5
4-6 September 2002, Edinburgh, UK, Pages 5-11.
Bos, Foster & Matheson (eds): Proceedings of the sixth workshop on the semantics and pragmatics of dialogue (EDILOG 2002),
5
4-6 September 2002, Edinburgh, UK, Pages 5-11.
Bos, Foster & Matheson (eds): Proceedings of the sixth workshop on the semantics and pragmatics of dialogue (EDILOG 2002),
5
4-6 September 2002, Edinburgh, UK, Pages 5-11.
Bos, Foster & Matheson (eds): Proceedings of the sixth workshop on the semantics and pragmatics of dialogue (EDILOG 2002),
5
4-6 September 2002, Edinburgh, UK, Pages 5-11.
Bos, Foster & Matheson (eds): Proceedings of the sixth workshop on the semantics and pragmatics of dialogue (EDILOG 2002),
5
4-6 September 2002, Edinburgh, UK, Pages 5-11.
Bos, Foster & Matheson (eds): Proceedings of the sixth workshop on the semantics and pragmatics of dialogue (EDILOG 2002),
Cooperation and Collaboration in Natural Command Language
Dialogues
J. Gabriel Amores and José F. Quesada
University of Seville
[email protected][email protected]
Abstract
This paper discusses cooperative and collabora-
tive behaviour in Natural Command Language
Dialogues (NCLDs). We first introduce Natural
Command Language Dialogues and then briefly
compare them with other types of dialogue. Co-
operation and collaboration in NCLDs is then
analyzed. Finally, a typology of conflicts in
NCLDs is proposed, for which a solution has
been implemented in two spoken dialogue proto-
types. Sample dialogues are taken from research
carried out under the Siridus and D’Homme Eu-
ropean projects.
1 Natural Command Language
Dialogues
A Natural Command Language (NCL) is a com-
mand language expressed through the medium
of natural language. We take NCLs as the set of
input and output natural language expressions
which are acceptable in a given application do-
main. This domain is semantically defined by
the functions (commands) known by the user
and the system, and the natural language vo-
cabulary which may be used to express those
commands. In addition, NCLs should contain
metalinguistic patterns and expressions typical
of human–like interaction. Natural Command
Language Dialogues are artificially constructed
models of action–oriented dialogues (including
knowledge representation and reasoning) able
to guide the interaction between the different
parts involved in a dialogue based on a NCL. A
NCLD should allow the following kinds of phe-
nomena:
• Multiple Task NCL: In contrast to
Task–Oriented Dialogue models, NCLDs
must be able to manage different tasks.
Thus, one of the main functions of NCLD
systems will be task detection, as will be
explained below.
• Context Dependency: Only at the di-
alogue level is it possible to understand
anaphora, ellipsis and other context de-
pendent constructions. From the dialogue
system design persepective, the treatment
of these discourse phenomena will imply
the representation and storage of the whole
dialogue history. For an illustration, see
(Quesada and Amo ...
Cooperation and Collaboration in Natural Command Language Dialogue.docxdonnajames55
Cooperation and Collaboration in Natural Command Language Dialogues
J. Gabriel Amores and Jos ́e F. Quesada University of Seville
Abstract
This paper discusses cooperative and collabora- tive behaviour in Natural Command Language Dialogues (NCLDs). We first introduce Natural Command Language Dialogues and then briefly compare them with other types of dialogue. Co- operation and collaboration in NCLDs is then analyzed. Finally, a typology of conflicts in NCLDs is proposed, for which a solution has been implemented in two spoken dialogue proto- types. Sample dialogues are taken from research carried out under the Siridus and D’Homme Eu- ropean projects.
1 Natural Command Language Dialogues
A Natural Command Language (NCL) is a com- mand language expressed through the medium of natural language. We take NCLs as the set of input and output natural language expressions which are acceptable in a given application do- main. This domain is semantically defined by the functions (commands) known by the user and the system, and the natural language vo- cabulary which may be used to express those commands. In addition, NCLs should contain metalinguistic patterns and expressions typical of human–like interaction. Natural Command Language Dialogues are artificially constructed models of action–oriented dialogues (including knowledge representation and reasoning) able to guide the interaction between the different parts involved in a dialogue based on a NCL. A NCLD should allow the following kinds of phe- nomena:
• Multiple Task NCL: In contrast to Task–Oriented Dialogue models, NCLDs must be able to manage different tasks. Thus, one of the main functions of NCLD
systems will be task detection, as will be explained below.
• Context Dependency: Only at the di- alogue level is it possible to understand anaphora, ellipsis and other context de- pendent constructions. From the dialogue system design persepective, the treatment of these discourse phenomena will imply the representation and storage of the whole dialogue history. For an illustration, see (Quesada and Amores, 2002) in this vol- ume.
• Man–Machine Interaction: An ade- quate level of naturalness and flexibility in the flow of interactions (restricted to the linguistic limitations of the underlying NCL), relevance and adequacy of the out- puts, and consistency (order of arguments in commands) should be accomplished.
• Interface with External Functional Components: NCLs are aimed at the specification of commands belonging to a command language. The user’s goal is to execute the command(s). Therefore, the dialogue level must not only under- stand the naturally expressed commands, but also execute them. In fact, this im- plies the definition and use of another Com- mand Language between the NCLD Sys- tem and the external functional compo- nents in charge of the execution of the com- mands.
This conceptualization of NCLs has been ap- plied in two spoken dialogue systems under the Siridus and D’H.
The document discusses requirements engineering (RE) and how language, knowledge, and mirror neurons impact the RE process. RE involves elicitation and analysis activities between customers and software vendors. It is a social process that requires understanding stakeholders' perspectives which can be hindered by differences in language and domain knowledge. Mirror neurons activate when observing and understanding behaviors and help with social cognition and empathy. For effective RE, organizations need methods to expose participants to different domains early to overcome knowledge and language barriers, clearly define business objects, and recognize the social nature of RE where technical tools enable human understanding.
hExarAbax makkAmasjix samayaM anni rojulu 5:00 am - 9:00 pm
(Mecca Masjid timings in Hyderabad - All days 5:00 am - 9:00 pm)
User query: makkAmasjix PIju eVMwa?
(What is the fee for Mecca Masjid?)
POS-tagger: makkAmasjix PIju/WQ eVMwa
Replace with root word: makkAmasjix PIju/WQ eMwa
Context Handler: Updates context to 'makkAmasjix'
Advanced Filter: Keywords - makkAmas
This document discusses data coding procedures for second language research. It covers preparing data for coding through transcription of oral data and using transcription conventions. It also discusses different scales of measurement used in coding data, including nominal, ordinal, and interval scales. Common types of second language data are described, such as oral data from interviews or classroom recordings. The importance of transcription and developing appropriate conventions is emphasized to facilitate coding and analysis of qualitative data.
AN INTERSEMIOTIC TRANSLATION OF NORMATIVE UTTERANCES TO MACHINE LANGUAGEIJwest
Programming Languages (PL) effectively performs an intersemiotic translation from a natural language to
machine language. PL comprises a set of instructions to implement algorithms, i.e., to perform
(computational) tasks. Similarly to Normative Languages (NoL), PLs are formal languages that can
perform both regulative and constitutive functions. The paper presents the first results of interdisciplinary
research aimed at highlighting the similarities between NoL (social sciences) and PL (computer science)
through everyday life examples, exploiting Object-Oriented Programming Language tools and an Internet
of Things (IoT) system as a case study. Given the pandemic emergency, the urge to move part of our social
life to the digital world arose, together with the need to effectively transpose regulative rules and
constitutive rules through different strategies for translating a normative utterance expressed in natural
language.
An Intersemiotic Translation of Normative Utterances to Machine Languagedannyijwest
This document discusses translating normative utterances expressed in natural language to machine language through programming. It begins by providing context on intersemiotic translation and programming languages. It then distinguishes between regulative and constitutive rules, and explores how each could be translated to Java code. For regulative rules, which regulate pre-existing behaviors, an example is given of coding a rule that turns on a light when motion is detected. For constitutive rules, which define new types of behaviors, an example examines how an object-oriented programming approach could represent real-world devices and their functions through defined classes and properties.
The document presents an annotation schema for annotating Arabic inquiry-answer dialogues. The schema focuses on request and response dialogue acts that frequently occur in inquiry-answer conversations involving requesting services, suggestions, and offers. The schema was applied to annotate 83 Arabic inquiry-answer dialogues. It defines dialogue acts across request, response, and other dimensions to capture communicative functions related to requesting and responding to inquiries.
Proposal of an Ontology Applied to Technical Debt on PL/SQL DevelopmentJorge Barreto
The document proposes an ontology for technical debt in PL/SQL development. It discusses relevant concepts like ontologies, technical debt, and PL/SQL. An initial model is developed in Protégé with five types of technical debt - documentation, requirements, tests, design, and code. The model could be expanded to include more debt types and relationships. The ontology provides a standardized vocabulary to describe technical debt for PL/SQL developers.
Cooperation and Collaboration in Natural Command Language Dialogue.docxdonnajames55
Cooperation and Collaboration in Natural Command Language Dialogues
J. Gabriel Amores and Jos ́e F. Quesada University of Seville
Abstract
This paper discusses cooperative and collabora- tive behaviour in Natural Command Language Dialogues (NCLDs). We first introduce Natural Command Language Dialogues and then briefly compare them with other types of dialogue. Co- operation and collaboration in NCLDs is then analyzed. Finally, a typology of conflicts in NCLDs is proposed, for which a solution has been implemented in two spoken dialogue proto- types. Sample dialogues are taken from research carried out under the Siridus and D’Homme Eu- ropean projects.
