This document provides guidance on plant nutrition for bramble plants such as raspberries and blackberries. Key recommendations include:
1. Conduct soil testing and amend the soil with lime, organic matter, and pre-plant nutrients based on the results. Maintain a soil pH between 5-6.5 for optimal nutrient availability.
2. Apply nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium according to soil test recommendations, with most brambles requiring 50-100 lbs of nitrogen per year. Split nitrogen applications and consider fertigation for efficient delivery.
3. Maintain adequate levels of calcium, magnesium, boron, and other micronutrients through soil applications and foliar sprays as needed based on tissue
First lab managers’ meeting of the South-East Asia Laboratory NETwork (SEALNET 2.0) - Quality improvement in Asian soil laboratories: towards standardization and harmonization of soil analyses and their interpretation, Bogor, Indonesia, 20 - 24 November 2017.
This study evaluated the effects of Epsom salts and soil amendments on three fern varieties. Treatments included different potting mixes and Epsom salt applications. Results showed no significant effects of the treatments on fern growth or color. Further analysis found that the fertilizers used contained magnesium, explaining the lack of response to Epsom salts. In conclusion, the potting mix provided sufficient magnesium for the ferns' needs.
This document summarizes research on using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to enhance phytoremediation systems (PEPS) for remediating contaminated soils. PEPS can speed up the slow natural phytoremediation process from 10-20 years to 10-20 months. Greenhouse and field tests show PEPS effectively degraded petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) and salts. Over 10 years and 20 field sites, PEPS successfully remediated PHC and salt to applicable standards cost-effectively in 1-3 years. PEPS costs $25-50/cubic meter, much less than alternatives like landfilling. PEPS is thus an effective green technology for remediating contaminated lands
Fertilizers undergo various chemical reactions in soil that determine their availability to plants. Nitrogenous fertilizers like ammonium sulfate and urea release ammonium ions through cation exchange or hydrolysis reactions. These ions can then be further transformed by soil microbes. Phosphate fertilizers like single superphosphate dissolve in soil water but can precipitate or react with soil minerals to form insoluble compounds depending on the soil pH. Potassium fertilizers like potassium chloride and potassium sulfate readily dissolve to release potassium ions for plant uptake. After application, the nutrients in fertilizers may be taken up by crops, react with the soil, leach below the root zone, or be lost through erosion, runoff or gas emission.
Application of colloidal gas aphron suspensions produced from sapindus mukoro...Soumyadeep Mukherjee
This document discusses using colloidal gas aphron suspensions produced from soapnut, a natural surfactant, to remove arsenic from contaminated soil. Soapnut colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs) and solutions were compared to SDS CGAs and solutions for their ability to remove arsenic from soil columns. Soapnut CGAs removed over 70% of arsenic from soil at pH 5-6, while SDS CGAs removed up to 55%. Both CGAs and solutions showed similar performance, but CGAs were more economical since they contain air, requiring less surfactant. The soapnut solution did not interact chemically with arsenic, allowing recovery of the solution and arsenic after removal from
ICWES15 - Hungry for Power - Challenges for the Municipal Wastewater Treatmen...Engineers Australia
This document discusses the challenges facing the wastewater industry in managing phosphorus, water quality, and carbon emissions. It notes that while wastewater treatment has reduced point-source phosphorus pollution, chemical phosphorus removal in treatment increases carbon emissions. However, legislation now requires reductions in both phosphorus loads on water bodies and carbon emissions from wastewater operations. The document explores some strategies being used in the UK to mitigate emissions while complying with water quality regulations, and argues water industry professionals are well-placed to consider technical solutions across entire basins to achieve both improved water quality and lower carbon emissions.
Legacy phosphorus in calcareous soils effects of long term poultry litter app...LPE Learning Center
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72864
Livestock manures, including poultry litter, are often applied to soil as crop fertilizer or as a disposal mechanism near livestock housing. Manures can improve soil quality and fertility; however, over-application can result in negative environmental consequences, such as eutrophication of surface waters following runoff of soluble or particulate-associate phosphorus (P). In soil, P exists in many forms (inorganic/organic, labile/stable) and the fate of manure P is highly dependent upon soil properties, including soil texture and microbial activity. The Houston Black series is a calcareous (~17% calcium carbonate), high-clay soil that occupies roughly 12.6 million acres in east-central Texas. These Blackland vertizols are agronomically important for the production of cotton, corn, hay, and other crops, but their high calcium and clay content could lead to accumulation of P in forms that are not readily available for plant utilization. Accumulated P could serve as a source of legacy P if mineralized or otherwise transformed in situ or transported with soil particles in runoff.
First lab managers’ meeting of the South-East Asia Laboratory NETwork (SEALNET 2.0) - Quality improvement in Asian soil laboratories: towards standardization and harmonization of soil analyses and their interpretation, Bogor, Indonesia, 20 - 24 November 2017.
This study evaluated the effects of Epsom salts and soil amendments on three fern varieties. Treatments included different potting mixes and Epsom salt applications. Results showed no significant effects of the treatments on fern growth or color. Further analysis found that the fertilizers used contained magnesium, explaining the lack of response to Epsom salts. In conclusion, the potting mix provided sufficient magnesium for the ferns' needs.
