New LC-IR Technique To Characterize Polymeric Excipients In Pharmaceutical Fo...mzhou45
GPC-IR combined technique to characterize polymeric excipients for lot-to-lot variations and degradation/stability from thermal processing in drug formulations
New LC-IR Technique To Characterize Polymeric Excipients In Pharmaceutical Fo...mzhou45
GPC-IR combined technique to characterize polymeric excipients for lot-to-lot variations and degradation/stability from thermal processing in drug formulations
Characterization of biodegradable poly(3 hydroxybutyrate-co-butyleneadipate) ...Giuseppe Puzzo
Copolymers containing (R)-3 hydroxybutyric acid (HB), 1,4-butanediol (B), and adipic acid (A) were synthesized by microwave assisted transesterification of biodegradable poly(R-3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(1,4-butyleneadipate) (PBA) in solution at different reaction times, composition of the starting mixture, and amount of 4-toluenesulfonic acid, used as a catalyst. The copolyesters were characterized with regard to their molecular weights, thermal properties, molar composition, and average block length of repeating units by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXS), 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR, respectively. Random and microblock copolymers could be obtained depending on experimental conditions, with weight-average molecular weight of up to 17000. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of all samples lay in the range between the Tgs of PBA and PHB, while their structure varied from partially crystalline to totally amorphous. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectra of copolymers allowed us to ascertain that they were hydroxyl and carboxyl chain-end terminated.
Application Note: A Rapid Procedure for Screening Transuranium Nuclides in Ur...PerkinElmer, Inc.
One of the most extensive tasks is the field of bioassay analysis is the determination of pure alpha- (and beta-) emitting radionuclides from the nuclear fuel cycle such as (234)U and (235)U, or anthropogenic (239)Pu and (241)Am in urine samples. However, any radiochemical method, which is applied to perform such analyses, has to be highly sensitive since even small amounts of incorporated radionuclides decaying by alpha emission may contribute to harmful doses to human organs.
Since alpha radiation has an extremely short penetration length in water and solid substances, direct counting of a salt residue of dry ashed urine is not possible. Therefore, complex radiochemical techniques have been developed for efficient separation of the transuranium elements from the bulk matrix. However, in addition to several purification steps, these methods require the production of almost weightless planar sources (e.g. via electrolytic deposition) in order to perform radioassays with proportional or surface barrier detector. In contrast to the extensive preparative techniques, fast methods using alpha/beta-LSC are of increasing interest. Due to the efficient detection of alpha emitters in a liquid scintillation cocktail, extensive radiochemical purification procedures are not necessary provided the sample is homogeneous in the liquid scintillation cocktail.
Microbial diversity in water & sediment of karanja creekPrabhakar Pawar
Contamination of marine environment is an inevitable consequence of anthropogenic activities and bacterial communities quickly respond to such alterations. The use of
indicators for evaluating the microbiological quality of the marine surface water is a worldwide practice. Mumbai, a major metropolis and Business capital city of India, is situated on the west coast of Indian peninsula on the Arabian Sea. Mumbai is a natural harbour and also one of the world’s most populous cities called as the Urbs Prima of India. Nearly 8% of the ndustries of the country are located around Mumbai. Coastal
region in and around Mumbai receives 0.85 millions m3/d of liquid effluent and 14,600 t/d of solid waste without any treatment, which deteriorates the coastal ecosystem. The Karanja creek situated 30 km. away from Mumbai and 10 km away from Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT), receives voluminous amount of domestic and industrial waste.
The creek is a major fishing ground for finfishes and shellfishes; it was not surveyed for its microbiological quality. During present investigation, water and sediment samples
from Karanja creek were monitored seasonally for coliform bacteria during 2004. The samples were analyzed by Presumptive test, Confirmed tests, Completed test and
Biochemical tests like IMViC (Indole test, Methyl red test, Voges-Proskauer test and Citrate utilization test). Standard Plate Count (SPC) for coliforms from sediment was
found to be much higher than that of water. The data on presumptive test by Most Probable Number (MPN) was high during monsoon than that of post monsoon in surface
water. IMViC tests were positive, confirming the presence of fecal and non-fecal coliforms. The present study highlights the diversified nature of coliform species namely Escherichia coli, Klesiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella typhimurium of family enterobacteriaceae from water and sediment samples
of Karanja creek. Result of present investigation confirms the microbial pollution in Karanja creek to certain extent. This microbial pollution is correlated to the release of untreated or partially treated domestic and industrial wastes. The data presented can be taken as a base line data in knowing the impact of human activity on the creek ecosystem
in near future.
