This document provides an introduction to optical fiber communication systems and optical fiber modes. It discusses total internal reflection, numerical aperture, linearly polarized waves, elliptically polarized waves, and circularly polarized waves. It also covers fiber materials like glass, fluoride, active glass, chalcogenide glass, and plastic optical fibers. Fiber fabrication techniques like outside vapor phase oxidation, vapor axial deposition, modified chemical vapor deposition, and plasma activated chemical vapor deposition are introduced. Finally, it discusses fiber optic cables, their components, and different cable configurations.
This document provides information about optical fibers and their applications. It discusses the materials and processes used to make optical fibers, including purifying silica, depositing layers through chemical vapor deposition, and drawing fibers from preforms. Optical fibers have advantages over copper wires for telecommunications, including lower cost, higher data capacity, and lower signal degradation. The document also describes how optical fibers are used for sensing applications and lists some of their properties. In summary, it outlines the fabrication and properties of optical fibers and their role in telecommunications and sensing.
This article provides a rudimentary understanding of the basic concepts of optical fibres and optical fibre communication, the manufacturing techniques of optical fibres and different terms and terminologies related to optical fibres.
This lecture is on fiber-optics that consist of strands of optical fibers made from pure glass and sometime plastics that are as thin as a human hair to carry digital data information over long distances.
Optical Fiber Basic Concept Which May Help You To Understand More Easily. The Slide Is Specially For Engineering Background. Anyone can get easily understand by studying this material. Thank you.
This document provides an overview of optical fiber communication. It discusses the basic components and materials used in optical fibers, including the core, cladding and protective layer. The document also explains the working principle of total internal reflection that optical fibers use to transmit data. Some key advantages are that optical fibers are lighter weight, safer, and more flexible than metal wires. Applications discussed include use in telecommunications, local networks, medical imaging, and more.
1. The document discusses optical fibers, which are thin strands of glass that carry light signals for communication.
2. Optical fibers have a core and cladding structure that allows total internal reflection to guide light along the fiber.
3. Optical fibers have several advantages over metallic wires for communication, including very large bandwidth, immunity to interference, elimination of crosstalk, lighter weight, and greater security.
4. Key applications of optical fibers include long-distance communication networks, military equipment, sensors, and structural health monitoring of buildings, bridges, tunnels, and dams.
Gandhinagar institute of technology optical fibernilnildarji
This document provides an overview of optical fibers including:
1. The structure of optical fibers consists of a core, cladding, and buffer coating. Light is guided through total internal reflection.
2. Optical fibers are classified based on the number of modes as single-mode or multi-mode, and based on the refractive index profile as step-index or graded-index.
3. An optical fiber communication system includes an information source, electrical transmitter, optical source, optical fiber cable, optical detector, electrical receiver, and destination. Attenuation and wavelength are important factors.
Presentation on Optical Fiber for UG Physics students by Dr. P D Shirbhate assistant Professor, Department of Physics G S Gawande college, Umarkhed Dist Yavatmal.
This document provides information about optical fibers and their applications. It discusses the materials and processes used to make optical fibers, including purifying silica, depositing layers through chemical vapor deposition, and drawing fibers from preforms. Optical fibers have advantages over copper wires for telecommunications, including lower cost, higher data capacity, and lower signal degradation. The document also describes how optical fibers are used for sensing applications and lists some of their properties. In summary, it outlines the fabrication and properties of optical fibers and their role in telecommunications and sensing.
This article provides a rudimentary understanding of the basic concepts of optical fibres and optical fibre communication, the manufacturing techniques of optical fibres and different terms and terminologies related to optical fibres.
This lecture is on fiber-optics that consist of strands of optical fibers made from pure glass and sometime plastics that are as thin as a human hair to carry digital data information over long distances.
Optical Fiber Basic Concept Which May Help You To Understand More Easily. The Slide Is Specially For Engineering Background. Anyone can get easily understand by studying this material. Thank you.
This document provides an overview of optical fiber communication. It discusses the basic components and materials used in optical fibers, including the core, cladding and protective layer. The document also explains the working principle of total internal reflection that optical fibers use to transmit data. Some key advantages are that optical fibers are lighter weight, safer, and more flexible than metal wires. Applications discussed include use in telecommunications, local networks, medical imaging, and more.