This document summarizes research on using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to enhance phytoremediation systems (PEPS) for remediating contaminated soils. PEPS can speed up the slow natural phytoremediation process from 10-20 years to 10-20 months. Greenhouse and field tests show PEPS effectively degraded petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) and salts. Over 10 years and 20 field sites, PEPS successfully remediated PHC and salt to applicable standards cost-effectively in 1-3 years. PEPS costs $25-50/cubic meter, much less than alternatives like landfilling. PEPS is thus an effective green technology for remediating contaminated lands
Fertilizers undergo various chemical reactions in soil that determine their availability to plants. Nitrogenous fertilizers like ammonium sulfate and urea release ammonium ions through cation exchange or hydrolysis reactions. These ions can then be further transformed by soil microbes. Phosphate fertilizers like single superphosphate dissolve in soil water but can precipitate or react with soil minerals to form insoluble compounds depending on the soil pH. Potassium fertilizers like potassium chloride and potassium sulfate readily dissolve to release potassium ions for plant uptake. After application, the nutrients in fertilizers may be taken up by crops, react with the soil, leach below the root zone, or be lost through erosion, runoff or gas emission.
Application of colloidal gas aphron suspensions produced from sapindus mukoro...Soumyadeep Mukherjee
This document discusses using colloidal gas aphron suspensions produced from soapnut, a natural surfactant, to remove arsenic from contaminated soil. Soapnut colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs) and solutions were compared to SDS CGAs and solutions for their ability to remove arsenic from soil columns. Soapnut CGAs removed over 70% of arsenic from soil at pH 5-6, while SDS CGAs removed up to 55%. Both CGAs and solutions showed similar performance, but CGAs were more economical since they contain air, requiring less surfactant. The soapnut solution did not interact chemically with arsenic, allowing recovery of the solution and arsenic after removal from
ICWES15 - Hungry for Power - Challenges for the Municipal Wastewater Treatmen...Engineers Australia
This document discusses the challenges facing the wastewater industry in managing phosphorus, water quality, and carbon emissions. It notes that while wastewater treatment has reduced point-source phosphorus pollution, chemical phosphorus removal in treatment increases carbon emissions. However, legislation now requires reductions in both phosphorus loads on water bodies and carbon emissions from wastewater operations. The document explores some strategies being used in the UK to mitigate emissions while complying with water quality regulations, and argues water industry professionals are well-placed to consider technical solutions across entire basins to achieve both improved water quality and lower carbon emissions.
Legacy phosphorus in calcareous soils effects of long term poultry litter app...LPE Learning Center
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72864
Livestock manures, including poultry litter, are often applied to soil as crop fertilizer or as a disposal mechanism near livestock housing. Manures can improve soil quality and fertility; however, over-application can result in negative environmental consequences, such as eutrophication of surface waters following runoff of soluble or particulate-associate phosphorus (P). In soil, P exists in many forms (inorganic/organic, labile/stable) and the fate of manure P is highly dependent upon soil properties, including soil texture and microbial activity. The Houston Black series is a calcareous (~17% calcium carbonate), high-clay soil that occupies roughly 12.6 million acres in east-central Texas. These Blackland vertizols are agronomically important for the production of cotton, corn, hay, and other crops, but their high calcium and clay content could lead to accumulation of P in forms that are not readily available for plant utilization. Accumulated P could serve as a source of legacy P if mineralized or otherwise transformed in situ or transported with soil particles in runoff.
Phosphorus Dynamics in Calcareous soils with respect to crop growthDileepKumar9535017438
This document discusses phosphorus chemistry in calcareous soils. It begins by providing background on phosphorus and its importance as a plant nutrient. It then describes the characteristics of calcareous soils and how the presence of calcium carbonate affects soil properties and phosphorus availability. The document reviews literature on the effects of incubation time, fertilizer sources and application rates on phosphorus solubilization and plant uptake in calcareous soils. It also summarizes findings on the role of organic amendments like farmyard manure in enhancing phosphorus availability in these soils.
Determination potassium by_ammonium_acetate_extraction_method_zahid_sau_sylhetSyed Zahid Hasan
Determination_potassium_by_ammonium_acetate_extraction_method_zahid_sau_sylhet.
Some picture and data are collected from internet. procedure is in short form so that it can understand easily.
There is no shortcut of success.
Read book first.
new extractants for potassium estimation in soilMiftha Faiz
New extractants were developed for estimating potassium levels in soil studies. Research found that different extractants extract varying amounts and forms of potassium from soils. Ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) is commonly used but does not extract non-exchangeable potassium. Studies evaluated various extractants including NH4OAc, sodium bicarbonate, nitric acid, calcium chloride and found they extracted different amounts of potassium and correlated to varying degrees with plant uptake. Extractants that extracted higher amounts of potassium and correlated best with plant uptake included ammonium lactate, Mehlich 3 and AB-DTPA.
Phosphogypsum as replacement material for cementFARHANA SHAHIBU
The document discusses the use of phosphogypsum as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Phosphogypsum is a byproduct of phosphate fertilizer production. The study aims to determine the optimum amount of phosphogypsum replacement to achieve maximum concrete strength. Various materials used in concrete were tested according to appropriate standards. A mix design was developed for M25 grade concrete with water-cement ratio of 0.4 and 7.5-15% phosphogypsum replacement. The next phase will involve testing fresh and hardened concrete properties with phosphogypsum replacement to find the optimal percentage.
The document discusses the history of understanding phosphorus use in agriculture and its importance as a nutrient for plant growth. It examines world phosphate reserves and how applied phosphorus interacts with soil properties, becoming either available or unavailable to plants over time. Several strategies are presented for improving phosphorus use efficiency in soils, including modifying soil properties, managing phosphorus sources, and optimizing application rates and timing.