Characterization of biodegradable poly(3 hydroxybutyrate-co-butyleneadipate) ...Giuseppe Puzzo
Copolymers containing (R)-3 hydroxybutyric acid (HB), 1,4-butanediol (B), and adipic acid (A) were synthesized by microwave assisted transesterification of biodegradable poly(R-3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(1,4-butyleneadipate) (PBA) in solution at different reaction times, composition of the starting mixture, and amount of 4-toluenesulfonic acid, used as a catalyst. The copolyesters were characterized with regard to their molecular weights, thermal properties, molar composition, and average block length of repeating units by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXS), 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR, respectively. Random and microblock copolymers could be obtained depending on experimental conditions, with weight-average molecular weight of up to 17000. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of all samples lay in the range between the Tgs of PBA and PHB, while their structure varied from partially crystalline to totally amorphous. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectra of copolymers allowed us to ascertain that they were hydroxyl and carboxyl chain-end terminated.
Application Note: A Rapid Procedure for Screening Transuranium Nuclides in Ur...PerkinElmer, Inc.
One of the most extensive tasks is the field of bioassay analysis is the determination of pure alpha- (and beta-) emitting radionuclides from the nuclear fuel cycle such as (234)U and (235)U, or anthropogenic (239)Pu and (241)Am in urine samples. However, any radiochemical method, which is applied to perform such analyses, has to be highly sensitive since even small amounts of incorporated radionuclides decaying by alpha emission may contribute to harmful doses to human organs.
Since alpha radiation has an extremely short penetration length in water and solid substances, direct counting of a salt residue of dry ashed urine is not possible. Therefore, complex radiochemical techniques have been developed for efficient separation of the transuranium elements from the bulk matrix. However, in addition to several purification steps, these methods require the production of almost weightless planar sources (e.g. via electrolytic deposition) in order to perform radioassays with proportional or surface barrier detector. In contrast to the extensive preparative techniques, fast methods using alpha/beta-LSC are of increasing interest. Due to the efficient detection of alpha emitters in a liquid scintillation cocktail, extensive radiochemical purification procedures are not necessary provided the sample is homogeneous in the liquid scintillation cocktail.
Microbial diversity in water & sediment of karanja creekPrabhakar Pawar
Contamination of marine environment is an inevitable consequence of anthropogenic activities and bacterial communities quickly respond to such alterations. The use of
indicators for evaluating the microbiological quality of the marine surface water is a worldwide practice. Mumbai, a major metropolis and Business capital city of India, is situated on the west coast of Indian peninsula on the Arabian Sea. Mumbai is a natural harbour and also one of the world’s most populous cities called as the Urbs Prima of India. Nearly 8% of the ndustries of the country are located around Mumbai. Coastal
region in and around Mumbai receives 0.85 millions m3/d of liquid effluent and 14,600 t/d of solid waste without any treatment, which deteriorates the coastal ecosystem. The Karanja creek situated 30 km. away from Mumbai and 10 km away from Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT), receives voluminous amount of domestic and industrial waste.
The creek is a major fishing ground for finfishes and shellfishes; it was not surveyed for its microbiological quality. During present investigation, water and sediment samples
from Karanja creek were monitored seasonally for coliform bacteria during 2004. The samples were analyzed by Presumptive test, Confirmed tests, Completed test and
Biochemical tests like IMViC (Indole test, Methyl red test, Voges-Proskauer test and Citrate utilization test). Standard Plate Count (SPC) for coliforms from sediment was
found to be much higher than that of water. The data on presumptive test by Most Probable Number (MPN) was high during monsoon than that of post monsoon in surface
water. IMViC tests were positive, confirming the presence of fecal and non-fecal coliforms. The present study highlights the diversified nature of coliform species namely Escherichia coli, Klesiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella typhimurium of family enterobacteriaceae from water and sediment samples
of Karanja creek. Result of present investigation confirms the microbial pollution in Karanja creek to certain extent. This microbial pollution is correlated to the release of untreated or partially treated domestic and industrial wastes. The data presented can be taken as a base line data in knowing the impact of human activity on the creek ecosystem
in near future.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
7th International Conference ORBIT, 2010Anne Menert
7th International Conference ORBIT 2010, Organic Resources in the Carbon Economy, 29th June to 3rd July 2010 Heraklion Crete, Greece.
