Rajasthan and Gujarat are also known as ǮSeed Spices Bowlǯ and contributes more than 80% of total seed spices production in India. Other states where seed spices are commonly grown are Bihar, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Since there is a large scope of seed spices by introducing them in new areas, the higher yields can also be achieved effortlessly by implementing new technologies and introducing modern cultural practices, enhancing the knowledge of latest techniques to the farmers and putting more area under these seed spices crops. Many production technologies and introduction of new varieties through research have been generated by National Research Centre on Seed Spices for increasing the profitability of Seed Spices in Rajasthan. The global demand for Indian Spices is increasingly day by day. In terms of export, there is an increase of 29% in Coriander, 70% in Cumin, 3.1% in celery, 58% in Fennel, 49% in Fenugreek and 97% in others and overall 62%. It can be analysed that there is still a huge demand for Indian Spices all over the world. Keeping in view researcher can say that Seed Spices are not only the cash crops but there is also a huge export potentiality.

1. Seed Spices Production in Rajasthan- An Overview
Seed Spices Production in Rajasthan An Overview
Dr. Shobha Khinvasara1
Padam Bhushan2
Abstract
Rajasthan and Gujarat are also known as Seed Spices Bowl and
contributes more than 80% of total seed spices production in India. Other
states where seed spices are commonly grown are Bihar, West Bengal,
Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Karnataka and Tamil
Nadu. Since there is a large scope of seed spices by introducing them in new
areas, the higher yields can also be achieved effortlessly by implementing
new technologies and introducing modern cultural practices, enhancing
the knowledge of latest techniques to the farmers and putting more area
under these seed spices crops. Many production technologies and
introduction of new varieties through research have been generated by
National Research Centre on Seed Spices for increasing the profitability of
Seed Spices in Rajasthan. The global demand for Indian Spices is
increasingly day by day. In terms of export, there is an increase of 29% in
Coriander, 70% in Cumin, 3.1% in celery, 58% in Fennel, 49% in Fenugreek
and 97% in others and overall 62%. It can be analysed that there is still a
huge demand for Indian Spices all over the world. Keeping in view
1
Professor, Subodh Institute of Management & Career Studies, Jaipur
2
Research Scholar, Suresh GyanVihar University, Jaipur

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Seed Spices Production in Rajasthan- An Overview 16
researcher can say that Seed Spices are not only the cash crops but there is
also a huge export potentiality.
Keywords: Seed Spices, Export, Area, Production, Potentiality.
Spices: An overview
India is world famous for spices and is also known as Land of Spices.
Seed Spices are mainly used for flavourings, giving aromas and seasoning
in variety of food items. India has also an old history of cultivation of
spices and takes benefit of being a largest producer, exporter and
consumer in the world. There are total 63 spices which are grown in
India and out of which 20 are being classified as seed spices. The major
seed spices grown in India are Cumin, Fenugreek, Coriander and Fennel
because they are being cultivated in considerable area. Celery, Nigella,
Ajwain, Caraway etc. are the minor seed spices grown in India. The seed
spices compose an important group of agricultural Commodities and also
play a vital contribution in National economy. Rajasthan and Gujarat are
Seed Spices Bowl
total seed spices production in India. Other states where seed spices are
commonly grown are Bihar, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
During 2009-10, Indian Seed Spices Export has shown an remarkable
growth in terms of quantity and value both. India has made an
outstanding position with 47% share in Volume and 40% in value in the
World Spice Trade. Indian Spices and spices products are being used in
more than 135 countries worldwide accounting for approximate 36% of

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Seed Spices Production in Rajasthan- An Overview 17
the total area and around 17% of the total spice production in the
country. Value added seed spices products as well as raw spices are being
exported from India to approx. 70 countries in the world and is meeting
approximate 51% of total demand worldwide. Seed Spices contribute
only 18% in terms of quantity among the total Spices.
Table 1: Indian Spices
Year Spices
Area
(in Ha.)
Production
(in MT)
2008-09 1256524 1003318
2009-10 1206881 1002628
2010-11 1333718 1086696
2011-12 1648710 1290392
2012-13 1395560 1233478
Source: National Board of Spices
Table 1 is showing the area and production of Indian Spices. It can
analysed from the above mentioned Table that during 2008-09 the area
of Indian Spices was 1256524 ha and the production was 1003318 MT
which has increased to 1395560 ha and 1233478 MT respectively in FY
2012-13.
Global Demand of Spices:
Seed spices contribute 10-12% of total export of spices. India ranks
second in agriculture in all over the world. The seed spices production
has increased and has also established the record in export quantity and
value. In the history of Spices there is an increase of 22% in export out of

