concepts of "political" and "analysis." It emphasizes that political analysis aims to develop a realistic understanding of political realities through questioning and problem solving.
RETHINKING THE IDENTITY OF ADMINISTRATION CPUC 032 (2).pptxUnarineNdou
This document discusses rethinking the identity of public administration through an interdisciplinary lens. It argues that public administration has struggled with its identity as an independent field and would benefit from incorporating insights from other disciplines like political science, sociology, and management. The document provides a lengthy overview of the evolutionary history of public administration and how it has drawn from law, politics and other fields over time. It also examines current trends in public administration and argues that an interdisciplinary approach can help address challenges in government and strengthen public administration's identity by drawing on diverse perspectives.
This document provides an overview of the subject matter and approaches to the study of political science. It discusses several subfields that make up the subject matter, including political philosophy, judicial processes, executive processes, and legislative politics. It also outlines several approaches used to study politics, such as traditional historical and institutional methods, behavioralism, systems analysis, structural functionalism, class analysis, and examining political parties and interest groups. The document aims to introduce students to the broad topics and analytical lenses used within the field of political science.
This document provides an executive summary of a book that aims to analyze different economic systems and propose ways to achieve greater economic justice and fairness. It discusses how the 2008 financial crisis caused suffering and a transfer of wealth from poorer to richer groups. It outlines the two main economic models - the free market economy proposed by Adam Smith and the centrally controlled economy proposed by Karl Marx. However, it argues that neither model is grounded in thorough social science. The document calls for better social science and intellectual tools to understand social systems and the links between people, the economy and wealth creation in order to design an economic system where people feel they are treated fairly and can achieve fulfillment.
Duke University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitiz.docxaryan532920
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Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy
Author(s): Nancy Fraser
Source: Social Text, No. 25/26 (1990), pp. 56-80
Published by: Duke University Press
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Rethinking the Public Sphere:
A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing
Democracy1
NANCY FRASER
Introduction
Today in the U.S. we hear a great deal of ballyhoo about "the triumph of
liberal democracy" and even "the end of history." Yet there is still a great
deal to object to in our own "actually existing democracy," and the project
of a critical social theory of the limits of democracy in late capitalist
societies remains as relevant as ever. In fact, this project seems to me to
have acquired a new urgency at a time when "liberal democracy" is being
touted as the ne plus ultra of social systems for countries that are emerg-
ing from Soviet-style state socialism, Latin American military dictator-
ships, and southern African regimes of racial domination.
Those of us who remain committed to theorizing the limits of democ-
racy in late capitalist societies will find in the work of Jirgen Habermas
an indispensable resource. I mean the concept of "the public sphere,"
originally elaborated in his 1962 book, The Structural Transformation of
the Public Sphere, and subsequently resituated but never abandoned in his
later work.2
The political and theoretical importance of this idea is easy to explain.
Habermas's concept of the public sphere provides a way of circumventing
some confusions that have plagued progressive social movements and the
political theories associated with them. Take, for example, the longstand-
ing failure in the dominant wing of the socialist and Marxist tradition to
appreciate the full force of the distinction between the apparatuses of the
state, on the one hand, and public arenas of citizen discourse and associ-
ation, on the other. All too ...
A study of culture, belief and social structureMarcel Duma
This document provides an introduction to the author's framework for analyzing culture, belief and social structure using "idea maps". The author argues that idea maps allow one to compress complex social phenomena into a visual representation of related ideas. Idea maps show the relationships between different concepts, groups, institutions, etc. through identifying the sets of ideas associated with each. The author provides several examples of idea maps analyzing historical groups in China and aspects of the project of interdisciplinary social science. The goal of idea maps is to help communicate and shed light on complex social issues by representing relationships between ideas.
