The document presents normative data for the letter-cancellation task, a psychomotor performance test, in 819 Indian school children aged 9-16 years. Both age and sex influenced performance, with scores increasing with age and higher in females. Regression models were used to develop normative data tables stratified by age and sex, allowing for quantitative evaluation and wider clinical use of the letter-cancellation task in India.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Download Link > https://ertekprojects.com/gurdal-ertek-publications/blog/scoring-and-predicting-risk-preferences/
This study presents amethodology to determine risk scores of individ-uals, for a given financial risk preference survey. To this end, we use a regression-based iterative algorithm to determine the weights for survey questions in the scoring process. Next, we generate classification models to classify individuals into risk-averse and risk-seeking categories, using a subset of survey questions. We illustrate the methodology through a sample survey with 656 respondents. We find that the demographic (indirect) questions can be almost as successful as risk-related (direct) questions in predicting risk preference classes of respon-dents. Using a decision-tree based classification model, we discuss how one can generate actionable business rules based on the findings.
Statistical Methods for Removing Selection Bias In Observational StudiesNathan Taback
The slide deck is from a talk I delivered at a Dana Farber / Harvard Cancer Center outcomes seminar. It presents an overview of currently available statistical methods to remove bias in observational studies.
In everyday life, we are often faced with similar problems which we resolve with our
experience. Case-based reasoning is a paradigm of problem solving based on past experience.
Thus, case-based reasoning is considered as a valuable technique for the implementation of
various tasks involving solving planning problem. Planning is considered as a decision support
process designed to provide resources and required services to achieve specific objectives,
allowing the selection of a better solution among several alternatives. However, we propose to
exploit decision trees and k-NN combination to choose the most appropriate solutions. In a
previous work [1], we have proposed a new planning approach guided by case-based reasoning
and decision tree, called DTR, for case retrieval. In this paper, we use a classifier combination
for similarity calculation in order to select the best solution to the target case. Thus, the use of
the decision trees and k-NN combination allows improving the relevance of results and finding
the most relevant cases.
Download Link > https://ertekprojects.com/gurdal-ertek-publications/blog/scoring-and-predicting-risk-preferences/
This study presents amethodology to determine risk scores of individ-uals, for a given financial risk preference survey. To this end, we use a regression-based iterative algorithm to determine the weights for survey questions in the scoring process. Next, we generate classification models to classify individuals into risk-averse and risk-seeking categories, using a subset of survey questions. We illustrate the methodology through a sample survey with 656 respondents. We find that the demographic (indirect) questions can be almost as successful as risk-related (direct) questions in predicting risk preference classes of respon-dents. Using a decision-tree based classification model, we discuss how one can generate actionable business rules based on the findings.
Statistical Methods for Removing Selection Bias In Observational StudiesNathan Taback
The slide deck is from a talk I delivered at a Dana Farber / Harvard Cancer Center outcomes seminar. It presents an overview of currently available statistical methods to remove bias in observational studies.
In everyday life, we are often faced with similar problems which we resolve with our
experience. Case-based reasoning is a paradigm of problem solving based on past experience.
Thus, case-based reasoning is considered as a valuable technique for the implementation of
various tasks involving solving planning problem. Planning is considered as a decision support
process designed to provide resources and required services to achieve specific objectives,
allowing the selection of a better solution among several alternatives. However, we propose to
exploit decision trees and k-NN combination to choose the most appropriate solutions. In a
previous work [1], we have proposed a new planning approach guided by case-based reasoning
and decision tree, called DTR, for case retrieval. In this paper, we use a classifier combination
for similarity calculation in order to select the best solution to the target case. Thus, the use of
the decision trees and k-NN combination allows improving the relevance of results and finding
the most relevant cases.
Te presentamos el #InformeMujeryTrabajo, que hemos realizado en colaboración con Mujeres&Cía con motivo de la celebración de la tercera edición del ranking Las Top 100 Mujeres Líderes en España.
La muestra está compuesta por las propias seleccionadas para el ranking o premiadas en ediciones anteriores: directivas y/o empresarias, con más de 16 años de experiencia profesional y con personal a su cargo (90%) y las lectoras y lectores del portal Mujeres&Cía.
La discriminación laboral, la positiva y la conciliación personal y profesional son los tres puntos clave de análisis del #Informemujerytrabajo: una forma más de acercarnos a la manera de pensar y sentir de las directivas españolas.