Partly published in: Koplimaa, M.; Menert, A.; Blonskaja, V.; Kurissoo, T.; Zub, S.; Saareleht, M.; Vaarmets, E.; Menert, T. (2010). Liquid and gas chromatographic studies of the anaerobic degradation of baker’s yeast wastewater. Procedia Chemistry, 2(S1), 120 - 129.
Presolar Grains: Starbits in LaboratoryLalit Shukla
In this lecture, I have covered a brief introduction of Presolar Grains, approaches to get them in laboratory, different laboratory techniques needed for their analysis, and scope of the study.
Here I explained about power plant chemistry. Explained in details how to produce DM water, cooling water, drinking water etc from raw water. Also discussed about main plant steam cycle chemistry.
Running head USING BENTONITE TO EXTRACT CU2+1USING BENTONITE.docxrtodd599
Running head: USING BENTONITE TO EXTRACT CU2+1
USING BENTONITE TO EXTRACT CU2+15
Using Bentonite to Extract Cu2+
Name
Institution
Abstract
This study was aimed at determining and comparing the potential of various weights of activated bentonite (BN). BN is an essential adsorbent used to remove copper sulfate in aqueous systems. This bentonite composes of 1M ammonium chloride i.e. NH3CL ratio; 1:1, w/w. The investigation of the adsorption ability of the naturally activated material (BN) to adsorb copper sulfate (CUSO4.5H2O) was investigated using UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Raw BN (unheated) has the adsorption ability and thus eliminates copper (II) ions from this aqueous solution. BN has approximately 62% efficiency of eliminating Cu2+ from copper sulfate. Various studies have determined that the removal efficiency of copper (II) ions increase with the rise in temperature of BN with temperatures not exceeding 200 C having about 69% efficiency. The percentage was seen to rise to close to 90% when BN was treated thermally. The optimal values of the removal rate of Cu2+ resulted when the BN dosage was 0.4g/100mL.
1.0 Introduction
The existence of heavy metals in most of the aquatic systems has raised significant concern owing to their high toxicity. The contamination of water with heavy metals results from daily human activities. It has been observed that lead concentration in areas inhabited by people is 20 times higher than in regions that are not influenced directly by the actions of people. As a result, various regulations and laws have been enacted to control effluence with these heavy metals. Thus, the Environmental Protection Agency, an institution set by the federal government to adjust and observe pollutants discharge in the environment, has set the allowable limits of massive metal emissions as copper 1.3 ppm, mercury two ppb, cadmium 5ppb, lead 15 ppb and chromium 100 ppb (EPA). Copper is one of the conventional metal as it is used in metal mechanic manufactories, industrial plant, and also in food production. Although many laws have set limits of allowable copper emissions, excess of its compounds are prevalent in water bodies. Therefore, it has become necessary to find ways of safely removing copper from aqueous solutions.
This study is aimed at investigating the efficiency of an adsorbent material BN in adsorption of CuSO4 from aqueous solutions. The investigation was conducted using the usages rates of BN, the influence of BN dose, and results from other batch adsorption studies.2.0 Literature Review
In the last few decades, contamination of water resources with ions from heavy metals has increased, becoming a global concern. Studies have shown that some metals are toxic to the ecological environment and human lives. Copper sulfate is a compound of copper and sulfur which forms a heavy metal precipitate in water bodies. However, copper in controlled amounts is essential in life forms due to its extensive role in the ge.