1. The document discusses optical fibers, which are thin strands of glass that carry light signals for communication.
2. Optical fibers have a core and cladding structure that allows total internal reflection to guide light along the fiber.
3. Optical fibers have several advantages over metallic wires for communication, including very large bandwidth, immunity to interference, elimination of crosstalk, lighter weight, and greater security.
4. Key applications of optical fibers include long-distance communication networks, military equipment, sensors, and structural health monitoring of buildings, bridges, tunnels, and dams.
Gandhinagar institute of technology optical fibernilnildarji
This document provides an overview of optical fibers including:
1. The structure of optical fibers consists of a core, cladding, and buffer coating. Light is guided through total internal reflection.
2. Optical fibers are classified based on the number of modes as single-mode or multi-mode, and based on the refractive index profile as step-index or graded-index.
3. An optical fiber communication system includes an information source, electrical transmitter, optical source, optical fiber cable, optical detector, electrical receiver, and destination. Attenuation and wavelength are important factors.
Presentation on Optical Fiber for UG Physics students by Dr. P D Shirbhate assistant Professor, Department of Physics G S Gawande college, Umarkhed Dist Yavatmal.
This document discusses optical fiber materials and attenuation in optical fibers. It describes how optical fibers use total internal reflection to transmit light pulses along thin glass or plastic fibers. Attenuation is the loss of light energy as pulses travel along the fiber and is caused by scattering, bending, and absorption. The key fiber materials are glass, typically silica from sand, and plastic, though plastic fibers have higher attenuation than glass.
This document provides an overview of optical fibers used in communication systems. It discusses the history of optical fiber communication and how total internal reflection allows light to propagate along the fiber. The key components of an optical fiber are the core and cladding. Optical fibers can be classified based on the materials used, number of modes supported, and refractive index profile. Optical fibers play an important role in modern communication systems by providing high bandwidth data transmission over long distances.
Fiber optics use thin strands of glass or plastic to transmit data using pulses of light. Light signals traveling through the fiber core are reflected off the cladding layer and travel long distances through total internal reflection. Fiber optic cables have enabled enormous increases in data transmission capacity over the decades and now carry nearly all long-distance communications traffic by transmitting multiple wavelengths of light simultaneously. Fiber optics provide advantages over metal cables including higher bandwidth, less weight and interference, and immunity to electromagnetic fields.
This document summarizes a lecture on thin film deposition techniques given by Dr. Toru Hara. It begins with definitions of thin films and their applications in electronic devices, optical coatings, optoelectronic devices, and quantum devices. It then provides brief introductions to specific applications like transistors, oxygen sensors, and LEDs. The main deposition techniques are also summarized, including chemical methods like plating, CSD, CVD, and ALD, as well as physical methods like thermal evaporation, sputtering, PLD, and MBE. Examples of equipment schematics are provided for many of the techniques.
The document provides an overview of a lecture on thin film deposition techniques given by Dr. Toru Hara. It discusses four main applications of thin films: 1) electronic semiconductor devices using band engineering, 2) optical coatings using refractive index engineering, 3) optoelectronic devices using both band and refractive index engineering, and 4) quantum devices using quantum dynamics design. It also describes common thin film deposition methods including chemical solution deposition, chemical vapor deposition, plating, and physical vapor deposition techniques and gives examples of their use in applications such as transistors, optical coatings, LEDs, and superlattices.
The document discusses the process for manufacturing optical fibers. It describes purifying silica, depositing silica onto a silica tube via chemical vapor deposition to form the core, sintering and annealing the tube to create a solid rod, drawing the rod out to form thin fibers, and applying polymer coatings for protection. It also mentions upcoming tests and review materials for class.
Mesuarement of the attenuatuion of the optical fiber ieee format mohamud mire
This document discusses the measurement of attenuation in optical fibers. It begins by defining attenuation and describing the various factors that cause it, including absorption, scattering, and bending. It then provides details on the basic structure of an optical fiber, including the core and cladding. It also describes the two main types of optical fibers: multimode and single-mode. The advantages of optical fibers are listed as well. The document is intended to investigate the characteristics and factors causing attenuation in optical fiber systems.
Garth naar - fiber optics and its applicationsgarthnaar
Fiber optics transports light in a very directional way. Light is focused into and guided through a cylindrical glass fiber. Inside the core of the fiber light bounces back and forth at angles to the side walls, making its way to the end of the fiber where it eventually escapes. The light does not escape through the side walls because of total internal reflection.