Development of Cognitive Instruments in Epidemiology Using Asyncronous MethodsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :The purpose of this research is to find out the development of cognitive instruments for
community empowerment in the field of epidemiology using the asynchronous method. This research method
uses a quantitative descriptive method. The results of the study found that learning using asynchronous elearning was inappropriate for students with low cognitive levels. So that before learning, a pre-test was carried
out, from the results of filling in the items it could be seen that the cognitive level of students was high, low or
medium. For high cognitive levels, it can still be given. But for moderate or low cognitive levels, it is necessary
to do a good learning design, so that these students can follow well the entire learning process. Conclusion of
this study From the results of several research results, it can be concluded that learning using asynchronous e
learning is less effective, especially students' low cognitive levels. Requires psychological support from the
environment. because there is no direct interaction, so that between students do not know each other. especially
the support from the tutor/teacher. Students learn according to their respective work settings, so that they learn
independently. It is necessary to do a mature design before the learning begins. So that learning can have a good
impact, namely being able to improve the performance of the learner.
KEYWORDS: Cognitive development, instruments, asynchronous
Schizophrenia is a mental illness with a very bad impact on sufferers, attacking the part of human brain that disables the ability to think clearly. In 2018, Rustam and Rampisela classified Schizophrenia by using Northwestern University Schizophrenia Data, based on 66 variables consisting of group, demographic, and questionnaires statistics, based on the scale for the assessment of negative symptoms (SANS), and scale for the assessment of positive symptoms (SAS), and then classifiers that used are SVM with Gaussian kernel and Twin SVM with linear and Gaussian kernel. Furthermore, this research is novel based on the use of random forest as a classifier, in order to predict Schizophrenia. The result obtained is reported in percentage of accuracy, both in training and testing of random forest, which was 100%. This classification, therefore, shows the best value in contrast with prior methods, even though only 40% of training data set was used. This is very important, especially in the cases of rare disease, including schizophrenia.
This presentation discusses the procedure involved in two-way mixed ANOVA design. The procedure has been discussed by solving a problem using SPSS functionality.
Evaluación de una prueba cognitiva breve para discriminar individuos sanos de pacientes con deterioro cognitivo leve y enfermedad de Alzheimer en estadios iniciales en Lima, Perú.
Autism has symptoms can hardly be recognized in the early stages of the disease, and it affects the child's
mental health on the long term. Autism can be identified by parents monitoring to the child and diagnosed
by psychiatrists using an international standard checklist. The checklist questions should be answered by
the parent and psychiatrist to determine the risk level of autism (high, medium, or low risk). It is hard for
parents to monitor more than 20 child's behaviours at the same time regardless lack of accuracy for
answering on most of these questions. We propose a system for monitoring autistic child behaviours by
analysing accelerometer data collected from wearable mobile device. The behaviours are recognized by
using a novel algorithm called DTWDir that based on calculating displacement and direction between two
signals. DTWDir is evaluated by comparing it to KNN, classical Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), and One
Dollar Recognition ($1) algorithms. The results show that DTWDir accuracy is higher than the others.
DTWDIR: AN ENHANCED DTW ALGORITHM FOR AUTISTIC CHILD BEHAVIOUR MONITORING ijujournal
Autism has symptoms can hardly be recognized in the early stages of the disease, and it affects the child's
mental health on the long term. Autism can be identified by parents monitoring to the child and diagnosed
by psychiatrists using an international standard checklist. The checklist questions should be answered by
the parent and psychiatrist to determine the risk level of autism (high, medium, or low risk). It is hard for
parents to monitor more than 20 child's behaviours at the same time regardless lack of accuracy for
answering on most of these questions. We propose a system for monitoring autistic child behaviours by
analysing accelerometer data collected from wearable mobile device. The behaviours are recognized by
using a novel algorithm called DTWDir that based on calculating displacement and direction between two
signals. DTWDir is evaluated by comparing it to KNN, classical Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), and One
Dollar Recognition ($1) algorithms. The results show that DTWDir accuracy is higher than the others.
Bayesian Model for Multivatiate Functional Principle Components AnalysisKevin Cummins
Kevin Cummins
Joint Doctoral Program in Interdisciplinary Research on Substance Use
University of California, San Diego
JSM Digital Poster Presentation, August 2015
International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJMSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Mathematics and Statistics, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
P
A
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5
Ryerson University
Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing
CNUR 860 WINTER 2022 Major Statistics Week 10
Course Leader Dr Elaine Santa Mina
This assignment is worth 30 marks
THE QUESTIONS ON THIS ASSIGNMENT ARE Three (3) PAGES IN LENGTH
There is no page limit to your paper.
This assignment accompanies the RNAO Best Practice Guideline:
Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario (2005). Nursing Care of Dyspnea: The 6th
Vital Sign in Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Toronto,
Canada: Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario.
