This document compares the chemical composition and quality of essential oils extracted from two species of Nardostachys, a Himalayan plant. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified 15 common sesquiterpene components in both oils, with β-gurjunene and jatamansone as the major constituents. Some variation was found in the amounts of individual chemical components between the two species. Physical and chemical tests found the oils to have similar properties, such as specific gravity and acid number. The study concludes the two oils are of comparable quality.
Development and validation of a stability-indicating HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of Losartan potassium, hydrochlorothiazide, and their degradationproducts
Standardization of Acids and bases.
2. Determination of pKa and pKb values
3. Preparation of solutions of different pH & buffer capacities.
4. Determination of phase diagram of binary systems.
Determination of distribution coefficients.
6. Determination of molecular weight by Victor Meyer’s Method.
7. Determination of heats of solutions by measuring solubility as a function of temperature
(Van’t Hoff equation.)
This document summarizes a research article that studied the forced degradation of Luliconaozole (LCZ), a novel antifungal drug. Various stress conditions were studied including acid, base, oxidation, heat and photolysis using a factorial experimental design. Forced degradation products were identified and degradation kinetics were evaluated. An HPLC method was also developed and validated for the quantification of LCZ and its degradation products. The method was shown to be specific, accurate, precise and linear. This study provides useful data on the degradation pathways and stability of LCZ to facilitate its development and regulatory approval.
Dissipation Study of Thiophanate Methyl Residue in/on Grapes (Vitis vinifera ...Dr. Sudeb Mandal
A multi-location field trial was conducted in
India during 2006–2008 to evaluate the dissipation pattern
of thiophanate methyl (75% WP) in/on grapes at two
application rates (500 and 1,000 g a.i. ha-1). The quantitative analysis of the fungicide residues as carbendazim
was performed using a UV/VIS spectrophotometer at the
maximum absorption band of 281 nm. The average
recovery was found 87% and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were below 3.8%. Following the first order
kinetics the fungicide dissipates in grapes with a half-life
(t) value of 4.74–6.52 days irrespective of locations and
doses.
This document provides instructions for laboratory experiments in a Physical Pharmacy-I lab course. It includes procedures for preparing solutions of different concentrations and standardizing sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid solutions. The experiments aim to teach students fundamental principles of physical pharmacy, including calculations of molarity, normality, and titration. Standardization of the sodium hydroxide solution is done using potassium hydrogen phthalate as the primary standard, while hydrochloric acid is standardized using the sodium hydroxide solution. Detailed preparation methods and calculations are provided for reagents used in the experiments.
Performance of KOH as a Catalyst for Trans-esterification of Jatropha Curcas ...ZY8
This document summarizes a study on using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst for the trans-esterification of Jatropha curcas oil to produce biodiesel. The authors extracted oil from Jatropha fruits and conducted kinetics experiments to investigate the performance of KOH catalyst. They varied reaction parameters like oil to methanol molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and temperature. The results showed that an oil to methanol ratio of 1:16, KOH concentration of 1.5%, and temperature of 60°C produced the optimal biodiesel yield. An activation energy of 28.8 kJ/mol was calculated using the Arrhenius equation. The biodiesel properties met ASTM standards for
Development and validation of a stability-indicating HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of Losartan potassium, hydrochlorothiazide, and their degradationproducts
Standardization of Acids and bases.
2. Determination of pKa and pKb values
3. Preparation of solutions of different pH & buffer capacities.
4. Determination of phase diagram of binary systems.
Determination of distribution coefficients.
6. Determination of molecular weight by Victor Meyer’s Method.
7. Determination of heats of solutions by measuring solubility as a function of temperature
(Van’t Hoff equation.)
This document summarizes a research article that studied the forced degradation of Luliconaozole (LCZ), a novel antifungal drug. Various stress conditions were studied including acid, base, oxidation, heat and photolysis using a factorial experimental design. Forced degradation products were identified and degradation kinetics were evaluated. An HPLC method was also developed and validated for the quantification of LCZ and its degradation products. The method was shown to be specific, accurate, precise and linear. This study provides useful data on the degradation pathways and stability of LCZ to facilitate its development and regulatory approval.
Dissipation Study of Thiophanate Methyl Residue in/on Grapes (Vitis vinifera ...Dr. Sudeb Mandal
A multi-location field trial was conducted in
India during 2006–2008 to evaluate the dissipation pattern
of thiophanate methyl (75% WP) in/on grapes at two
application rates (500 and 1,000 g a.i. ha-1). The quantitative analysis of the fungicide residues as carbendazim
was performed using a UV/VIS spectrophotometer at the
maximum absorption band of 281 nm. The average
recovery was found 87% and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were below 3.8%. Following the first order
kinetics the fungicide dissipates in grapes with a half-life
(t) value of 4.74–6.52 days irrespective of locations and
doses.