Fiber optics (optical fibers) are long, thin strands of very pure glass about the diameter of a human hair. They are arranged in bundles called optical cables and used to transmit light signals over long distances.
Optical fiber is a flexible transparent fiber made of high quality glass or plastic that transmits light between two ends. It functions as a waveguide or light pipe. Optical fibers are widely used for fiber optic communications due to their ability to transmit signals over longer distances and higher bandwidths compared to other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are safe from electromagnetic interference. Optical fibers have been used for communication since the 1840s and are now used for transmitting data at rates as high as 400 gigabits per second. Optical fiber provides benefits such as greater bandwidth, immunity to electrical interference, and lower signal attenuation over long distances compared to conventional copper cables.
Optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of high quality glass that transmits light between two ends. It functions as a waveguide and is widely used for fiber-optic communications due to its ability to transmit data over longer distances and higher bandwidths compared to other forms of communication. Optical fibers use light signals rather than electrical signals, making them immune to electromagnetic interference and allowing them to carry more data than metal wires over long distances with little signal loss. Common uses of optical fiber include telecommunications, sensors, illumination, and medicine.
Optical fiber uses the principle of total internal reflection to transmit data signals over large distances at high speeds. It has a core made of glass or plastic surrounded by cladding and a protective coating. A communication system uses an optical fiber as the transmission medium between a transmitter that converts electrical signals to light signals and a receiver that converts the light signals back to electrical signals. Optical fibers have various applications in telecommunications, medicine, military uses, and more due to advantages like high bandwidth, long transmission distances, and less interference compared to traditional copper cables.
1) Optical communication systems use optical fibers to transmit messages as light signals. Optical fibers consist of a core and cladding material that guides light through total internal reflection.
2) Information is encoded onto light signals using transmitters like LEDs or lasers, which are then sent through the fiber. Receivers like photodiodes detect the light signals and reproduce the original message.
3) Attenuation and dispersion are the main factors limiting signal quality in optical fibers. Attenuation is caused by absorption and scattering within the fiber material. Dispersion causes pulse spreading and is a result of differences in propagation speeds between light modes and wavelengths.
The document provides an overview of a course on optical fiber communication. It outlines the course objectives which are to develop an understanding of optical communication systems and their linear elements. It also describes learning outcomes which include being able to list advantages of optical fibers over other channels and describe physical parameters and construction of single mode fibers. Finally, it gives an overview of topics that will be covered in the syllabus such as advantages of optical fibers, ray transmission theory, and fiber waveguides.
An optical fiber is a glass or plastic fiber that carries light along its length. They are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communications. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss, and also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles to carry images. Specially designed fibers are used for other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers.
The document discusses fiber optic communication systems and how optical fibers are made. It describes the key steps in making optical fibers which include making a preform glass cylinder, drawing fibers from the preform, and testing the fibers. It also discusses how optical fiber cables are made and some important considerations for fiber optic connections including fiber alignment and reducing losses.
An optical fiber cable contains one or more optical fibers, which are individually coated and contained in a protective tube. Optical fibers transmit data via total internal reflection between the fiber's core and cladding layers, which have different refractive indices. Optical fiber cables are designed to protect the fragile fibers from damage and contamination through the use of protective coatings, tubes, powders, and armor.
Optical fibers carry light along their length and are used for fiber-optic communications. They allow transmission over longer distances and higher data rates than other forms of communication. Fibers have a glass or plastic core that carries light through total internal reflection. They are used for long-distance communication networks, local area networks, and other applications due to advantages over metal wires like lower loss and immunity to electromagnetic interference.
This document provides information on optical fibers, including their history, principles of operation, types, advantages over metallic wires, and a comparison of step index and graded index fibers. It notes that optical fibers were first described in 1842 and were used for data transmission starting in 1965. The key advantages of optical fibers are their low attenuation over long distances, small size, electromagnetic isolation, high bandwidth, and ability to carry large data rates. Optical fibers are classified as either step index or graded index based on their refractive index profile.
The document provides information on several electronic devices:
1. It discusses semiconductors and describes intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Extrinsic semiconductors have their electrical conductivity increased by adding impurities.
2. PN junction diodes allow current to flow more easily in one direction. Zener diodes can be used for voltage regulation. Varactor diodes have a capacitance that varies with applied voltage.
