9b. cardiotonics

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Cardiotonics (Greek Kardia-heart) are the drugs which give strength or energy to the activity of the heart. The cardiotonics increase the force of contraction of cardiac muscles and stimulate the overall activity of the heart Examples- digitalis, squill, thevetia, strophantus, arjuna bark

Presentations & Public Speaking

This document provides information about various carminative drugs including their biological sources, chemical constituents, and uses. Some examples of carminative drugs discussed are ajowan, cardamom, black pepper, asafoetida, nutmeg, benzoin, myrrh, neem, and turmeric. Carminative drugs act by relieving pain in the stomach and intestine and expelling gas from the gastrointestinal tract. They are used as stimulants, carminatives, and for their aromatic properties. Information on cultivation, chemical profiles, and substituents is provided for several of these medicinal plants.

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Asma Chougle

Coffee is the dried seed of Coffea arabica or C. liberica plants that are native to Ethiopia. The major suppliers of coffee are Brazil and India. Coffee beans contain caffeine, tannins, oils, and other constituents. Caffeine can be extracted from roasted coffee beans using coffee roasters to recover sublimated caffeine. Decaffeinated coffee contains little caffeine. Caffeine is used as a stimulant and to combat effects of CNS depressants. Tea is prepared from the leaves and leaf buds of Camellia sinensis, which is cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, China, Indonesia, and Japan. Tea leaves contain caffeine, theobromine, theophyll

The document discusses fibres, including their definition, classification, and key types. Fibres are hair-like materials that can be obtained from animal, vegetable, or mineral sources and made into nonwoven fabrics. They are classified based on their source as natural fibres including vegetable, animal and mineral fibres, or as man-made fibres such as regenerated fibres and synthetic fibres. The document focuses on cotton and rayon/viscose as examples of important natural and regenerated fibres respectively.

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It is based on the study of morphological and sensory profiles of whole drug Studies resulted due to impressions on organs of senses Parameters of evaluation Colour:- Brown colour of cinnamon, Odour:- spice-drugs like, asafoetida, black pepper, nutmeg, caraway, cummin, Taste :- Pungent taste of capsicum and ginger Size, Shape :- ovoid tears of gum acacia, ribbon shaped characteristic of tragacanth, disc-shaped structure of nux-vomica, Special features, like touch, texture: - wavy shape of rauwolfia, The fractured surfaces in cinchona, quillaia and cascara' barks and quassia wood Instrumental methods: Various instrumental methods like colorimetry, fluorimetry, spectrophotometry etc. are used for the evaluation

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Tragacanth is a gum that is extracted from various species of Astragalus plants found in Turkey, Syria, Iran, Iraq, and parts of India. It is composed of two fractions - tragacanthin, which is water soluble, and bassorin, which is water insoluble. Chemically, tragacanth gum is made up mainly of sugars, uronic acid units, and contains constituents like tragacanthic acid. It has various uses as a thickening, suspending, emulsifying, and adhesive agent in foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and textiles. Lower grades of tragacanth gum and citral gum are sometimes used as adulterants, while

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Cassia senna is a plant originating in tropical Africa that is cultivated in parts of India, Pakistan, and Sudan. Its dried leaflets are used as a laxative. The leaflets contain anthraquinone glycosides called sennosides that act on the colon to stimulate its muscles. At small doses, it is used as a laxative for occasional constipation, while large doses act as a purgative. Side effects can include nausea, cramping, and electrolyte imbalance with chronic use. Its use is contraindicated in intestinal inflammation, obstruction, or during pregnancy/lactation in some cases.

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The document discusses Indian gum, also known as gum acacia or gum arabic. It is a dried exudate obtained from the stems and branches of the Acacia arabica tree. Chemically, it is a complex mixture of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. It is collected by making cuts in the bark of the tree, then dried and processed. Gum acacia is used extensively in pharmaceuticals as an emulsifier, thickening agent, and tablet binder. It is also used in food products and cosmetics for its adhesive and thickening properties.

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This document provides information about wool fat (lanolin) and beeswax. It describes their biological sources, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, constituents, identification tests, standards, and uses. Wool fat is obtained from sheep wool and is purified by washing with acids or solvents. It is used as a base in ointments and cosmetics. Beeswax is obtained from honeycombs, purified by boiling and settling, and contains myricin and fatty acid esters. It is used in candles, polishes, and industrial applications.