This document summarizes research on using osmotic membrane bioreactors (OsMBR) and pressure retarded osmotic membrane bioreactors (ProMBR) for wastewater treatment and renewable energy production. The objectives are to evaluate OsMBR for water reuse and ProMBR for power generation. Various membrane types and solution chemistries are tested in batch and bench-scale systems. Preliminary results show membrane flux characterization and the potential for reverse salt transport in OsMBR systems.
The document discusses fertilizer management for coffee production, including the types of fertilizers, identifying annual fertilizer needs based on tree age and yield, application methods and timing for chemical and organic fertilizers, improving fertilizer efficiency, which fertilizers can be mixed, and symptoms of nutrient deficiencies. It provides guidance on applying the appropriate amounts of nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, and other nutrients to maximize coffee growth, yield, and quality.
First lab managers’ meeting of the South-East Asia Laboratory NETwork (SEALNET 2.0) - Quality improvement in Asian soil laboratories: towards standardization and harmonization of soil analyses and their interpretation, Bogor, Indonesia, 20 - 24 November 2017.
The document provides information about multiple boilers used at Mae Sod Clean Energy Co., Ltd. It lists the specifications of 9 belt boilers labeled B1 through B9, including their belt size, power output, and operating status. It also diagrams the boiler system and describes its key components and processes like the combustion air system, water and steam systems, and methods of heat transfer.
1) The study examined alkali halide salts dissolved in non-ionic surfactants like polyethylene glycol (PEG) using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of 23Na, 81Br, and 87Rb nuclei.
2) NMR spectra showed that the linewidth of salt peaks broadened significantly as the volume percentage of PEG or other surfactants increased, indicating interactions between ion pairs and electric field gradients.
3) For some salt-surfactant combinations, a gel-like phase separation was observed over certain solvent composition ranges, suggesting a transition in solvent structure.
This document provides guidelines for the management and handling of phosphogypsum generated from phosphoric acid plants in India. It discusses the phosphoric acid manufacturing process, which produces phosphogypsum as a byproduct. It outlines the characteristics and environmental impacts of phosphogypsum. The guidelines cover best practices for the storage, management, handling, disposal, and beneficial use of phosphogypsum to minimize environmental impacts. It also provides a monitoring protocol for phosphogypsum storage areas.
1) CHEMAF's cobalt plant in the Democratic Republic of Congo was experiencing decreased cobalt carbonate grade and increased reagent consumption due to rising magnesium levels in the ore feed, as dolomite concentration increased.
2) Laboratory tests evaluated different precipitation pH levels and precipitants to improve cobalt grade and reduce costs. Dual precipitation using sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide improved filtration capacity by 30% and cobalt grade and drying capacity by 50%, while reducing reagent use by 22%.
3) Implementing precipitate seed recycle in the plant further increased magnesium rejection by 40%, cobalt grade from 20% to 25%, and reduced reagent consumption. Process changes successfully overcame challenges from high magnesium in
Ssac 353 lecture no. 13 and 14 n fertilizers classification, fate of n fert...DrAnandJadhav
This document discusses nitrogen fertilizers, including their classification, manufacturing processes, properties, and reactions in soil. It covers important nitrogen fertilizers like urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and calcium ammonium nitrate. For each fertilizer, it describes the manufacturing process, chemical properties, and how they react after application to soil. The document aims to provide an overview of different nitrogen fertilizers for agricultural use.
The document describes procedures for using a soil laboratory kit to test soil samples for nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, and pH. Key steps include:
1. Taking soil samples from different depth layers and mixing in separate containers.
2. Weighing 100g samples and adding extraction solution to make suspensions.
3. Filtering the suspensions and using test strips to measure nitrogen forms and pH by comparing colors.
4. Correcting nitrogen measurements based on soil moisture levels to obtain accurate results.
The kit allows quick analysis of nitrogen availability in soil to help determine optimal fertilizer amounts.
Presentation by University of Minnesota professor Carl Rosen for the 2009 Minnesota Statewide High Tunnel Conference, held in Alexandria, MN on Dec. 2-3, 2009.
Evaluate:
Performance
N, P and K uptake and use
efficiency
Residual soil nutrients after cropping
Tuber storability of white yam grown with different levels of organo-mineral fertilizers.
Evaluate soil N, P and K content over time in sole yam cropping system
CEC effects on turf soil fertility management nov 30 2011Byron Vaughan
Cation exchange capacity (CEC) refers to the ability of soil to hold positively charged ions and is determined by factors like clay and organic content. Soils with higher CEC can hold more nutrients but require different fertilizer recommendations. The document discusses how CEC impacts soil fertility management and nutrient availability for plants.
This document discusses strategies for improving rainfed agriculture in India. It recommends integrating livestock and trees into farming systems, building soil organic matter through practices like mulching and applying compost, conserving moisture through rainwater harvesting, and choosing locally adapted crop varieties. It emphasizes the importance of soil fertility and moisture for agricultural productivity, and provides information on nutrient needs of plants, factors influencing soil fertility and moisture, and increasing soil organic matter through biomass application and good cropping patterns.
This document provides information on poultry litter management for agricultural use. It discusses what poultry litter is, increasing interest from other states, variability in litter quality, importance of sampling, interpreting lab results, nutrient values, nitrogen availability over time, best management practices for application including basing rates on phosphorus needs and separation distances from water and residences, and considerations for stockpiling litter. The agent provides contact information for questions.