3. Tunnel diodes exhibit negative resistance due to quantum tunneling. They can be used in high frequency oscillator circuits and are resistant to nuclear radiation.
This document provides an overview of disaster risk management in India. It discusses the hazard and vulnerability profile of India, including the types of natural hazards the country faces such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, cyclones, landslides, avalanches, forest fires, and epidemics. It also examines the components of disaster relief including water, food, sanitation, shelter, health, and waste management. The document outlines the institutional arrangements for disaster mitigation, response, and preparedness in India as defined by the Disaster Management Act and Policy. It discusses the roles of the National Disaster Management Authority and other state and local authorities.
This document discusses optical fiber materials and attenuation in optical fibers. It describes how optical fibers use total internal reflection to transmit light pulses along thin glass or plastic fibers. Attenuation is the loss of light energy as pulses travel along the fiber and is caused by scattering, bending, and absorption. The key fiber materials are glass, typically silica from sand, and plastic, though plastic fibers have higher attenuation than glass.
This document provides an overview of optical fibers used in communication systems. It discusses the history of optical fiber communication and how total internal reflection allows light to propagate along the fiber. The key components of an optical fiber are the core and cladding. Optical fibers can be classified based on the materials used, number of modes supported, and refractive index profile. Optical fibers play an important role in modern communication systems by providing high bandwidth data transmission over long distances.
Fiber optics use thin strands of glass or plastic to transmit data using pulses of light. Light signals traveling through the fiber core are reflected off the cladding layer and travel long distances through total internal reflection. Fiber optic cables have enabled enormous increases in data transmission capacity over the decades and now carry nearly all long-distance communications traffic by transmitting multiple wavelengths of light simultaneously. Fiber optics provide advantages over metal cables including higher bandwidth, less weight and interference, and immunity to electromagnetic fields.
This document summarizes a lecture on thin film deposition techniques given by Dr. Toru Hara. It begins with definitions of thin films and their applications in electronic devices, optical coatings, optoelectronic devices, and quantum devices. It then provides brief introductions to specific applications like transistors, oxygen sensors, and LEDs. The main deposition techniques are also summarized, including chemical methods like plating, CSD, CVD, and ALD, as well as physical methods like thermal evaporation, sputtering, PLD, and MBE. Examples of equipment schematics are provided for many of the techniques.
The document provides an overview of a lecture on thin film deposition techniques given by Dr. Toru Hara. It discusses four main applications of thin films: 1) electronic semiconductor devices using band engineering, 2) optical coatings using refractive index engineering, 3) optoelectronic devices using both band and refractive index engineering, and 4) quantum devices using quantum dynamics design. It also describes common thin film deposition methods including chemical solution deposition, chemical vapor deposition, plating, and physical vapor deposition techniques and gives examples of their use in applications such as transistors, optical coatings, LEDs, and superlattices.
The document discusses the process for manufacturing optical fibers. It describes purifying silica, depositing silica onto a silica tube via chemical vapor deposition to form the core, sintering and annealing the tube to create a solid rod, drawing the rod out to form thin fibers, and applying polymer coatings for protection. It also mentions upcoming tests and review materials for class.
Mesuarement of the attenuatuion of the optical fiber ieee format mohamud mire
This document discusses the measurement of attenuation in optical fibers. It begins by defining attenuation and describing the various factors that cause it, including absorption, scattering, and bending. It then provides details on the basic structure of an optical fiber, including the core and cladding. It also describes the two main types of optical fibers: multimode and single-mode. The advantages of optical fibers are listed as well. The document is intended to investigate the characteristics and factors causing attenuation in optical fiber systems.
Garth naar - fiber optics and its applicationsgarthnaar
Fiber optics transports light in a very directional way. Light is focused into and guided through a cylindrical glass fiber. Inside the core of the fiber light bounces back and forth at angles to the side walls, making its way to the end of the fiber where it eventually escapes. The light does not escape through the side walls because of total internal reflection.
Fiber optics (optical fibers) are long, thin strands of very pure glass about the diameter of a human hair. They are arranged in bundles called optical cables and used to transmit light signals over long distances.