Running head USING BENTONITE TO EXTRACT CU2+1USING BENTONITE.docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: USING BENTONITE TO EXTRACT CU2+1
USING BENTONITE TO EXTRACT CU2+15
Using Bentonite to Extract Cu2+
Name
Institution
Abstract
This study was aimed at determining and comparing the potential of various weights of activated bentonite (BN). BN is an essential adsorbent used to remove copper sulfate in aqueous systems. This bentonite composes of 1M ammonium chloride i.e. NH3CL ratio; 1:1, w/w. The investigation of the adsorption ability of the naturally activated material (BN) to adsorb copper sulfate (CUSO4.5H2O) was investigated using UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Raw BN (unheated) has the adsorption ability and thus eliminates copper (II) ions from this aqueous solution. BN has approximately 62% efficiency of eliminating Cu2+ from copper sulfate. Various studies have determined that the removal efficiency of copper (II) ions increase with the rise in temperature of BN with temperatures not exceeding 200 C having about 69% efficiency. The percentage was seen to rise to close to 90% when BN was treated thermally. The optimal values of the removal rate of Cu2+ resulted when the BN dosage was 0.4g/100mL.
1.0 Introduction
The existence of heavy metals in most of the aquatic systems has raised significant concern owing to their high toxicity. The contamination of water with heavy metals results from daily human activities. It has been observed that lead concentration in areas inhabited by people is 20 times higher than in regions that are not influenced directly by the actions of people. As a result, various regulations and laws have been enacted to control effluence with these heavy metals. Thus, the Environmental Protection Agency, an institution set by the federal government to adjust and observe pollutants discharge in the environment, has set the allowable limits of massive metal emissions as copper 1.3 ppm, mercury two ppb, cadmium 5ppb, lead 15 ppb and chromium 100 ppb (EPA). Copper is one of the conventional metal as it is used in metal mechanic manufactories, industrial plant, and also in food production. Although many laws have set limits of allowable copper emissions, excess of its compounds are prevalent in water bodies. Therefore, it has become necessary to find ways of safely removing copper from aqueous solutions.
This study is aimed at investigating the efficiency of an adsorbent material BN in adsorption of CuSO4 from aqueous solutions. The investigation was conducted using the usages rates of BN, the influence of BN dose, and results from other batch adsorption studies.2.0 Literature Review
In the last few decades, contamination of water resources with ions from heavy metals has increased, becoming a global concern. Studies have shown that some metals are toxic to the ecological environment and human lives. Copper sulfate is a compound of copper and sulfur which forms a heavy metal precipitate in water bodies. However, copper in controlled amounts is essential in life forms due to its extensive role in the ge.
Infomatica, as it stands today, is a manifestation of our values, toil, and dedication towards imparting knowledge to the pupils of the society. Visit us: http://www.infomaticaacademy.com/
10ο Πανελλήνιο Συμπόσιο Ωκεανογραφίας & Αλιείας
7-11 Μαΐου 2012, Αθήνα
Το Υδάτινο Σύστημα και ο Άνθρωπος
Τροφή από τη θάλασσα: Αλιεία - Υδατοκαλλιέργειες
10ο Πανελλήνιο Συμπόσιο Ωκεανογραφίας & Αλιείας
7-11 Μαΐου 2012, Αθήνα
Το Υδάτινο Σύστημα και ο Άνθρωπος
Τροφή από τη θάλασσα: Αλιεία - Υδατοκαλλιέργειες
10ο Πανελλήνιο Συμπόσιο Ωκεανογραφίας & Αλιείας
7-11 Μαΐου 2012, Αθήνα
Το Υδάτινο Σύστημα και ο Άνθρωπος
Τροφή από τη θάλασσα: Αλιεία - Υδατοκαλλιέργειες
10ο Πανελλήνιο Συμπόσιο Ωκεανογραφίας & Αλιείας
7-11 Μαΐου 2012, Αθήνα
Το Υδάτινο Σύστημα και ο Άνθρωπος
Τροφή από τη θάλασσα: Αλιεία - Υδατοκαλλιέργειες
10ο Πανελλήνιο Συμπόσιο Ωκεανογραφίας & Αλιείας
7-11 Μαΐου 2012, Αθήνα
Ειδική Συνεδρία: Κορινθιακός κόλπος: η μικρή Μεσόγειος μέσα στη Μεσόγειο. Οι φορείς των πολιτών μιλούν - Θέλουμε να μας ακούσετε!
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Knowledge engineering: from people to machines and back
Lipid biomarkers trace methane consumption by microbial communities in sediments from the Marmara Sea.