Phosphorus Dynamics in Calcareous soils with respect to crop growthDileepKumar9535017438
This document discusses phosphorus chemistry in calcareous soils. It begins by providing background on phosphorus and its importance as a plant nutrient. It then describes the characteristics of calcareous soils and how the presence of calcium carbonate affects soil properties and phosphorus availability. The document reviews literature on the effects of incubation time, fertilizer sources and application rates on phosphorus solubilization and plant uptake in calcareous soils. It also summarizes findings on the role of organic amendments like farmyard manure in enhancing phosphorus availability in these soils.
Determination potassium by_ammonium_acetate_extraction_method_zahid_sau_sylhetSyed Zahid Hasan
Determination_potassium_by_ammonium_acetate_extraction_method_zahid_sau_sylhet.
Some picture and data are collected from internet. procedure is in short form so that it can understand easily.
There is no shortcut of success.
Read book first.
new extractants for potassium estimation in soilMiftha Faiz
New extractants were developed for estimating potassium levels in soil studies. Research found that different extractants extract varying amounts and forms of potassium from soils. Ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) is commonly used but does not extract non-exchangeable potassium. Studies evaluated various extractants including NH4OAc, sodium bicarbonate, nitric acid, calcium chloride and found they extracted different amounts of potassium and correlated to varying degrees with plant uptake. Extractants that extracted higher amounts of potassium and correlated best with plant uptake included ammonium lactate, Mehlich 3 and AB-DTPA.
Phosphogypsum as replacement material for cementFARHANA SHAHIBU
The document discusses the use of phosphogypsum as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Phosphogypsum is a byproduct of phosphate fertilizer production. The study aims to determine the optimum amount of phosphogypsum replacement to achieve maximum concrete strength. Various materials used in concrete were tested according to appropriate standards. A mix design was developed for M25 grade concrete with water-cement ratio of 0.4 and 7.5-15% phosphogypsum replacement. The next phase will involve testing fresh and hardened concrete properties with phosphogypsum replacement to find the optimal percentage.
The document discusses the history of understanding phosphorus use in agriculture and its importance as a nutrient for plant growth. It examines world phosphate reserves and how applied phosphorus interacts with soil properties, becoming either available or unavailable to plants over time. Several strategies are presented for improving phosphorus use efficiency in soils, including modifying soil properties, managing phosphorus sources, and optimizing application rates and timing.
This document summarizes research on using osmotic membrane bioreactors (OsMBR) and pressure retarded osmotic membrane bioreactors (ProMBR) for wastewater treatment and renewable energy production. The objectives are to evaluate OsMBR for water reuse and ProMBR for power generation. Various membrane types and solution chemistries are tested in batch and bench-scale systems. Preliminary results show membrane flux characterization and the potential for reverse salt transport in OsMBR systems.
The document discusses fertilizer management for coffee production, including the types of fertilizers, identifying annual fertilizer needs based on tree age and yield, application methods and timing for chemical and organic fertilizers, improving fertilizer efficiency, which fertilizers can be mixed, and symptoms of nutrient deficiencies. It provides guidance on applying the appropriate amounts of nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, and other nutrients to maximize coffee growth, yield, and quality.
First lab managers’ meeting of the South-East Asia Laboratory NETwork (SEALNET 2.0) - Quality improvement in Asian soil laboratories: towards standardization and harmonization of soil analyses and their interpretation, Bogor, Indonesia, 20 - 24 November 2017.
The document provides information about multiple boilers used at Mae Sod Clean Energy Co., Ltd. It lists the specifications of 9 belt boilers labeled B1 through B9, including their belt size, power output, and operating status. It also diagrams the boiler system and describes its key components and processes like the combustion air system, water and steam systems, and methods of heat transfer.
1) The study examined alkali halide salts dissolved in non-ionic surfactants like polyethylene glycol (PEG) using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of 23Na, 81Br, and 87Rb nuclei.
2) NMR spectra showed that the linewidth of salt peaks broadened significantly as the volume percentage of PEG or other surfactants increased, indicating interactions between ion pairs and electric field gradients.
3) For some salt-surfactant combinations, a gel-like phase separation was observed over certain solvent composition ranges, suggesting a transition in solvent structure.
This document provides guidelines for the management and handling of phosphogypsum generated from phosphoric acid plants in India. It discusses the phosphoric acid manufacturing process, which produces phosphogypsum as a byproduct. It outlines the characteristics and environmental impacts of phosphogypsum. The guidelines cover best practices for the storage, management, handling, disposal, and beneficial use of phosphogypsum to minimize environmental impacts. It also provides a monitoring protocol for phosphogypsum storage areas.
1) CHEMAF's cobalt plant in the Democratic Republic of Congo was experiencing decreased cobalt carbonate grade and increased reagent consumption due to rising magnesium levels in the ore feed, as dolomite concentration increased.
2) Laboratory tests evaluated different precipitation pH levels and precipitants to improve cobalt grade and reduce costs. Dual precipitation using sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide improved filtration capacity by 30% and cobalt grade and drying capacity by 50%, while reducing reagent use by 22%.
3) Implementing precipitate seed recycle in the plant further increased magnesium rejection by 40%, cobalt grade from 20% to 25%, and reduced reagent consumption. Process changes successfully overcame challenges from high magnesium in
Ssac 353 lecture no. 13 and 14 n fertilizers classification, fate of n fert...DrAnandJadhav
This document discusses nitrogen fertilizers, including their classification, manufacturing processes, properties, and reactions in soil. It covers important nitrogen fertilizers like urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and calcium ammonium nitrate. For each fertilizer, it describes the manufacturing process, chemical properties, and how they react after application to soil. The document aims to provide an overview of different nitrogen fertilizers for agricultural use.