Community participation the arnstein ladderTim Curtis
The document discusses different levels of community participation, from non-participation to citizen control. It presents the "Arnstein ladder" which ranks levels of tokenism and non-participation at the bottom rungs versus citizen power and citizen control at the top. Lower rungs include informing, consultation, placation while higher rungs involve partnerships, delegated power, and citizen control. It also discusses common strategies for participation like citizens' juries and barriers to meaningful participation from both community members and powerholders.
This document summarizes a roundtable discussion on employing people with experience of poverty as experts in public services. It analyzes two different interpretations of this approach - mobilizing them as specific experts or as employees. Employing them only as experts risks reinforcing social exclusion, while involving them as employees with a mission of anti-poverty work allows for more collective learning. However, either approach risks individuals developing a "tragical optimism" or anti-poverty policies governing the poor. Theorizing civic learning as an open collective process rather than predefined individual outcome may help address these challenges.
Chs 10 & 9 - by Phillip Patterson and Lee Wilkins Next, iMargenePurnell14
Chs 10 & 9 - by Phillip Patterson and Lee Wilkins
Next, in our study of Communication Ethics, we are going to read two chapters from a
widely used textbook on media ethics. Patterson and Wilkins, the authors of this textbook,
adopt an institution-centered and technology-centered approach to thinking about
communication ethics. Their ethical framework is a bit different than one we have explored so
far – there is much less emphasis on Kantianism and Utilitarianism and much more emphasis
on what we may call the ethic of inclusion in a democracy.
I. The Democratic Inclusion Ethics
The ethic of inclusion in a democracy takes it that a good and moral person is
informed. The basic thought here is that a well-informed person makes better moral
decisions than one who is poorly informed. In this thought, we can see a blend of Kantianism
and Utilitarianism – well-informed persons are autonomous and their decisions lead to greater
utility or happiness for everyone.
------ Interlude on Free Will
Of course, the issue that is not discussed here by Patterson and Wilkins is whether
even a well-informed person can choose to do evil things – use that information to harm
people or not act on the basis of that information at all.
There are two basic models of a human being on the basis of which the above issue
makes sense: the free will model and the knowledge-determinist model. According to the free
will model, a person can choose to act one way or its exact opposite with regard to what the
person knows (use the information for good or evil). According to the knowledge-determinist
model, the person is a product of what he knows and can only act one way as a result of what
he knows – a person will act in one and only one way as a result of what he knows and could
not have chosen to act any other way.
Patterson and Wilkins probably rely on the knowledge-determinist model: the only way
to make better moral decisions (in a Kantian, Utilitarian or other manner) is to be well-
informed. It is sufficient to be well-informed to make better moral decisions. But even if we
adopt the free will model, we would still say that the only way to make better moral decisions
is to be well-informed. However, on the free will model, being well-informed is necessary but
not sufficient to make better moral decisions. Being well-informed and choosing to act in a
moral manner would both, as two separate acts, be necessary and co-sufficient for making
better moral decisions. Whether knowledge is both necessary and sufficient, or only
necessary, for morally better decisions is beyond the scope of communication ethics – it is
enough for us to know that knowledge is at the very least necessary for making better moral
decisions.
-------- End of Interlude on Free Will
In light of all this, a communication is ethical if it leads to a person being better
informed. In light of what we have discussed in this class, it means that ...
To what extent is Shylock the villain of the play? - GCSE English .... Shylock - Victim or Villain? - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Shylock- Villain or Victim? - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com.
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Ponencia marco impartida por el presidente de la Asociación Kyopol -Pedro Prieto Martín- en el marco de la jornada sobre Redes Digitales y Participación Local organizada por la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, el 16 de Mayo de 2013.
Lee más sobre el evento en: http://rumboalorien.kyopol.net/redes-digitales-y-participacion-local/
-- "Challenges for the application of ICT for participation at the local level"
Keynote Speech by Pedro Prieto-Martín (President of the Association Kyopol) in the Workshop on "Digital Networks and Local Participation" organised by the Univesitat Autónoma de Barcelona, May 16th, 2013.