Optical fiber is a flexible transparent fiber made of high quality glass or plastic that transmits light between two ends. It functions as a waveguide or light pipe. Optical fibers are widely used for fiber optic communications due to their ability to transmit signals over longer distances and higher bandwidths compared to other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are safe from electromagnetic interference. Optical fibers have been used for communication since the 1840s and are now used for transmitting data at rates as high as 400 gigabits per second. Optical fiber provides benefits such as greater bandwidth, immunity to electrical interference, and lower signal attenuation over long distances compared to conventional copper cables.
Optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of high quality glass that transmits light between two ends. It functions as a waveguide and is widely used for fiber-optic communications due to its ability to transmit data over longer distances and higher bandwidths compared to other forms of communication. Optical fibers use light signals rather than electrical signals, making them immune to electromagnetic interference and allowing them to carry more data than metal wires over long distances with little signal loss. Common uses of optical fiber include telecommunications, sensors, illumination, and medicine.
Optical fiber uses the principle of total internal reflection to transmit data signals over large distances at high speeds. It has a core made of glass or plastic surrounded by cladding and a protective coating. A communication system uses an optical fiber as the transmission medium between a transmitter that converts electrical signals to light signals and a receiver that converts the light signals back to electrical signals. Optical fibers have various applications in telecommunications, medicine, military uses, and more due to advantages like high bandwidth, long transmission distances, and less interference compared to traditional copper cables.
1) Optical communication systems use optical fibers to transmit messages as light signals. Optical fibers consist of a core and cladding material that guides light through total internal reflection.
2) Information is encoded onto light signals using transmitters like LEDs or lasers, which are then sent through the fiber. Receivers like photodiodes detect the light signals and reproduce the original message.
3) Attenuation and dispersion are the main factors limiting signal quality in optical fibers. Attenuation is caused by absorption and scattering within the fiber material. Dispersion causes pulse spreading and is a result of differences in propagation speeds between light modes and wavelengths.
The document provides an overview of a course on optical fiber communication. It outlines the course objectives which are to develop an understanding of optical communication systems and their linear elements. It also describes learning outcomes which include being able to list advantages of optical fibers over other channels and describe physical parameters and construction of single mode fibers. Finally, it gives an overview of topics that will be covered in the syllabus such as advantages of optical fibers, ray transmission theory, and fiber waveguides.
An optical fiber is a glass or plastic fiber that carries light along its length. They are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communications. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss, and also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles to carry images. Specially designed fibers are used for other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers.
The document discusses fiber optic communication systems and how optical fibers are made. It describes the key steps in making optical fibers which include making a preform glass cylinder, drawing fibers from the preform, and testing the fibers. It also discusses how optical fiber cables are made and some important considerations for fiber optic connections including fiber alignment and reducing losses.
An optical fiber cable contains one or more optical fibers, which are individually coated and contained in a protective tube. Optical fibers transmit data via total internal reflection between the fiber's core and cladding layers, which have different refractive indices. Optical fiber cables are designed to protect the fragile fibers from damage and contamination through the use of protective coatings, tubes, powders, and armor.
Optical fibers carry light along their length and are used for fiber-optic communications. They allow transmission over longer distances and higher data rates than other forms of communication. Fibers have a glass or plastic core that carries light through total internal reflection. They are used for long-distance communication networks, local area networks, and other applications due to advantages over metal wires like lower loss and immunity to electromagnetic interference.
This document provides information on optical fibers, including their history, principles of operation, types, advantages over metallic wires, and a comparison of step index and graded index fibers. It notes that optical fibers were first described in 1842 and were used for data transmission starting in 1965. The key advantages of optical fibers are their low attenuation over long distances, small size, electromagnetic isolation, high bandwidth, and ability to carry large data rates. Optical fibers are classified as either step index or graded index based on their refractive index profile.
The document provides information on several electronic devices:
1. It discusses semiconductors and describes intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Extrinsic semiconductors have their electrical conductivity increased by adding impurities.
2. PN junction diodes allow current to flow more easily in one direction. Zener diodes can be used for voltage regulation. Varactor diodes have a capacitance that varies with applied voltage.
3. Tunnel diodes exhibit negative resistance due to quantum tunneling. They can be used in high frequency oscillator circuits and are resistant to nuclear radiation.