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Seed Spices Production in Rajasthan- An Overview 18
which seed spices contributes 55%. The export of seed spices in 2011-12
was 1,20,200 tonnes and 1,86,075 tonnes in 2012-13 and 2,53,525 in
2013-14. The global demand for Indian Spices is increasingly day by day.
In terms of export, there is an increase of 29% in Coriander, 70% in
Cumin, 3.1% in celery, 58% in Fennel, 49% in Fenugreek and 97% in
others and overall 62%. It can be analysed that there is still a huge
demand for Indian Spices all over the world. Keeping in view researcher
can say that Seed Spices are not only the cash crops but there is also a
huge export potentiality. India exports raw material as well as value
added spices to more than 70 countries in the world and meeting 58% of
global demand. The major seed spices of India are Coriander, Cumin,
Fennel and Fenugreek and the minor seed spices constitutes Celery,
Nigella seeds, aniseed, ink Cumin etc. The main buyers of seed spices are
Pakistan, UAE, Egypt, USA, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia and Malaysia. Indian
seed spices are reaching to more than 135 countries worldwide The
major SeedSpices market for exporting Indian seed spices are as under:
Table2: Major Markets for Export
Spices Markets
Coriander
Malaysia, U.A.E, U.K, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Sri Lanka,
Singapore, Nepal, etc
Cumin U.S.A, Nepal, UAE, Brazil, U.K. Singapore, Malaysia, etc
Celery U.S.A, South Africa, Netherlands, Japan, etc
Fennel U.S.A, U.K., UAE, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Malaysia, etc
Fenugreek Japan, Sri Lanka, UAE, South Africa, U.K, Nepal, etc.
Source: Spice Board of India

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Seed Spices Production in Rajasthan- An Overview 19
Table: 3 Indian Seed Spices Export
(Value in lacs and qty in Tonnes)
Spices 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value
Corriander 30,200 20378 47250 22585 40500 16663 28100 16401 37100 21076 45750 37185
Cumin 52550 54400 49750 54824 32500 39597 45500 64442 79900 109317 121500 160006
Celery 3650 2333 5000 2662 3750 2585 3650 2340 4800 3055 5600 3661
Fennel 8675 4315 6800 5623 7250 6588 8100 7209 14575 11402 17300 16001
Fenugreek 20750 7175. 21000 6972 18500 6548 21800 7275 31100 10835 35575 13378
Others 17500 6498 15500 5890 12500 5558 13050 5881 18600 11612 27800 15425
Total 133,325 95,100 145,300 98,556 115,000 77,539 120,200 103,548 186,075 167,297 253,525 245,656
Source: National Research Centre for Seed Spices
Table 3 reveals that the global demand of Indian Spices is increasing. In
2013-14, the export has been reached to 253,525 tonnes in 2013-14
which was 133,325 tonnes during 2008-09. By focusing on quality and
other International standards, we can increase the export quantity of
Indian Spices.
Review of Literature
probable impacts of WTO agreements on Indian plantation sector. It has
special significance in the context of globalisation particularly in the
spices sector because spices are export oriented agricultural products.
The AMS (Aggregate Measures of Support) and QRs (Quantitative
Restrictions) imposed as a result of the WTO agreements was analysed.
The developments in various rounds of WTO negotiations were analysed
in detail and arrived at the conclusion to our country particularly to the

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Seed Spices Production in Rajasthan- An Overview 20
spices sector because the problems of pesticide residue was ever a
problem to the Indian spice which may get aggravated and there is a
possibility of developed nations using some of the provisions of WTO
agreements against our country.
the geographical differences in spice use giving clear indications for
improving export market of Indian spices. He argues that spices
consumption is directly correlated to the temperature levels and cultural
background of the country. Hot climate often produces large microbial
population in foodstuffs. Since spices have anti- microbial properties, use
of spices is more in tropical climate. The spices use per recipe is more in
such countries. This paper also establishes that spices are powerful
against all microorganisms causing toxic effect to foodstuffs and their use
is indispensable in reducing food born illness and poisoning.
Jafee and Schipmann(2005) in their contribution professes that the
major spice growers are the small growers and the small farm lands. In
countries like India where spice production has a long tradition, the
processing and export of spices are often undertaken by Small scale,
family based companies.
Acharya (2006) discuss about the marketing and system of rural credit in
the area of agriculture. Marketing system is actually critical link among
the sector of farm production. Beside the facilitating functions related to
transferring the goods from the farmers to the consumers, the system of
marketing performs the functions of exploring the prices at various