The document describes procedures for using a soil laboratory kit to test soil samples for nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, and pH. Key steps include:
1. Taking soil samples from different depth layers and mixing in separate containers.
2. Weighing 100g samples and adding extraction solution to make suspensions.
3. Filtering the suspensions and using test strips to measure nitrogen forms and pH by comparing colors.
4. Correcting nitrogen measurements based on soil moisture levels to obtain accurate results.
The kit allows quick analysis of nitrogen availability in soil to help determine optimal fertilizer amounts.
Presentation by University of Minnesota professor Carl Rosen for the 2009 Minnesota Statewide High Tunnel Conference, held in Alexandria, MN on Dec. 2-3, 2009.
Evaluate:
Performance
N, P and K uptake and use
efficiency
Residual soil nutrients after cropping
Tuber storability of white yam grown with different levels of organo-mineral fertilizers.
Evaluate soil N, P and K content over time in sole yam cropping system
CEC effects on turf soil fertility management nov 30 2011Byron Vaughan
Cation exchange capacity (CEC) refers to the ability of soil to hold positively charged ions and is determined by factors like clay and organic content. Soils with higher CEC can hold more nutrients but require different fertilizer recommendations. The document discusses how CEC impacts soil fertility management and nutrient availability for plants.
This document discusses strategies for improving rainfed agriculture in India. It recommends integrating livestock and trees into farming systems, building soil organic matter through practices like mulching and applying compost, conserving moisture through rainwater harvesting, and choosing locally adapted crop varieties. It emphasizes the importance of soil fertility and moisture for agricultural productivity, and provides information on nutrient needs of plants, factors influencing soil fertility and moisture, and increasing soil organic matter through biomass application and good cropping patterns.
This document provides information on poultry litter management for agricultural use. It discusses what poultry litter is, increasing interest from other states, variability in litter quality, importance of sampling, interpreting lab results, nutrient values, nitrogen availability over time, best management practices for application including basing rates on phosphorus needs and separation distances from water and residences, and considerations for stockpiling litter. The agent provides contact information for questions.
A presentation about nitrogen in cranberry agriculture in Massachusetts. Presented by Carolyn DeMoranville of the UMass Cranberry Station during the Buzzards Bay Coalition's 2013 Decision Makers Workshop series. Learn more at www.savebuzzardsbay.org/DecisionMakers
by Terrence T. Nennich, Extension Educator, University of Minnesota and Carl Rosen, Professor, Dept. of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota.
Presented at the 2015 Minnesota Statewide High Tunnel Conference, Beginning Grower Workshop.
The document summarizes research on pollution from a phosphate fertilizer plant in Egypt. Samples of fertilizer, sediment, water and plants were collected near the plant. They were analyzed to determine fluoride, heavy metal and radioactivity levels. The fertilizer samples showed higher fluoride than other fertilizers. Radioactivity levels in fertilizer samples were higher than other types and correlated with fluoride levels. The environment was found to be slightly affected by radioactivity from plant wastewater, though not clearly by heavy metals due to few samples. Treatment of wastewater and use of lower pollution raw materials were recommended.
Fate of manure nitrogen applied for grass silage productionLPE Learning Center
The full proceedings paper is at: www.extension.org/72781
Previous research conducted in western Washington State has demonstrated that when manure N is applied at rates greater than needed for grass uptake, excess N in soil in the form of nitrate-N can leach to shallow groundwater during the months of high rainfall. In a prior study, it was evident that tillage and reseeding of the cropland was a contributor to loss of nitrate–N from soil to underlying groundwater. The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of re-seeding of cropland using minimum tillage and conventional tillage methods on crop uptake of nitrogen, soil nitrate-N concentration, nitrate concentration in shallow ground water underlying the field, and the relationships between these matrices.
A presentation delivered Upul Gunnawardena (Select Harvests) to the Soil Science Australia Workshop on salinity, sodicity and soil management under irrigated horticulture on the 19 Sept 2019 at Robinvale, Victoria.
Sulfur is an essential plant nutrient that is becoming increasingly deficient in soils. It is required by plants in relatively high concentrations and is an important component of proteins and enzymes. Sulfur deficiencies are more common now due to reduced sulfur emissions, lower sulfur fertilizer usage, higher crop yields, and increased conservation tillage. Soil sulfur levels are declining across the Midwest according to soil testing data. While sulfur is important for plant growth, soil test levels do not reliably predict the need for sulfur applications. Alfalfa is generally the most responsive crop to added sulfur in Illinois soils.
32. soil alkalinity and salinity by Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Saline soils occur where precipitation is less than evapotranspiration, causing cations like sodium, calcium, and magnesium to accumulate. This raises soil pH above 8.5. Salinity hinders plant growth by limiting their ability to take up water. Specific ions like sodium also interfere with potassium uptake.
Phosphorus and nitrogen are often deficient in alkaline soils. Phosphorus reacts with calcium, aluminum, and iron to form insoluble compounds unavailable to plants. Nitrogen is lost through volatilization or leaching. Micronutrients like iron and zinc also have low solubility in alkaline conditions. Maintaining soil organic matter helps buffer these issues.
The Global Symposium on Soil Pollution #GSOP18 | 2 - 4 May 2018 | FAO Hq
Mr. Raúl S. Lavado, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
This document summarizes research conducted to characterize the impact of the 2015 Gold King Mine spill on agricultural systems in the Lower Animas Watershed. The research had several objectives: 1) Monitor metal concentrations in irrigation ditch sediments, agricultural soils, and crops grown in the area; 2) Measure heavy metal content in various crops; and 3) Analyze the different forms of arsenic in agricultural soils irrigated with water from the Animas and San Juan Rivers. The research found elevated levels of arsenic and other metals in some soils and ditch sediments but generally low levels in crops. It also found most metal levels in soils and irrigation water were below regulatory limits.