This document provides an overview of disaster risk management in India. It discusses the hazard and vulnerability profile of India, including the types of natural hazards the country faces such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, cyclones, landslides, avalanches, forest fires, and epidemics. It also examines the components of disaster relief including water, food, sanitation, shelter, health, and waste management. The document outlines the institutional arrangements for disaster mitigation, response, and preparedness in India as defined by the Disaster Management Act and Policy. It discusses the roles of the National Disaster Management Authority and other state and local authorities.
The document discusses the relationship between disasters and development, and the impact of land use and land cover changes on disaster risk. It notes that development projects like dams, embankments, and changes in land use can influence vulnerabilities to disasters. Land use is defined as the activities and arrangements people undertake on land, while land cover refers to the physical material on the earth's surface. Zoning designates permitted land uses. Assessing land use is important for natural resource management, as land use/land cover patterns are shaped by socio-economic and natural factors. Understanding land use changes is crucial for effective resource management and sustainable development planning.
The document discusses approaches to disaster risk reduction including the disaster management cycle of mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. It outlines the roles of various stakeholders like community groups, local governments, states and central government in disaster management. The document also discusses institutional processes and frameworks at the state and central level for disaster management including State Disaster Management Authorities and early warning systems.
The document provides an introduction to disaster management. It defines key terms like hazard, vulnerability, resilience and risk. It describes different types of disasters including earthquakes, landslides, floods, droughts, fires and cyclones. It discusses the impacts of disasters on society, economy, politics and environment. It provides dos and don'ts for different disasters like earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis and fires. Finally, it discusses global trends in disasters including urban disasters and complex emergencies.
The document discusses digital electronics and different types of circuits used in digital systems. It explains that digital circuits represent signals digitally which allows transmission without noise degradation. Combinational circuits like logic gates have outputs dependent only on current inputs, while sequential circuits have outputs dependent on current inputs and previous outputs, using memory elements like flip-flops. There are different types of triggering and synchronous sequential circuits use clock signals to govern feedback, making them slower but more reliable than asynchronous circuits without clock signals.
This document provides information on optical sources and detectors. It discusses various optical sources like LEDs and lasers. For LEDs, it describes the structures of surface emitting LEDs and edge emitting LEDs. It also discusses laser diodes, the principle of population inversion required for lasing, and the formation of an optical cavity using mirrors. For detectors, it mentions PIN photodetectors and avalanche photodiodes. It provides a high-level overview of the key topics in optical sources and detectors.
This document discusses various topics related to transmission characteristics of optical fibers, including:
- The main types of losses in optical fibers are attenuation due to absorption and scattering. Absorption includes material absorption from defects, ions, and molecular vibrations. Scattering includes Rayleigh and Mie scattering.
- Other losses include bending losses from micro- and macro-bends, core-cladding losses, and polarization mode dispersion.
- Signal dispersion spreads optical pulses as they propagate and can cause intersymbol interference. The main types are material dispersion, waveguide dispersion, modal dispersion, and polarization mode dispersion.
- Design of single mode fibers aims to optimize parameters like cutoff wavelength, dispersion, mode field diameter
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
3. Introduction-general optical fiber communication system- basic optical laws
and definitions-optical modes and configurations -mode analysis for optical
propagation through fibers-modes in planar wave guide-modes in cylindrical
optical fiber-transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes- fiber
materials-fiber fabrication techniques-fiber optic cables-classification of optical
fiber-single mode fiber-graded index fiber.
Unit-1 : INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL
FIBERS
4. INTRODUCTION
Fig. 1.1 Optical fiber waveguide showing the core refractive index n1 surrounded by the
cladding of slightly lower refractive index n2
5. General optical fiber communication system
Fig 1.2 (a) General Communication system (b) Optical Communication system
25. mode analysis for optical
propagation through fibers
Electromagnetic Waves
* Comprises of two fields, electric field and magnetic field
* Orthogonal to each other moves with velocity of light.
* Distribution of field is a train of plane of linearly polarized.
Polarisation refers to orientation of the electromagnetic field with respect to some plane.
27. linearly polarized waves
Any two orthogonal plane waves can be combined
into a linearly Polarized wave. Conversely, any
arbitrary linearly polarized wave can be resolved
into two independent Orthogonal plane waves
that are in phase.
