John Fairbanks of the US Department of Energy presented on thermoelectric developments for vehicular applications. He discussed the DOE's projects with automotive companies to develop thermoelectric generators using waste heat from engines to improve fuel efficiency. The projects aimed to recover at least 8-10% of fuel energy lost as heat and increase fuel economy by 2-9%. Fairbanks also described potential applications of thermoelectric technology for vehicle climate control, battery temperature regulation, and embedded semiconductor cooling.
Analysis and Design Methodology for Thermoelectric Power Generation System fr...Omkar Kamodkar
This paper combines heat transfer and
thermoelectric conversion techniques to create a
thermoelectric generator device for a single-cylinder, fourstroke petrol engine. The system is made up of heat absorbers,
thermoelectric generator, Thermoelectric Generator (TEG)
modules, and an external heat sink. To achieve the goal of
absorbing heat and increasing thermoelectric conversion
efficiently, the heat exchanger surface area and heat-exchange
time could be increased. Thermoelectric generators convert
waste heat into energy directly. This technology will also help
energy conversion systems work better overall. Despite the
fact that TEG production is limited by available technologies,
feasible electricity generation is possible from waste heat
generated by automobiles. The effect of using passive heat
sinks and heat absorbers made of a flat plate with fins of
various cross-sectional areas and materials with forced
convection heat transfer, as well as how current, voltage, and
power are varied, is investigated and presented in tabular
format in the current numerical analysis. By plotting the
results of the analytical and numerical method on relevant
graph, the results of both methods were compared
Analysis and Design Methodology for Thermoelectric Power Generation System fr...Omkar Kamodkar
This paper combines heat transfer and
thermoelectric conversion techniques to create a
thermoelectric generator device for a single-cylinder, fourstroke petrol engine. The system is made up of heat absorbers,
thermoelectric generator, Thermoelectric Generator (TEG)
modules, and an external heat sink. To achieve the goal of
absorbing heat and increasing thermoelectric conversion
efficiently, the heat exchanger surface area and heat-exchange
time could be increased. Thermoelectric generators convert
waste heat into energy directly. This technology will also help
energy conversion systems work better overall. Despite the
fact that TEG production is limited by available technologies,
feasible electricity generation is possible from waste heat
generated by automobiles. The effect of using passive heat
sinks and heat absorbers made of a flat plate with fins of
various cross-sectional areas and materials with forced
convection heat transfer, as well as how current, voltage, and
power are varied, is investigated and presented in tabular
format in the current numerical analysis. By plotting the
results of the analytical and numerical method on relevant
graph, the results of both methods were compared
This paper reviews fuel cell technology status and some of its challenges worldwide. Fuel cells have emerged as an important technology in various non-linear loads in industrial, commercial and residential sectors. A mathematical model of hydrogen fuel cell is described with control parameters. A hydrogen fuel cell design is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are discussed.
A review of thermoelectric generators for waste heat recovery in marine appli...ManabSaha6
Power and energy demands are increasing for current and future marine vessels (including commercial and naval ships), while the maritime industry is facing challenges associated with rising fuel costs and tightening emission legislation. To mitigate the challenges, the installed power generation unit (i.e., engine) will likely need to be complemented by a mix of energy-efficient plant, waste-energy recovery technologies, smart-power system configuration, and energy-storage technologies.
In our recently published review article in Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments (SETA) journal, we have provided insights (including concepts, applications and technological advancements) into Thermoelectric Generators (TEG) as waste heat recovery (WHR) technology applicable to maritime platforms and to address the challenges faced by current and future marine vehicles.
This paper has covered more recent advances in TEG application to marine platforms and has demonstrated the potential of TEG-based technology on maritime platforms’ capability enhancement and guides future research.
