A Novel Design of a Miniature Metamaterial Antenna for RFID Reader ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this article, we propose a novel design of a dual band antenna based metamaterial for RFID
applications. The proposed antenna consists of a rectangular patch using inverted u-slot in radiating
element and two split ring resonators loaded in the ground plane. The antenna is printed on an FR4
substrate having athickness of 1.6 mm, permitivitty of 4.4 and loss tanget of 0.025. this antenna is feed by
a micostrip line having caracteristique of 50 Ohms. The designed antenna resonates at the UHF band
around 900Mz with an input impedance of 87MHz and also, resonates at the ISM band around 2.45GHz
with a large bandwidth about 516MHz. The designed antenna is simulated bys using CST and the results
is validated by HFSS. After simulation, a prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated, and the
measured results show a good agreement with the simulated one.
A Novel Design of a Miniature Metamaterial Antenna for RFID Reader ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this article, we propose a novel design of a dual band antenna based metamaterial for RFID
applications. The proposed antenna consists of a rectangular patch using inverted u-slot in radiating
element and two split ring resonators loaded in the ground plane. The antenna is printed on an FR4
substrate having athickness of 1.6 mm, permitivitty of 4.4 and loss tanget of 0.025. this antenna is feed by
a micostrip line having caracteristique of 50 Ohms. The designed antenna resonates at the UHF band
around 900Mz with an input impedance of 87MHz and also, resonates at the ISM band around 2.45GHz
with a large bandwidth about 516MHz. The designed antenna is simulated bys using CST and the results
is validated by HFSS. After simulation, a prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated, and the
measured results show a good agreement with the simulated one.
A new design and a new application of a metamaterial that converts 36.8% of incident power from a 900 MHz signal into usable dc voltage.experimentally rectified by an array of metamaterial unit cells.
Analysis of Metamaterial Based Microstrip Array Antennaijceronline
Metamaterials have been intensively researched due to their peculiar features such as negative permittivity and/or permeability and ultra-refraction phenomenon. To satisfy the demand of commonly used wireless communication systems, an antenna which can operate at higher frequencies and enhanced characteristics are desirable. The arrangement of all elements is done that they provide an improvement in bandwidth, directivity return loss etc. The frequency response of a metamaterial can be tailored by varying its characteristics. A new metamaterial structure using square and ring split ring resonator is proposed. Using this metamaterial structure, a microstrip patch antenna is designed with enhanced characteristics such as reduction in return lossfrom-20dB to -36dB with tunability is achieved.
3 d single gaas co axial nanowire solar cell for nanopillar-array photovoltai...ijcsa
Nanopillar array photovoltaics give unique advantages over today’s planar thin films in the areas of
optical properties and carrier collection, arising from their 3D geometry. The choice of the material
system, however, is essential in order to gain the advantage of the large surface/interface area associated
with nanopillars. Therefore, a well known Si and GaAs material are used in the design and studied in this
nanowire application. This work calculates and analyses the performance of the coaxial GaAs nanowire
and compared with that of Si nanowire using a semi-classical method. The current-voltage characteristics
are investigated for both under dark and AM1.5G illumination. It is found that GaAs nanowire gives almost
double efficiency with its counterpart Si nanowire. Their TCAD simulations can be validated reasonably
with that of published experimental result.
we have discussed the following content
Introduction
Construction
Working
QD Laser vs Normal Laser
Market Demand
Application
Characteristics
Advantages
Disadvantages
Conclusion
Summary
STUDY ON THE ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING EFFICIENCIES OF THE CADMIUM TELLURIDE ...IJAMSE Journal
The optical properties of cadmium telluride nanowires have been simulated using the Mie scattering
coefficients. It is seen that the absorption efficiency shows multiple peaks along the spectrum due to leaky
mode resonance. The nanowires showed strong polarization dependence in smaller radius. Higher angle of
incidence showed a suppressing effect on lower valued peaks on absorption efficiency. Scattering efficiency
showed peaks at visible spectrum from 30nm to 100nm. Transverse magnetic wave showed a more
pronounced effect in scattering than transverse electric wave.