1 Natural Command Language Dialogues
A Natural Command Language (NCL) is a com- mand language expressed through the medium of natural language. We take NCLs as the set of input and output natural language expressions which are acceptable in a given application do- main. This domain is semantically defined by the functions (commands) known by the user and the system, and the natural language vo- cabulary which may be used to express those commands. In addition, NCLs should contain metalinguistic patterns and expressions typical of human–like interaction. Natural Command Language Dialogues are artificially constructed models of action–oriented dialogues (including knowledge representation and reasoning) able to guide the interaction between the different parts involved in a dialogue based on a NCL. A NCLD should allow the following kinds of phe- nomena:
• Multiple Task NCL: In contrast to Task–Oriented Dialogue models, NCLDs must be able to manage different tasks. Thus, one of the main functions of NCLD
systems will be task detection, as will be explained below.
• Context Dependency: Only at the di- alogue level is it possible to understand anaphora, ellipsis and other context de- pendent constructions. From the dialogue system design persepective, the treatment of these discourse phenomena will imply the representation and storage of the whole dialogue history. For an illustration, see (Quesada and Amores, 2002) in this vol- ume.
• Man–Machine Interaction: An ade- quate level of naturalness and flexibility in the flow of interactions (restricted to the linguistic limitations of the underlying NCL), relevance and adequacy of the out- puts, and consistency (order of arguments in commands) should be accomplished.
• Interface with External Functional Components: NCLs are aimed at the specification of commands belonging to a command language. The user’s goal is to execute the command(s). Therefore, the dialogue level must not only under- stand the naturally expressed commands, but also execute them. In fact, this im- plies the definition and use of another Com- mand Language between the NCLD Sys- tem and the external functional compo- nents in charge of the execution of the com- mands.
This conceptualization of NCLs has been ap- plied in two spoken dialogue systems under the Siridus and D’H.
The document discusses requirements engineering (RE) and how language, knowledge, and mirror neurons impact the RE process. RE involves elicitation and analysis activities between customers and software vendors. It is a social process that requires understanding stakeholders' perspectives which can be hindered by differences in language and domain knowledge. Mirror neurons activate when observing and understanding behaviors and help with social cognition and empathy. For effective RE, organizations need methods to expose participants to different domains early to overcome knowledge and language barriers, clearly define business objects, and recognize the social nature of RE where technical tools enable human understanding.
hExarAbax makkAmasjix samayaM anni rojulu 5:00 am - 9:00 pm
(Mecca Masjid timings in Hyderabad - All days 5:00 am - 9:00 pm)
User query: makkAmasjix PIju eVMwa?
(What is the fee for Mecca Masjid?)
POS-tagger: makkAmasjix PIju/WQ eVMwa
Replace with root word: makkAmasjix PIju/WQ eMwa
Context Handler: Updates context to 'makkAmasjix'
Advanced Filter: Keywords - makkAmas
This document discusses data coding procedures for second language research. It covers preparing data for coding through transcription of oral data and using transcription conventions. It also discusses different scales of measurement used in coding data, including nominal, ordinal, and interval scales. Common types of second language data are described, such as oral data from interviews or classroom recordings. The importance of transcription and developing appropriate conventions is emphasized to facilitate coding and analysis of qualitative data.
AN INTERSEMIOTIC TRANSLATION OF NORMATIVE UTTERANCES TO MACHINE LANGUAGEIJwest
Programming Languages (PL) effectively performs an intersemiotic translation from a natural language to
machine language. PL comprises a set of instructions to implement algorithms, i.e., to perform
(computational) tasks. Similarly to Normative Languages (NoL), PLs are formal languages that can
perform both regulative and constitutive functions. The paper presents the first results of interdisciplinary
research aimed at highlighting the similarities between NoL (social sciences) and PL (computer science)
through everyday life examples, exploiting Object-Oriented Programming Language tools and an Internet
of Things (IoT) system as a case study. Given the pandemic emergency, the urge to move part of our social
life to the digital world arose, together with the need to effectively transpose regulative rules and
constitutive rules through different strategies for translating a normative utterance expressed in natural
language.
An Intersemiotic Translation of Normative Utterances to Machine Languagedannyijwest
This document discusses translating normative utterances expressed in natural language to machine language through programming. It begins by providing context on intersemiotic translation and programming languages. It then distinguishes between regulative and constitutive rules, and explores how each could be translated to Java code. For regulative rules, which regulate pre-existing behaviors, an example is given of coding a rule that turns on a light when motion is detected. For constitutive rules, which define new types of behaviors, an example examines how an object-oriented programming approach could represent real-world devices and their functions through defined classes and properties.
The document presents an annotation schema for annotating Arabic inquiry-answer dialogues. The schema focuses on request and response dialogue acts that frequently occur in inquiry-answer conversations involving requesting services, suggestions, and offers. The schema was applied to annotate 83 Arabic inquiry-answer dialogues. It defines dialogue acts across request, response, and other dimensions to capture communicative functions related to requesting and responding to inquiries.
Proposal of an Ontology Applied to Technical Debt on PL/SQL DevelopmentJorge Barreto
The document proposes an ontology for technical debt in PL/SQL development. It discusses relevant concepts like ontologies, technical debt, and PL/SQL. An initial model is developed in Protégé with five types of technical debt - documentation, requirements, tests, design, and code. The model could be expanded to include more debt types and relationships. The ontology provides a standardized vocabulary to describe technical debt for PL/SQL developers.
Comparative Analysis of Existing and a Novel Approach to Topic Detection on C...kevig
Topic detection in dialogue datasets has become a significant challenge for unsupervised
and unlabeled data to develop a cohesive and engaging dialogue system. In this paper, we
proposed unsupervised and semi-supervised techniques for topic detection in the conversational dialogue dataset and compared them with existing topic detection techniques. The
paper proposes a novel approach for topic detection, which takes preprocessed data as an
input and performs similarity analysis with the TF-IDF scores bag of words technique
(BOW) to identify higher frequency words from dialogue utterances. It then refines the
higher frequency words by integrating the clustering and elbow methods and using the Parallel Latent Dirichlet Allocation (PLDA) model to detect the topics. The paper comprised a
comparative analysis of the proposed approach on the Switchboard, Personachat and MultiWOZ dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed topic detection approach
performs significantly better using a semi-supervised dialogue dataset. We also performed
topic quantification to check how accurate extracted topics are to compare with manually
annotated data. For example, extracted topics from Switchboard are 92.72%, Peronachat
87.31% and MultiWOZ 93.15% accurate with manually annotated data.
Comparative Analysis of Existing and a Novel Approach to Topic Detection on C...kevig
Topic detection in dialogue datasets has become a significant challenge for unsupervised
and unlabeled data to develop a cohesive and engaging dialogue system. In this paper, we
proposed unsupervised and semi-supervised techniques for topic detection in the conversational dialogue dataset and compared them with existing topic detection techniques. The
paper proposes a novel approach for topic detection, which takes preprocessed data as an
input and performs similarity analysis with the TF-IDF scores bag of words technique
(BOW) to identify higher frequency words from dialogue utterances. It then refines the
higher frequency words by integrating the clustering and elbow methods and using the Parallel Latent Dirichlet Allocation (PLDA) model to detect the topics. The paper comprised a
comparative analysis of the proposed approach on the Switchboard, Personachat and MultiWOZ dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed topic detection approach
performs significantly better using a semi-supervised dialogue dataset. We also performed
topic quantification to check how accurate extracted topics are to compare with manually
annotated data. For example, extracted topics from Switchboard are 92.72%, Peronachat
87.31% and MultiWOZ 93.15% accurate with manually annotated data.
Pseudo code allows programmers to define logic as plain steps to solve a problem before implementing the actual program. This helps programmers understand complex problems, define all possible solution steps completely, and get verification without output. Using pseudo code can save significant time and cost during implementation. Pseudo code is defined in natural language, making it easily understood by other programmers.
The document argues that programming languages should better support collaborative and interactive programming between humans and computers. It suggests drawing from research on natural language dialogue to improve how programmers and computers reference programs during development. Key aspects that could help include maintaining shared context and allowing feedback to iteratively refine intended programs, rather than requiring fully specifying programs upfront. The document outlines how programming by collaborative reference could resolve issues like overloading and type inference interactively.
Semantic Rules Representation in Controlled Natural Language in FluentEditorCognitum
Abstract. The purpose of this paper is to present a way of representation of semantic rules (SWRL) in controlled natural language (English) in order to facilitate understanding the rules by humans interacting with a machine. The rule representation is implemented in FluentEditor – ontology editor with controlled natural language (CNL). The representation can be used in a lot of domains where people interact with machines and use specialized interfaces to define knowledge in a system (semantic knowledge base), e.g. representing medical knowledge and guidelines, procedures in crisis management or in management of any coordination processes. Such knowledge bases are able to support decision making in any discipline provided there is a knowledge stored in a proper semantic way.
IMPROVING DIALOGUE MANAGEMENT THROUGH DATA OPTIMIZATIONkevig
In task-oriented dialogue systems, the ability for users to effortlessly communicate with machines and
computers through natural language stands as a critical advancement. Central to these systems is the
dialogue manager, a pivotal component tasked with navigating the conversation to effectively meet user
goals by selecting the most appropriate response. Traditionally, the development of sophisticated dialogue
management has embraced a variety of methodologies, including rule-based systems, reinforcement
learning, and supervised learning, all aimed at optimizing response selection in light of user inputs. This
research casts a spotlight on the pivotal role of data quality in enhancing the performance of dialogue
managers. Through a detailed examination of prevalent errors within acclaimed datasets, such as
Multiwoz 2.1 and SGD, we introduce an innovative synthetic dialogue generator designed to control the
introduction of errors precisely. Our comprehensive analysis underscores the critical impact of dataset
imperfections, especially mislabeling, on the challenges inherent in refining dialogue management
processes.