A OVERVIEW OF THE RANKIN CYCLE-BASED HEAT EXCHANGER USED IN INTERNAL COMBUSTI...IAEME Publication
The majority of the heat produced by automobiles, primarily by diesel engines, is squandered in various ways. If this waste heat is collected, it can be applied in a variety of other ways. Recently, increased emphasis has been placed on the global issue of rapid economic growth, a relative energy scarcity, internal combustion engine exhaust waste heat, and environmental degradation. The remaining heat is released into the environment through exhaust gases and engine cooling systems, leading to an increase in entropy and significant environmental pollution, so it is necessary to convert waste heat into useful work. Of the total heat supplied to the engine in the form of fuel, approximately 30 to 40% is converted into useful mechanical work. At 4000 RPM, the exhaust gas temperature is at its highest. So a recovery system is created for a constant RPM of 4000. A shell and tube heat exchanger and a uniflow steam engine connected to the main engine make up the recovery system. By reducing the frictional power at the main engine's power stroke and idle stroke, the linked steam engine increases the efficiency of the main engine. Due to the additional recovery system, the system's initial cost is significant. But over time, the system turns out to be profitable.
Among the Renewable Energy Sources, Wind Energy is taken up with careful prior efforts before implementation as it requires all capital and technical inputs before payback starts. However, it is a clean source of electric power compared to coal based thermal power. India is a country that has made progress in wind power investment.
Electric Compressor Selection & Integration dccmarketing
Follow T/CCI Manufacturing on LinkedIn.
T/CCI's Advanced Engineering Director, Erik Huyghe, outlines electric compressor selection and integration for heavy-duty and offroad vehicles.
Nowadays humans are facing difficult issues, such as increasing power costs, environmental pollution and global warming.. Scientists are focusing on enhancing energy-harvesting power generators in an effort to lessen their effects. Through the Seebeck effect, thermoelectric generators (TEGs) have proven they are capable of converting thermal energy directly into electric power. Thermoelectric systems have arisen during the past ten years as a possible alternative to existing green energy generation technologies because of the distinctive advantages they provide.
Show drafts
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Empowering the Data Analytics Ecosystem: A Laser Focus on Value
The data analytics ecosystem thrives when every component functions at its peak, unlocking the true potential of data. Here's a laser focus on key areas for an empowered ecosystem:
1. Democratize Access, Not Data:
Granular Access Controls: Provide users with self-service tools tailored to their specific needs, preventing data overload and misuse.
Data Catalogs: Implement robust data catalogs for easy discovery and understanding of available data sources.
2. Foster Collaboration with Clear Roles:
Data Mesh Architecture: Break down data silos by creating a distributed data ownership model with clear ownership and responsibilities.
Collaborative Workspaces: Utilize interactive platforms where data scientists, analysts, and domain experts can work seamlessly together.
3. Leverage Advanced Analytics Strategically:
AI-powered Automation: Automate repetitive tasks like data cleaning and feature engineering, freeing up data talent for higher-level analysis.
Right-Tool Selection: Strategically choose the most effective advanced analytics techniques (e.g., AI, ML) based on specific business problems.
4. Prioritize Data Quality with Automation:
Automated Data Validation: Implement automated data quality checks to identify and rectify errors at the source, minimizing downstream issues.
Data Lineage Tracking: Track the flow of data throughout the ecosystem, ensuring transparency and facilitating root cause analysis for errors.
5. Cultivate a Data-Driven Mindset:
Metrics-Driven Performance Management: Align KPIs and performance metrics with data-driven insights to ensure actionable decision making.
Data Storytelling Workshops: Equip stakeholders with the skills to translate complex data findings into compelling narratives that drive action.
Benefits of a Precise Ecosystem:
Sharpened Focus: Precise access and clear roles ensure everyone works with the most relevant data, maximizing efficiency.
Actionable Insights: Strategic analytics and automated quality checks lead to more reliable and actionable data insights.
Continuous Improvement: Data-driven performance management fosters a culture of learning and continuous improvement.
Sustainable Growth: Empowered by data, organizations can make informed decisions to drive sustainable growth and innovation.
By focusing on these precise actions, organizations can create an empowered data analytics ecosystem that delivers real value by driving data-driven decisions and maximizing the return on their data investment.
This paper reviews fuel cell technology status and some of its challenges worldwide. Fuel cells have emerged as an important technology in various non-linear loads in industrial, commercial and residential sectors. A mathematical model of hydrogen fuel cell is described with control parameters. A hydrogen fuel cell design is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are discussed.
A review of thermoelectric generators for waste heat recovery in marine appli...ManabSaha6
Power and energy demands are increasing for current and future marine vessels (including commercial and naval ships), while the maritime industry is facing challenges associated with rising fuel costs and tightening emission legislation. To mitigate the challenges, the installed power generation unit (i.e., engine) will likely need to be complemented by a mix of energy-efficient plant, waste-energy recovery technologies, smart-power system configuration, and energy-storage technologies.