Improving Splitting Efficiency in Photonic Crystal WaveguideIJERA Editor
“Photonic Crystals (PCs)” are dielectric structures with periodic spatial alternations of refractive index on the
scale of the wavelength of light. Many optical devices, based on PCs, have been proposed. There are
multiple ways by which equal amount of power of incoming signals can be divided into two, three and
four output channels; for example using multiple coupled photonic crystal waveguides, directional coupling and
cascaded multimode PC waveguides. Ideally, the splitter should divide the input power equally into the output
channels without significant reflection or radiation losses and should be compact in size. In this thesis I
have proposed the optical power splitting using Y-junction. The optical modeling of this proposed structure
was investigated by finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation. The goal was to achieve equal power at
each output channel with broad spectrum around the target wavelength with low loss.
Fiber optics, which is the science of light transmission through very fine glass or plastic fibers,
continues to be used in more and more applications due to its inherent advantages over copper
conductors. The purpose of this article is to provide the non-technical reader with an overview of
these advantages, as well as the properties and applications of fiber optics.
View more of our white papers about fiber optics:
http://www.fibersystems.com/technical-resources/fiber-optic-whitepapers
Optimization of Uniform Fiber Bragg Grating Reflection Spectra for Maximum Re...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Temperature and strain sensitivity of long period grating fiber sensor revieweSAT Journals
Abstract
Long period grating fibers are special class of fibers which are produced by periodic modulation of the refractive index of the core. This perturbation leads to forward guiding mode to couple with co propagating cladding modes depending on the phase matching condition. This coupling causes the cladding modes to attenuate during propagation in the fiber and leads to dips in the attenuation bands at discrete wavelengths in the transmission spectrum. These bands are shifted when the LPG is exposed to temperature, strain, refractive index changes in surrounding environment etc. This forms the basis of LPG sensor. The properties of LPG are modified in order to achieve the required sensitivity towards any measurands as per the applications. The performance of LPG by modifying the properties of LPG is reviewed.
Keywords: Optical fiber, Optical fiber sensor, Fiber Bragg, Long period grating, Strain, Temperature
HISTORY OF THE JEWS FROM THE ARAB WORLDJeremy Dery
detailed history of the Jews who lived in the Arab world and what happened to them following the creation of Israel, also how they live currently in Israel.
A new design and a new application of a metamaterial that converts 36.8% of incident power from a 900 MHz signal into usable dc voltage.experimentally rectified by an array of metamaterial unit cells.
Analysis of Metamaterial Based Microstrip Array Antennaijceronline
Metamaterials have been intensively researched due to their peculiar features such as negative permittivity and/or permeability and ultra-refraction phenomenon. To satisfy the demand of commonly used wireless communication systems, an antenna which can operate at higher frequencies and enhanced characteristics are desirable. The arrangement of all elements is done that they provide an improvement in bandwidth, directivity return loss etc. The frequency response of a metamaterial can be tailored by varying its characteristics. A new metamaterial structure using square and ring split ring resonator is proposed. Using this metamaterial structure, a microstrip patch antenna is designed with enhanced characteristics such as reduction in return lossfrom-20dB to -36dB with tunability is achieved.
3 d single gaas co axial nanowire solar cell for nanopillar-array photovoltai...ijcsa
Nanopillar array photovoltaics give unique advantages over today’s planar thin films in the areas of
optical properties and carrier collection, arising from their 3D geometry. The choice of the material
system, however, is essential in order to gain the advantage of the large surface/interface area associated
with nanopillars. Therefore, a well known Si and GaAs material are used in the design and studied in this
nanowire application. This work calculates and analyses the performance of the coaxial GaAs nanowire
and compared with that of Si nanowire using a semi-classical method. The current-voltage characteristics
are investigated for both under dark and AM1.5G illumination. It is found that GaAs nanowire gives almost
double efficiency with its counterpart Si nanowire. Their TCAD simulations can be validated reasonably
with that of published experimental result.
we have discussed the following content
Introduction
Construction
Working
QD Laser vs Normal Laser
Market Demand
Application
Characteristics
Advantages
Disadvantages
Conclusion
Summary
STUDY ON THE ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING EFFICIENCIES OF THE CADMIUM TELLURIDE ...IJAMSE Journal
The optical properties of cadmium telluride nanowires have been simulated using the Mie scattering
coefficients. It is seen that the absorption efficiency shows multiple peaks along the spectrum due to leaky
mode resonance. The nanowires showed strong polarization dependence in smaller radius. Higher angle of
incidence showed a suppressing effect on lower valued peaks on absorption efficiency. Scattering efficiency
showed peaks at visible spectrum from 30nm to 100nm. Transverse magnetic wave showed a more
pronounced effect in scattering than transverse electric wave.
