The document discusses the history of Islam in Spain from its introduction in the 8th century through the fall of Granada in 1492. It covers the initial conquest by Umayyad rulers, the establishment of emirates and caliphates in Córdoba and elsewhere, the cultural and scientific achievements under rulers like Abd al-Rahman III, and finally the Christian Reconquista that resulted in the defeat of the last Muslim kingdom in Granada and the expulsion of Muslims and Jews from the Iberian Peninsula.
Iqbal's Ideas for the Restoration of Muslim Dynamism(Journal Paper)Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak
Islam seeks to develop the human minds to a total submission to Allah the Almighty. Through its divine guidance, the Qur’an ushered a large section of the masses in Arabia from the darkness of ignorance into knowledge and enlightenment of their souls. Islam grew from a humble beginning into a mighty civilizational force. Islamic civilization like all other civilizations, started to decline after reaching its pinnacle of success. Ever since the fall of Baghdad in 1258, the Muslim world has been confronted with endless
problems in all fields of life. Colonization of Muslim lands by the West had created the knowledge and technological gap between them and their colonizers. Being subjected to colonization, neo-colonization, and now globalization, Muslims are lagging behind other communities of the world. The Muslim minds which once came up with great ideas, discoveries, innovation and inventions, at the moment somehow become less prolific, and experiencing a state of lethargy and malaise. In realizing the great challenges faced by the Muslims in the modern world, this research intends to re-visit Iqbal’s ideas to remedy the awful situations experienced by the Ummah.
Caliphate is a glorious past of Muslims, all over the world. Muslim community always needs a rightly guided caliphate. So it's my simple work to remember Our glorious History of caliphate and how we lose that.
Iqbal's Ideas for the Restoration of Muslim Dynamism(Journal Paper)Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak
Islam seeks to develop the human minds to a total submission to Allah the Almighty. Through its divine guidance, the Qur’an ushered a large section of the masses in Arabia from the darkness of ignorance into knowledge and enlightenment of their souls. Islam grew from a humble beginning into a mighty civilizational force. Islamic civilization like all other civilizations, started to decline after reaching its pinnacle of success. Ever since the fall of Baghdad in 1258, the Muslim world has been confronted with endless
problems in all fields of life. Colonization of Muslim lands by the West had created the knowledge and technological gap between them and their colonizers. Being subjected to colonization, neo-colonization, and now globalization, Muslims are lagging behind other communities of the world. The Muslim minds which once came up with great ideas, discoveries, innovation and inventions, at the moment somehow become less prolific, and experiencing a state of lethargy and malaise. In realizing the great challenges faced by the Muslims in the modern world, this research intends to re-visit Iqbal’s ideas to remedy the awful situations experienced by the Ummah.
Caliphate is a glorious past of Muslims, all over the world. Muslim community always needs a rightly guided caliphate. So it's my simple work to remember Our glorious History of caliphate and how we lose that.
This is a PowerPoint presentation on the topic The Umayyad Dynasty. In this ppt I have written all basic information about Umayyad Dynasty and I hope so that you all will like this presentation and my all those efforts that I put to make it.
Thankyou so much!
Mujaddad alf sani (Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi al-Farooqi an-Naqshbandi)EHSAN KHAN
The first of the great reformers, Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi al-Farooqi an-Naqshbandi, was born in Sarhind on June 26, 1564. He belonged to a devout Muslim family that claimed descent from Hazrat Umar Farooq (RA). His father Sheikh Abdul Ahad was a well-known sufi of his times. Sheikh Ahmad received his basic education at home. His initial instructions in the Holy Quran, Hadith and theology were rendered in Sarhind and Sialkot. Later, he devoted most of his time to the study of Hadith, Tafseer and philosophy. He worked for some time in Lahore as well. But the greater part of his life was spent in Sarhind, where he was to become the champion of Islamic values. It was not until he was 36 years old that he went to Delhi and joined the Naqshbandiya Silsilah under the discipleship of Khawaja Baqi Billah.
This ppt follows spi 7.42 . . . . . Outline the decline of Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula that culminated in the Reconquista, Inquisition, and the rise of Spanish and Portuguese kingdoms.