In our recently published review article in Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments (SETA) journal, we have provided insights (including concepts, applications and technological advancements) into Thermoelectric Generators (TEG) as waste heat recovery (WHR) technology applicable to maritime platforms and to address the challenges faced by current and future marine vehicles.
This paper has covered more recent advances in TEG application to marine platforms and has demonstrated the potential of TEG-based technology on maritime platforms’ capability enhancement and guides future research.
A OVERVIEW OF THE RANKIN CYCLE-BASED HEAT EXCHANGER USED IN INTERNAL COMBUSTI...IAEME Publication
The majority of the heat produced by automobiles, primarily by diesel engines, is squandered in various ways. If this waste heat is collected, it can be applied in a variety of other ways. Recently, increased emphasis has been placed on the global issue of rapid economic growth, a relative energy scarcity, internal combustion engine exhaust waste heat, and environmental degradation. The remaining heat is released into the environment through exhaust gases and engine cooling systems, leading to an increase in entropy and significant environmental pollution, so it is necessary to convert waste heat into useful work. Of the total heat supplied to the engine in the form of fuel, approximately 30 to 40% is converted into useful mechanical work. At 4000 RPM, the exhaust gas temperature is at its highest. So a recovery system is created for a constant RPM of 4000. A shell and tube heat exchanger and a uniflow steam engine connected to the main engine make up the recovery system. By reducing the frictional power at the main engine's power stroke and idle stroke, the linked steam engine increases the efficiency of the main engine. Due to the additional recovery system, the system's initial cost is significant. But over time, the system turns out to be profitable.
Among the Renewable Energy Sources, Wind Energy is taken up with careful prior efforts before implementation as it requires all capital and technical inputs before payback starts. However, it is a clean source of electric power compared to coal based thermal power. India is a country that has made progress in wind power investment.
Electric Compressor Selection & Integration dccmarketing
Follow T/CCI Manufacturing on LinkedIn.
T/CCI's Advanced Engineering Director, Erik Huyghe, outlines electric compressor selection and integration for heavy-duty and offroad vehicles.
Nowadays humans are facing difficult issues, such as increasing power costs, environmental pollution and global warming.. Scientists are focusing on enhancing energy-harvesting power generators in an effort to lessen their effects. Through the Seebeck effect, thermoelectric generators (TEGs) have proven they are capable of converting thermal energy directly into electric power. Thermoelectric systems have arisen during the past ten years as a possible alternative to existing green energy generation technologies because of the distinctive advantages they provide.
Show drafts
volume_up
Empowering the Data Analytics Ecosystem: A Laser Focus on Value
The data analytics ecosystem thrives when every component functions at its peak, unlocking the true potential of data. Here's a laser focus on key areas for an empowered ecosystem:
1. Democratize Access, Not Data:
Granular Access Controls: Provide users with self-service tools tailored to their specific needs, preventing data overload and misuse.
Data Catalogs: Implement robust data catalogs for easy discovery and understanding of available data sources.
2. Foster Collaboration with Clear Roles:
Data Mesh Architecture: Break down data silos by creating a distributed data ownership model with clear ownership and responsibilities.
Collaborative Workspaces: Utilize interactive platforms where data scientists, analysts, and domain experts can work seamlessly together.
3. Leverage Advanced Analytics Strategically:
AI-powered Automation: Automate repetitive tasks like data cleaning and feature engineering, freeing up data talent for higher-level analysis.
Right-Tool Selection: Strategically choose the most effective advanced analytics techniques (e.g., AI, ML) based on specific business problems.
4. Prioritize Data Quality with Automation:
Automated Data Validation: Implement automated data quality checks to identify and rectify errors at the source, minimizing downstream issues.
Data Lineage Tracking: Track the flow of data throughout the ecosystem, ensuring transparency and facilitating root cause analysis for errors.
5. Cultivate a Data-Driven Mindset:
Metrics-Driven Performance Management: Align KPIs and performance metrics with data-driven insights to ensure actionable decision making.
Data Storytelling Workshops: Equip stakeholders with the skills to translate complex data findings into compelling narratives that drive action.