Improving Splitting Efficiency in Photonic Crystal WaveguideIJERA Editor
“Photonic Crystals (PCs)” are dielectric structures with periodic spatial alternations of refractive index on the
scale of the wavelength of light. Many optical devices, based on PCs, have been proposed. There are
multiple ways by which equal amount of power of incoming signals can be divided into two, three and
four output channels; for example using multiple coupled photonic crystal waveguides, directional coupling and
cascaded multimode PC waveguides. Ideally, the splitter should divide the input power equally into the output
channels without significant reflection or radiation losses and should be compact in size. In this thesis I
have proposed the optical power splitting using Y-junction. The optical modeling of this proposed structure
was investigated by finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation. The goal was to achieve equal power at
each output channel with broad spectrum around the target wavelength with low loss.
Fiber optics, which is the science of light transmission through very fine glass or plastic fibers,
continues to be used in more and more applications due to its inherent advantages over copper
conductors. The purpose of this article is to provide the non-technical reader with an overview of
these advantages, as well as the properties and applications of fiber optics.
View more of our white papers about fiber optics:
http://www.fibersystems.com/technical-resources/fiber-optic-whitepapers
Optimization of Uniform Fiber Bragg Grating Reflection Spectra for Maximum Re...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Temperature and strain sensitivity of long period grating fiber sensor revieweSAT Journals
Abstract
Long period grating fibers are special class of fibers which are produced by periodic modulation of the refractive index of the core. This perturbation leads to forward guiding mode to couple with co propagating cladding modes depending on the phase matching condition. This coupling causes the cladding modes to attenuate during propagation in the fiber and leads to dips in the attenuation bands at discrete wavelengths in the transmission spectrum. These bands are shifted when the LPG is exposed to temperature, strain, refractive index changes in surrounding environment etc. This forms the basis of LPG sensor. The properties of LPG are modified in order to achieve the required sensitivity towards any measurands as per the applications. The performance of LPG by modifying the properties of LPG is reviewed.
Keywords: Optical fiber, Optical fiber sensor, Fiber Bragg, Long period grating, Strain, Temperature
HISTORY OF THE JEWS FROM THE ARAB WORLDJeremy Dery
detailed history of the Jews who lived in the Arab world and what happened to them following the creation of Israel, also how they live currently in Israel.
Mechanical splicing techniques is optical fiber splicing techniques which are using adhesive epoxy resin.its a simple techniques for optical fiber connecting.
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3) Modes of Fiber Optics.
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8) Applications of Fiber Optics.
9) Conclusion.
I have uploaded the complete document, with all the pages including the cover page, the acknowledgement, certificate and contents along with the Project content. Just download it and modify it and your project is ready, if that is all you have wanted. Otherwise use it as a reference for your project. "!!! IF YOU FIND IT WORTHY AT ALL, THEN GIVE ME A LIKE !!!" - It will motivate me to upload more such documents. -THANK YOU
Communication with fiber optic technologyPranavKoshe
• What is Fiber Optics?
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• Applications of Fiber Optics.
• Conclusion
An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair.Optical fibers are used most often as a means to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber and find wide usage in fiber-optic communications
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8th Sem Subject OFC 2nd chapter notes by Lohith kumar 11GUEE6018
1. Part A | Chapter 2 |Fiber Fabrication:
Outside V-P oxidation vapour phase axial deposition, Modified CVD , Plasma activated
CVD, Double – crucible method, Mechanical properties of fibers, Fiber optical cables, Fiber
splicing, Optical connectors.
1) Discuss the mechanical properties of fiber?
2) Distinguish connectors from splices and discuss different types of splices and connectors?
3) Explain the ‘Plasma activated chemical vapour deposition’ process used for the optical
fiber communication?
4) With the help of a neat diagram explain double – crucible method used for drawing
optical fibers ?
5) Explain the structure of a typical six fiber optical cable used for optical communication?
6) What is a fiber splice? Explain two splicing techniques?