This document provides instructions for laboratory experiments in a Physical Pharmacy-I lab course. It includes procedures for preparing solutions of different concentrations and standardizing sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid solutions. The experiments aim to teach students fundamental principles of physical pharmacy, including calculations of molarity, normality, and titration. Standardization of the sodium hydroxide solution is done using potassium hydrogen phthalate as the primary standard, while hydrochloric acid is standardized using the sodium hydroxide solution. Detailed preparation methods and calculations are provided for reagents used in the experiments.
Performance of KOH as a Catalyst for Trans-esterification of Jatropha Curcas ...ZY8
This document summarizes a study on using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst for the trans-esterification of Jatropha curcas oil to produce biodiesel. The authors extracted oil from Jatropha fruits and conducted kinetics experiments to investigate the performance of KOH catalyst. They varied reaction parameters like oil to methanol molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and temperature. The results showed that an oil to methanol ratio of 1:16, KOH concentration of 1.5%, and temperature of 60°C produced the optimal biodiesel yield. An activation energy of 28.8 kJ/mol was calculated using the Arrhenius equation. The biodiesel properties met ASTM standards for
Simultaneous estimation and validation of atenolol hydrochloro thiazide and l...srirampharma
This document describes the development and validation of a reverse phase HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of atenolol, hydrochlorothiazide, and losartan K from pharmaceutical tablet dosage forms. The method utilizes a C18 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer at a ratio of 70:30 delivered at 1.2 mL/min. The drugs were detected at 229 nm and provided good resolution and peak symmetry. The developed method was validated in terms of accuracy, precision, linearity, limits of detection and quantification, robustness, and solution stability. The method was applied to a commercial tablet dosage form and found to provide accurate results within 100% of the labeled claim for each drug.
Gc ms analysis and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of nepeta coerules...pharmaindexing
The essential oil extracted from Nepeta coerulescens leaves was analyzed using GC-MS. The analysis found caryophyllene oxide to be the major constituent at 25.146%. The oil showed mild antibacterial activity and good antifungal activity against various microorganisms. Caryophyllene oxide's presence at a moderate concentration may contribute to the oil's antifungal properties.
Multiple Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of Chl...ijtsrd
A simple, precise and accurate multiple analytical method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Chlorzoxazone and Nimesulide in bulk and tablet formulations by reversed-phase liquid chromatographic and UV-Visible spectrophotometric techniques. The chromatographic separation was achieved on C18 analytical column. A mixture of Methanol 0.1 Ortho-phosphoric acid 75 25 was used as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1mL min and detection wavelength at 295 nm. The retention time of Chlorzoxazone and Nimesulide was found to be 4.69 and 5.45 min respectively. The linear dynamic ranges for HPLC were from 2-10 µg mL and for simultaneous equation method, derivative spectroscopy, Q-ratio Absorbance method, Dual wavelength it was 10-30 µg mL for both Chlorzoxazone and Nimesulide. The percentage recovery obtained for Chlorzoxazone and Nimesulide were 100.93 and 102.19 respectively for RP-HPLC, 9.7 and 100.1 for simultaneous equation method of CZ and NIM respectively, 99.97 and 99.78 for derivative spectroscopy of CZ and NIM respectively, 101.37 and 99.48 for Q-ratio Absorbance method of CZ and NIM respectively, 100.13 and 99.96 for dual wavelength method of CZ and NIM respectively. The validation of the proposed methods were carried out for linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantitation and robustness. The developed method can be used for routine quality control analysis of titled drugs in combination in tablet formulation. Swetha Yarramsetti | A. Elphine Prabahar | Rama Rao Nadendla "Multiple Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of Chlorzoxazone and Nimesulide in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21503.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/21503/multiple-method-development-and-validation-for--simultaneous-estimation-of-chlorzoxazone-and--nimesulide-in-bulk-and-pharmaceutical-dosage-form/swetha-yarramsetti
This document provides instructions for laboratory experiments in a Physical Pharmacy-I lab course. It includes procedures for preparing solutions of different concentrations and standardizing sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid solutions. The experiments aim to teach students how to make and standardize solutions using analytical techniques like titration. Key aspects covered include molarity, normality, primary and secondary standards, and titration principles and calculations. Detailed preparation instructions are given for reagents and step-by-step procedures are outlined for each experiment.