Improving Dialogue Management Through Data Optimizationkevig
In task-oriented dialogue systems, the ability for users to effortlessly communicate with machines and computers through natural language stands as a critical advancement. Central to these systems is the dialogue manager, a pivotal component tasked with navigating the conversation to effectively meet user goals by selecting the most appropriate response. Traditionally, the development of sophisticated dialogue management has embraced a variety of methodologies, including rule-based systems, reinforcement learning, and supervised learning, all aimed at optimizing response selection in light of user inputs. This research casts a spotlight on the pivotal role of data quality in enhancing the performance of dialogue managers. Through a detailed examination of prevalent errors within acclaimed datasets, such as Multiwoz 2.1 and SGD, we introduce an innovative synthetic dialogue generator designed to control the introduction of errors precisely. Our comprehensive analysis underscores the critical impact of dataset imperfections, especially mislabeling, on the challenges inherent in refining dialogue management processes.
This paper presents a vision on how the software development process could be a fully unified mechanized
process by getting benefits from the advances of Natural Language Processing and Program Synthesis
fields. The process begins from requirements written in natural language that is translated to sentences in
logical form. A program synthesizer gets those sentences in logical form (the translator's outcome) and
generates a source code. Finally, a compiler produces ready-to-run software. To find out how the building
blocks of our proposed approach works, we conducted an exploratory research on the literature in the
fields of Requirements Engineering, Natural Language Processing, and Program Synthesis. Currently, this
approach is difficult to accomplish in a fully automatic way due to the ambiguities inherent in natural
language, the reasoning context of the software, and the program synthesizer limitations in generating a
source code from logic.
Translation Ally: Document and Audio TranslatorIRJET Journal
This document describes a web application called Translation Ally that aims to remove language barriers in business communication by translating documents and audio files between languages. The application allows users to upload files in various formats like text, Word, Excel, and audio, select the source and target languages, and receive a translated file in the target language. The key technologies used include Python, Django, and machine translation APIs to perform the actual translation. A survey of common business document formats found that PDF, Word and Excel were the most widely used. The proposed system aims to preserve formatting of translated documents and support more language pairs compared to existing translation tools.
The document summarizes a PhD student's research on developing a Debate Dashboard to reduce the barriers to adoption of online argument mapping tools. The Dashboard would provide three types of visual feedback on conversations to users: details on participants, how users interact, and the generated content. This feedback aims to decrease the cognitive effort required for users and make the benefits of argument mapping tools more apparent. An initial prototype of the Dashboard will be designed by integrating selected visualization tools and tested through expert interviews and a user survey.
This document describes a chatbot project that was developed to answer queries from UT-Dallas students. The chatbot uses natural language processing and a domain-specific knowledge base about UT-Dallas and its library to analyze user queries and generate relevant responses. It was implemented as an Android application using speech recognition and contains modules for tokenization, sentiment analysis, and pattern matching to understand and respond to queries. The document outlines the architecture, knowledge representation, matching algorithm, and provides examples of conversations with the chatbot.
This document discusses Domain Driven Design (DDD). It provides an overview of DDD, including that it focuses on removing translation barriers between a domain, development team, and software design. It also describes common building blocks of domain models such as entities, value objects, factories, repositories, and services. Additionally, it discusses refactoring a model to gain deeper insight, including making implicit concepts explicit.
IRJET - Gesture based Communication Recognition SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed gesture-based communication recognition system that aims to translate between finger spelling and speech to help facilitate communication between deaf and hearing individuals. It discusses using techniques like mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) to extract features from speech for recognition purposes. The system architecture involves preprocessing and modeling input signals, extracting features, and performing feature matching. Challenges with vision-based hand motion recognition are also presented, and the motivation for the project is to help reduce dependence on sign language interpreters for deaf individuals.
Conversational AI Agents have become mainstream today due to significant advancements in the methods required to build accurate models, such as machine learning and deep learning, and, secondly, because they are seen as a natural fit in a wide range of domains, such as healthcare, e-commerce, customer service, tourism, and education, that rely heavily on natural language conversations in day-to-day operations. This rapid increase in demand has been matched by an equally rapid rate of research and development, with new products being introduced on a daily basis.
Learn More:https://bit.ly/3tBkT81
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International Journal on Natural Language Computing (IJNLC) Vol. 4, No.2,Apri...ijnlc
Building
dialogues systems
interaction
has recently gained considerable
attention, but most of the
resourc
es and systems built so far are
tailored to
English and other Indo
-
European languages. The need
for designing
systems for
other languages is increasing such as Arabic language.
For this reasons, there
are more int
erest for Arabic dialogue acts classification
task because it
a key player in Arabic language
under
standing
to
bu
ilding this systems
.
This paper surveys
different techniques
for dialogue acts classification
for Arabic.
W
e describe the
main existing techniques for utterances segmentations and
classification, annotation schemas, and
test corpora for Arabic
dialogues understanding
that have introduced
in the literature
Information system project management (IT - project) is a complex iterative process. An important role for the development of complex IT projects plays records of the development lifecycle (LC). The article presents an analysis of the effectiveness of the work on the creation of IT - projects based on two modified models of the life cycle: cascade and spiral. Analysis of the effectiveness of the management of the IT project was implemented on the basis of simulation. The modeling was carried out on the basis of Any Ljgic tools on the example of development of geoinformation system (GIS). It is shown that it is advisable to design GIS on the basis of a modified spiral LC with splitting of the flow of requirements at the input. The peculiarity of the proposed study is to take into account the requirements in the form of communicative interactions of different types. Under the communicative interactions are understood all the interactions between the subjects of the process of creating an IT-project: verbal and non - verbal, carried out on the basis of CASE-means.
The document discusses and classifies various knowledge management tools. It describes tools for knowledge generation, codification, and transfer. Some tools enhance knowledge creation, while others enable knowledge sharing and application. Tools include blogs, wikis, content management systems, data mining, and intelligent filtering. Proper tool selection depends on the organization's business strategy and knowledge management needs.
Information system project management (IT - project) is a complex iterative process. An important role for the development of complex IT projects plays records of the development lifecycle (LC). The article presents an analysis of the effectiveness of the work on the creation of IT - projects based on two modified models of the life cycle: cascade and spiral. Analysis of the effectiveness of the management of the IT project was implemented on the basis of simulation. The modeling was carried out on the basis of Any Ljgic tools on the example of development of geoinformation system (GIS). It is shown that it is advisable to design GIS on the basis of a modified spiral LC with splitting of the flow of requirements at the input. The peculiarity of the proposed study is to take into account the requirements in the form of communicative interactions of different types. Under the communicative interactions are understood all the interactions between the subjects of the process of creating an IT-project: verbal and non - verbal, carried out on the basis of CASE-means
This document provides an overview of natural language processing (NLP) and its history, current applications, and future potential. It discusses how NLP systems work to understand human language by parsing sentences and querying databases. While NLP systems have improved greatly in recent decades, challenges remain around varying syntax, exceeding system rules or concepts, and fully achieving speech recognition or language translation. The future of NLP looks promising for more advanced text analysis, generation and translation capabilities.
Sujan Azad Parikh - Localization and how to write for a new medium: a review ...Sujan Azad Parikh
Over the last two decades, an increasing number of publications have described the differences between print and screen writing, both from prescriptive and empirical perspectives. These recommendations are of paramount importance to localizers, as the ability to adjust their writing style to different mediums, genres and communicative situations is one of the essential skills these professionals should acquire. This paper offers a review of recommendations in web and software writing style guides in order to provide a concise summary for localization professionals and trainees. The overview encompasses guidelines from language, localization type, company-specific style guides, and usability publications.
1. Report contentThe report should demonstrate your understa.docxblondellchancy
1. Report content
The report should demonstrate your understanding of good project management and health and safety management as appropriate within the context of your chosen project and event.
The report will present the context/background of the chosen project, describe the project, and present student’s critical reflection and thoughts on the management of one particular event/issue of project. The impacts of the event/issue on (1) people, (2) cost, (3) time, (4) health and safety, (5) sustainability, and (6) Ethics will be explored. Using the theory and tools presented in the lectures across the module as well as their own independent research, students should suggest and discuss solutions to (1) overcome the challenges and manage the risks associated with the event/issue, and (2) improve the efficiency, sustainability and ethics of the management of the event/issue.
Appendices and references must be used to demonstrate study that has been undertaken and to provide sources for points made in the body of the report. This will include copies of any individual or group student work undertaken during the module.
The student should refer to the learning materials and readings provided across the module, but are also recommended to give appropriate regard to any additional useful material available online in terms of theory and practice.
.
1. Research the assessment process for ELL students in your state. W.docxblondellchancy
1. Research the assessment process for ELL students in your state. What is the process your district goes through to properly identify students for ESL program placement?
2. Planning for effective instruction is the key to academic success for students. Using data to inform instruction is a regular process. Discuss how teachers can use longitudinal data along with other formative classroom assessments to design effective instruction.
200-300
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(BOW) to identify higher frequency words from dialogue utterances. It then refines the
higher frequency words by integrating the clustering and elbow methods and using the Parallel Latent Dirichlet Allocation (PLDA) model to detect the topics. The paper comprised a
comparative analysis of the proposed approach on the Switchboard, Personachat and MultiWOZ dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed topic detection approach
performs significantly better using a semi-supervised dialogue dataset. We also performed
topic quantification to check how accurate extracted topics are to compare with manually
annotated data. For example, extracted topics from Switchboard are 92.72%, Peronachat
87.31% and MultiWOZ 93.15% accurate with manually annotated data.