7) Derive the expression for the maximum optical power coupled in to a fiber ? 3rd question
8) Explain the optical power output V/S laser drive current characteristics?3rd question
9) With a neat diagram explain the modified CVD method of manufacture of optical fibers?
10) What are the different types of optical splices available in the industries? Briefly explain
any two of them?
11) With help of cross sectional view explain the structure of a single core optical fiber ?
12) Explain Outside vapour phase oxidation ?
2. 1) Discuss the mechanical properties of fiber?
Solution :
1. The fiber cable must able to withstand the stress and strain that generally occur
during the cabling process.
2. The basic characteristics of fiber are strength and static fatigue.
3. The Main difference between metal and glass is that when stress is applied to glass it
extends elastically up to its breaking strength whereas the metal will be stretched
plastically well beyond their true elastic range.
4. The Physical flaw model is show in the figure
5. The Elliptically shaped crack is generally referred as Griffith micro crack of width W
and depth x and radius Row . the strength of crack for silica fiber is given by the
3. 2) & 7) Distinguish connectors from splices and discuss different types of splices and
connectors? Or
10) What are the different types of optical splices available in the industries? Briefly explain
any two of them?
Solution :
Splices Connector
splicing is the act of joining two opticalfibers end-to-end. An optical fiber connector terminates the end of an optical fiber, and
enables quicker connection and disconnection than splicing.
Splices is a permanent or semi permanent
joint between two fibers
Connector is a demountable joint between
two fibers
These are typically used create long optical
links
These are used for range from simple single
channel fiber to multichannel fiber
connectors.
Different types of Splices are:
1.Fusion Splicing
2.Mechanical Splicing
3.Elastic tube splicing
4.V – Groove optical fiber splicing
Different types of connectors are:
1.Screw on
2.twist on or snap on connectors
Different types of Splices are:
1.Fusion Splicing
2.Mechanical Splicing
2.1.Elastic tube splicing
2.2.V – Groove optical fiber splicing
1.Fusion Splicing :
4. Fusion splicing is the process of fusing or welding two fibers together usually by an
electric arc. Fusion splicing is the most widely used method of splicing as it
provides for the lowest loss and least reflectance, as well as providing the strongest
and most reliable joint between two fibers.
Before optical fibers can be successfully fusion-spliced, they need to be carefully
stripped of their outer jackets and polymer coating, thoroughly cleaned, and then
precisely cleaved to form smooth, perpendicular end faces. Once all of this has been
completed, each fiber is placed into a holder in the splicer’s enclosure. From this
point on, the fiber optic fusion splicer takes over the rest of the process, which
involves 3 steps:
Alignment: Using small, precise motors, the fusion splicer makes minute
adjustments to the fibers’ positions until they’re properly aligned, so the
finished splice will be as seamless and attenuation-free as possible. During the
alignment process, the fiber optic technician is able to view the fiber
alignment, thanks to magnification by optical power meter, video camera, or
viewing scope.
Impurity Burn-Off: Since the slightest trace of dust or other impurities can
wreak havoc on a splice’s ability to transmit optical signals, you can never be
too clean when it comes to fusion splicing. Even though fibers are hand-
cleaned before being inserted into the splicing device, many fusion splicers
incorporate an extra precautionary cleaning step into the process: prior to
fusing, they generate a small spark between the fiber ends to burn off any
remaining dust or moisture.
5. Fusion: After fibers have been properly positioned and any remaining
moisture and dust have been burned off, it’s time to fuse the fibers ends
together to form a permanent splice. The splicer emits a second, larger spark
that melts the optical fiber end faces without causing the fibers’ cladding and
molten glass core to run together (keeping the cladding and core separate is
vital for a good splice – it minimizes optical loss). The melted fiber tips are
then joined together, forming the final fusion splice. Estimated splice-loss
tests are then performed, with most fiber fusion splices showing a typical
optical loss of 0.1 dB or less
2.Mechanical Splicing :
Mechanical splices are used to create permanent joints between two fibers by holding the fibers in an
alignment fixture and reducing loss and reflectance with a transparent gel or optical adhesive
between the fibers that matches the optical properties of the glass. Mechanical splices generally have
higher loss and greater reflectance than fusion splices, and because the fibers are crimped to hold
them in place, do not have as good fiber retention or pull-out strength. The splice component itself,
which includes a precision alignment mechanism, is more expensive than the simple protection sleeve
needed by a fusion splice.