1. LIPID BIOMARKERS TRACE METHANE CONSUMPTION BY
MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES IN SEDIMENTS FROM THE
MARMARA SEA
N. Chevalier1, I. Bouloubassi1, D. Birgel2, M.H Taphanel1
1 LOCEAN, UMR 7159, CNRS/Université P. et M. Curie, Paris, France
2 University of Vienna, Department of Geodynamics and Sedimentology, Vienna, Austria
1
2. COLD SEEPS
Places where fluids (enriched in methane) are seeping out of the ocean floor
due to the geology of the underlying sediments and/or due to the physiological
functionning of the subsurface microbial community
Widely distributed on ocean margins
Reservoirs of huge amounts of
methane often in the form of hydrates
Mazurenko et al., 2003
2
3. SPECIFIC INTEREST FOR THE STUDY OF METHANE SEEPAGES
- Climate
Methane is a potent greenhouse gas !
Potential destabilisation of methane hydrates (through global
warming ?) may release huge CH4 quantities (positive feedback!).
This may have happened in the past ?
- Biology
Methane fuels peculiar forms of life ! Deep biosphere
- Economy
Methane is an appealing energy resource !
3
4. FACTS
• More than 90% of the methane produced/emitted in marine
sediments is removed before it enters the hydrosphere and
atmosphere
-> There is a methane barrier !
Microbial methane oxidation – key process
4
5. Two ways of microbial CH4 consumption
Aerobic by methanotrophic bacteria at the
sediment-water interface or in the water column
CH4 + 2O2CO2 + 2H2O
ΔG°= -204 kJ mol-1
Anaerobic by methanotrophic archaea and sulfate-
reducing bacteria in deeper zones of the sediment
Process discovered in the 2000’s
CH4 + SO42- HCO3- + HS- + H2O Major regulator of methane fluxes
So far not cultivated archaea
ΔG°= ~-17 kJ mol-1 Precise metabolism?
Other microbes as well?
5
6. Cold seeps associated with the North Anatolian Fault zone
in the Sea of Marmara
MARNAUT CRUISE – Nautile submersible
6
7. MARNAUT CRUISE – Nautile submersible : Field evidence
Gas bubble emission
EK60 sounder
7
11. Origin of methane
• Thermogenic above leaky anticlines
– Thrace basin source
• Dominantly biogenic in Cinarcik basin
11
Bourry et al., 2009
12. MARMARA SEA SEDIMENTS
Push Cores
1661 1660 1659
We applied molecular and isotopic tools
to unravel microbial processes related with methane cycling
12
Chevalier, Bouloubassi . Geobiology (submitted)
13. Molecular – Isotopic Tools : lipid biomarkers
Constituents of microbial cell membranes
Distinctive ‘taxonomic’ structural features > > community structure
Concentrations > > relative abundances of microbial groups
> > biomass of extant (active) organisms
Stable carbon isotopes > > carbon source utilized, carbon flow
Which microbes are there ? What are they doing ?
OH O
X’
O X
O
OX OH 13
16. Identity of ANME Archaea and SR bacteria
AOM-related microbial communities show specific lipid biomarker patterns
e.g., sn2-hydroxyarchaeaol/archaeol, isotopic offsets vs. CH4, C16:1w5 FA/ i-C15:0 FA,
relative abundance of cyC17:0w5,6 FA, 10Me-C16:0 FA
Diagnostic biomarker indices can thus trace specific AOM-microbes
In core 1659 PC4 : dominant ANME-2 archaea
Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus (DSS) SRB
Confirmation by 16S rRNA gene analyses
16
20. MARMARA SEA CARBONATES
Table 2 ARCHAEAL LIPIDS
Concentrations and stable carbon isotopic composition (in ‰ V-PDB) of archaeal lipids extracted from carbonate
samples associated to cold seeps in the Marmara Sea. Authigenic