0 0
2 2
0 0
0
1
0
e cos(ω ) e cos(ω )
tan ( )
x x y y
x y
y
x
E E t kz E t kz
E E E E
E
E
28. Elliptically Polarized plane waves
0 0
2
2
2
0 0 0 0
e e E
e cos(ω ) e cos(ω )
2 cos sin
x x y y
x x y y
y y
x x
x y x y
E E
E t kz E t kz
E E
E E
E E E E
43. FIBER MATERIALS
Glass Fibers
Fluoride Fibers
Active Glass Fibers
Chalcogenide Glass Fibers
Plastic Optical Fiber
Plastic Clad Silica (PCS) Fiber
Optical fibers are long, thin and flexible strands of optically transparent materials and work as
optical waveguides. The materials - glass or plastic material or a combination of both.
44. Silica glass exhibits the following properties:
Silica has a good optical transparency in the near infrared (NIR) wavelength region ranging
from 0.85 mm to 1.65 mm. High quality silica glass exhibits lowest attenuation of 0.2
dB/km around 1.5 μm wavelength.
Long strands of fibers can be drawn from molten silica at reasonably high temperatures.
Silica-based fibers can be spliced and cleaved without much of practical difficulties.
A silica fiber has an extremely high mechanical strength against pulling and even bending,
provided that the fiber is not too thick and that the surfaces are well prepared.
Silica is chemically very stable and does not react with most of the chemicals.
45. Glass Fibers
Glass is a non-crystalline solid (NCS). Glass in general is a hard substance, usually
brittle and transparent at high temperature.
Glass is obtained by fusing mixtures of elements, metal oxides, halides, sulfides,
tellurides or selenides.
Most of the commercially available glasses are prepared by melting and quenching.
A majority of the commercial glasses, available is materials based on silica (SiO2).
At room temperature, glass is generally hard. As the temperature is increased beyond
1000°C, silica glass generally softens and further in the temperature around 1400–
1600°C, glass comes into a viscous state. The melting temperature of silica glass can be
reduced by adding soda-lime.
One of the major advantages of glass is that the properties can be changed by changing
the composition of glass.
46. Fluoride Fibers
Fluoride optical fibers are based on fluoride glasses, e.g., fluoroaluminate or
fluorozirconate glasses.
Such glasses are usually from heavy metals such as zirconium or lead.
Fluorozirconate glass (where ZrF4 is the major component) is a typical member of
the halide glass family and is the principal constituents.
Among the various halide glass ZBLAN glass (ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF) is used
for making the core of the optical fiber.
Drawbacks:
High brittleness and extremely high cost associated with the fabrication of halide
fibers.
A major problem associated with pure halide fiber is that fluoride glass has a tendency to
form microcrystallites which increases attenuation.
47. Active Glass Fibers:
Optical fibers used as channel as passive component - output power available at the
receiver end is always less than the power launched at the input end (transmitter) of
the fiber. However, by incorporating rare-earth elements into a normally passive
fiber, it is possible to induce new optical and magnetic properties in the fiber. These
properties can obtain amplification, phase retardation and other non-linear
behavior of light propagating through such fibers. This kind of fiber is referred to as
active fibers.
The rare-earth elements include erbium, neodymium, ytterbium.
The active fibers provide high gain efficiency, resulting from strong optical
confinement in the waveguide structure.
48. Chalcogenide Glass Fibers:
Chalcogenide glasses contain at least one of the chalcogen elements such as S, Se or Te.
Chalcogenide glasses exhibit high optical non-linearity, found applications in non-linear
optics ranging from optical amplifiers to all optical switches.
The most widely investigated material from the Chalcogenide glass family is As2S3
(cladding) is reported to exhibit a loss as low as 1 dB/km.
49. Plastic Optical Fiber:
Plastic optical fibers are manufactured from a variety of polymers commonly referred to as
plastic materials such as polystyrene, polycarbonates, and polymethylmethacrylate.
The attenuation of optical signal in such fibers at these wavelengths is very high typically in
the range from 150 dB/km for PMMA to 1,000 dB/km for polystyrene.
Applications- industrial controls, automobiles, sensors for detecting high-energy particles.
Low cost of POF makes POF-based optical communication system cheaper than glass fiber.
Other advantages of POF include lighter weight, operation in the visible region, greater
flexibility, and resiliency to bending, shock and vibration, ease in handling and
connecting needs simple and inexpensive test equipment, splices, and connectors
50. Plastic Clad Silica (PCS) Fiber:
Plastic clad silica (PCS) is a compromise between high performance silica fiber and less
efficient plastic fibers.