Mechanical splices are most popular for fast, temporary restoration or for splicing multimode fibers
in a premises installation. They are also used - without crimping the fibers - as temporary splices for
testing bare fibers with OTDRs or OLTSs. Of course most prepolished splice connectors use an
internal mechanical splice (several actually have fusion splices) so the mechanisms and techniques
described here apply to those also.
The advantage of mechanical splices is they do not need an expensive machine to make the splices. A
relatively simple cleaver and some cable preparation tools are all that's needed, although a visual
fault locator (VFL) is useful to optimize some types of splices.
Alignment Mechanisms
The biggest difference between mechanical splices is the way the fibers are aligned. Here are some
typical methods.
Capillary Tube
6. The simplest method of making a mechanical splice is to align two fibers in a small glass tube with a
hole just slightly larger than the outside diameter of the fibers. This type of splice works well with
UV-cured adhesive as well as index-matching gel between the fibers. The Ultrasplice is a capillary
splice.
V-Groove
V-groove splices are quite simple and work well. They work for single fibers or even for fiber ribbons
as shown here. The Grooved alignment plates can be made of many types of materials and are quite
inexpensive.
7. The 3M Fiberlok is a version of a V-groove splice that uses a metal stamping inside a plastic case to
both align fibers and crimp them. It's elegant design and good performance has made it one of the
most popular mechanical splices.
This method has a more complex alignment mechanism, made from four small glass rods fused
together with a bend in the middle. The fibers follow the grooves made by the joint of two rods. The
complexity and expense of this, especially compared to a simple V-groove, limited its use.
Elastomeric
The GTE Elastomeric splice (still available from Corning) uses soft elastomers to hold the fibers in
position. It's similar to a v-groove, but the grooves are soft so they accomodate slight variations in
8. fiber diameter easily.
Rotary Splice
The AT&T Rotary splice was more like a connector. The fibers were glued into glass ferrules and
polished. They were then inserted into an alignment sleeve and rotated until the lowest loss was
obtained. Again, complexity and cost, plus labor required, limited their popularity.
3) Explain the ‘Plasma activated chemical vapour deposition’ process used for the optical
fiber communication?
Solution :
9. 4) With the help of a neat diagram explain double – crucible method used for drawing
optical fibers ?
Solution :
10.
11. 6)Explain the structure of a typical six fiber optical cable used for optical communication?
Solution :
12. 7) ) Derive the expression for the maximum optical power coupled in to a fiber ?
Solution: 3rd chapter question
13. 8) Explain the optical power output V/S laser drive current characteristics?
Solution : 3rd chapter question
9) With a neat diagram explain the modified CVD method of manufacture of optical fibers?
Solution :
16. 11) With help of cross sectional view explain the structure of a single core optical fiber ?
Solution :
In fiber-optic communication, a single-mode optical fiber (SMF) is an optical
fiber designed to carry light only directly down the fibre - the transverse mode. Modes are
the possible solutions of the Helmholtz equation for waves, which is obtained by
combining Maxwell's equations and the boundary conditions. These modes define the way
the wave travels through space, i.e. how the wave is distributed in space. Waves can have
the same mode but have different frequencies. This is the case in single-mode fibers, where
we can have waves with different frequencies, but of the same mode, which means that they
are distributed in space in the same way, and that gives us a single ray of light. Although the
ray travels parallel to the length of the fiber, it is often called transverse mode since
its electromagneticvibrations occur perpendicular (transverse) to the length of the fiber.
The 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Charles K. Kao for his theoretical work
on the single-mode optical fiber
A typical single mode optical fiber has a core diameter between 8 and 10.5 µm[5] and
a cladding diameter of 125 µm. There are a number of special types of single-mode
optical fiber which have been chemically or physically altered to give special
properties, such as dispersion-shifted fiber and nonzero dispersion-shifted fiber.
17. Data rates are limited bypolarization mode dispersion and chromatic dispersion. As
of 2005, data rates of up to 10 gigabits per second were possible at distances of over
80 km (50 mi) with commercially available transceivers (Xenpak). By using optical
amplifiers and dispersion-compensating devices, state-of-the-art DWDM optical
systems can span thousands of kilometers at 10 Gbit/s, and several hundred
kilometers at 40 Gbit/s.