The document discusses various aspects of soil fertility and composition. It describes the major soil nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as well as secondary and micronutrients. It also discusses different types of fertilizers and their nutrient contents. The document covers soil testing, nitrogen and phosphorus amendments, soil pH and different organic amendments. It provides information on soil texture, describing the properties of sandy, loamy and clayey soils.
Soils 502 lecture no. 12 13 Sources, Plant Usable N Forms N-transformations i...DrAnandJadhav
This document discusses various nitrogen fertilizers, their characteristics, manufacturing processes, and transformations in soil. It describes three main forms of nitrogen in soil: organic nitrogen, ammonium, and nitrate. The key nitrogen fertilizers discussed are urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, calcium ammonium nitrate, and their chemical compositions, manufacturing processes, characteristics, and reactions in soil. Nitrogen transformations like mineralization, immobilization, nitrification, and denitrification are also summarized.
Similar to Presentation eric hanson - bramble nutrition (20)
Lulus Local Food Software provides an online marketplace that connects small farms directly to customers. Their innovative software allows farmers to set their own prices, control inventory, and reach new markets. It started in 2008 with a local hub and has since grown to support over 20 farms. The software gives farmers control over sales while providing customers transparency about product origins and descriptions from the farmers.
The document outlines tips for beginning cut flower gardens, including recommended flowers for beginners like zinnias, marigolds, and sunflowers. It discusses reasons for growing cut flowers like revenue generation and attracting pollinators. Guidelines are provided for obtaining seeds and plants, soil preparation, care of the garden, harvesting techniques, and marketing flowers through venues such as farmers markets and social media. Arranging bouquets is also addressed.
Kentucky State University and Lincoln University are two historically black colleges and universities mentioned in the document. Both schools have a long history of educating African American students when other schools would not admit them due to racism and segregation. The document provides the names of two HBCUs but does not include any other details about them.
The document discusses a day-long event called Earthdance. Earthdance is an annual celebration that brings together people from around the world to perform dances and rituals intended to heal the Earth. Participants gather in public spaces to dance and pray for the planet's welfare from sunrise to sunset on the autumn equinox each year.
The document discusses a day-long event called Earthdance. Earthdance is an annual celebration that brings together people from around the world to perform dances and rituals intended to heal the Earth. Participants gather in public spaces to dance and pray for the planet's welfare, hoping their collective actions will help address issues like climate change and environmental destruction.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
This workshop presentation discusses intensive square foot gardening techniques for commercial farms. The key aspects covered include using drip irrigation and close plant spacing to maximize yield from minimal space. Presenters demonstrate how to intensively plant vegetable crops using organic methods on small plots, with all produce being donated to local organizations. The goal is to show farmers how to gross $1 per square foot through year-round production, crop selection based on market and labor needs, and efficient use of water, soil, and space.
High tunnel raspberries can provide several advantages over field production including extended harvest seasons, increased yields, and improved fruit quality. There are two main types of tunnels used - multi-bay tunnels which provide partial seasonal protection and single-bay tunnels which can be kept closed year-round. While tunnels increase production costs and labor needs, they can allow growers to diversify crop production and access new markets by supplying fresh local berries for longer periods. Pests like spider mites and diseases tend to be reduced in tunnels compared to fields. Proper ventilation is important for temperature control and disease prevention.
This document provides an overview of blackberry varieties, including their taxonomy, biology, growth habits, management requirements, yields, and suitability for local versus wholesale markets. It discusses key attributes like thorn presence, fruiting season, hardiness, flavor, and pest resistance. A variety of popular cultivars are described in detail for traits such as yield, fruit size, and postharvest quality. Newer introductions with potential for expanded seasons and local or commercial production are also highlighted.
This document provides information about Nourse Farms' blueberry production. It details that they grow June strawberries, brambles, blueberries, currants and gooseberries on their farm. For blueberries, they produce mostly pick-your-own and wholesale late in the season. The document then focuses on blueberry plant varieties, tissue culture plug plants, planting prescriptions including adjusting soil pH and using woodchips and sulfur, and different blueberry varieties categorized by ripening time.
This document discusses strategies for double cropping raspberries, including considerations for production goals, harvest strategies, variety selection, planting location, and pruning methods. Key points include choosing 2-3 commercial everbearing varieties to split risk, using a trellis system and attaching primocanes with clips, topping primocanes in November to reduce winter injury, and selecting varieties like Polka, Autumn Britten, and Himbo Top that are productive and disease resistant.
Berry viruses complexes and what we can do about itMark Klingman
This document discusses berry viruses and their transmission. It covers the taxonomy of various virus vectors like aphids, nematodes, fungi. It then discusses specific strawberry viruses transmitted by different vectors like aphids, whiteflies, pollen. It also discusses identifying unknown viruses that may contribute to strawberry decline and developing detection techniques. Further, it covers blackberry yellow vein disease, identifying the viruses involved, developing tests for them, and minimizing the disease by controlling its vectors.
MAINTAINING QUALITYPOSTHARVEST KITS AND REFERIGERATION FOR BERRIESMark Klingman
This document provides information on maintaining quality and refrigeration for berries during postharvest handling. It emphasizes the importance of rapid cooling through a "cold chain" from field to consumer to extend shelf life. Proper harvesting, packaging, cooling, storage and transportation are discussed to minimize weight loss, decay and quality declines in berries. Mobile and DIY refrigeration options are presented for small farms.