1659R1 1661R5 1664R2 1667R3
µg/g dw 13 C (‰) µg/g dw 13 C (‰) µg/g dw 13 C (‰) µg/g dw 13 C (‰) carbonates do
Archaeol 8.7 −108 27.9 −107 14.5 −92 22.2 −111 precipitated
Sn- 2-hydroxyarchaeol 23.5 −113 85.8 −109 50.4 −95 58.1 −108
Extented-hydroxyarchaeol a
0.2 nd 0.4 nd 2.6 −92 2.4 nd through microbial
Crocetane nd nd 8.1 −103 3.2 −69 4.1 −109 AOM
Crocetene nd nd 1.0 −101 0.4 nd 0.6 −103
PMI:1b nd nd − − − − 0.3 nd
Table 3
PMI:2 nd BACTERIAL LIPIDS
nd 1.1 −88 3.4 −88 2.9 −108
Concentrations and stable carbon isotopic composition (in ‰ V-PDB) of fatty acids (FAs) and non-isoprenoid
PMI:3 nd nd 0.3 nd 2.1 −92 3.4 −111
monoalkyl glycerol ethers (MAGEs) extracted from carbonate samples associated to cold seeps in the Marmara Sea and
PMI:4 nd nd
related to bacterial lipids from microbial sources. 0.6 nd 1.8 −75 1.3 −100 Dominant AOM
− − − −
PMI:5 nd
1659R1
3-O -phytanyl-glycerolether µg/g dw C (‰)
0.5
nd
13−105
1661R5
µg/g dw −110
1.7 13
1664R2
µg/g dw −92(‰)
1.2 13
0.2
1667R3 nd
µg/g dw nd (‰)
0.5 13
assemblages consist
C (‰) C C
−: not detected; nd: not determined.
fatty acids of ANME-2 archaea
C14:0 FA 1659R1 and 1664R2, an unresolved complex mixture−30
In samples 9.1 −78 5.4 (UCM) appeared in the hydrocarbon fraction as a hump
1.9 −48 19.8 −89
area between about n -C16 and n -C32 . In sample 1659R1, the quantification of hydrocarbons was not possible because
i -C15:0 FA 6.4 −90 6.0 −91 5.3 −80 8.0 −100 and associated DSS
ai -C too high amount of the3.5
of the FA
15:0
UCM. nd 2.3 nd 2.4 −74 4.9 −95 - SRB
a
Stadnitskaia et al. (2008) 10.5
C16:1ω5 FA −85 1.1 nd 2.6 −68 7.7 −90
b
C16:0 FA 10.2 −58 17.6 −30 4.9 −36
Unsaturated pentamethylicosenes and the numeral refers to the number of double bonds 8.0 −74
10Me-C16:0 FA 2.6 nd 3.5 nd 1.8 −82 9.7 −97
CyC17:0ω5,6 FA 22.8 −91 3.6 nd 1.5 −76 13.7 −89
monoalkyl glycerol ethers
Microbial biomass trapped within the mineral lattice
C14:0 MAGE
C16:1 MAGE
0.9
3.1
−90
−86
0.7
−
nd
−
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.6
nd
nd
C16:0 MAGE 1.8 −90 nd nd 0.7 nd 0.3 nd
Me-C16:0 MAGE 0.9 −88 0.7 nd 0.6 nd 1.3 nd
CyC17:0 MAGE 1.5 −87 − − − − nd nd
20
−: not detected; nd: not determined. Chevalier, Bouloubassi , Marine Geology, 2011
21. SUMMARY
In newly explored fluid emission zones in the Sea of Marmara :
13C-depleted archaeal and bacterial biomarkers evidence active
AOM coupled to SR within the upper 20 cm of sediments (S. Çinarcik
Basin)
Molecular evidence for AOM/SR is absent at sites from the N.
Çinarcik Basin and the Central Basin, but pore water profiles suggest it
likely occurs in deeper sections
Diagnostic biomarker fingerprints point to ANME-2 archaea and
sulphate-reducing bacteria from the Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus
clusters as predominant members of the AOM consortia
AOM is responsible for authigenic carbonate precipitation
21
22. Molecular isotopic approaches are powerfull tools to unravel:
- methane consumption processes
- microbial communities involved
Molecular isotopic approaches are powerfull proxies to detect:
- Present day and past events of methane seepage
22
23. Acknowledgements:
- Nicolas Chevalier’s Ph.D research
- ESONET (EU)
-MARNAUT Cruise staff (R/V L’Atalante, Nautile)
- IFREMER (France)
- Istanbul Technical University (Turkey), Maden Tetkikve Arama,
Ankara (Turkey)
- Ministry of Education (France)
23