Read about the event here: http://roadtolorien.kyopol.net/digital-networks-and-local-participation/
Hacia un método inductivo para investigar la formación de valores con respect...Alexandro Escudero-Nahón
Las condiciones económicas y políticas desafiantes están atrayendo a las personas a involucrarse en el compromiso cívico. Algunas de estas acciones están creando nuevas formas de participación y ampliando la ciudadanía activa, lo cual es deseable, pero otras amenazan los valores democráticos. La investigación en educación moral tiene el papel clave de descubrir la relación entre formas sin precedentes de ciudadanía activa y la formación de valores morales democráticos. Este artículo propone un proceso de investigación inductivo destinado a rastrear la formación de valores morales en la ciudadanía activa, teniendo como pilar la epistemología de la teoría del actor y la red, y el proceso de investigación general de la teoría fundamentada.
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Here is a presentation I have made for a workshop in Bruxelles, on June, 12, 2009. I would have any kind of reflections and suggestions which you can send at damiano_fanni@yahoo.it thanks for your attention
This document summarizes Peter Dahlgren's presentation on the contingencies of political participation via social media. Some key points:
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Mara Liasson, repofter for National Public Raclio, startecl a presentation
to a NASV PoliticalAction Insritute by clefining her subject.The worcl
"politics," she saicl,"comes from1tro1l.s, a Greek worcl meaning cornmu-
nitv and /ics, meaning srnall, blooclsucking insects. politics is thus a
clomain of liI'e controlled by a gfollp of people leeching off the rest of
us" (Liasson, 1996). Ltnfortunarely for the field of social work and the
llnitecl States at large, this facetious clefinition is widely acceptecl.
The belief that politics and thus advocacy is a clirty arena, popu-
lated by the worst kinds of people, ancl something that no clecent per-
son woulcl want to be associated with, is ali too common in social
work. There is, howevet, another view of politics. A political scientist,
Harold Lasswell (I936),wrote that politics is the process iry which it
is decided "who gets what, u,hen ancl how" (p. 5). pr_ilitics, in this vicw,
is simpll' a tool that can be nsecl for good or bacl purposes.
Iteisch and Jani (2012) provide a ser of ideas that infbrm their
more-academic approach to understanding the term ,,politics',: they
focns on how pou'er dillbrences are created ancl perpetuatecl by insti-
tutions, language, and other socially constf,uctecl actions. They also
inclucle in their perspective how power affects the allocation of all
aspects of the social n elfare entcrprise , fiom worker-client relations to
the selection of policies.
A similar, though simplifiecl, version of this clefinition is that poli-
tics (or policy making) is "deciding how stuff gets spreacl arotmcl,,,and
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stirte senator ancl m;ryor of FortVbrth,Texas' Mikc Moncriet is foncl of
sa,vir-rg that social *',,rko., ancl politicians hlrve a comlnon goarl:to help
p.npf. Barbar;r Mikulski, If'ssetlator from Marvlancl' says"'Politics is
,ir.rpfy social work with power" (Reisch' 1995' p' 1)' If social workers
wzrilt to assist clients, it is imperative that enough of them afe active
ancl capable arlvocates in the policy-making arena to ensure that things
happen.
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situations afe to improve' If social u'ol'kers do not ac.
Debate on Future Democracy and Corruption, in the Digital Age (from Theory to...AJHSSR Journal
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model of World Society, where inequalities are increasing, where there are men who send other men to war, where men order
men to be killed for political differences and or economic interests, where Corruption reigns. We need to change the
paradigm. But the change will be long.
Democracy is a political regime in which all citizens, in the enjoyment of their Human and Political Rights, participate in
the choice of the governance model for the country and/or region, who in their activity create the laws and implement them,
exercising the power of governance, through universal suffrage. It encompasses the social, political, economic and cultural
conditions that allow the exercise of power, free and equal, in political self-determination.