This is a PowerPoint presentation on the topic The Umayyad Dynasty. In this ppt I have written all basic information about Umayyad Dynasty and I hope so that you all will like this presentation and my all those efforts that I put to make it.
Thankyou so much!
Mujaddad alf sani (Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi al-Farooqi an-Naqshbandi)EHSAN KHAN
The first of the great reformers, Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi al-Farooqi an-Naqshbandi, was born in Sarhind on June 26, 1564. He belonged to a devout Muslim family that claimed descent from Hazrat Umar Farooq (RA). His father Sheikh Abdul Ahad was a well-known sufi of his times. Sheikh Ahmad received his basic education at home. His initial instructions in the Holy Quran, Hadith and theology were rendered in Sarhind and Sialkot. Later, he devoted most of his time to the study of Hadith, Tafseer and philosophy. He worked for some time in Lahore as well. But the greater part of his life was spent in Sarhind, where he was to become the champion of Islamic values. It was not until he was 36 years old that he went to Delhi and joined the Naqshbandiya Silsilah under the discipleship of Khawaja Baqi Billah.
This ppt follows spi 7.42 . . . . . Outline the decline of Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula that culminated in the Reconquista, Inquisition, and the rise of Spanish and Portuguese kingdoms.
AN APPROACH TO CONSERVATION OF BUILT HERITAGE - DELHI MASTER PLAN PROVISIONS.Purushottam Uttarwar
Urban Development and Conservation of Built Heritage are two sides of a same coin in a historic city like Delhi.Delhi is an ancient city with rich historical mile stones and heritage. Historically Delhi has been a capital city for many dynasties and rulers. Each ruler and dynasty left its impression and foot prints in the form of monuments, heritage buildings and capital complexes. The rulers have been conscious of Delhi’s past. Their desire to protect the past has influenced protection and conservation of built heritage. Archaeological survey and Public Works Department of British India began this task in the later 19th century and after independence ASI has become protector of India’s heritage. At a later date Master Plan documents attempted to make provisions for protection and conservation of built heritage. Right from the first Master Plan of Delhi 1962 to the Master Plan of Delhi 2021, each document contributed and perfected conceptual frame work, approach and policies for protection and conservation of monuments in Delhi.c. Master Plan for Delhi -2001: In the second Master Plan the aspect of conservation is dealt under a different subheads. Environment is section that talks about the conservation of the walled city. The section on Special Areas also mentions restoring the glory of the Walled City. Urban villages, which are an important component of the heritage are under the section of Shelter, it rightly mentions that heritage development should be a part of the overall development. The Master Plan was in accordance with the conservation thought of the day. Due to scattered scheme of conservation thoughts, implementation was a difficult task.
In the 90’s, MCD and NDMC published lists of buildings, which were ‘Protected’. In absence of any legislation or procedures, these monuments remained protected theoretically only.
Villa Sana EcoResort & Natural Health CenterLuis O Maymí
An Eco Resort & Natural Health Center devoted to natural healing, wellness & beauty.
A place & people dedicated to providing services, facilities, education and research programs that help one learn how and to live long , healthy lives.
History, Contribution and Challenges Presentation - Haroon AzizAwqafSA
History, Contribution and Challenges - Muslims contribution to the heroic struggles for freedom in South Africa. A presentation abstract by Haroon Aziz
The illustrated guide to islam by raana bokhari and dr mohammad seddondocsforu
t h e il l u s t r a t e d g u id e t o
ISLAM
The worldwide Islamic community encompasses a
range of ethnic, linguistic, theological, political
and socio-economic backgrounds, while the art and
architecture of Islam mcludes many valuable
treasures, buildings and indeed whole cities. This
beautifully illustrated book surveys both the history,
philosophy, traditions and teachings of Islam, as
well as its exquisite calligraphy, paintings, ornaments,
textiles and architecture.
The first part of the book explores the life and work
of the prophet Muhammad, his message, his life and
the early medieval Arabian society into which he
was born. It explains the history and development
of Islam, the theological beliefs and ritual worship
practices of Muslim life, and issues of morality,
including controversial topics such as medical
bioethics and ‘just war’.