Analytical Method Development and Validation of Dutasteride and Tamsulosin Hc...SriramNagarajan15
A simple,specific, sensitive,precise and reproducible Reverse Phase High Performance liquid Chromatography method has been developed for simultaneous estimation of Dutasteride and Tamsulosin Hcl. Dutasteride and Tamsulosin is Anti-hyperplasia and Anti-hypertensive drug.The determinationwas carried out byusingsymmetryC-18columnwith Methanol:0.1M Monobasic potassiumdihydrogenphosphate buffer(75:25) Adjusted the pH to 2.5 with Ortho phosporic acid as the mobile phase and with the detection wavelength of274 nmrespectively.The flow rate is 0.7 ml/min.TheRetentiontime of Dutasteride,Tamsulosin Hcl was 2.218 minand 6.599 min respectively.Linearityforthe Dutasteride and Tamsulosin Hcl were found inthe rangeof 25-75µgmand 20-60µgm respectively.The limitof quantificationforbothdrugs wasfound to be30,24µg respectively.The recoveries of Tamsulosin and Dutasteride were found to be inthe range of 99.81-99.90 %and98.00-102.00%, respectively. The proposed method was validated suitably and canbeused for routine analysis. The degradation studies indicated Dutasteride and Tamsulosin Hcl to besusceptible to neutralhydrolysis, while Dutasteride and Tamsulosin Hcl showed degradation inacid, H2O2,photolytic and inpresenceof UV radiation.The degradation productsof Dutasteride andTamsulosin Hcl inacidic and photolytic conditions were well resolved from the pure drug with significant differences in the irretention time values. This method can be successfully employed forsimultaneous quantitative analysis of Dutasteride and Tamsulosin Hcl in formulations.
1) The study investigated the antimicrobial properties of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) extracted from the marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata.
2) FAME were produced through transesterification and tested against various bacteria and yeast. Results showed that FAME were more effective against gram-negative bacteria than gram-positive bacteria and yeast.
3) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the dominant fatty acids in N. oculata oil were palmitic acid, oleic acid, and arachidic acid. DNA inhibition assays further confirmed the bactericidal effects of FAME.
The document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of novel Cinnoline derivatives. Several students synthesized Cinnoline derivatives using Aniline as the starting material. The compounds were characterized using melting point, TLC, molecular formula determination, NMR and thin layer chromatography. The %yield of the compounds ranged from 82-93%. The compounds were further evaluated for their in-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Pharmacological screening showed potential for treatment of fungal diseases.
This research presents a chemical study of essential oil from Aniba duckei Kostermans, known as rosewood, as well as its test against bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Serratia sp., and Vibrio alginolyticus. For control, were used pipemidic acid, ampicillin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, oxacillin, tetracycline, and vancomycin antibiotics. Oil yield was 1.2% (m/m) with linalool being its major component, with 89.34%. The essential oil was more efficient than all antibiotics tested against Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio alginolyticus. Linalool was less efficient than the Aniba duckei Kosterman’s essential oil, but more effective than many antibiotics. The essential oil, when tested against Bacillus cereus, was second only to gentamicin, while linalool presented less effectiveness than both gentamicin and tetracycline against the same bacteria. But both oil and linalool were effective against Serratia. The Aniba duckei Kosterman’s essential oil activity was better than linalool’s in all cases due to the oil’s minor components action and synergy between them, which hinder resistance developed by bacteria. Key-words- Essential oil, Aniba duckei Kostermans, Rosewood, Linalool, Antibacterial
Rheological behavior and thermal stability of palmitoyl chitosan varying the ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
(i) Laboratory procedures, safety regulations, scientific notations, plotting of data and finding of slope and intercept.
(ii) Determination of formula and composition of a suitable hydrate (CuSO4 5H2O, NiSO4 7H2O etc)
(iii) Determination of the density of a liquid / solution by density bottle / pycnometer method.
(iv) Determination of molecular weight of substances like CHCl3, CCl4 by Victor Meyer’s method.
(v) Determination of molecular weight of organic salts by chemical method.
(vi) Determination of heats of solution of simple salts by calorimeter.
(vii) Determination of heats of solution of sparingly soluble samples in water by measuring solubility as a function of temperature (application of Vants-Hoff equation).
(viii) Determination of distribution coefficients of benzoic acid between (i) hexane and octane (ii) ether and water.
(ix) Determination of heat of neutralization of HCl with NaOH.
(x) Preparation of primary and secondary standard solutions.
(xi) Standardization of HCl acid solution by sodium carbonate solution
(xii) Standardization of NaOH solution by potassium hydrogen phthalate / oxalic acid
(xiii) Standardization of NaOH solution by potassium hydrogen phthalate / oxalic acid
(xiv) Standardization of KMnO4 solution by sodium oxalate
A titration is a technique where a solution of known concentration (titrant) is used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution (analyte). The titrant is added from a burette until the reaction between the titrant and analyte is complete, as indicated by an indicator. Knowing the volume of titrant used allows the concentration of the analyte to be calculated. There are different types of titrations depending on the goals and procedures. Calculations are then performed to find the concentration of the analyte based on the volumes and known concentration of the titrant.