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1. Bramble Plant Nutrition
Eric Hanson, Department of Horticulture
Michigan State University
hansone@msu.edu
517.355.5191 x1386
2. Pre-plant Considerations
1. Soil test for pH and nutrient levels
2. Organic matter addition:
cover crops, manure, compost,
other organic amendments
3. Optimum pH Range
Blueberry Brambles
4 5 6 7
1.Lime according to soil tests
2.Use dolomitic lime if Mg is low
3.Apply and incorporate a year before planting
4. Pre-plant Phosphorus and Potassium
Incorporate prior to planting; base rates on soil tests.
Fertilizer % P2O5 or K2O
Superphosphate 21
Concentrated superphosphate 45
Potassium chloride 60-62
Potassium sulfate 50-54
Potassium-magnesium sulfate 22 (11% Mg)
5.
6. Gypsum may help control Phytophthora root rot
Gypsum (CaSO4) supplies Ca but does not alter pH. Gypsum
reduced raspberry root rot caused by Phytophthora spp. in
NY (Maloney et al., 2005) and WA (Pinkerton et al., 2009).
Gypsum has reduced other Phytophthora diseases.
High Ca concentrations specifically inhibit fungal growth
and infection of plant tissues.
Recommendation:
Incorporate 3-6 tons gypsum prior to planting raspberries
on sites with a history of Phytophthora root rot.
8. Average nitrogen fertilizer price trends in the US
(USDA, Economic Research Service)
1.20
Urea
$1.01
1.00 Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium sulfate
0.80
$/lb N
$0.58
0.60
$0.57
0.40
0.20
0.00
02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11
Year
9. Pre-plant manure and compost –
general considerations
Often beneficial, particularly on sandy soils, heavily farmed sites.
Analyze material before applying to avoid:
1. Excessive total salts.
2. Excessive P or N
3. N tie-up or excess (C:N above 30:1 tie up N)
4. Specific element toxicities (heavy metals, B, Na, Cl)
Apply and incorporate raw manure the fall before spring planting
Avoid manure or compost with salt levels > 10 dS/m.
Apply materials with salt levels of 5-10 dS/m in the fall to allow
salts to leach.
10. Manure Use – Avoid Excessive Soil P
(Michigan Manure GAAMP’s)
Know soil and manure P levels.
(Manure can vary from 10 lb P2O5 per ton to 45 lb)
If soil tests indicate P is needed, apply enough manure to
supply 100 to 200 lb P2O5/acre.
If Bray P1 test is 75 to 150 ppm, apply enough manure to
replace crop removal.
If the Bray P1 test is above 150 ppm, do not apply manure.
11. Variation in C:N and salt levels of Michigan composts (J. Biernbaum)
12. Learn from your mistakes:
To provide adequate nutrition for a new organic raspberry
planting under high tunnels, we incorporated 10 tons of a
fortified dairy compost in the rows before planting.
13. Injury to newly planted high tunnel raspberries from
compost incorporated before planting at 10 tons/acre.
Compost Analysis
EC
pH (dS m-1) C:N ratio N (%)
6.9 14.05 7.9:1 2.92
14. Raspberry Tissue Sampling
Collect 50-75 mature leaves from middle
of primocanes in August
Rinse briefly in tap water.
Dry on table top.
Send to reputable lab for nutrient
analysis.
15. Desired Leaf Nutrient Levels for
Raspberries and Blackberries
% PPM
N 2.0 – 2.8 B 30-90
P 0.25 – 0.40 Cu 7-20
K 1.5 – 2.5 Fe 60-250
Ca 0.7 – 1.7 Mn 50-200
Mg 0.3 – 0.5 Zn 20-50
16. Nitrogen Management
Nearly all brambles need N annually
For efficient N use, choose the right:
1. fertilizer
2. rate
3. timing
4. placement
Hart et al., 2006. EM 8903-E
Oregon St. Univ. Ext
17. N Fertilizers
Lime equivalent
Source %N Reaction (lb lime/lb N)*
Ammonium nitrate 32 acidic -1.8
Ammonium sulfate 21 acidic -5.3
Calcium nitrate 16 basic 1.3
Potassium nitrate 12 basic 1.9
Urea 46 acidic -1.8
DAP 17 acidic -4.1
MAP 11 acidic -3.5
blends variable variable variable
*Lb lime equivalent to alkalinity from 1 lb N (positive values) or
required to neutralize the acidity from 1 lb N (negative values)
18. Soil salt levels based on saturated paste extract
potentially causing yield reductions in fruit crops.*
Crop Soil EC (dS/m)**
Olives 2.7
Grapefruit 1.8
Apple/pear/peach 1.7
Apricots 1.6
Grapes 1.5
Blackberries 1.5
Raspberries/strawberries 1.0
Blueberries ??
*Western Fertilizer Handbook (1990)
**1 dS/m = 1 mmho/cm
19. Salt index values for some common N fertilizer
Salt index
Fertilizer %N Salt index* per unit N
Ammonium nitrate 33 105 300
Ammonium sulfate 21 69 328
Calcium nitrate 12 53 442
Di-ammonium phosphate 18 29 161
Mono-ammonium phosphate 11 27 245
Natural organic 13 3.5 70
UAN 28% 28 71 222
Urea 46 75 162
* Salt index is the increase in osmotic pressure resulting addition of fertilizer to a
solution, relative to affect of the same amount of NaNO3 (SI = 100).