Democracy is both a normative ideal and a set of true world institutions. We have competing ideals of what democracy
should be, and there are many institutional forms of democracy around the world. Both as an idea and as an institutional
form, democracy has evolved over time, as changing circumstances make it possible to modify and solidify some of the
democratic institutions, sometimes for the benefit of democracy and sometimes not. One of the reasons democracy has
evolved, as an idea or institutionally, is people's disappointment with existing democratic institutions.
KEYWORDS: Democracy, Democracy of the Future, Corruption, Bribery, Systemic Corruption, Political
Corruption.
Challenges of the Democracy of the Future, in the Digital Society (from Theor...AJHSSR Journal
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Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy
Author(s): Nancy Fraser
Source: Social Text, No. 25/26 (1990), pp. 56-80
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Rethinking the Public Sphere:
A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing
Democracy1
NANCY FRASER
Introduction
Today in the U.S. we hear a great deal of ballyhoo about "the triumph of
liberal democracy" and even "the end of history." Yet there is still a great
deal to object to in our own "actually existing democracy," and the project
of a critical social theory of the limits of democracy in late capitalist
societies remains as relevant as ever. In fact, this project seems to me to
have acquired a new urgency at a time when "liberal democracy" is being
touted as the ne plus ultra of social systems for countries that are emerg-
ing from Soviet-style state socialism, Latin American military dictator-
ships, and southern African regimes of racial domination.
Those of us who remain committed to theorizing the limits of democ-
racy in late capitalist societies will find in the work of Jirgen Habermas
an indispensable resource. I mean the concept of "the public sphere,"
originally elaborated in his 1962 book, The Structural Transformation of
the Public Sphere, and subsequently resituated but never abandoned in his
later work.2
The political and theoretical importance of this idea is easy to explain.
Habermas's concept of the public sphere provides a way of circumventing
some confusions that have plagued progressive social movements and the
political theories associated with them. Take, for example, the longstand-
ing failure in the dominant wing of the socialist and Marxist tradition to
appreciate the full force of the distinction between the apparatuses of the
state, on the one hand, and public arenas of citizen discourse and associ-
ation, on the other. All too ...
A study of culture, belief and social structureMarcel Duma
This document provides an introduction to the author's framework for analyzing culture, belief and social structure using "idea maps". The author argues that idea maps allow one to compress complex social phenomena into a visual representation of related ideas. Idea maps show the relationships between different concepts, groups, institutions, etc. through identifying the sets of ideas associated with each. The author provides several examples of idea maps analyzing historical groups in China and aspects of the project of interdisciplinary social science. The goal of idea maps is to help communicate and shed light on complex social issues by representing relationships between ideas.
Community participation the arnstein ladderTim Curtis
The document discusses different levels of community participation, from non-participation to citizen control. It presents the "Arnstein ladder" which ranks levels of tokenism and non-participation at the bottom rungs versus citizen power and citizen control at the top. Lower rungs include informing, consultation, placation while higher rungs involve partnerships, delegated power, and citizen control. It also discusses common strategies for participation like citizens' juries and barriers to meaningful participation from both community members and powerholders.
This document summarizes a roundtable discussion on employing people with experience of poverty as experts in public services. It analyzes two different interpretations of this approach - mobilizing them as specific experts or as employees. Employing them only as experts risks reinforcing social exclusion, while involving them as employees with a mission of anti-poverty work allows for more collective learning. However, either approach risks individuals developing a "tragical optimism" or anti-poverty policies governing the poor. Theorizing civic learning as an open collective process rather than predefined individual outcome may help address these challenges.
Chs 10 & 9 - by Phillip Patterson and Lee Wilkins Next, iMargenePurnell14
Chs 10 & 9 - by Phillip Patterson and Lee Wilkins
Next, in our study of Communication Ethics, we are going to read two chapters from a
widely used textbook on media ethics. Patterson and Wilkins, the authors of this textbook,
adopt an institution-centered and technology-centered approach to thinking about
communication ethics. Their ethical framework is a bit different than one we have explored so
far – there is much less emphasis on Kantianism and Utilitarianism and much more emphasis
on what we may call the ethic of inclusion in a democracy.