Tragacanth 2

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Cardiac glycosides like digoxin are derived from plants like Digitalis lanata and act on the heart by increasing the force of contraction. They work by increasing intracellular calcium levels in heart muscle cells through multiple mechanisms - increasing calcium influx, releasing calcium from intracellular stores, and blocking calcium efflux from cells. This makes the heart muscle contract with more force, increasing cardiac output which benefits patients with heart failure. Digoxin is commonly used for heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias but has a narrow therapeutic window. Its toxicity can be managed with electrolyte supplementation, drugs to control arrhythmias, and antibodies in severe cases. Drug interactions and dose adjustments based on kidney function are important considerations with

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This document discusses cardiac glycosides, which are drugs that increase the force of contraction of the heart without increasing oxygen consumption. It specifically focuses on digitalis, which is derived from foxglove. Digitalis increases myocardial contractility in a failing heart, improving cardiac output. It acts by increasing the intracellular calcium levels in cardiac muscle cells. The document covers the chemistry, pharmacology, mechanisms of action, effects on cardiac electrophysiology, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects of digitalis and other cardiac glycosides in detail over several pages.

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1) Cardiac glycosides are plant compounds that have beneficial and toxic effects on the heart. They work by inhibiting sodium-potassium pumps in cardiac muscle cells. 2) Key sources of cardiac glycosides include foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), squill bulbs, and seeds from Strophanthus plants. These sources contain glycosides like digoxin, digitoxin, and ouabain. 3) Cardiac glycosides increase the force of cardiac muscle contractions and the strength of the heart's pumping action, making them useful for treating congestive heart failure.

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“Antitussives”(Latin: Tussis- cough) These are the agents which act upon the pulmonary membranes that hasten or alter expectoration These stimulate and expel the bronchial mucous or secretion and help in their removal “Antitussives” act in following ways By relieving spasms- Opium, Lobelia By dislodging and act vomitting- Ipecacuanha By soothing irritative respiratory centre, so make painless- Morphine, Codeine by stinulating membrane in elimination- Senega, Tolu balsam By increasing flow- Polocarpine, Emetine

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This is a workshop about communication and collaboration. We will experience how we can analyze the reasons for resistance to change (exercise 1) and practice how to improve our conversation style and be more in control and effective in the way we communicate (exercise 2). This session will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick). Abstract: Let’s talk about powerful conversations! We all know how to lead a constructive conversation, right? Then why is it so difficult to have those conversations with people at work, especially those in powerful positions that show resistance to change? Learning to control and direct conversations takes understanding and practice. We can combine our innate empathy with our analytical skills to gain a deeper understanding of complex situations at work. Join this session to learn how to prepare for difficult conversations and how to improve our agile conversations in order to be more influential without power. We will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick). In the session you will experience how preparing and reflecting on your conversation can help you be more influential at work. You will learn how to communicate more effectively with the people needed to achieve positive change. You will leave with a self-revised version of a difficult conversation and a practical model to use when you get back to work. Come learn more on how to become a real influencer!

Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity • a micro report by Rosie Wells

Rosie Wells

Insight: In a landscape where traditional narrative structures are giving way to fragmented and non-linear forms of storytelling, there lies immense potential for creativity and exploration. 'Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity' is a micro report from Rosie Wells. Rosie Wells is an Arts & Cultural Strategist uniquely positioned at the intersection of grassroots and mainstream storytelling. Their work is focused on developing meaningful and lasting connections that can drive social change. Please download this presentation to enjoy the hyperlinks!

Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition – ČORBA – June 2024 OECD discus...

OECD Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs

This presentation by Juraj Čorba, Chair of OECD Working Party on Artificial Intelligence Governance (AIGO), was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp. This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.

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Why Psychological Safety Matters for Software Teams - ACE 2024 - Ben Linders.pdf

Ben Linders

Psychological safety in teams is important; team members must feel safe and able to communicate and collaborate effectively to deliver value. It’s also necessary to build long-lasting teams since things will happen and relationships will be strained. But, how safe is a team? How can we determine if there are any factors that make the team unsafe or have an impact on the team’s culture? In this mini-workshop, we’ll play games for psychological safety and team culture utilizing a deck of coaching cards, The Psychological Safety Cards. We will learn how to use gamification to gain a better understanding of what’s going on in teams. Individuals share what they have learned from working in teams, what has impacted the team’s safety and culture, and what has led to positive change. Different game formats will be played in groups in parallel. Examples are an ice-breaker to get people talking about psychological safety, a constellation where people take positions about aspects of psychological safety in their team or organization, and collaborative card games where people work together to create an environment that fosters psychological safety.

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