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Seed Spices Production in Rajasthan- An Overview 21
stages of marketing and transmitting the prices in the chain of marketing
(Acharya, 2006). While marketing the fenugreek and cumin seeds, many
issues and concern are related to the performance of the marketing
system, which also relies on the structure of market. An efficient
marketing system is the one, which supports in resource optimisation,
agro based industry, market widening, creation of employment and
increase in national income by value addition.
Research Methodology
Data have been collected with the help of various secondary sources such
as articles, journals, magazines, books, website etc. The main objective of
this paper is to bring out the future growth prospects and challenges of
Rajasthan spices and to study the role of State Government and National
Research Centre on Seed Spices Board, Ajmer in improving farming
practices and developing marketing strategies.
Significance of Study
This study is focused on production of specific spices i.e., cumin and
fenugreek and its marketing. It also analyses the Rajasthan market
performance by evaluating the marketing activities and different
channels of marketing of spice crops along with evaluation of market
integration that could act as the key input in formulating the relevant
policies and procedure of marketing. By considering the resources and

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Seed Spices Production in Rajasthan- An Overview 22
perception towards farming and marketing of spices (cumin and
fenugreek) in Rajasthan.
In order to proceed with this study, the knowledge about the spices
marketing need to be attained, not only for understanding the structural
sense how the spices are delivered, rather it should also be understood
for gaining the substantive sense of how the spices are marketed. For the
significance of this study, marketing of spices would cover up the
implementation of different policies and availability of facilities of
Rajasthan, along with the issues that lies in its implementation (Agro
marketing strategies for Wn. Rajasthan, 2013). This research will clearly
examine the boards of spice marketing, which will include the launch of
different programs and schemes and its role in offering the facilities of
infrastructural credit and measures for export promotion within the
plans and policies of decisions that are taken by the state.
Spices in Rajasthan
Rajasthan is the largest state of India having different weather and soil
conditions consisting of different agro-climatic situations which helps
the state for diversified cropping pattern. In Rajasthan major spices
grown are Ajwain, Chilly, Cumin, Fenugreek, Coriander, Garlic, Ginger &
Turmeric and following are the major spice Growing Districts of
Rajasthan:

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Table 4: Major Spice Growing Districts
Crops Name of Major Producing Districts
Ajwain Chittorgarh, Jalawad, Rajsamand, Udaipur
Chillies Ajmer, Bhilwara, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Pali, SawaiMadhopur, Tonk
Coriander Baran, Bundi, Chittorgarh, Jalawad, Kota
Cumin Barmer, Jalore, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Pali
Fennel Jodhpur, SawaiMadhopur, Sirohi, Tonk
Fenugreek Chittorgarh, Jaipur, Jalawad, Kota, Nagaur, Sikar
Garlic Baran, Chittorgarh, Jalawad, Jodhpur
Ginger Udaipur
Turmeric Bhilwara, Bundi, Udaipur
Source: Department of Horticulture, Rajasthan
Seed Spices Challenges in Rajasthan
Seed Spices farming has to face several challenges. Scanty rainfall and
inefficient water management can also affect Seed spices farming. Lack of
proper training to the seed spices growers, traders, processors and
exporters and socio-economic constraints results in inadequate yields.
Non availability of high yielding disease resistant varieties causes the low
productivity of seed spices. Due to lack of on farm primary and
secondary processing, the quality of the produce becomes poor. There is
lack of quality management (intrinsic as well as extrinsic quality
parameters). For increasing the overall system productivity, the
challenge is to appropriately reduce the cost of cultivation. Integrated
Farming Approach needs preferential attention.
Conclusion
Different kind of Seed Spices are grown in India and there is a huge
demand of spices all over the world. But even after major importance of

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Seed Spices Production in Rajasthan- An Overview 24
seed spices, the spices sector has still not achieved the required status.
Farmers in Rajasthan are growing seed spices as a cash crop next to their
regular crops. For giving special emphasis on seed spices farming,
farmers need a competitive price for their produce so that they can earn
maximum profit. A comprehensive technology-based development
approach to promote seed spices Farming is the need of the hour. By
improving the seed spices quality and value added products, the scope
for earning foreign exchange can be increased. There is a possibility for
availability of spices based cropping systems technologies to increase the
productivity of seed spices. In spice farming and spice industries, there
can be employment opportunities for the trained manpower. By
enhancing the cultivation of organic seed spices for promoting export.
Integrating Farming Approach can also help the farmers to overcome
various natural calamities.
Suggestions
To aware farmers/growers about the standard production
technologies used in seed spices for making a successful commercial
Venture.
Integrated water and nutrient management approach should be
considered for agro-climatic regions.
Special emphasis on post-harvest technology needed in seed spices
sector.
National Gene Bank establishment for Seed Spices for getting
qualitative seed.

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Seed Spices Production in Rajasthan- An Overview 25
Multiplication of quality seed of released variety.
Proper weed management in seed spices cropping system
Development of integrated pest management which are environment
friendly
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