Prepare your assignment as per APA 5th format, inclusive of a title page, pages
numbered, double spaced , reference page etc. DO NOT RECOPY Question format and
DO NOT INSERT ANSWERS IN POINT FORM; Reference your Salkind text
appropriately
Grading: Assignments completed in point form will NOT be accepted for grading.
This is an individual assignment, not a group assignment, see course syllabus
directions to not share files, papers, or any part of your assignment with another
student, as that constitutes academic misconduct.
Answer each research question separately…do not combine answers across questions.
There will be a 5 mark deduction, if APA format for a scholarly paper is not followed,
and/ or if responses to questions are combined.
Please remember: If you decide a pearson r is required in the hypothesis test, on
your output the correct significance in the correlation to interpret is the significance for
the p value beside the independent variable. The written excel directions are correct.
There is an error in the captivate lab which incorrectly indicates that you are to use the p
value for the intercept
Use the CNUR 860 Major STATS assignment database and study abstract for this
assignment. For the following three research scenarios, answer the research questions by
conducting the requested analyses. Each question is worth a total of 10 marks for a total
of 30 marks for this assignment. The distribution of marks is similar to the distribution
on your mini stats assignments.
FOR EACH RESEARCH QUESTION CONDUCT ALL RELEVANT:
a) descriptive stats = 4 marks (2 marks per variable) Conduct the appropriate
descriptive statistical analyses to answer this research question. Include in the descriptive
analyses, all outputs, (include graphs: histograms/bar graphs, for the descriptives, if you think they are
helpful in the presentation of your answer) with legends as required and discuss findings of
descriptives
b) inferential = 4 marks, Include each step of the hypothesis test.
P
A
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Correct null and research hypotheses = .25
No grade is given for identification of target population, sample population or IV and DV
and level of measure, (grades for IV and DV are included in descriptives), but if omitted,
there will be a deduction of .1 for each omission
No grade is given for level ...
A case study that explains how quality of data is much better in case of online surveys, with guidelines on how sampling and non-sampling errors are eliminated.
Objective: To know the reliability and validity of child perceptions questionnaire among 11-14 years old children. Methodology: The clinical data on caries status, malocclusion, dental opacities and gingivitis were collected among 90 school children aged 11-14 years who also completed the child perceptions questionnaire that included 37 items enquiring about impacts on four health domains (subscales). Results: An acceptable internal consistency with the Cronbach’s alpha for the total scale was 0.87 and ranged from 0.59 to 0.83 for the subscales. 0.83 (95% CI=0.76-0.90) intraclass correlation coefficient on repeated application of the measure suggested perfect agreement. Conclusion: Evaluation of the child perceptions questionnaire on oral health related quality of life among school children with various orofacial conditions in Mysore city showed acceptable reliability and construct validity. It also indicated that the impact of the child oral and oro-facial conditions on the functional and psychosocial well-being was significant, and that children were able to give psychometrically acceptable accounts of that impact.
How to evaulate the unusualness (base rate) of WJ IV cluster or test score di...Kevin McGrew
The WJ IV provides two primary methods for comparing tests or cluster scores. One is based on a predictive model (the variation and comparison procedures) and the other allows comparisons of SEM confidence bands, which takes into account each measures reliability. A third method for comparing scores, one that takes into account the correlation between compared measures (ability cohesion model) is not provided, but is frequently used by assessment professionals. The three types of score comparison methods are described and new information, via a "rule of thumb" summary slide and nomograph, are provided to allow WJ IV users to evaluate scores via all three methods.
Similar to 8 2008-normative data for the letter cancellation task in school children (20)
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
8 2008-normative data for the letter cancellation task in school children
1. [Downloaded free from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Thursday, March 04, 2010]
Original Article
Normative data for the letter-cancellation task in school
children
Balaram Pradhan, Nagendra H R
Division of Yoga & Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore, India
Correspondence to: Dr. Nagendra H R
Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana,
# 19, K.G. Nagar, Bangalore 560 019, India.
E-mail: hrnagendra@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT
Aims: To establish the norms for the letter-cancellation task—a psychomotor performance task.
Materials and Methods: Eight hundred nineteen school students were selected in the present study in an age range between
nine and 16 years (M = 12.14; SD = 1.78 years). Subjects were assessed once for the cancellation task.
Results: Both age and sex influenced performance on the SLCT; therefore, correction scores were obtained on the basis of
these factors.
Conclusions: The availability of Indian normative data for the SLCT will allow wider application of this test in clinical
practice.
Key Words: Attention; cancellation; information processing speed; psychomotor task; sustained.