Pseudo code allows programmers to define logic as plain steps to solve a problem before implementing the actual program. This helps programmers understand complex problems, define all possible solution steps completely, and get verification without output. Using pseudo code can save significant time and cost during implementation. Pseudo code is defined in natural language, making it easily understood by other programmers.
The document argues that programming languages should better support collaborative and interactive programming between humans and computers. It suggests drawing from research on natural language dialogue to improve how programmers and computers reference programs during development. Key aspects that could help include maintaining shared context and allowing feedback to iteratively refine intended programs, rather than requiring fully specifying programs upfront. The document outlines how programming by collaborative reference could resolve issues like overloading and type inference interactively.
Semantic Rules Representation in Controlled Natural Language in FluentEditorCognitum
Abstract. The purpose of this paper is to present a way of representation of semantic rules (SWRL) in controlled natural language (English) in order to facilitate understanding the rules by humans interacting with a machine. The rule representation is implemented in FluentEditor – ontology editor with controlled natural language (CNL). The representation can be used in a lot of domains where people interact with machines and use specialized interfaces to define knowledge in a system (semantic knowledge base), e.g. representing medical knowledge and guidelines, procedures in crisis management or in management of any coordination processes. Such knowledge bases are able to support decision making in any discipline provided there is a knowledge stored in a proper semantic way.
IMPROVING DIALOGUE MANAGEMENT THROUGH DATA OPTIMIZATIONkevig
In task-oriented dialogue systems, the ability for users to effortlessly communicate with machines and
computers through natural language stands as a critical advancement. Central to these systems is the
dialogue manager, a pivotal component tasked with navigating the conversation to effectively meet user
goals by selecting the most appropriate response. Traditionally, the development of sophisticated dialogue
management has embraced a variety of methodologies, including rule-based systems, reinforcement
learning, and supervised learning, all aimed at optimizing response selection in light of user inputs. This
research casts a spotlight on the pivotal role of data quality in enhancing the performance of dialogue
managers. Through a detailed examination of prevalent errors within acclaimed datasets, such as
Multiwoz 2.1 and SGD, we introduce an innovative synthetic dialogue generator designed to control the
introduction of errors precisely. Our comprehensive analysis underscores the critical impact of dataset
imperfections, especially mislabeling, on the challenges inherent in refining dialogue management
processes.
Improving Dialogue Management Through Data Optimizationkevig
In task-oriented dialogue systems, the ability for users to effortlessly communicate with machines and computers through natural language stands as a critical advancement. Central to these systems is the dialogue manager, a pivotal component tasked with navigating the conversation to effectively meet user goals by selecting the most appropriate response. Traditionally, the development of sophisticated dialogue management has embraced a variety of methodologies, including rule-based systems, reinforcement learning, and supervised learning, all aimed at optimizing response selection in light of user inputs. This research casts a spotlight on the pivotal role of data quality in enhancing the performance of dialogue managers. Through a detailed examination of prevalent errors within acclaimed datasets, such as Multiwoz 2.1 and SGD, we introduce an innovative synthetic dialogue generator designed to control the introduction of errors precisely. Our comprehensive analysis underscores the critical impact of dataset imperfections, especially mislabeling, on the challenges inherent in refining dialogue management processes.
This paper presents a vision on how the software development process could be a fully unified mechanized
process by getting benefits from the advances of Natural Language Processing and Program Synthesis
fields. The process begins from requirements written in natural language that is translated to sentences in
logical form. A program synthesizer gets those sentences in logical form (the translator's outcome) and
generates a source code. Finally, a compiler produces ready-to-run software. To find out how the building
blocks of our proposed approach works, we conducted an exploratory research on the literature in the
fields of Requirements Engineering, Natural Language Processing, and Program Synthesis. Currently, this
approach is difficult to accomplish in a fully automatic way due to the ambiguities inherent in natural
language, the reasoning context of the software, and the program synthesizer limitations in generating a
source code from logic.
Translation Ally: Document and Audio TranslatorIRJET Journal
This document describes a web application called Translation Ally that aims to remove language barriers in business communication by translating documents and audio files between languages. The application allows users to upload files in various formats like text, Word, Excel, and audio, select the source and target languages, and receive a translated file in the target language. The key technologies used include Python, Django, and machine translation APIs to perform the actual translation. A survey of common business document formats found that PDF, Word and Excel were the most widely used. The proposed system aims to preserve formatting of translated documents and support more language pairs compared to existing translation tools.
The document summarizes a PhD student's research on developing a Debate Dashboard to reduce the barriers to adoption of online argument mapping tools. The Dashboard would provide three types of visual feedback on conversations to users: details on participants, how users interact, and the generated content. This feedback aims to decrease the cognitive effort required for users and make the benefits of argument mapping tools more apparent. An initial prototype of the Dashboard will be designed by integrating selected visualization tools and tested through expert interviews and a user survey.
This document describes a chatbot project that was developed to answer queries from UT-Dallas students. The chatbot uses natural language processing and a domain-specific knowledge base about UT-Dallas and its library to analyze user queries and generate relevant responses. It was implemented as an Android application using speech recognition and contains modules for tokenization, sentiment analysis, and pattern matching to understand and respond to queries. The document outlines the architecture, knowledge representation, matching algorithm, and provides examples of conversations with the chatbot.
This document discusses Domain Driven Design (DDD). It provides an overview of DDD, including that it focuses on removing translation barriers between a domain, development team, and software design. It also describes common building blocks of domain models such as entities, value objects, factories, repositories, and services. Additionally, it discusses refactoring a model to gain deeper insight, including making implicit concepts explicit.
IRJET - Gesture based Communication Recognition SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed gesture-based communication recognition system that aims to translate between finger spelling and speech to help facilitate communication between deaf and hearing individuals. It discusses using techniques like mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) to extract features from speech for recognition purposes. The system architecture involves preprocessing and modeling input signals, extracting features, and performing feature matching. Challenges with vision-based hand motion recognition are also presented, and the motivation for the project is to help reduce dependence on sign language interpreters for deaf individuals.
Conversational AI Agents have become mainstream today due to significant advancements in the methods required to build accurate models, such as machine learning and deep learning, and, secondly, because they are seen as a natural fit in a wide range of domains, such as healthcare, e-commerce, customer service, tourism, and education, that rely heavily on natural language conversations in day-to-day operations. This rapid increase in demand has been matched by an equally rapid rate of research and development, with new products being introduced on a daily basis.
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International Journal on Natural Language Computing (IJNLC) Vol. 4, No.2,Apri...ijnlc
Building
dialogues systems
interaction
has recently gained considerable
attention, but most of the
resourc
es and systems built so far are
tailored to
English and other Indo
-
European languages. The need
for designing
systems for
other languages is increasing such as Arabic language.
For this reasons, there
are more int
erest for Arabic dialogue acts classification
task because it
a key player in Arabic language
under
standing
to
bu
ilding this systems
.
This paper surveys
different techniques
for dialogue acts classification
for Arabic.
W
e describe the
main existing techniques for utterances segmentations and
classification, annotation schemas, and
test corpora for Arabic
dialogues understanding
that have introduced
in the literature
Information system project management (IT - project) is a complex iterative process. An important role for the development of complex IT projects plays records of the development lifecycle (LC). The article presents an analysis of the effectiveness of the work on the creation of IT - projects based on two modified models of the life cycle: cascade and spiral. Analysis of the effectiveness of the management of the IT project was implemented on the basis of simulation. The modeling was carried out on the basis of Any Ljgic tools on the example of development of geoinformation system (GIS). It is shown that it is advisable to design GIS on the basis of a modified spiral LC with splitting of the flow of requirements at the input. The peculiarity of the proposed study is to take into account the requirements in the form of communicative interactions of different types. Under the communicative interactions are understood all the interactions between the subjects of the process of creating an IT-project: verbal and non - verbal, carried out on the basis of CASE-means.
The document discusses and classifies various knowledge management tools. It describes tools for knowledge generation, codification, and transfer. Some tools enhance knowledge creation, while others enable knowledge sharing and application. Tools include blogs, wikis, content management systems, data mining, and intelligent filtering. Proper tool selection depends on the organization's business strategy and knowledge management needs.
Information system project management (IT - project) is a complex iterative process. An important role for the development of complex IT projects plays records of the development lifecycle (LC). The article presents an analysis of the effectiveness of the work on the creation of IT - projects based on two modified models of the life cycle: cascade and spiral. Analysis of the effectiveness of the management of the IT project was implemented on the basis of simulation. The modeling was carried out on the basis of Any Ljgic tools on the example of development of geoinformation system (GIS). It is shown that it is advisable to design GIS on the basis of a modified spiral LC with splitting of the flow of requirements at the input. The peculiarity of the proposed study is to take into account the requirements in the form of communicative interactions of different types. Under the communicative interactions are understood all the interactions between the subjects of the process of creating an IT-project: verbal and non - verbal, carried out on the basis of CASE-means
This document provides an overview of natural language processing (NLP) and its history, current applications, and future potential. It discusses how NLP systems work to understand human language by parsing sentences and querying databases. While NLP systems have improved greatly in recent decades, challenges remain around varying syntax, exceeding system rules or concepts, and fully achieving speech recognition or language translation. The future of NLP looks promising for more advanced text analysis, generation and translation capabilities.