Comparison of the isolation of oil from Nigella damascena seed by pressing, c...Egidijus Dauksas
This document compares different extraction methods for recovering oil from Nigella damascena seeds, including pressing, conventional solvent extraction, and carbon dioxide extraction. Carbon dioxide extraction yielded only 10.57% oil, but adding 1% ethanol increased the yield by 50%. The major fatty acids in the extracted oils were linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, and palmitic acid. Volatile constituents like elemenes made up 21.38-29.16% of the extracts. Free fatty acids, mainly linoleic and oleic acids, constituted 35.04-51.18% of the extracts.
This document defines key terminology used in titration analysis. It explains that a titration determines the concentration of an unknown solution by measuring the volume of a known standard solution required to reach the endpoint of a chemical reaction. The standard solution is called the titrant. The unknown solution is the titrand or analyte. An indicator is used to signal when the endpoint is reached. The equivalence point occurs when the moles of titrant equal the moles of analyte, while the endpoint marks the end of the reaction. Primary standards are pure and used to make secondary standards of known concentration for titrations.
2007 tcnq determinação espectrofotométrica de anilinas com base na carga de t...Patrícia Maria
The document describes a spectrophotometric method for determining aniline, p-toluidines, benzidine, and p-phenylenediamine based on their charge-transfer reactions with 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ). The method involves forming charge-transfer complexes between the analytes and TCNQ under optimized conditions, then measuring the absorbance of the complexes. The method was found to be linear, accurate, and precise for determining the analytes in waste water samples.
Physiology and Biochemistry-I (Marks-25)
a) Hematology
i) Study of compound microscope ii) Microscopically study of blood cells iii) Different types of WBC, erythrocytes and platelets iv) Examination of hemoglobin v) Differential count of WBC vi) Total count of RBC and WBC vii) Determination of clotting and bleeding time viii) Examination of clot under the microscope ix) Effect of chemical agents of RBC x) Fragility test of RBC. xi) Determination of erythrocytes sedimentation rate xii) Examination of haemin crystals
b) Histology: Histology of muscle, liver, spleen, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, lung, kidney, skin and endocrine glands.
c)Chemical physiology:
i) Qualitative test of carbohydrates, proteins and fats ii) Qualitative and quantitative experiments on digestive juice. iii) Examination of urine, estimation of main constituents and detection of abnormal constituents.
Abstract— Field experiments were conducted during kharif 2014 and 2015 with curry leaf variety Suwasini to study the dissipation pattern of carbendazim 50 EC at 500 g a.i. ha-1 and cypermethrin 10 % EC @ 50 g a i/ha (550 ml/ha) 1 by giving two sprays first at vegetative stage and second 10 days later. The leaf samples collected at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 45th day after second spray and soil samples at 45th day for residue analysis showed initial deposits of carbendazim 16.00 mg kg-1 and Cypermetrin 13.09 mg kg-1 which ,dissipated to 0.04 mg kg -1 and 0. 28 mg kg – 1 respectively. The residues reached to Below Determination Level (BDL) at 20 and 10 days, respectively. As there were no pesticide recommendations and MRLs fixed for any of the pesticide in curry leaf, the day at which residues reached BDL can be suggested as the safe harvest period for curry leaf.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Gc ms analysis and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of nepeta coerules...pharmaindexing
The essential oil extracted from Nepeta coerulescens leaves was analyzed using GC-MS. The analysis found caryophyllene oxide to be the major constituent at 25.146%. The oil exhibited mild antibacterial activity and good antifungal activity when tested against bacteria and fungi using the disc diffusion method. Caryophyllene oxide's known antifungal properties may contribute to the oil's antifungal activity.
Mentha L. essential oils composition and in vitro antifungal activityiosrphr_editor
The document analyzes the essential oil compositions of Mentha piperita and Mentha spicata leaves collected from the Mariovo region of Macedonia. Gas chromatography identified 46 compounds in M. piperita oil and 32 in M. spicata oil, constituting over 99% of each oil. The main components of M. piperita oil were menthol, L-menthone, and isomenthone. The main components of M. spicata oil were carvone and limonene. Disk diffusion and microdilution tests found M. spicata oil had the strongest antifungal activity against six fungi strains, while M. piperita oil also showed good ant
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Simultaneous estimation and validation of atenolol hydrochloro thiazide and l...srirampharma
This document describes the development and validation of a reverse phase HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of atenolol, hydrochlorothiazide, and losartan K from pharmaceutical tablet dosage forms. The method utilizes a C18 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer at a ratio of 70:30 delivered at 1.2 mL/min. The drugs were detected at 229 nm and provided good resolution and peak symmetry. The developed method was validated in terms of accuracy, precision, linearity, limits of detection and quantification, robustness, and solution stability. The method was applied to a commercial tablet dosage form and found to provide accurate results within 100% of the labeled claim for each drug.