It consists of a core made of silica glass and cladding made of a compatible polymer of lower
refractive index.
Commercial Plastic clad silica (PCS) fibers consist of a pure silica core, a soft silicone cladding,
and a protective jacket.
The advantages of PCS fiber include high light collection efficiency, insensitivity to bending,
excellent transmission.
57. Fiber Fabrication Method without Involving Preforms
Rod-in-tube method:
In this method, a solid rod of a glass ( SiO2:GeO2) with higher refractive index is inserted into a
glass tube (say, SiO2) with lower refractive index.
When the outer tube is heated to a high temperature both the rod and the tube get well connected.
The combination is then strongly heated so that the combination of the rod and the tube melt and
the bottom of the tube collapses due to surface tension.
Long fibers can be drawn from the molten material.
59. Optical fiber cable
Necessary to incorporate them in some form of cable structure.
Depend on the type of installation- Aerial, underground, buried underground, submarine &
environmental conditions.
The environmental conditions can be of two types,
1). Natural external factors 2).Man-made factors.
The purpose of cabling :
1. provide protection to fibers and ensure proper functioning of the optical fibers.
2. A good cable protects from the external stress and enhances the life of the fibers.
3. Buffer coating layer – protect from lateral force
60. The major components
1. Primary and secondary buffer coating of the fiber
2. Suitable strength material for core of the cable
3. additional strength members in form of steel wires
4. water blocking materials (for under water cables) and
5. sheath materials.
61. Tight polymer coating with a composite primary layer, an optional buffer layer, and a
polymer secondary coating are used. For Plant application the below diagram is used.
In loose packaging within a tube or groove the primary coated fibers are loosely
placed in a hard-outer tube reinforced with composite wall.
The primary coated fibers are laid in V-grooved cylindrical core surrounded by the
outer tube.
62. For field applications, many primary or secondary coated fibers are generally placed around a
central strength material fastened by a plastic tape surrounded by outer jacket.
Submarine cables for unburied routes and undersea cables
63. Single Mode Fibers
Step index: refractive index of core remains constant & cladding with lower refractive
index.
Intermodal dispersion: broadening of transmitted light pulses
LP Modes: Difference between core & cladding indices of refraction is small.
The advantage of the propagation of a single mode within an optical fiber is that the signal
dispersion caused by the delay differences between different modes in a multimode fiber
may be avoided.
For the transmission of a single mode the fiber must be designed to allow propagation of
only one mode, while all other modes are attenuated by leakage or absorption
For single mode operation, only the fundamental LP01, mode can exist.
The cutoff normalized frequency for the single mode occurs at Vc = 2.405.
Thus single mode propagation of the LP01mode is possible over the range:
The normalized frequency for the fiber may be adjusted to within the range by reduction of
the core radius and the relative refractive index difference.
64. Why single mode used in telecommunication?
MFD (Mode Field Diameter):
The electric field of the first fundamental mode can be written as:
r -distance measured from center of core along the radius
E0 - Field at zero radius
WO - Mode Field Radius
0
2
0
2
0 2
MFD
);
exp(
)
( W
W
r
E
r
E
65. Birefringence in single-mode fibers
Because of asymmetries the refractive indices for the two degenerate modes (vertical &
horizontal polarizations) are different. This difference is referred to as birefringence
x
y
f n
n
B
67. Fiber Beat Length
In general, a linearly polarized mode is a combination of both of the degenerate modes. As the
modal wave travels along the fiber, the difference in the refractive indices would change the phase
difference between these two components & thereby the state of the polarization of the mode.
However after certain length referred to as fiber beat length, the modal wave will produce its
original state of polarization. This length is simply given by:
76. Linearly polarized modes
In a step index fiber the difference between core & cladding indices difference is very
small. This is the weakly guiding fiber approximation. ∆ is less than 0.03% .
As ∆ in weakly guiding fibers is very small, then HE-EH mode pairs occur which have
almost identical propagation constants. Such modes are said to be degenerate mode.
The liner polarized modes are derived from basic transverse electric & transverse magnetic
and hybrid modes
(1) each LP0m is derived from HE1m
(2) each LP1m is derived from TE0m TM0m and HE2m
(3) each LPim is derived from HEl+1m and HEl-1m
i and m are related to an electric field intensity.
Modes having lowest cut-off frequency is known as lower order LP mode