Sujan Azad Parikh - Localization and how to write for a new medium: a review ...Sujan Azad Parikh
Over the last two decades, an increasing number of publications have described the differences between print and screen writing, both from prescriptive and empirical perspectives. These recommendations are of paramount importance to localizers, as the ability to adjust their writing style to different mediums, genres and communicative situations is one of the essential skills these professionals should acquire. This paper offers a review of recommendations in web and software writing style guides in order to provide a concise summary for localization professionals and trainees. The overview encompasses guidelines from language, localization type, company-specific style guides, and usability publications.
Similar to 54-6 September 2002, Edinburgh, UK, Pages 5-11.Bos, Fost.docx (20)
1. Report contentThe report should demonstrate your understa.docxblondellchancy
1. Report content
The report should demonstrate your understanding of good project management and health and safety management as appropriate within the context of your chosen project and event.
The report will present the context/background of the chosen project, describe the project, and present student’s critical reflection and thoughts on the management of one particular event/issue of project. The impacts of the event/issue on (1) people, (2) cost, (3) time, (4) health and safety, (5) sustainability, and (6) Ethics will be explored. Using the theory and tools presented in the lectures across the module as well as their own independent research, students should suggest and discuss solutions to (1) overcome the challenges and manage the risks associated with the event/issue, and (2) improve the efficiency, sustainability and ethics of the management of the event/issue.
Appendices and references must be used to demonstrate study that has been undertaken and to provide sources for points made in the body of the report. This will include copies of any individual or group student work undertaken during the module.
The student should refer to the learning materials and readings provided across the module, but are also recommended to give appropriate regard to any additional useful material available online in terms of theory and practice.
.
1. Research the assessment process for ELL students in your state. W.docxblondellchancy
1. Research the assessment process for ELL students in your state. What is the process your district goes through to properly identify students for ESL program placement?
2. Planning for effective instruction is the key to academic success for students. Using data to inform instruction is a regular process. Discuss how teachers can use longitudinal data along with other formative classroom assessments to design effective instruction.
200-300
.
1. Review the three articles about Inflation that are of any choice..docxblondellchancy
1. Review the three articles about Inflation that are of any choice.
2. Locate two JOURNAL articles which discuss this topic further. You need to focus on the Abstract, Introduction, Results, and Conclusion. For our purposes, you are not expected to fully understand the Data and Methodology.
3. Summarize these journal articles. Please use your own words. No copy-and-paste. Cite your sources. in 1200 words
.
1. Read the RiskReport to see what requirements are.2. Read the .docxblondellchancy
1. Read the RiskReport to see what requirements are.
2. Read the Interim Risk Assessment to see the current state of paper that needs to be revised.
3. Use the RiskReport and the details below on what is missing to revise paper.
Feedback on changes needed to the Risk Assessment Plan
Risk Assessment Plan: Purpose does not make reference to BRI at all. Provide context. Scope, assumptions and constraints appear reasonable, but you can add an assumption or constraint regarding budget.
Need to elaborate on how risk is determine using the qualitative approach.
1. Title
IT Security Risk Assessment
2. Introduction
You are employed with Government Security Consultants, a subsidiary of Largo Corporation. As a member of IT security consultant team, one of your responsibilities is to ensure the security of assets as well as provide a secure environment for customers, partners and employees. You and the team play a key role in defining, implementing and maintaining the IT security strategy in organizations.
A government agency called the Bureau of Research and Intelligence (BRI) is tasked with gathering and analyzing information to support U.S. diplomats.
In a series of New York Times articles, BRI was exposed as being the victim of several security breaches. As a follow up, the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) conducted a comprehensive review of the agency’s information security controls and identified numerous issues.
The head of the agency has contracted your company to conduct an IT security risk assessment on its operations. This risk assessment was determined to be necessary to address security gaps in the agency’s critical operational areas and to determine actions to close those gaps. It is also meant to ensure that the agency invests time and money in the right areas and does not waste resources. After conducting the assessment, you are to develop a final report that summarizes the findings and provides a set of recommendations. You are to convince the agency to implement your recommendations.
This learning activity focuses on IT security which is an overarching concern that involves practically all facets of an organization’s activities. You will learn about the key steps of preparing for and conducting a security risk assessment and how to present the findings to leaders and convince them into taking appropriate action.
Understanding security capabilities is basic to the core knowledge, skills, and abilities that IT personnel are expected to possess. Information security is a significant concern among every organization and it may spell success or failure of its mission. Effective IT professionals are expected to be up-to-date on trends in IT security, current threats and vulnerabilities, state-of-the-art security safeguards, and security policies and procedures. IT professionals must be able to communicate effectively (oral and written) to executive level management in a non-jargon, executive .
1. Quantitative According to the scoring criteria for the BAI, .docxblondellchancy
1. Quantitative: According to the scoring criteria for the BAI, a score of 21 or below indicates very low anxiety. What percentage of each group’s scores falls below that clinical cutoff?
Qualitative: Based on the qualitative responses, what percentage of the participants articulated a feeling of improvement?
.
1. Prof. Lennart Van der Zeil’s theorem says that any programmin.docxblondellchancy
1. Prof. Lennart Van der Zeil’s theorem says that any programming language is
complete
if it can be used to write a program to compute any computable number.
a. What is a computable number?
b. What is a non-computable number?
c. If all existing programming languages are complete why do we need more than one?
2. Two methodologies are used to transform programs written in a
source language
(also known as a
programmer-oriented language
, or a horizontal language, or a high-level language) into a
target language
(also known as a machine language, or a vertical language, or a low-level language). There is a static method called
translation
and a dynamic method called
interpretation
. Yet FORTRAN while 98% static ., uses interpretation for the Formatted I/O statement, similarly COBOL uses interpretation for the MOVE and MOVE CORRESPONDING statements; on the other hand, Java is fully interpretative except that in some programs and certain data sets it may invoke a JIT (Just In Time) compiler to execute a bit of static code
. Why do language designers mix these modalities if either is complete?
Hint: This is a long question with a short answer.
3. C and C++ store numerical arrays (matrices) in
row major
order and each index range must begin with 0; whereas FORTRAN stores arrays in
column major
order and the (default) index range starts (almost always) with 1. Engineers and scientists are often faced with the problem of converting a working program, or much more often a subroutine, from one language to another. Unfortunately, due to the index range difference (0 to n-1) in C/C++ and (1 to N) in FORTRAN, viewing one array as simply the transpose of the other will not suffice. What steps would you take to convert such a subroutine to compute the product of two matrices A(N,M) and B(M,N) to produce C(N,N) from FORTRAN to C++?
4. What was the major reason Jim Gosling invented Java? Did he succeed?
5. What are the four major features of C++ that were eliminated in Java? Why were they taken out? Why do we not miss them?
6. What was Kim Polese’ role at SUN Microsystems and why did she think Java should be positioned as a general purpose computer programming language? How did she accomplish this truly incredible feat, not done since Captain (later Admiral) Grace Murray Hopper, USN standardized COBOL in the early 1960s.
7. Describe briefly the role of women in the development of computer programming and computer programming languages. (Ada Lovelace, Betty Holberton, Grace Hopper, Mandaly Grems, Kim Polese, Laura Lemay)
8. What are the pros and cons of overloaded operators in C++? Java has only one, what is it?
9. State your own arguments for allowing mixed mode arithmetic statements. (See Ch 7)
10. What is BNF and why are meta-languages like BNF and EBNF used?
.
1. Review the results of your assessment using the explanation.docxblondellchancy
1. Review the results of your assessment using the explanation below.
2. Write at least 200 words describing the results, how you learn best, and how you will modify your study techniques to fit your learning style.
What do the results mean? Barbara Soloman, Coordinator of Advising, First Year College, North Carolina State University explains:
· Active Learners: tend to retain and understand information best by doing something active with it like discussing or explaining it to others. They enjoy group work.
· Reflective Learners: prefer to think about it quietly first. They prefer to work alone.
· Sensing Learners: tend to like learning facts. They are patient with details and good at memorizing things. They are practical and careful.
· Intuitive Learners: prefer discovering possibilities and relationships. They are good at grasping new concepts and are comfortable with abstractions and mathematical formulations. They are innovative and creative.
· Visual Learners: remember best what they see--pictures, diagrams, flowcharts, timelines, films, and demonstrations.
· Verbal Learners: get more out of words--written and spoken explanations. Everyone learns more when information is presented both visually and verbally.
· Sequential Learners: tend to gain understanding in linear steps, with each step following logically from the previous one. They follow logical steps when finding solutions.
· Global Learners: Global learners tend to learn in large jumps, absorbing material almost randomly without seeing connections, and then suddenly "getting it." They may be able to solve complex problems quickly or put things together in novel ways once they have grasped the big picture, but they may have difficulty explaining how they did it.
.
1. Search the internet and learn about the cases of nurses Julie.docxblondellchancy
1. Search the internet and learn about the cases of nurses Julie Thao and Kimberly Hiatt.
2. List and discuss lessons that you and all healthcare professionals can learn from these two cases.
3. Describe how the principle of beneficence and the virtue of benevolence could be applied to these cases. Do you think the hospital administrators handled the situations legally and ethically?
4. In addition to benevolence, which other virtues exhibited by their colleagues might have helped Thao and Hiatt?
5. Discuss personal virtues that might be helpful to second victims themselves to navigate the grieving process.
All discussion boards should be submitted in APA style (7th edition
.
1. Qualitative or quantitative paperresearch required(Use stati.docxblondellchancy
1. Qualitative or quantitative paper/research required(Use statistics and numbers or facts.
2. Apply Statistics, numbers, research
3. Primary Sources explained
4. APA Formatting(Do not use the word “I”, do not use opinions in papers do not use “we”or pronouns)
5. Write a 5 page paper (8 in total-cover page and reference page), you can go over
APA FORMAT
5 scholarly sources
.