I. The Democratic Inclusion Ethics
The ethic of inclusion in a democracy takes it that a good and moral person is
informed. The basic thought here is that a well-informed person makes better moral
decisions than one who is poorly informed. In this thought, we can see a blend of Kantianism
and Utilitarianism – well-informed persons are autonomous and their decisions lead to greater
utility or happiness for everyone.
------ Interlude on Free Will
Of course, the issue that is not discussed here by Patterson and Wilkins is whether
even a well-informed person can choose to do evil things – use that information to harm
people or not act on the basis of that information at all.
There are two basic models of a human being on the basis of which the above issue
makes sense: the free will model and the knowledge-determinist model. According to the free
will model, a person can choose to act one way or its exact opposite with regard to what the
person knows (use the information for good or evil). According to the knowledge-determinist
model, the person is a product of what he knows and can only act one way as a result of what
he knows – a person will act in one and only one way as a result of what he knows and could
not have chosen to act any other way.
Patterson and Wilkins probably rely on the knowledge-determinist model: the only way
to make better moral decisions (in a Kantian, Utilitarian or other manner) is to be well-
informed. It is sufficient to be well-informed to make better moral decisions. But even if we
adopt the free will model, we would still say that the only way to make better moral decisions
is to be well-informed. However, on the free will model, being well-informed is necessary but
not sufficient to make better moral decisions. Being well-informed and choosing to act in a
moral manner would both, as two separate acts, be necessary and co-sufficient for making
better moral decisions. Whether knowledge is both necessary and sufficient, or only
necessary, for morally better decisions is beyond the scope of communication ethics – it is
enough for us to know that knowledge is at the very least necessary for making better moral
decisions.
-------- End of Interlude on Free Will
In light of all this, a communication is ethical if it leads to a person being better
informed. In light of what we have discussed in this class, it means that ...
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satisfactory. The ongoing process of "modernization" has changed the
meaning and relevance of classical citizen rights. The process of the
"rationalization" of society, as Max Weber (e.g., 1970) could still designate
the expansion of the spheres of control of scientific and bureaucratic
rationality to ever more areas of life, appears to undermine the role of
citizenship. Conventional citizen rights do not enable citizens sufficiently to
control this process and its repercussions upon their daily lifeworlds.
Important issues such as industrial democracy or the democratic control of
science and technology are not really a part of our contemporary concept
of citizenship.
A different concept of citizenship is required today, one that would give a
central part to civil competencies rather than to rights only. As far as I can
see, the societal changes that are of particular importance for understanding
the changing role of the citizen point to a shift of the essential "locus of
control" (steering centers) of society from institutions such as science,
bureaucracy, parliamentary democracy, and industrial corporations –
institutions that historically have been driving, and continue to drive, the
process of rationalization – to citizens. I think a new, increasingly
differentiated and decentralized kind of political culture (or perhaps, at
times, subculture) is emerging in many societies, a political culture in which
an increasing number of citizens and citizen groups develop a new
awareness and new skills of evaluating and influencing the activities and
omissions of the old steering centers. To mention just a few such
competencies that come to mind, citizens everywhere are learning to make
better use of the public media, including the new possibilities of information
access and exchange through world-wide communication networks; to
make the most of the available means of legal action and, at times, civil
disobedience; to engage themselves in participative forms of inquiry and
planning such as citizens' action groups, planning cells, citizen reports,
3. 3 / 11
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stakeholder evaluation, and participatory action research; and, of most
interest here, to increase their critical competence vis-à-vis the rationality
claims raised by vested interests or by the experts in their services. It is
certainly significant that the old idea of a civil society currently enjoys a
remarkable renaissance.