INTRODUCTION
Cancellation tests have a long history in neuropsychological
assessment. Most commonly, they are administered as
paper-and-pencil tests that are normally used to assess
a person’s ability to visually search for an identifiable
target and to either cancel or circle all such target items
in an array. They vary widely in their complexity from
long letter strings, such as the “H” Test[1] and “A” Test[2] or
number strings like the “2 and 7 Cancellation” Test.[3] They
may include symbols that are quite simple as in the “Star
Cancellation,”[4] Teddy Bear Cancellation,[5] and Symbol
Cancellation tests.[6]
However, they have also been utilized in neuropsychological
test batteries for the assessment of the effectiveness of
treatment for adult patients with anorexia nervosa and
bulimia nervosa,[7] and for the assessment of illiterate
individuals to determine if education affected performance
in a neuropsychological battery.[8] They have also been
employed to assess cognitive impairments in alcoholic
cirrhotic patients, [9] and to evaluate target detection
deficits in patients who have undergone frontal lobectomy
surgery.[10]
An individual's performance on cancellation tests often
72
depends on their vigilance, motivation, and arousal
as they visually scan the array and select appropriate
responses while suppressing inappropriate ones. [10]
These tasks are assigned as measures of the capacity for
sustained attention, concentration, visual scanning, and
rapid response activation and inhibition.[11] For others,
they are measures of efficiency and speed of visual
scanning,[12] or selective attention.[13,14] For yet others, they
are administered primarily to assess potential hemispatial
inattention and visual neglect,[15,16] or motor perseverative
behaviour.[17] A recent study on the symbol cancellation
test provides a measure of neglect, the organizational
process, and attention.[18] Hence, the main objective of the
present study was to derive normative data for the newly
developed letter cancellation test.[19]
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Subjects
Eight hundred nineteen school students were selected in
the present study in an age range between 9 and 16 years
(M = 12.14; SD = 1.78 years). All of them were healthy
and proficient in English. Participants were excluded
from the study if they indicated that they had a history of
neurological or psychiatric disturbance, and were using
International Journal of Yoga ! Vol. 1:2 ! Jul-Dec-2008
2. [Downloaded free from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Thursday, March 04, 2010]
Psychomotor performance task in school children
medication with central nervous system problems, or
had a history of any learning disability. After completely
describing the study to the participants, written informed
consent was obtained.
deviation stratified by age and sex. Table 2 represents the
regression models. Age and sex had a significantly positive
and negative (P < 0.001) influence on the predicted SLCT
scores.
Instrument
Combining these regression models with the standard
deviations of the residuals provides normative data.
First, the predicted values of the scores (predicted yi) for
the SLCT are calculated by inserting the coded values
of the predictor variables in the regression models
[Table 2]. Next, the residuals of both scores are calculated
(ei = observed yi – predicted yi) and then standardized (Zi
= ei / SD (residual). The SD (residual) equals 7.82 for the
SLCT scores.
The six letter cancellation task consisted of a test
worksheet which specified the six target letters to be
cancelled and had a ‘working section’ which consisted
of letters of the alphabet arranged randomly in 22 rows
and 14 columns. The participants were asked to cancel as
many of the six target letters as possible in the specified
time, i.e., 1 min, 30 sec. They were told to choose from two
possible strategies, i.e., (i) doing all six letters at a time or
(ii) to selective any one target letter out of the six. They
were also told that they could follow a horizontal, vertical,
or a random path, according to their choice.[10] The total
number of cancellations and wrong cancellations were
scored and the net scores were calculated by deducting
wrong cancellations from the total cancellations attempted.
Tests were administered by five trained assistants in the
neuropsychological test laboratory.
Data analysis
The normative procedure for net six letter cancellation
scores (NSLCT) involved the fitting of multiple linear
regression models adjusted for age (in years) and
sex. The core assumptions of regression analysis
(homoscedasticity, normal distribution of the residuals,
absence of multicollinearity, and the absence of ‘influential
cases’) were tested for each model. Homoscedasticity
was evaluated by visual inspection of the scatter plots
of the residuals on the predicted values. The normal
distribution of the residuals was investigated by visual
inspection of the histograms and the normal probability
plots. The occurrence of multicollinearity was checked
by calculating the Variance Inflation Factors (VIFs), which
should not exceed 10.[20] Cook’s distances were computed
to identify any possible influential cases. Normative data
can then be obtained by calculating the residuals for the
NSLCT scores (ei = observed score – predicted score). The
residuals are then standardized (Zi = ei / SD [residual]). All
analyses were performed by using the SPSS 10.0 version
software package.