1. Prepare a one page paper on associative analysis. You may researc.docxblondellchancy
This document instructs the reader to prepare two one-page papers, with the first focusing on associative analysis and the second focusing on either decision trees or discriminant analysis with a comparison of the two. Both papers should be double spaced, cite sources using APA format, and allow for internet research to supplement the information provided.
1. Prepare a comparative table in which you contrast the charact.docxblondellchancy
1. Prepare a comparative table in which you contrast the characteristics and details of the origins and development of social work in the United States, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean. Bring your comparison chart to the workshop to participate in a collaborative activity. The student will identify the most significant historical events in the United States that influenced the development and evolution of the Social Work profession.
2. Look for information on the following agencies:
1. National Association of Social Workers (NASW)
2. International Federation of Social Work (IFSW)
3. Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB)
4. Council on Social Work Education (CSWE)
Be prepared to participate in a collaborative activity during the workshop.
3. Write a reflective essay of at least two pages, and elaborate on the following aspects:
1. What is the current state of Social Work in the United States?
2. What do you focus on and what are the functions of current (modern) social work in the United States?
3. Explain the historical events that impacted the different ways of practicing social work.
Remember that an essay is made up of three basic parts: introduction, body or middle, and conclusion. In a reflective essay, the student must effectively combine the concepts and foundations of the discipline of study (definitions, history, prominent figures) with their experiences applicable to the topic of discussion or the guiding questions.
.
1. Portfolio part II a) APRN protocol also known as collab.docxblondellchancy
1.
Portfolio part II
a) APRN protocol also known as collaborative agreement with supervising physician(s).
b.) business proposal (refer to portfolio explanation/examples found on your BB lecture section.
There is an example of a business proposal. Use the example to create a brief business proposal with no more than two pages word or power point as your choice;
c.) Create a LinkedIn page and send me a proof of you creating the link.
.
1. Post the link to one news article, preferably a piece of rece.docxblondellchancy
1. Post the link to
one
news article, preferably a piece of recent news (2 points)
2. Explain
A) Which concepts (in which chapters) we learn in class is this news related to (4 points).
B) Specifically, how this concept is demonstrated in the news in your perspective (11 points).
.
1. Please explain fixed and flexible budgeting. Provide an examp.docxblondellchancy
1. Please explain fixed and flexible budgeting. Provide an example of budgeting for three
consecutive periods in which safety margin is included for flexibility
2. Explain statement of cash flows proforma and its significance in budgeting. Provide a
hypothetical example of a statement of cash flows in a manufacturing enterprise.
.
1. Open and print the Week 6 Assignment.2. The assignment .docxblondellchancy
1. Open and print the "Week 6 Assignment".
2. The assignment has four parts: A, B, C, and D.
(Part A has been created for use of the Access program where the data source recipients are to be created. However, if you do not have the Access program then you will need to create the data source recipients with the Excel program before you begin keying the letters for the mail merge. Also, If you are using Excel then be certain to create the label headers in each column with the data source recipient information beneath the headers. Whether you use Access or Excel you MUST save the data source in the Week 6 folder in which you will upload.
If you do not save the data source recipients in the folder then I am not able to grade your assignment
.)
3. Create a folder: [your last name]-Week6 (be sure to save to a disk device/hard drive NOT the desktop area.)
5. Complete the assignment as instructed and Save all work in [your last name]-Week6 folder.
6. Zip the folder and upload in the Week 6 Assignment Upload. DO NOT ATTACH THE FOLDER TO EMAIL, IT WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED. I will review the assignment and send you comments about the graded work.
.
1. Plato’s Republic takes as its point of departure the question of .docxblondellchancy
1. Plato’s Republic takes as its point of departure the question of the nature of:
A. JusticeB. ImmortalityC. TimeD. Equality
2. The most accurate way to describe Thrasymachus’ intervention onto the scene in Book I is:
A. He maintains that happiness is unattainable.B. He maintains that only the gods are just. C. He maintains that justice is the advantage of the strong.D. He maintains that justice and injustice are figments of the imagination.
3. In Book I, Thrasymachus’ ironic argument ad hominem is :
A. Socrates needs a wet-nurse.B. Socrates is ugly.C. Socrates should put himself to bed.D. Socrates should not have gone to last night’s banquet.
4. In Book II, Glaucon tells the myth of a ring, the point of which is to illustrate:
A. That we prize material goods above all else.B. That the rich decide what is just and unjust.C. That anyone will commit injustice when they can get away without punishment.D. That myth-telling is essential to philosophy.
5. In Book III, Socrates suggests the city adopt a noble lie, according to which:
A. There are three sorts of beings: humans, angels, and demons.B. Into our natures were mixed one of three metals: gold, silver, or bronze. C. Everyone will live virtuously in a just city.D. The just city lasts forever.
.
1. Objective Learn why and how to develop a plan that encompasses a.docxblondellchancy
1. Objective: Learn why and how to develop a plan that encompasses all components of a security system.
Use the information found at http://nces.ed.gov/pubs98/safetech/chapter5.asp
to research how determining possible physical threats may affect the choice of physical security countermeasures while planning new or updated security systems.
2. Objective: Determine the placement of physical barriers in integration with other components of the security system.
Research the different types of physical barriers and how they fit the needs of different types of facilities. Use the information found at
http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/phys_sec/deter/index.htm.
APA Format , references & citations.
.
1. Open the attached Excel Assignment.xlsx” file and name it LastN.docxblondellchancy
1. Open the attached “Excel Assignment.xlsx” file and name it “LastName_FirstInitial - Excel Assignment.xlsx”. 2. Set the page orientation to landscape. Change the student name(s) to your name(s). 3. Wrap the text in the column headings A4:J4 and A14:H14 in Sheet 1 and set the column width to (approximately) 10 for columns B to J. 4. Calculate the Gross Pay (F5:F9) using the following formula: Pay Rate times Regular Hours plus 1.5 times Pay Rate times O/T Hours. 5. Display the Taxable Benefits (G5:I9) in the following way: apply a formula/function to allocate and return the appropriate weekly amount of Dental, Insurance, and Medical based on his/her Benefits Level and the corresponding taxable benefit to this code in Sheet 2. The assumptions, the taxable benefit rates, and the tax rates (all in Sheet 2) may be subject to changes, so all formulas should be created in a way so that they would reflect any changes in Sheet 2 automatically. 6. Calculate the Taxable Income (Gross Pay plus Taxable Benefits). 7. Use the Taxable Income (J5:J9) to automatically locate the Federal and Provincial Tax withholdings from the Tax Table on Sheet 2. For example: Federal Tax = Taxable Income * Federal Tax %. 8. Calculate the Employ. Insurance and Govt. Pension contributions based on the Gross Pay (Note: Gross Pay not Taxable Income). The contribution percentages are located in the Assumption area in Sheet 2. Calculate the Total Deductions as a sum of all deductions (Federal Tax, Provincial Tax, Employ. Insurance, and Govt. Pension). 9. Calculate the Net Amount by subtracting the Total Deductions from the Gross Pay. 10. Calculate the totals in B20:G20 11. Insert cheque number 121 in H15 and create a formula that will automatically number all the rest of cheques in sequence. 12. Format the title as Arial 16 pt., bold, italic and merge and centre it across columns A:J. 13. Format all dollar values as: number, 2 decimal places, 1,000 separators and no dollar sign. 14. Centre the contents of the Benefits Level (B5:B9) and the Cheque No. (H15:H19) columns. 15. Format the borders and headings as shown in the example below.
.
1. must be a research article from either pubmed or google scholar..docxblondellchancy
1. must be a research article from either pubmed or google scholar.
2. the article you select must have an abstract, introduction/ background, materials &methods, results, conclusion
3. summarize the article you selected
4. no plagiarism
5. must include reference
.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
54-6 September 2002, Edinburgh, UK, Pages 5-11.Bos, Fost.docx
1. 5
4-6 September 2002, Edinburgh, UK, Pages 5-11.
Bos, Foster & Matheson (eds): Proceedings of the sixth
workshop on the semantics and pragmatics of dialogue
(EDILOG 2002),
5
4-6 September 2002, Edinburgh, UK, Pages 5-11.
Bos, Foster & Matheson (eds): Proceedings of the sixth
workshop on the semantics and pragmatics of dialogue
(EDILOG 2002),
5
4-6 September 2002, Edinburgh, UK, Pages 5-11.
Bos, Foster & Matheson (eds): Proceedings of the sixth
workshop on the semantics and pragmatics of dialogue
(EDILOG 2002),
5
4-6 September 2002, Edinburgh, UK, Pages 5-11.
Bos, Foster & Matheson (eds): Proceedings of the sixth
workshop on the semantics and pragmatics of dialogue
(EDILOG 2002),
5
4-6 September 2002, Edinburgh, UK, Pages 5-11.
Bos, Foster & Matheson (eds): Proceedings of the sixth
2. workshop on the semantics and pragmatics of dialogue
(EDILOG 2002),
Cooperation and Collaboration in Natural Command Language
Dialogues
J. Gabriel Amores and José F. Quesada
University of Seville
[email protected][email protected]
Abstract
This paper discusses cooperative and collabora-
tive behaviour in Natural Command Language
Dialogues (NCLDs). We first introduce Natural
Command Language Dialogues and then briefly
compare them with other types of dialogue. Co-
operation and collaboration in NCLDs is then
analyzed. Finally, a typology of conflicts in
NCLDs is proposed, for which a solution has
been implemented in two spoken dialogue proto-
types. Sample dialogues are taken from research
carried out under the Siridus and D’Homme Eu-
ropean projects.