Gc ms analysis and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of nepeta coerules...pharmaindexing
The essential oil extracted from Nepeta coerulescens leaves was analyzed using GC-MS. The analysis found caryophyllene oxide to be the major constituent at 25.146%. The oil showed mild antibacterial activity and good antifungal activity against various microorganisms. Caryophyllene oxide's presence at a moderate concentration may contribute to the oil's antifungal properties.
Multiple Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of Chl...ijtsrd
A simple, precise and accurate multiple analytical method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Chlorzoxazone and Nimesulide in bulk and tablet formulations by reversed-phase liquid chromatographic and UV-Visible spectrophotometric techniques. The chromatographic separation was achieved on C18 analytical column. A mixture of Methanol 0.1 Ortho-phosphoric acid 75 25 was used as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1mL min and detection wavelength at 295 nm. The retention time of Chlorzoxazone and Nimesulide was found to be 4.69 and 5.45 min respectively. The linear dynamic ranges for HPLC were from 2-10 µg mL and for simultaneous equation method, derivative spectroscopy, Q-ratio Absorbance method, Dual wavelength it was 10-30 µg mL for both Chlorzoxazone and Nimesulide. The percentage recovery obtained for Chlorzoxazone and Nimesulide were 100.93 and 102.19 respectively for RP-HPLC, 9.7 and 100.1 for simultaneous equation method of CZ and NIM respectively, 99.97 and 99.78 for derivative spectroscopy of CZ and NIM respectively, 101.37 and 99.48 for Q-ratio Absorbance method of CZ and NIM respectively, 100.13 and 99.96 for dual wavelength method of CZ and NIM respectively. The validation of the proposed methods were carried out for linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantitation and robustness. The developed method can be used for routine quality control analysis of titled drugs in combination in tablet formulation. Swetha Yarramsetti | A. Elphine Prabahar | Rama Rao Nadendla "Multiple Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of Chlorzoxazone and Nimesulide in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21503.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/21503/multiple-method-development-and-validation-for--simultaneous-estimation-of-chlorzoxazone-and--nimesulide-in-bulk-and-pharmaceutical-dosage-form/swetha-yarramsetti
This document provides instructions for laboratory experiments in a Physical Pharmacy-I lab course. It includes procedures for preparing solutions of different concentrations and standardizing sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid solutions. The experiments aim to teach students how to make and standardize solutions using analytical techniques like titration. Key aspects covered include molarity, normality, primary and secondary standards, and titration principles and calculations. Detailed preparation instructions are given for reagents and step-by-step procedures are outlined for each experiment.
Analytical Method Development and Validation of Dutasteride and Tamsulosin Hc...SriramNagarajan15
A simple,specific, sensitive,precise and reproducible Reverse Phase High Performance liquid Chromatography method has been developed for simultaneous estimation of Dutasteride and Tamsulosin Hcl. Dutasteride and Tamsulosin is Anti-hyperplasia and Anti-hypertensive drug.The determinationwas carried out byusingsymmetryC-18columnwith Methanol:0.1M Monobasic potassiumdihydrogenphosphate buffer(75:25) Adjusted the pH to 2.5 with Ortho phosporic acid as the mobile phase and with the detection wavelength of274 nmrespectively.The flow rate is 0.7 ml/min.TheRetentiontime of Dutasteride,Tamsulosin Hcl was 2.218 minand 6.599 min respectively.Linearityforthe Dutasteride and Tamsulosin Hcl were found inthe rangeof 25-75µgmand 20-60µgm respectively.The limitof quantificationforbothdrugs wasfound to be30,24µg respectively.The recoveries of Tamsulosin and Dutasteride were found to be inthe range of 99.81-99.90 %and98.00-102.00%, respectively. The proposed method was validated suitably and canbeused for routine analysis. The degradation studies indicated Dutasteride and Tamsulosin Hcl to besusceptible to neutralhydrolysis, while Dutasteride and Tamsulosin Hcl showed degradation inacid, H2O2,photolytic and inpresenceof UV radiation.The degradation productsof Dutasteride andTamsulosin Hcl inacidic and photolytic conditions were well resolved from the pure drug with significant differences in the irretention time values. This method can be successfully employed forsimultaneous quantitative analysis of Dutasteride and Tamsulosin Hcl in formulations.
1) The study investigated the antimicrobial properties of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) extracted from the marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata.
2) FAME were produced through transesterification and tested against various bacteria and yeast. Results showed that FAME were more effective against gram-negative bacteria than gram-positive bacteria and yeast.
3) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the dominant fatty acids in N. oculata oil were palmitic acid, oleic acid, and arachidic acid. DNA inhibition assays further confirmed the bactericidal effects of FAME.