RESULTS
Linear multiple regression models were fitted for the
SLCT scores. The residuals were sufficiently normally
distributed and no heteroscedasticity was observed. VIFs
of the predictors in the regression models had a maximum
value of 1.001, which is well below the cut-off value of
10. The outliers had virtually no effect (maximum Cook’s
distance 0.04). Table 1 presents the mean and standard
International Journal of Yoga ! Vol. 1:2 ! Jul-Dec-2008
Multiple linear regressions provided a multiple R value of
0.538 with a corresponding R2 determination index of 0.29,
indicating that 29% of the score variance was explained by
the combination of age and sex. The model equation was:
SLCT score = -4.307 + 2.545 × Age – 4.25 × Sex. This
indicates that for each progressive year of age, the SLCT
scores increase, on average, by 2.545 and decrease by -4.25
for each sex. These coefficients allowed us to calculate the
correction scores to apply to individual subjects to consider
the effects of age and sex. Table 3 provides normative SLCT
data based on the regression models in Table 3, stratified
by age and sex with percentile values.
Reliability and validity
The Six Letter Cancellation test retest reliability was found
(r = 0.781, P = 0.002).[21] This test is directly related to
attention measurement. This test has been used in earlier
studies in an Indian population.[22-24] Hence, this test had
been validated for the present study.
DISCUSSIONS
The results found higher scores with an increase in the
age of both sexes; females had higher scores than males
in the cancellation task performance. Previous studies
on 50 psychiatic inpatients who had been diagnosed
Table 1: Mean and standard deviation of net six letter
cancellation task scores stratified by age and sex
AGE (years)
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Total
n
10
71
41
49
66
31
37
9
314
Female
Mean ± SD
16.2±6.36
20.73±7.1
23.41±6.7
24.35±7.96
31.23±9.33
30.81±7.53
34.54±9.13
34.67±6.18
26.73±9.54
n
17
88
84
118
74
69
43
12
505
Male
Mean ± SD
13.06±5.03
16.9±6.31
20.62±6.21
22.43±8.09
23.7±7.63
26.25±8.38
29.93±9.87
29.75±12.52
22.37±8.71
73
3. [Downloaded free from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Thursday, March 04, 2010]
Pradhan B and Nagendra H R
Table 2: Multiple linear regression models of the SLCT scores with age and sex as predictors
Variables
Constant
Age
Sex
B
-4.307
2.545
-4.250
Std. error
1.932
0.154
0.563
t
-2.229
16.498
-7.554
P values
0.026
< 0.001
< 0.001
Standardized B
0.487
-0.223
VIF
1.000
1.000
R[2]
0.289
-
SD (residuals)
7.82
-
Percentiles
Table 3: Net six letter cancellation tasks stratified by age and sex of raw percentile scores
Age
9
5
5
10
5.7
25
12
50
16
75 23.25
90
24.9
95
.
10
8.6
11
16
20
27
30
31.8
Female age in years
11
12
13
9.7
10.5
18.35
16
13
20.7
19
19
25
22
24
29.5
29
31.5
38
31
34
44
35.6
38
47.65
14
17.6
18
25
32
34
41.6
43.6
15
22.7
24.6
29.5
33
38.5
46.4
54.4
with substance-related disorder, schozophenia, bipolar,
depressive, or anxiety disorders, showed that these
patients had lower scores than normal volunteers[22] and
also after coffee stimulant scores was increase.[23] To our
knowledge, a prior study on the SLCT reported a general
description of performance but did not provide means or
standard deviations of performance on this measure for
children. Moreover, the effect of demographic variables
on SLCT performance had not been previously examined.
However, examination of percentile ranks revealed an
unstable pattern of SLCT performance across age and
gender groups. Age was a stronger predictor than sex for
the SLCT. This study was limited to children and uneven
cell sizes across derived age and sex. Further research
with larger samples is needed to clarify this relation,
perhaps in an adult population. Nonetheless, these
results permit quantitative evaluation of performance
on the SLCT in healthy school children. As the SLCT
is easy to administer in short duration of time and
potentially useful in the assessment of attention, neglect,
and psychomotor ability, it is hoped that these normative
data will increase the use of SLCT in clinical pediatric
populations.
16
26
26
30
35
38
.
.
9
7
7
8
13
17
21
.
10
7
9
13
16
22
26
28
11
12
13.00
16
20.5
24
30
33.75
Male age in years
12
13
14
10
12
13.5
12.90 13.50 15.00
18
19
21
22
23
26
27
29
32.5
31.1
35
36
36
36.75
39
15
16
13
10
17
11.2
22
21
29
25
35 41.75
43.2 46.5
48.8
.
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