1 Natural Command Language
Dialogues
A Natural Command Language (NCL) is a com-
mand language expressed through the medium
of natural language. We take NCLs as the set of
input and output natural language expressions
which are acceptable in a given application do-
main. This domain is semantically defined by
the functions (commands) known by the user
and the system, and the natural language vo-
3. cabulary which may be used to express those
commands. In addition, NCLs should contain
metalinguistic patterns and expressions typical
of human–like interaction. Natural Command
Language Dialogues are artificially constructed
models of action–oriented dialogues (including
knowledge representation and reasoning) able
to guide the interaction between the different
parts involved in a dialogue based on a NCL. A
NCLD should allow the following kinds of phe-
nomena:
• Multiple Task NCL: In contrast to
Task–Oriented Dialogue models, NCLDs
must be able to manage different tasks.
Thus, one of the main functions of NCLD
systems will be task detection, as will be
explained below.
• Context Dependency: Only at the di-
alogue level is it possible to understand
anaphora, ellipsis and other context de-
pendent constructions. From the dialogue
system design persepective, the treatment
of these discourse phenomena will imply
the representation and storage of the whole
dialogue history. For an illustration, see
(Quesada and Amores, 2002) in this vol-
ume.
• Man–Machine Interaction: An ade-
quate level of naturalness and flexibility
in the flow of interactions (restricted to
the linguistic limitations of the underlying
NCL), relevance and adequacy of the out-
4. puts, and consistency (order of arguments
in commands) should be accomplished.
• Interface with External Functional
Components: NCLs are aimed at the
specification of commands belonging to a
command language. The user’s goal is
to execute the command(s). Therefore,
the dialogue level must not only under-
stand the naturally expressed commands,
but also execute them. In fact, this im-
plies the definition and use of another Com-
mand Language between the NCLD Sys-
tem and the external functional compo-
nents in charge of the execution of the com-
mands.
This conceptualization of NCLs has been ap-
plied in two spoken dialogue systems under the
Siridus and D’Homme European Projects.
1.1 Siridus and D’Homme
In Siridus (Siridus, 1999), we are building an
Automatic Telephone Operator System in Span-
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Proceedings of EDILOG 20026
ish jointly with Telefónica I+D. The user should
be able to naturally issue commands in order to
perform the following tasks: call an extension
by name or office; redial a number; transfer in-
coming calls to another extension or office; can-
5. cel transference; set up a conference call; look
up an office in the company’s directory; and
look up an e–mail address in the company’s di-
rectory.
The benefits of a natural command language
system in this domain is evident. For example,
functions such as transferring incoming calls,
placing conference calls, transferring ongoing
calls etc, are typically performed by dialling
several codes in a pre–defined sequence. How-
ever, since these codes are difficult to remem-
ber, users tend not to use them. Automatic
dialogue systems seem to be very appropriate
for these circumstances since they could allow
users to perform some or all of these functions
using their voice and natural language. Similar
systems have been built by Bell Labs, AT&T
and Wildfire Communications. For a compar-
ison with our system, and a discussion about
the benefits of automatic telephone systems, see
(Torre and others, 2001)
In the D’Homme project (DHomme, 2001),
the implemented system was able to perform
the following functions in a home environment:
switch on/off a device or set of devices; dim or
bright a device or set of devices; and consult
the state or location of a device or set of de-
vices. A spoken interface offers several benefits
to users, especially the elderly and disabled: we
can query multiple devices with a single com-
mand, we can control devices, we can also use
language to program devices to interact with
each other, etc. Remote control via the tele-
phone is a natural extension to home deployed
6. systems. We can phone up the house to see if
we forgot to turn off some device, or we could
ask our house to turn on the heating on our way
home after some days of absence.
In addition to these domains, there are some
other dialogue systems implementing some ver-
sion of a command language, such as the
WITAS system (Doherty and others, 2000).
2 Comparing NCLDs with other
types of dialogue
Before we analyze the cooperative and collabo-
rative behaviour, it is worth pointing out some
characteristics of NCLDs.
As a consequence of their own nature, NCLDs
involve just two participants: the user and the
machine. One of the first decisions concerns
whether we should model the participants’ in-
ternal beliefs, or more external aspects of the di-
alogue. Since the goal of this type of dialogues
is that the user have control over the execu-
tion of one or more commands by the machine,
most dialogues exhibit a marked functional or
operational tendency, i.e. are action–oriented
dialogues geared toward the execution of some
non–communicative action. So, it seems reason-
able to focus our model on the external aspects
of dialogue. That is, it should be based more
on what was said than what was in the minds
of the participants when their interactions were
produced.
NCLDs are different from other types of di-
7. alogue such as Information Seeking and Nego-
tiative Dialogues. In Information Seeking di-
alogues, one participant requests information
from the other. In Negotiative Dialogues, the
goal of both participants is to come to an agree-
ment about some conflict of interests.
Another aspect which differentiates NCLDs
from Information Seeking Dialogues is the dy-
namic nature of the knowledge bases involved.
In an information seeking dialogue, in which the
system as a whole is viewed by the user as a
repository of knowledge, knowledge bases have
a clear static character from the point of view
of the user. That is, the data in these resources
may be updated, but not by the user during its
interaction with the system. On the contrary,
one of the main features of NCLDs is the pres-
ence of a command execution which is capable of
dynamically modifying the contents of external
resources to the dialogue, such as the knowledge
bases associated to the domain.
2.1 Functional Embedding
An important aspect of NCLDs is that they usu-
ally exhibit functional embedding (Walton and
Krabbe, 1995; Reed and Long, 1997). Func-
tional embeddings occur when the goal of a sub-
dialogue shifts to another dialogue type.
Amores & Quesada / Cooperation and Collaboration in Natural
Language Command Dialogues 7Amores & Quesada /
Cooperation and Collaboration in Natural Language Command
8. Dialogues 7Amores & Quesada / Cooperation and Collaboration
in Natural Language Command Dialogues 7Amores & Quesada /
Cooperation and Collaboration in Natural Language Command
Dialogues 7Amores & Quesada / Cooperation and Collaboration
in Natural Language Command Dialogues 7
As pointed out above, task identification sub-
dialogues are possible in NCLDs. As opposed to
other dialogue types in which the overall task of
the dialogue is predefined (seeking information
about flights in a travel agency, etc.), the system
in a NCLD does not know a priori which func-
tion the user desires to perform. The first task,
therefore, involves identifying the speaker’s in-
tentions. Once the task has been identified, the
corresponding plan may be unfolded. Task iden-
tification may be considered a sort of deliber-
ation subdialogue in the sense of Walton and
Krabbe (1995). In deliberation dialogues, the
participants jointly aim to reach a decision or
form a plan of action. Deliberation is goal–
directed, in contrast to the more abstract rea-
soning characteristic of negotiation.
Clarification subdialogues are also common in
NCLDs, when the name of the destination of a
call or some other parameter required for the
successful completion of a command was mis-
understood or missing. If some portion of the
desired action was understood, it will be used
as indirect feedback to the user:
• U(1): Please, transfer my calls to Meeting
room E–30
(function was understood, but not the des-
tination)
9. • S(1): Could you repeat where I should
transfer your calls?
Clarifications may be viewed as negotiation
stages within the overall dialogue. Another in-
stance of negotiation in NCLDs occurs when the
system proposes alternatives in cases of conflict.
This will be discussed in more detail below.
Information seeking subdialogues are com-
mon in NCLDs when the user wishes to know
the state of specific devices, or consult the de-
tails (e–mail, office number) of another user, as
pointed out above.
Figure 1 below shows a possible cascade of
functional embedding in NCLDs.
As has become apparent in this section,
NCLDs exhibit much more complexity than one
could originally envisage given the apparent
simplicity of the task at hand.
3 Cooperative behaviour in NCLDs
Let us now turn to the question of cooperative
behaviour.
TASK IDENTIFICATION
(deliberation dialogue)
COMMAND EXECUTION CONSULTATION
(action-oriented dialogue) (information-seeking
10. dialogue)
CLARIFICATION
(negotiative dialogue)
Figure 1: Cascade of functional embeddings in
NCLDs
The linguistic definition of cooperation was
first proposed by Grice (1975). Reed and Long
(1997) propose a notion of cooperation which
is similar to that of Grice, but acts at a higher
level. Gricean cooperation is speaker–centered,
whereas in their view, cooperation is more ob-
jectively discourse–centered. In their opinion all
dialogue is inherently cooperative since any in-
stance of true dialogue involves the participants
accepting a common goal and working towards
that goal within a given set of rules. This con-
cept is also similar to the Conversational Con-
tract of Fraser (1990).
Another relevant aspect regarding coopera-
tion is that proposed by Allwood (1976). Ac-
cording to Allwood, two or more parties interact
cooperatively to the extent that they:
1. take each other into cognitive considera-
tion,
2. have a joint purpose,
3. take each other into ethical consideration,
4. trust each other to act in accordance with
1–3.
11. Of these, the most relevant requirement as re-
gards NCLDs is 4 since, in fact, one of the
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agents (the machine) in NCLDs is just pretend-
ing to act according to the principles. This idea
reinforces our previous analysis of NCLDs as an
inherently cooperative activity since, as long as
the agents trust each other to act according to
a set of principles, communication will be coop-
erative.
However, there is a simple fact about NCLDs
which may change our perspective. Namely, the
system in NCLD applications is usually dispens-
able. Its role is to make our lives easier. If it fails
to achieve that goal, the user may just ignore
it and proceed to perform the desired function
in the ordinary way (by pressing a sequence of
digits in the telephone pad, using light switches,
etc.).