This is not to deny that there also exist important counter-tendencies
toward increasing political abstinence (e.g., on the part of young people),
but the symptoms of a deinstitutionalization and decentralization of political
processes appear more significant to me. The phenomenon of political
abstinence within the old political system is probably itself a symptomatic
expression of the shift of the political to new political arenas, it need not
necessarily mean a general loss of political interest. Citizens turn away from
the institutionalized political system (which, they feel, does not give them a
sufficiently competent and meaningful role) rather than from the res publica
as such. Take, for example, the observation that when environmental issues
are at stake, citizens in many societies now increasingly dare to "think
themselves" (sapere aude! – dare to know! was Kant's motto for the
Enlightenment). Who else if not active citizens can ultimately be expected
to be in charge of controlling the increasingly threatening repercussions of
the rationalization process upon the social lifeworld? What at first sight may
look like a late triumph of the enlightenment project of modernity has,
however, paradoxical post-modern implications: the gradual awakening of
citizens in environmental and other matters goes along with a manifest loss
of meaning and (steering) function of the very institutions which are the
hallmark of modernity – parliamentary democracy, bureaucracy, science,
the private corporation.
Civil rights are an essential issue in this process of change, but they are not
enough. With the rediscovery of civil society, effective participation of
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citizens in the governance of collective affairs becomes a central theme of
the concept of citizenship. And so does, as a consequence, the idea of an
enabling (or empowering) state, i.e., a state that sees one of its major
functions in enabling its citizens to play this active role. Active and
competent citizenship is therefore a key challenge to which CST for
professionals and citizens aims to contribute.
Reviving the Idea of Professionalism
Similarly to the concept of citizenship, the contemporary concept of
professionalism is not usually understood in terms of the reflective skills
required for effective participation in civil society. Professionalism today is
more often defined rather one-sidedly in terms of expertise. However, true
competence reveals itself through responsibility. In a civil society, expertise
alone is not a source of sufficient legitimation for the consequences that
professional intervention may impose on citizens. In view of the
ever-growing scope of professional intervention, professionals need new
critical skills that enable them to identify such consequences systematically
and to deal with them in a self-reflective and open way. That is to say,
reflective competencies as we just required them from citizens also need to
become an integral part of our concept of professionalism.
There exists a deep connection between the two concepts of competent
citizenship and professionalism. Just as citizenship requires not only civil
rights but also some critical competencies, competence requires not only
expertise but also a proper understanding of citizenship. I therefore
propose that we should teach future professionals to understand and
practice their professional competence not only in terms of expertise but
equally in terms of competent citizenship. Thus, only that professional will
be considered a competent professional who also is a competent citizen, in
5. 5 / 11
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the sense intended above.
But of course, strategies of promoting critical competencies in professionals
and citizens must rely on an approach that is sufficiently basic and general to
be accessible to a majority of ordinary people. Critical systems thinking
(CST) as I understand offers us a way to develop such an approach,
provided we are willing to pragmatize critical systems ideas adequately.
Such an effort, then, must not depend on any special cognitive requirements
that would run the risk of excluding ordinary citizens – including ordinary
professionals – from the start.
Reviving the Systems Idea
The question thus poses itself: What critical systems ideas, if any, might
become a source of the envisaged critical competencies for a great majority
of ordinary citizens and professionals? The core concept that I have in mind
is fundamental to my own approach to critical systems thinking, an
approach called Critical Systems Heuristics (Ulrich, 1983). I mean the
concept of the critical employment of boundary judgments (Ulrich, 1983, pp.