The second part of the book focuses on the rich
heritage of art and architecture of the Islamic world,
including Quran manuscripts, paintings, glassware,
pottery, tiles, stonework, coins, rock crystal,
woodwork, metalwork, costumes, mosques, palaces
and monuments. From precious lustreware and
Ottoman carpets to Jerusalem’s golden-roofed
Dome of the Rock and the breathtaking
Dubai skyscrapers of today, a vast range of examples
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Gloriously illustrated with more than 1000
paintings, artworks, maps and photographs, this
thoroughly researched book offers an excellent
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
10. 10
SEQUENCE
• Conquest
• Chronological Phases
• Rulers of Umayyad
• Advancement in science and architecture
• Reconquest
• Granada war
• Conclusion
• Questions
ISLAM IN SPAIN
11. 11
CONQUEST
• Iberian peninsula or Hispania
• Roman provinces
• Tariq Bin Ziyad landed Jibraltar
• Battle of Guadalete
• Battle of Toulouse
• Battle of Tours
ISLAM IN SPAIN
13. 13
CHRONOLOGICAL
PHASES
• The Umayyad Caliphate (711–756)
• The Independent Emirate (756-929)
• The Caliphate of Córdoba (929-1031)
• The first Taifas (1031-1091)
• The Almoravid rule (1091-1145)
ISLAM IN SPAIN
14. 14
CHRONOLOGICAL
PHASES
• The second Taifas (1145-1151)
• The Almohad rule (1151–1212)
• The Kingdom of Granada (1212–1492)
ISLAM IN SPAIN
16. 16
ABD AL-RAHMAN I
• Abd al-Rahaman bin Mu’awaiyah bin
Hisham bin Abd al-Malik bin Marwan
• Holy City of Mecca
• Mother Christian Berber slave
• Flight from Syria
• Defeated Yusuf al-Fihri
ISLAM IN SPAIN
17. 17
ABD AL-RAHMAN I
• Cordova
• United Andalus
• 25 Abbasids revolts
• Build Army of 40,000
• Emir instead of Caliph
• Denied caliph
ISLAM IN SPAIN
18. 18
ABD AL-RAHMAN I
• Aqueduct
• Palace of Cordova
• Munyat with a palm tree
• The Great mosque of Cordova
• Bridge of Guadalquivir
• Intellectual movement
• Died 788
ISLAM IN SPAIN
19. 19
HISHAM-I
• 788-786
• Andalus
• Portion of France
• Battle of Lutos
• Knowledge centered
• Scholars
• Maliki school
ISLAM IN SPAIN
20. 20
AL HAKAM
• 796-822
• Lack of Leadership
• Leisure time activities
• Revolts and tyranny
• Political disaster
ISLAM IN SPAIN
21. 21
ABD UR RAHAMAN-II
• 822-855
• Continued North
• Scholars
• Developments
• Eradicated Poverty
• Build Navy
ISLAM IN SPAIN
22. 23
Abd al-Rahman III
• United Al-Andalus
• Super Power
• Scholars’ migration
• "Obedient servant of the caliph”
• Naval Force
• Jiziya for protection
• Declared himself Caliph
ISLAM IN SPAIN
23. 24
Al Hakam II
• Library Toledo
600,000+ books
• Public education system
Free school
University of Cordova
Scholars
ISLAM IN SPAIN
31. 35
ABU AL-QASIM
AL-ZAHRAWI
• Born 936 in Zahra
• Surgeon
• Surgical instruments
ISLAM IN SPAIN
32. 36
GLIDING:IBN FIRNAS
“Ibn Firnas was the first man in history to make a
scientific attempt at flying”
Philip K. Hitti
ISLAM IN SPAIN
33. 46
RECONQUEST
• Disintegration of Caliphate
• Catholic Kingdoms of Spain
• Fall of Toledo in 1085
• Emirate of Garnada
ISLAM IN SPAIN
34. 47
GRANADA WAR
• Military campaign 1482-1492
• Ferdinand and Isabel
• Ended the Muslim Rule
• Series of campaigns
• Internal conflicts
• Artillery
• Jan 1, 1492 Final surrender
ISLAM IN SPAIN