After: Kamburova and Kirilov, 2008
20. N Sources and Rates
Sources
Urea and ammonium nitrate are usually cheapest and best.
Rates (lb/acre)
(higher rates on sandy soils and fall bearing types)
Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 and older
20-40 30-60 50-100
21.
22.
23. N Timing – Brambles
1. Heavier, fertile soils: all at bud break
(April-May)
2. Sandy soils: half at bud break, half
3-4 weeks later
Bud break Harvest
April May June July August
24. Nitrogen Placement - Brambles
1st year plants Established plants
Apply in a 2-3 ft wide circle Broadcast
or a band or band
25. Potassium
Brambles have a high demand for K;
regular applications are usually needed.
Choose K sources based on:
1. conventional or organic
2. cost per unit of K2O
3. need for other nutrients
K deficiency (T. Wallace)
4. potential hazard from chlorine
K fertilizers % K2O Comments
Potassium chloride 60-62 Chloride hazard
Potassium sulfate 50-54 Moderate expense
Sul-Po-Mag 22 (11% Mg) Expensive
26. Potassium
Rates based on soil tests, generally:
100-200 lb K2O per acre to correct most shortages
50-100 lb K2O per acre for maintenance
Timing: anytime
Fall application is best for KCl (muriate) to allow
time for Cl to leach.
Excessive K use can cause Mg shortages.
27. Ca, Mg, K Ratios are important
Desired ranges for % of Bases
K
10-20%
Mg Ca
20-30% 60-70%
29. Magnesium and Calcium
Ca and Mg Sources % Mg % Ca %K
Magnesium sulfate (epsom salts) 10
Calcium sulfate (gypsum) 22
Potassium-magnesium sulfate 11 22
Calcitic lime <5 >30
Dolomitic lime >5 <30
If pH is too low, use dolomitic or calcitic lime.
If pH is appropriate, use gypsum for Ca, or epsom salts
or potassium magnesium sulfate for Mg.
Apply whenever need is determined.
30. Calcium and Fruit Quality
Elevated tissue Ca is often associated with improved quality:
- reduced incidence of some fruit disorders
(bitter pit in apple fruit)
- increased firmness (Ca inhibits enzymes that degrade cell walls
when tissues senescence).
- reduced rot caused several fungal pathogens
(Ca may inhibit fungal enzymes that degrade tissues)
Ca affects on raspberry quality:
- pre-harvest Ca sprays have increased firmness, prolonged
shelf-life, and/or reduced Botrytis rot, but not consistently.
31. Boron
Shortages may cause poor
shoot grown, reduced fruit set,
or fruit deformities
Brambles are sensitive to excess B;
apply proper rates if soil or leaf
analyses show a need.
Application options:
Foliar spray of 2 lb Solubor (20% B) per acre in June
Soil spray of 3 lb Solubor in spring.
Soil application of 5 lb borax (11% B) in spring.
32. Iron
Deficiencies only occur when soil pH is too high; best
treatment usually is to reduce pH.
Foliar sprays of Fe chelate products relieve some leaf
symptoms, but don’t usually improve vigor.
33. Manganese
Not often deficient. High soil pH limits availability.
Treatments (if leaf analyses indicate a need):
1. Check and reduce pH if it is too high.
2. Foliar sprays of manganese sulfate or Mn-chelates.
3. Maneb, Dithane, and Manzate fungicides contain Mn.
Zinc
Not often deficient. Most likely on sandy, high pH soils.
Treatments (if leaf analysis indicates a need):
1. Check and reduce pH if it is too high.
2. Apply foliar sprays of Zn sulfate or Zn chelate products.
3. Ziram fungicide contains Zn and can be a good sources
34. Copper, Molybdenum
Deficiencies have not been documented in Midwest or
Eastern brambles.
If leaf analysis indicate Cu is deficient:
Fixed copper fungicides (e.g. Kocide, Champ) are suitable
sources of Cu for labeled crops.
Copper salts can potentially injure tissues so test on a few
plants before using widely.
35. Fertigation
Injecting fertilizers through trickle
irrigation systems can be convenient
and efficient.
Most useful for delivering N and
sometimes K and P.
Advantages Disadvantages
Greater control over nutrient Capital costs: injector, tanks,
placement and timing backflow valve
Improved efficiency; less fertilizer Maintenance (tanks, line
required (if not over-irrigating) plugging) and calibration
36. Solubility of some common fertilizers
Fertilizer Solubility (lb/gal)*
Ammonium nitrate (33-0-0) 16.0
Ammonium sulfate (21-0-0) 6.2
Calcium nitrate 15-0-0) 11.2
Di-ammonium phosphate (21-54-0) 5.7
Mono-ammonium phosphate (11-48-0) 3.1
Urea (45-0-0) 8.8
Potassium chloride (0-0-60) 2.1
Potassium sulfate (0-0-48) 0.9
* At 70 oF. Solubility of all materials is lower in colder water.
1. Mixtures may reduce the solubility of some salts
2. Do not mix calcium with sulfates or phosphates. Use a “jar test”
to test for precipitates.
3. Soluble blended fertilizers may be easiest.
37. Suggested N Fertigation –Brambles
1. Reduce annual rate by 1/3
(assume improved efficiency)
2. Split annual rate into multiple applications starting
2-3 weeks after budbreak and continuing into August
BB Harvest
April May June July August
38. Fertigation is very efficient if:
1. Irrigation system has high uniformity
2. Nutrients are applied when demand is high
3. Plants are not over-watered (leaches nutrients).