225-314; 1987; 1993) or in short, boundary critique (Ulrich 1995; 1996a, b;
1998; 2000; 2001a, b). It says that the practical implications of a proposition
(the "difference" it makes in practice) and thus its meaning as well as its
validity depend on how we bound the system of concern, i.e., that section
of the real world which we take to represent the relevant context. Our
judgment of the merits of a proposition (e.g., its preferability to some
alternative proposition, or its "rationality") will depend heavily on this
context, for the context determines what "facts" (e.g., consequences) and
"values" (e.g., purposes) we will identify and how we assess them. With
respect to this crucial issue of boundary judgments, experts are no less lay
people than ordinary citizens. Surfacing and questioning boundary
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judgments thus provides ordinary people with a means to counter
unqualified rationality claims on the part of experts or decision makers – as
well as other citizens – by demonstrating they way they may depend on
debatable boundary judgments.
For me, this concept is important because it implies that we need not be
experts in the matter at hand in order to be able to contest an expert
proposition of concern to us in a compelling way. Boundary critique
appears to represent a rare example of how systems ideas immediately
translate into methodologically cogent forms of argumentation, i.e., can
make a difference between valid and invalid claims. The concept allows us
to identify invalid claims by uncovering underpinning boundary judgments
other than those intended (or pretended) by the proponent. Therein
resides its critical power. It explains why and how ordinary citizens are
capable of contesting propositions, and of advancing counter-propositions,
without risking of being immediately convicted of lacking competence.
Note that the concept is based on a genuinely systems-theoretical conjecture:
We cannot conceive of systems without assuming some kind of systems
boundaries. If we are not interested in understanding boundary judgments,
i.e., in critical reflection and debate on what are, and what ought to be, the
boundaries of the system of concern, systems thinking makes no sense; but
if we are, systems thinking becomes a form of critique!
Systems Thinking as a Form of Critique
The previous conclusion means that neither the systems idea nor the idea
of critique can be practiced independently. This is so because either idea
implies some basic validity claims that cannot be redeemed, except with the
help of the other. Critique must be grounded, otherwise it is empty; but any
attempt to ground it without systems thinking, that is to say, without
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overtly limiting its context of valid application, will lead into an infinite
regress of grounding the underlying validity claims and thus will ultimately
depend on ideal conditions of rationality, as Habermas' (1984-87) model of
rational discourse illustrates well (it is significant that rational discourse in
this model depends on an anticipated "ideal speech situation"). On the
other hand, systems thinking without critique amounts to the covert use of
boundary judgments, the normative implications of which are not made a
subject of systematic discussion; its claims to systemic understanding and
comprehensiveness merely cover its partiality. Hence, the systems idea and
the idea of critique actually require each other. We need to bring them
together so that systems thinking can be practiced critically, and critique
can be practiced systemically.
The concept of a critical employment of boundary judgments thus provides
a crucial methodological link between the systems idea and the idea of critique.
This is an idea which the critical tradition itself has not forwarded as yet but
which, I believe, provides a key to the task of pragmatizing Habermas'
(1984-87) theoretically compelling, though pragmatically desperate,
identification of rational discourse with an "ideal speech situation" in which
undistorted communication would be possible. Instead of waiting for such
conditions of perfect rationality to be realized, we better put the systems
idea to work on the job of dealing critically with normal conditions of
imperfect rationality (cf. Ulrich, 1988, p. 158).
For these and other reasons, the concept of a critical employment of
boundary judgments – of systematic boundary critique – appears
fundamental to me. If it is fundamental, it must be possible to demonstrate
its relevance in everyday situations of communication, debate, and decision
making, in a language that ordinary citizens can understand. The challenge is
to develop the didactic means that will allow us to explain to citizens the
8. 8 / 11
Date accessed or printed: 16.08.2004
meaning and importance of systematic boundary critique, and to train them
in identifying and using boundary judgments for the purpose of critical
reflection, debate, and argumentation.
It is beyond the scope of this short introduction to explain in any detail
how my work on critical systems heuristics (CSH) seeks to operationalize
the basic idea of systematic boundary critique, much less to explain the
underpinning philosophical framework. If this very brief introduction has
aroused your interest, you may wish to consult some of the main sources
on the project and the underlying framework. The subsequent references
and links will lead you to some relevant materials.