In this kind of scenario the system should
be as unobtrusive as possible, trying to avoid
a situation of frustration on the other partic-
ipant which would indeed lead to interrupting
any communication between them. So, what
is usually modeled in NCLD systems is a col-
laborative behaviour in which the participants
are in some sense working together to reach the
12. desired outcome. The presence or absence of
conflict will determine the level of collaboration
in a dialogue. The next section describes the
types of conflict which may arise in NCLDs and
the expected level of collaboration which should
be incorporated.
4 Sources of conflict in NCLDs
Conflict arises from different sources in NCLDs.
First, the user may just not know exactly
what functionality is available, or the param-
eters which they require. Providing help is
one way of solving this conflict. Two Dialogue
Moves take care of providing help in our sys-
tems. The first one provides general help on
what commands are available. The second in-
structs the user about how to carry out a specific
command, i.e. what parameters are required.
Second, given the dynamic nature of the do-
mains in which we are working, one of the agents
(the user) may just ignore the exact state of the
world at that precise moment. Requesting infor-
mation is then a collaborative activity which the
system should model. Several dialogue moves
have also been incorporated to take care of this
kind of interaction.
A third type of conflict arises when one of
the agents wrongly believes that a specific goal
is possible, but the state of the world does not
permit its accomplishment. Solving this conflict
involves proposing alternatives, as the following
13. dialogue illustrates:
• U(1): Call Mr Fernández
• S(1): This extension does not respond. Do
you want to leave a message or shall I try
his mobile?
A more cooperative scenario is proposed in
the following example:
• U(1): Call Mr Fernández at extension 311
(Extension and name do not match in the
database)
• S(1a): Mr Fernández does not have this
extension; shall I put you through his cur-
rent extension?
(or)
• S(1a): Extension 311 belongs to Mr
González; do you want him instead?
In some other contexts, the alternatives pro-
posed by the system may be based on what the
user usually does, that is, her most frequent
destinations or actions in the past. Behaving
cooperatively in this context occurs, for exam-
ple, when the user underspecifies a destination
of a call by a last name, and that last name
turns to be ambiguous in the telephone direc-
tory. In such an event, the system may consult
the most common destinations (chosen in the
past by the user) and propose one who matches
the last name provided.
14. • U(1): Call Fernández
(after spotting a frequent Pedro Fernández
in the user’s profile)
• S(1): Do you mean Pedro Fernández?
• U(2): Yes, please
This form of user adaptation is related to ad-
vanced modes of cooperation to be discussed in
section 5 below.
Reaccommodation may be seen as a kind of
cooperative behaviour as well since it involves
solving an elliptical utterance. Question/Issue
Reaccommodation is defined by Larsson (2002,
Amores & Quesada / Cooperation and Collaboration in Natural
Language Command Dialogues 9Amores & Quesada /
Cooperation and Collaboration in Natural Language Command
Dialogues 9Amores & Quesada / Cooperation and Collaboration
in Natural Language Command Dialogues 9Amores & Quesada /
Cooperation and Collaboration in Natural Language Command
Dialogues 9Amores & Quesada / Cooperation and Collaboration
in Natural Language Command Dialogues 9
162) as “adjustments of common ground re-
quired to understand an utterance addressing
an issue which has been resolved and does not
influence any other resolved issue, influences an-
other resolved issue or concerns grounding of a
previous utterance.” Two instances of reaccom-
modation have been implemented in our system.
The first example exemplifies a case in which
there is a previous history in the dialogue, and
15. the user issues an incomplete command.
• U(1): Switch on the light in the kitchen
(the light in the kitchen goes on)
• U(2): Now the one in the living room
A more complex type of reaccommodation oc-
curs when, after a function has been executed,
the user retracts and wishes to undo the previ-
ous action:
• U(1): Switch on all indoor lights
(all indoor lights go on)
• U(2): No, the one in the garage
(the system must undo the previous action
first)
The last (and more productive) source of con-
flict arises from misunderstandings stemming
from misrecognition. In our systems, some
degree of cooperative behaviour has been im-
plemented, depending on the consequences of
adopting an aggressive attitude or whether ex-
plicit confirmation was seen as necessary.
• U(1): I want to call 1 2 3 4 collect
• S(1): Do you really want to call 1 2 3 5
collect?
• U(2): no, 1 2 3 4.
• S(2): OK, shall I call 1 2 3 4 collect?
• U(3): yes, please.
16. The table below summarizes the types of
conflict which may arise in NCLDs, the re-
lated Dilaogue Move and the associated coop-
erative/collaborative action proposed for each
case.
5 Advanced Cooperation
This section outlines some modes of advanced
cooperation in NCLDs. Some of them may be
considered cases of advanced flexibility or even
robustness, which, in some sense, may be viewed
as other aspects of cooperative behaviour. This
functionality has not been fully implemented in
our systems yet, partly because it relies on the
technical limitations of the specific hardware be-
ing used.
• User profiling: In the automatic tele-
phone domain, the command Call my wife
at her mobile is only possible if a personal
directory for each person making use of the
system is made available, in addition to the
general one in which all the personnel is
stored.
In addition, the system might allow the
user to set modes of behaviour. For ex-
ample, in the home domain, it could be
possible to issue the command set night
mode, and automatically the system would
perform a series of tasks such as setting
some external lights on, all indoor lights
off, switching the alarm on, etc.
Similarly, in the telephone domain, the user
might want to set a non–disturb mode,
and the system should transfer all incom-
17. ing calls to the answering machine or to the
secretary.
• Default reasoning may be considered a
form of cooperative behaviour, at least in
the telephone scenario. In our system a de-
fault action has been specified, whereby if
no other action has been recorded in the di-
alogue history, a PhoneCall action will be
executed. This is useful in the (frequent)
cases in which the user just picks up the
telephone and utters,
– U(1): Carlos Garćıa, please
• Proactive Behaviour is the most ex-
treme case of cooperativeness. In the home
environment, proactive behaviour has al-
ready been proposed for cases of fire, gas
or water alarm, but they rely more on the
technical capabilities of the specific setting
than on dialogue capabilities.
In the telephone scenario, however, a
proactive cooperative behaviour stemming
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Type of Conflict Related Dialogue Move Proposed Action
user ignores askHelp provide general help
overall functionality
user ignores
18. how to carry out askHelp provide specific help
a specific command
requestQuantity
user ignores request Exist
current state requestLocation provide requested information
of the world requestDevice
requestState
desired command informExecution Propose alternatives
cannot be accomplished
elliptical command errorRecovery Try reaccommodation
Command and/or askRepeat Clarification
parameter askConfirmation subdialogue
misunderstanding
Table 1: Types of conflict in NCLDs and cooperative action
proposed
from the dialogue occurs when the desti-
nation is busy, and the system proposes to
trigger a call–back when she is done:
– S(1): Calling Juan Fernández ...
– S(2): Mr. Fernández is busy. Shall
I have him call you back when he is
done?
– U(1): Yes, please.
6 DISC Guidelines
19. Finally, let us briefly examine to what extent
our systems comply with the DISC guidelines
for cooperative dialogue (Consortium, 1999). In
particular, we will focus on the specific guide-
lines proposed.
• SG1 Summarising feedback: is achieved
through direct or indirect confirmation
Shall I transfer your calls to 0 1 2 3?
• SG2 Provide immediate feedback: in some
tasks, such as conference calls, it is bet-
ter to confirm one destination party at a
time, given the ambiguities that would re-
sult from the combinations of first names,
last names, second last names, etc.
• SG3 Ensure uniformity: does not apply in
the home environment since no linguistic
feedback is generated for most command.
In the telephone scenario this is achieved
through ‘canned expressions’ in the synthe-
sizer.
• SG4 State your capabilities: is achieved
through general help. A non recognized
command will only turn into I cannot do
that or that’s beyond my current capabilities
if the expression was understood as a com-
mand, and this command is not in the set
of those supported by the current system.
Otherwise, misinterpretation will arise.
• SG5 State how to interact: is achieved
through specific help.
20. • SG6 Be aware of user inferences: is
achieved through profiling behaviour.
• SG7 Adapt to target group, novice/expert
users: some version of this behaviour may
be achieved in the telephone scenario since
the recognizer may take input even before
the system finished to provide instructions.
• SG8 Cover the domain: some degree of
flexibility is achieved trhough advanced co-
operative functions such as user profiling.
• SG9 Enable system repair: yes.
• SG10 Enable inconsistency clarifications:
yes, for example in the home domain, as in
The light in the bathroom is already on.
Amores & Quesada / Cooperation and Collaboration in Natural
Language Command Dialogues 11Amores & Quesada /
Cooperation and Collaboration in Natural Language Command
Dialogues 11Amores & Quesada / Cooperation and
Collaboration in Natural Language Command Dialogues
11Amores & Quesada / Cooperation and Collaboration in
Natural Language Command Dialogues 11Amores & Quesada /
Cooperation and Collaboration in Natural Language Command
Dialogues 11
• SG11 Enable ambiguity clarification: yes,
through anaphora resolution, default rea-
soning and user profiling.
21. 7 Conclusion
This paper has analyzed the complexity of
NCLDs, and the different perspectives from
which such dialogues may be cooperative and
collaborative. In particular, several types of
conflict have been identified, for which an ad-
equate solution has been implemented in two
spoken dialogue prototype systems under the
D’Homme and Siridus projects. As we have
shown, the systems comply with most of the
DISC guidelines for cooperative dialogue.
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