35. 48
POST EFFECTS OF
GRANADA WAR
• Forced Muslim conversion
1516 Kingdom of Navarre
1525 Kingdom of Argon
1568 Revolt of Morisco
1609 The Act of Expulsion
1614 Expulsion Ends
ISLAM IN SPAIN
by one person some 1450 years back.. is now spread
to hundreds and thousands of sq km with over about billions of world population following its principles. Yes gentlemen, I am talking about the
kingdom of islamic faith. This all we owe to the valour
and unshaking faith of our ancestors who despite all the hardships continue to announce and spread the message of ALLAH. Recent surveys show that islam is the fastest
growing in religion in europe and west
Question is how islam was introduced in europe and west. Today I shall discuss the very same topic
Hispania was the Latin name given to the whole Iberian Peninsula until the Islamic conquestIt is stated in historical sources that Spain was one of the former Roman provinces where the Latin language and culture had deep roots. On April 30 of 711, Islamic leader Tariq ibn-Ziyad landed at Gibraltar and by the end of the campaign most of the Iberian Peninsula were brought under Islamic rule.Thecampaign's turning point was the battle of Guadalete, where the king Roderick was defeated and killed on the battlefield.In 721 A mixed force of Aquitanians and Franks defeat a Muslim army under al-SamhibnMalik , at the Battle of Toulouse. The Franks quickly surround and critically wound al-SamhibnMalik and destroy most of his forceAfter thecampaign, at the Battle of Tours in 732 Muslim forces moved north-east across the Pyrenees Mountains toward France, but were defeated by the Frankish Catholic Charles Martel. which brought halt to their conquest
Muslim Spain had the following chronological phases:The Emirate directly dependent on the Caliph in Damascus (711–756)The Independent Emirate (756-929)The Caliphate of Córdoba (929-1031)The first Taifas (1031-c. 1091)The Almoravid rule (c.1091-c. 1145)
The second Taifas (c.1145-c. 1151)The Almohad rule (c.1151–1212)The Kingdom of Granada (1212–1492)1st of jan 1492 muslim rule ended forever
Umayyeddynesty is shown in the chartNAMES IN YELLOW ARE THE EMIRS OF AL ANDALUSWHEREAS THE RED ARE THE CALIPHS OF ANDALUSI will be discussing some of them
His ful name Abd al-Rahaman bin Mu’awaiyah bin Hisham bin Abd al-Malik bin marwanHis family was originally from the holy city of Mecca.His mother was a Christian berber slave from the Nafza tribeHe fleed from syria and reached north western AfricaIn 756 Abd ar-Rahman I defeats Yusuf al-Fihri outside Córdoba.
He made Cordoba the capital of the empire of umayyad.At that time Iberian peninsula was a mixture of different nations including Arabs, Syrians, Berbers, Numadians, Hispanic-Arabs and Goths. He united all of them There were over 25 such revolts and all were dealt and put downIn the process of subduing the adversaries he build a well disciplined army of 40,000 Berbers on whose loyalty he could defend his throne.. He did not assumed caliphate rather contented himself with the title of emir. 757 he discontinued the khutba of Juma delivered in the name of Abbasid caliphSpain Under his command was the first province to deny the authority of recognized caliph in Islam.