The document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of novel Cinnoline derivatives. Several students synthesized Cinnoline derivatives using Aniline as the starting material. The compounds were characterized using melting point, TLC, molecular formula determination, NMR and thin layer chromatography. The %yield of the compounds ranged from 82-93%. The compounds were further evaluated for their in-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Pharmacological screening showed potential for treatment of fungal diseases.
This research presents a chemical study of essential oil from Aniba duckei Kostermans, known as rosewood, as well as its test against bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Serratia sp., and Vibrio alginolyticus. For control, were used pipemidic acid, ampicillin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, oxacillin, tetracycline, and vancomycin antibiotics. Oil yield was 1.2% (m/m) with linalool being its major component, with 89.34%. The essential oil was more efficient than all antibiotics tested against Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio alginolyticus. Linalool was less efficient than the Aniba duckei Kosterman’s essential oil, but more effective than many antibiotics. The essential oil, when tested against Bacillus cereus, was second only to gentamicin, while linalool presented less effectiveness than both gentamicin and tetracycline against the same bacteria. But both oil and linalool were effective against Serratia. The Aniba duckei Kosterman’s essential oil activity was better than linalool’s in all cases due to the oil’s minor components action and synergy between them, which hinder resistance developed by bacteria. Key-words- Essential oil, Aniba duckei Kostermans, Rosewood, Linalool, Antibacterial
Rheological behavior and thermal stability of palmitoyl chitosan varying the ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
(i) Laboratory procedures, safety regulations, scientific notations, plotting of data and finding of slope and intercept.
(ii) Determination of formula and composition of a suitable hydrate (CuSO4 5H2O, NiSO4 7H2O etc)
(iii) Determination of the density of a liquid / solution by density bottle / pycnometer method.
(iv) Determination of molecular weight of substances like CHCl3, CCl4 by Victor Meyer’s method.
(v) Determination of molecular weight of organic salts by chemical method.
(vi) Determination of heats of solution of simple salts by calorimeter.
(vii) Determination of heats of solution of sparingly soluble samples in water by measuring solubility as a function of temperature (application of Vants-Hoff equation).
(viii) Determination of distribution coefficients of benzoic acid between (i) hexane and octane (ii) ether and water.
(ix) Determination of heat of neutralization of HCl with NaOH.
(x) Preparation of primary and secondary standard solutions.
(xi) Standardization of HCl acid solution by sodium carbonate solution
(xii) Standardization of NaOH solution by potassium hydrogen phthalate / oxalic acid
(xiii) Standardization of NaOH solution by potassium hydrogen phthalate / oxalic acid
(xiv) Standardization of KMnO4 solution by sodium oxalate
A titration is a technique where a solution of known concentration (titrant) is used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution (analyte). The titrant is added from a burette until the reaction between the titrant and analyte is complete, as indicated by an indicator. Knowing the volume of titrant used allows the concentration of the analyte to be calculated. There are different types of titrations depending on the goals and procedures. Calculations are then performed to find the concentration of the analyte based on the volumes and known concentration of the titrant.
Comparison of the isolation of oil from Nigella damascena seed by pressing, c...Egidijus Dauksas
This document compares different extraction methods for recovering oil from Nigella damascena seeds, including pressing, conventional solvent extraction, and carbon dioxide extraction. Carbon dioxide extraction yielded only 10.57% oil, but adding 1% ethanol increased the yield by 50%. The major fatty acids in the extracted oils were linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, and palmitic acid. Volatile constituents like elemenes made up 21.38-29.16% of the extracts. Free fatty acids, mainly linoleic and oleic acids, constituted 35.04-51.18% of the extracts.
This document defines key terminology used in titration analysis. It explains that a titration determines the concentration of an unknown solution by measuring the volume of a known standard solution required to reach the endpoint of a chemical reaction. The standard solution is called the titrant. The unknown solution is the titrand or analyte. An indicator is used to signal when the endpoint is reached. The equivalence point occurs when the moles of titrant equal the moles of analyte, while the endpoint marks the end of the reaction. Primary standards are pure and used to make secondary standards of known concentration for titrations.
2007 tcnq determinação espectrofotométrica de anilinas com base na carga de t...Patrícia Maria
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1. Scientific World, Vol. 10, No. 10, July 2012
13
INTRODUCTION
The genus Nardostachys commonly known as
Jatamansi is an erect perennial rhizomatous herb of the family
Valerianaceae. It consists of two species, N. jatamansi and
N. chinensis widespread throughout the northern part of
alpine to sub alpine Himalayan region at an altitude of 3000-
5000 m. The rhizome is the source of Spikenard oil.
Traditionally, Jatamansi is used as tonic, stimulant and
antiseptic and also used for the treatment of epilepsy, hysteria,
convolutions, heart palpitation, intestinal colic and
antiarrhythmic activities (1) and also is the active components
of many Ayurvedic formulations such as Tapaswiniwati,
Jestalabangadi, Chandanadi churna and Rachhogna ghrit (2)
etc. Both species are commonly available in the local markets
of Kathmandu.