References
Barbalet, J.M. (1988). Citizenship: Rights, Struggle and Class Inequality. Open
University Press, Milton Keynes, England.
Habermas, J. (1984-87). The Theory of Communicative Action. 2 vols. (Vol. 1
1984, Vol. 2 1987). Beacon Press, Boston, Mass., and Polity, Cambridge,
UK (German orig. 1981).
Marshall, T.H. (1950). Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Ulrich, W. (1983). Critical Heuristics of Social Planning: A New Approach to
Practical Philosophy. Haupt, Bern, Switzerland, and Stuttgart, Germany.
Paperback edition Wiley, New York, 1994.
Ulrich, W. (1987). Critical heuristics of social systems design. Europ. J. of
Operational Research, 31, No. 3, 276-283. Reprinted in M.C. Jackson, P.A.
Keys and S.A. Cropper (eds.), Operational Research and the Social Sciences,
Plenum Press, New York, 1989, pp. 79-87, and in R.L. Flood and M.C.
Jackson (eds.), Critical Systems Thinking: Directed Readings, Wiley, New York,
1991, pp. 103-115.
9. 9 / 11
Date accessed or printed: 16.08.2004
Ulrich, W. (1988). Systems thinking, systems practice, and practical
philosophy: A program of research. Systems Practice, 1, No. 2, 137-163.
Reprinted in R.L. Flood and M.C. Jackson (eds.), Critical Systems Thinking:
Directed Readings, Wiley, New York, 1991, pp. 245-268.
Ulrich, W. (1993). Some difficulties of ecological thinking, considered from a
critical systems perspective: A plea for critical holism. Systems Practice, 6,
No. 6, 583-611.
Ulrich, W. (1995). Critical Systems Thinking for Citizens: A Research
Proposal. Research Memorandum, 10. Centre for Systems Studies, University
of Hull, Hull, England, 28 November 1995.
Ulrich, W. (1996a). A Primer to Critical Systems Heuristics for Action
Researchers. Centre for Systems Studies, University of Hull, Hull, England,
March 31, 1996.
Ulrich, W. (1996b). Critical systems thinking for citizens. In R.L. Flood and
N.R.A. Romm (eds.), Critical Systems Thinking: Current Research and Practice,
Plenum, New York, pp. 165-178 (in press).
Ulrich, W. (1998). Systems Thinking as if People Mattered: Critical Systems
Thinking for Citizens and Managers. Working Paper No. 23, Lincoln School of
Management, University of Lincolnshire & Humberside, June 1998.
Ulrich, W. (2000). Reflective practice in the civil society: the contribution of
critically systemic thinking. Reflective Practice, 1, No. 2, 247-268.
Ulrich, W. (2001a). The quest for competence in systemic research and
practice. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 18, No. 1, 3-28.
Ulrich, W. (2001b). Critically systemic discourse: a discursive approach to
reflective practice in ISD (Part 2). JITTA, Journal of Information Technology
Theory and Application, 3, No. 3, 2001 (Special issue: the role of dialogue in
information systems development, ed. by M. Metcalfe), pp. 85-106,
http://jitta.org/ . Also available on this web site.
Weber, Max (1970). From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, edited by H.H.
Gerth and C. Wright Mills. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
Links to related materials on CST
available on this web site:
11. 11 / 11
Date accessed or printed: 16.08.2004N
Content last modified 26 Oct 2003 (first published 9 Nov 2002)
Source updated 15 May 2010
Layout last modified 7 March 2004
Copyright/copyleft: Personal, noncommercial use permitted on the condition that proper reference is given.
For literal quotes or near-literal paraphrases, accurate page references are requested.
Source/suggested citation: W. Ulrich (2003). A brief introduction to "Critical systems thinking
for professionals & citizens." Werner Ulrich's Home Page, http://wulrich.com/cst_brief.html
or http://wulrich.com/downloads/ulrich_2003b