He beautified the cities of his domain, build aqueduct for pure waterConstructed a palace in the capital similar to that of palace build by Hisham in Syria and Erected Munyat,a garden it included the lonely palm tree imported form Syria He erected Cordova of mosque, completed and enlarged by his successors which was later tranformed into the cathederal by Ferdinand-III in 1236 ADHe boasted the bridge of Guadalquivir.Initiation of intellectual movement which made the Islamic Spain one of the centers of world culture from 9th century to the 11th century.He Died 788 AD
Hisham ibn Abd ar-Rahman (788-796)When he came to power Andalus is fully controlled by MuslimsAgain conquers portion of Francebut hecouldn’d invade itHe lost battle of Lutos with Asturians Created knowledge center of the worldstarted bringing Scholars in the territory and Increases salary of the ScholarsMaliki school made as the national standard
Al-Hakam becomes the ruler 796-822He lacked the leadership qualitiesSpent time in leisure activitiesHe faced many revolts in his reign in reaction he rendered stories of tyranny and atrocitiesPolitical disaster, lost Northern area where Aragon kingdom is established
822-852Abd Al-Rahman II comes to powerContinues battle in northIncreases pay of the ScholarsStarted importing brain from all over the place, irrespective of the religion Creates architecture gardens, roadsHe removed poverty and First time ever no beggars in the society Builds 2 navy fleetLater the decline of the dynesty was started
He took the emirate in 912 AD in Extreme chaos, no one wants CaliphateHe not only took the Replaced corrupted leadersEstablished Shura of the Scholars gave them Protection andFreedom of SpeechDid not like CaliphPicked on him for any short comingsAccused him of the Caliphate wealth and castleDuringKhutba would publicly argue with himEstablishedShariah Recaptures UmaribnHafsoonDealt with 3 Major attacksLeons / North ChristianFatimaidsUmaribnHafsoon
Natural Light systemBerbers were close to nature, therefore their any architecture had nature and animal kingdom infused with itSound system was excellentImam would stand inside a room like are that would work as a megaphoneShell like roof structure carried voice to the back
AbdallahibnYasin (1040–1059) - founder & spiritual leaderYahyaibnUmar al-Lamtuni (c. 1050-1056)Abu BakribnUmar (1056–1087) - partitioned reign from 1072.
722 - King Pelayo defeats a large force sent by Emir Munuza to annihilate him at the Battle of Covadonga in Alcama. He then leads an alliance of Asturian and Cantabrian mountaineers and Spaniards in the counter-offensive against the Muslims beginning what will be called La Reconquista. Pelayo will go on to become the founder of a dynasty of Iberian monarchs who will over the centuries recapture all of the Iberian lands from the Muslims.778 - The Franks led by Charlemagne attack Zaragoza, but are forced to withdraw. Basques ambush Charlemagne's army as it crosses the Pyrenees out of Iberia. The Basques maul the Frankish rearguard, killing many of the commanders including the Breton MarkgrafHruotland (also called Roland), and loot the baggage train.792 - Hisham I, Emir of Córdoba, calls for a Jihad against the infidels in Al-Andalus and France. Tens of thousands from as far away as Syria heed his call and cross the Pyrenees to subjugate France. Cities including Narbonne are destroyed, but the invasion is ultimately halted at Carcassonne.
1084 - The Muslim army of Zaragoza under El Cid defeats the Aragonese. In autumn the Castilians start a loose siege of Toledo
After the disintegration of the Caliphate, Islamic control of Spain was gradually eroded by the Spanish re conquest.The reconquest was the process by which the Catholic Kingdoms of northern Spain; mainly including Argon and Castile; eventually managed to succeed in defeating and conquering the southern Muslim states of the Iberian Peninsula.The first major city to fall to Catholic powers was Toledo in 1085, what prompted the intervention of Almoravids.The only exception being the Emirate of Granada.
Inthe post war era the forced muslim conversion was started.1516 - Muslims in the kingdom of Navarre are forced to convert1525 - Muslims in the Crown of Aragon are forced to convert to Christianity.1568 -. Revolt of Morisco took After King Philip II introduces laws prohibiting Moorish culturein Granada suppressed 1609 - Expulsion of the Moriscos - King Philip III issues the Act of Expulsion for all Moriscos1614 - The process of expulsion ends.
The extravagant rulers and their disciples sold the great Muslim pride on the price of their lust and leisure.Gentlemen helping the enemy beast against the Muslim brothers resulted in the expulsion of the Muslims in SpainUnfortunately this is what the Muslims are doing today.Enemy is isolating each one of us an hunting us one by one.Gentlemen The Verdict of quran is clear Al roam:among those who have broken the unity of their faith and have become sects, each group delighting in but what they themselves hold [by way of tenets].And [as for the followers of earlier revelation,] they broke up their unity, out of mutual jealousy, only after they had come to know [the truth]. steadfastly uphold the [true] faith, and do not break up your unity thereinAnd whenever muslims diverted from the teaching of the divdine book the lost their worth same just happened in spain and the result is in front of us
Gentle menthts all from my side in the end you may ask questions