Extensive work on the chemical constituents as well as
on the composition of the essential oils of Nardostachys is
reported in literature (3-9). Several studies investigated the
antioxidant, cytoprotective, hepatoprotective, nerve growth
promoting, tranquilizing, memory enhancing, fungitoxic and
antibacterial activities (10-16)
The economic potential of Jatamansi is very good as it is
the second highest exportable herbs of Nepal. In the past,
the herbs were exported in the crude state. But nowadays,
according the policy of the Nepalese government the oil is
exported after processing the herb. Therefore, it is deemed
necessary to access the quality of the oils obtained from the
Jatamansi available in the local market. In this paper we report
the comparative chemical composition and physicochemical
properties of the oil obtained from N. jatamansi and N.
chinensis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant materials
The rhizomes of Jatamansi were purchased from two
different local vendors, one from Itumbahal, Kathmandu and
other from Chapagaon, Lalitpur. They were identified as N.
jatamansi and N. chinensis respectively by Prof. R. P.
Chaudhary, Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan
University. The voucher specimens were deposited at the
Central Department of Botany.
Volatile oil extraction
The two species of Jatamansi (100 g each) were
hydrodistiled for 4-5 h in a Clevenger type apparatus to yield
QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE ESSENTIAL OILS FROM
NARDOSTACHYS JATAMANSI (D. DON) DC AND
NARDOSTACHYS CHINENSIS BATAL OBTAINED FROM
KATHMANDU VALLEY MARKET
Mahesh P. Paudyal*, Meena Rajbhandari**, Purushottam Basnet***, Shoji Yahara****
and Mohan B. Gewali*
*Central Department of Chemistry, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
**Research Centre forApplied Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
***School of Health andAllied Sciences, Pokhara University, Pokhara, Nepal (at present,Tromso University, Tromso, Norway).
****Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
Abstract: The chemical composition and physicochemical parameters of the essential oils obtained from two species of
Nardostachys available in Kathmandu market, N. jatamansi (D. Don) and N. chinensis Batal were determined. GC-MS
technique was used for the analysis of the oils. Both oils were characterized by high content of sesquiterpenes. â-gurjunene
and jatamansone were the major sesquiterpene components of both oils. Somewhat variation in the amount of chemical
components was found in two different species. The physical and chemical parameters such as specific gravity, specific
rotation, refractive index and saponification value, acid number, iodine number were very similar for both species. Both oils
were, therefore, of comparable quality.
Key words: Essential oil; Nardostachys; GC-MS; Physiochemical parameters.
Author for Correspondence: Mohan B. Gewali, Central Department of Chemistry, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal. Email: mbgewali@gmail.com
2. Scientific World, Vol. 10, No. 10, July 2012 14
two oils. The oils were collected and dried over Na2
SO4
and
stored at 4°C for further use.
Gaschromatography-massspectrometry
Analytical GC was recorded on gas chromatograph
with a flame ionization detector using a capillary 30 m DB-5
column (J and W Scientific, USA) with 0.25 mm i.d. and 0.1
mm film thickness. The temperature program was 50o
C for 2
minute and increased at 10o
C/minute up to 300o
C for 3 minute.
The carrier gas was Helium at a flow rate 1 ml/min. MS
was operated in the electron impact mode with an ionization
energy of 70eV on a JEOL AX505 mass spectrometer
connected to HP-9000 computer system.
The detected compounds were identified by
processing the raw GC-MS data and comparing with National
Institute of Standard and Technology, NIST, USA mass
spectral database and from retention times and mass spectra
of standard compounds. Relative amounts of detected
compounds were calculated based on GC peak areas.
Determination of physical parameters
Physical parameters were determined according to the
method of Guenther (17)
Specific gravity determination
An ignition tube of known weight (W) was filled first
with essential oil and then with water and the respective
weight W1
and W2
was determined. Then, the specific gravity
was calculated using the formula,
Refractive index determination
The refractive index of the oil was measured by using
Abbe's refractometer.
Optical Rotation Determination
Different concentration of oil solutions (1.0%, 0.5%,
0.25%) were prepared in methanol and the optical rotation
was measured for the solutions of different concentrations.
Then the specific rotation was calculated using the
formula,
Where, á is the angle of rotation of the plane of plane
polarized Light, l is the length of polarimeter tube (mm)
and c is the concentration of oil solution
Determination of chemical parameters
Saponification value determination
Saponification value was determined by standard
procedure. Jatamansi oil (0.5 gm) was accurately weighed
and dissolved in 10 ml of ethanol and then 10 ml of 2.5
N potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution was added. This
procedure was performed in duplicate and blank
experiment was also performed omitting the oil. The
mixture was refluxed for two hours then cooled. The un-
reacted KOH was titrated with standard N/2 oxalic acid
by adding 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Then,
the saponification value was determined using the
following equation.
Where, W is the weight of oil, V1
is the volume of N/2
oxalic acid for blank, V2
is the volume of N/2 oxalic acid for
sample
Acid value determination
Acid value was determined according to the method of
Guenther (17). Oil (0.5 gm) was accurately weighted and
dissolved in 10 ml of 95% ethanol and 2-3 drops of
phenolphthalein indicator was added. The free acid was
then titrated with standard 0.1 N aqueous sodium hydroxide
solution by adding the alkali drop-wise at a uniform rate of
about 30 drops per minute. The content of the flask was
continuously agitated. The first appearance of the red
coloration that did not fade within 10 seconds was considered
the end point. Then, the acid value (A.V) was calculated
using the following equation,
Iodine number determination
Iodine number was determined according to the method
of Guenther (17). Oil (0.25 gm) was dissolved in 10 ml of
chloroform. Then 25 ml of iodobromide solution was added
and allowed to stand for 30 minutes in dark.Again 30 ml of
1N potassium iodide and 100 ml of distilled water were added
and the liberated iodine was titrated with N/10 solution of
sodium thiosulphate with constant shaking. When iodine
color became quite pale, 1 ml of 1% starch solution was added
and the titration was continued until the blue color was
discharged. A blank test was also carried out parallel under
identical condition. The iodine number was determined using
the formula,
Where, W is the weight of sample, V1
is the number of
ml of thiosulphate consumed by the blank, V2
is the number
of ml of thiosulphate consumed by the test sample.
Iodobromide solution was prepared by dissolving iodine
(13.2 gm ) in 1000 ml glacial acetic acid by gentle heating.
The solution was cooled to 250
C and the iodine content in
20 ml was determined by titration with N/10 Sodium
thiosulphate. To the remaining of the solution a quantity of
bromine molecularly equivalent to that of the iodine
present was added.
3. Scientific World, Vol. 10, No. 10, July 2012
15
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the
rhizomes of N. jatamansi and N. chinensis were slightly
viscous oil with strong spicy order. They differ slightly in
color with light green for N. jatamansi and yellowish green
for N. chinensis. The yields were 1.5% for N. jatamansi and
1.7% for N. chinensis on dry weight basis.
The GC analysis of essential oils of N. jatamansi and N.
chinensis allowed the detection of 31 and 32 components
respectively and 15 components were identified on both
species on the basis of retention time and comparing with
mass spectral database of standard compounds. They
accounted for 63.41% and 53.17% of the two essential oils of
N. jatamansi and N. chinensis respectively.
Out of 15 components, 13 in both oils were identified as
sesquiterpenes, one as aromatic compound and one as
coumarin derivative. The major sesquiterpene constituents
identified in both N. jatamansi and N. chinensis were â-
gurjunene and jatamansone with some variation in their
amount (Table 1).
Monoterpenes such as á-pinene, camphene, limonene,
1, 8-cineole and sesquiterpenes such as jatamanson,
nardostachone, á-gurjunene, â- gurjunene, aristolenone, á-
patchoulene, â- patchoulene, patchoulialcohol, nardol, â-
maaliene, eudesmane jatamols, spirojatamol (3, 4, 6,18, 19)
have been reported in N. jatamansi. Similarly, sesquiterpenes
such as aristolene, â-maaliene, isonardosione, nardostachin,
nardofuran, nardoquaianone (3, 20-22) have been reported
in N. chinensis.
However, comparison of our results with the literature
indicated that in both species, monoterpenes were not
identified, several previously unreported sesquiterpenes
were identified and the aromatic compound and the coumarin
derivative were reported for the first time. However, the main
components (which were identified) of the chemical
composition of the two locally available Jatamansi essential
oils looked very similar and somewhat different from that
reported in the literature. Therefore, it became necessary to
identify all the unidentified GC peaks by comparison with
mass spectral database which would provide the complete
picture of chemical components present in the oil.
The physicochemical properties of the oils were evaluated
using the standard procedure and the results are presented
in Table 2. The specific gravity and refractive index values
are close to each other. Both oils are levorotatory. The
saponification value and acid number is slightly greater for
N. jatamansi indicated the presence of high amount of fatty
acids and free acids where but iodine value is slightly greater
for N. chinensis indicated the presence of more unsaturated
compounds.
In conclusion, based on the chemical profile and
physicochemical parameters the two essential oils obtained
from N. jatamansi and N. chinensis obtained from Kathmandu
valley market were found to be of comparable quality. The
minor differences might have arisen due to the difference in
climatic and topographic condition of habitat and harvesting
as well as duration and the condition of storage of the
samples (23).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study was accomplished from a grant from
Volkswagen Foundation, Germany.
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