Benefits of a Precise Ecosystem:
Sharpened Focus: Precise access and clear roles ensure everyone works with the most relevant data, maximizing efficiency.
Actionable Insights: Strategic analytics and automated quality checks lead to more reliable and actionable data insights.
Continuous Improvement: Data-driven performance management fosters a culture of learning and continuous improvement.
Sustainable Growth: Empowered by data, organizations can make informed decisions to drive sustainable growth and innovation.
By focusing on these precise actions, organizations can create an empowered data analytics ecosystem that delivers real value by driving data-driven decisions and maximizing the return on their data investment.
Levelwise PageRank with Loop-Based Dead End Handling Strategy : SHORT REPORT ...Subhajit Sahu
Abstract — Levelwise PageRank is an alternative method of PageRank computation which decomposes the input graph into a directed acyclic block-graph of strongly connected components, and processes them in topological order, one level at a time. This enables calculation for ranks in a distributed fashion without per-iteration communication, unlike the standard method where all vertices are processed in each iteration. It however comes with a precondition of the absence of dead ends in the input graph. Here, the native non-distributed performance of Levelwise PageRank was compared against Monolithic PageRank on a CPU as well as a GPU. To ensure a fair comparison, Monolithic PageRank was also performed on a graph where vertices were split by components. Results indicate that Levelwise PageRank is about as fast as Monolithic PageRank on the CPU, but quite a bit slower on the GPU. Slowdown on the GPU is likely caused by a large submission of small workloads, and expected to be non-issue when the computation is performed on massive graphs.
StarCompliance is a leading firm specializing in the recovery of stolen cryptocurrency. Our comprehensive services are designed to assist individuals and organizations in navigating the complex process of fraud reporting, investigation, and fund recovery. We combine cutting-edge technology with expert legal support to provide a robust solution for victims of crypto theft.
Our Services Include:
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We immediately notify all relevant centralized exchanges (CEX), decentralized exchanges (DEX), and wallet providers about the stolen cryptocurrency. This ensures that the stolen assets are flagged as scam transactions, making it impossible for the thief to use them.
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We guide you through the process of filing a valid police report. Our support team provides detailed instructions on which police department to contact and helps you complete the necessary paperwork within the critical 72-hour window.
Launching the Refund Process:
Our team of experienced lawyers can initiate lawsuits on your behalf and represent you in various jurisdictions around the world. They work diligently to recover your stolen funds and ensure that justice is served.
At StarCompliance, we understand the urgency and stress involved in dealing with cryptocurrency theft. Our dedicated team works quickly and efficiently to provide you with the support and expertise needed to recover your assets. Trust us to be your partner in navigating the complexities of the crypto world and safeguarding your investments.
Adjusting primitives for graph : SHORT REPORT / NOTESSubhajit Sahu
Graph algorithms, like PageRank Compressed Sparse Row (CSR) is an adjacency-list based graph representation that is
Multiply with different modes (map)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector multiply.
2. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector multiply.
Sum with different storage types (reduce)
1. Performance of vector element sum using float vs bfloat16 as the storage type.
Sum with different modes (reduce)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector element sum.
2. Performance of memcpy vs in-place based CUDA based vector element sum.
3. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (memcpy).
4. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Sum with in-place strategies of CUDA mode (reduce)
1. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Techniques to optimize the pagerank algorithm usually fall in two categories. One is to try reducing the work per iteration, and the other is to try reducing the number of iterations. These goals are often at odds with one another. Skipping computation on vertices which have already converged has the potential to save iteration time. Skipping in-identical vertices, with the same in-links, helps reduce duplicate computations and thus could help reduce iteration time. Road networks often have chains which can be short-circuited before pagerank computation to improve performance. Final ranks of chain nodes can be easily calculated. This could reduce both the iteration time, and the number of iterations. If a graph has no dangling nodes, pagerank of each strongly connected component can be computed in topological order. This could help reduce the iteration time, no. of iterations, and also enable multi-iteration concurrency in pagerank computation. The combination of all of the above methods is the STICD algorithm. [sticd] For dynamic graphs, unchanged components whose ranks are unaffected can be skipped altogether.
Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation - Final Version - 5.23...John Andrews
SlideShare Description for "Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation"
Title: Chatty Kathy: Enhancing Physical Activity Among Older Adults
Description:
Discover how Chatty Kathy, an innovative project developed at the UNC Bootcamp, aims to tackle the challenge of low physical activity among older adults. Our AI-driven solution uses peer interaction to boost and sustain exercise levels, significantly improving health outcomes. This presentation covers our problem statement, the rationale behind Chatty Kathy, synthetic data and persona creation, model performance metrics, a visual demonstration of the project, and potential future developments. Join us for an insightful Q&A session to explore the potential of this groundbreaking project.
Project Team: Jay Requarth, Jana Avery, John Andrews, Dr. Dick Davis II, Nee Buntoum, Nam Yeongjin & Mat Nicholas
As Europe's leading economic powerhouse and the fourth-largest hashtag#economy globally, Germany stands at the forefront of innovation and industrial might. Renowned for its precision engineering and high-tech sectors, Germany's economic structure is heavily supported by a robust service industry, accounting for approximately 68% of its GDP. This economic clout and strategic geopolitical stance position Germany as a focal point in the global cyber threat landscape.
In the face of escalating global tensions, particularly those emanating from geopolitical disputes with nations like hashtag#Russia and hashtag#China, hashtag#Germany has witnessed a significant uptick in targeted cyber operations. Our analysis indicates a marked increase in hashtag#cyberattack sophistication aimed at critical infrastructure and key industrial sectors. These attacks range from ransomware campaigns to hashtag#AdvancedPersistentThreats (hashtag#APTs), threatening national security and business integrity.
🔑 Key findings include:
🔍 Increased frequency and complexity of cyber threats.
🔍 Escalation of state-sponsored and criminally motivated cyber operations.
🔍 Active dark web exchanges of malicious tools and tactics.
Our comprehensive report delves into these challenges, using a blend of open-source and proprietary data collection techniques. By monitoring activity on critical networks and analyzing attack patterns, our team provides a detailed overview of the threats facing German entities.
This report aims to equip stakeholders across public and private sectors with the knowledge to enhance their defensive strategies, reduce exposure to cyber risks, and reinforce Germany's resilience against cyber threats.
1. THERMOELECTRIC DEVELOPMENTS
FOR VEHICULAR APPLICATIONS
John W. Fairbanks
FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
US Department of Energy
Washington, D.C.
Diesel Engine-Efficiency and Emissions Research
(DEER) Conference
Detroit, MI
August 24, 2006
3. VIEW FROM
THE FLYING BRIDGE
• One Level Above the Bridge
• Enhanced View of the Horizon
• See “Perhapsatron” Mirage or an
Widely Encompassing Range of
High Efficiency Thermoelectric
Energy Saving Applications?
• Here is the Presentation……You be
the Judge 3
4. 4
OVERVIEW
‰Thermoelectric Applications - Now to Near Term
¾Historical
¾Analytical
¾Seebeck Effect Thermoelectric Generators
¾Peltier Effect Thermoelectric Cooling/Heating
¾DOE/NETL Vehicular Thermoelectric Generators
• 2 Teams SI Gasoline Engine Powertrains
• 2 Teams Heavy Duty Truck Diesel Engines
Emerging High Efficiency Thermoelectrics
Recent Quantum Well Results at Hi-Z Technologies
Potential Scale up Nanoscale Thermoelectrics
High Rate Sputtering Equipment and scale-up challenges
5. THERMOELECTRIC DEVICES
COLD SIDE
HOT SIDE
-
I
+
N P
COLD SIDE
HOT SIDE
Nondimensional Figure of Merit
Joule
Heating
ZT =
GPHS Radioisotope
Seebeck Coeff.
Electron Cooling
σS2
T
k
Thermoelectric Generator Reverse Heat Leakage
Through Heat Conduction
5
6. Thermoelectric Properties of
Conventional Materials
To increase Z, we want
S↑, σ↑, κ ↓
but
S↑ ⇔ σ ↓
σ↑ ⇔ κ ↑
With known conventional
solids, a limit to Z is rapidly
obtained.
Best alloy: Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3
ZT ~ 1 @ 300 K
6
8. Definition of PHONON
• Phonon in solid-state physics is a
quantum of lattice vibrational energy.
In analogy to a phonon (a quantum of
light), a phonon is viewed as a wave
packet with particle like properties
• The way phonons behave determines
or affects various properties of solids.
• Thermal conductivity, for instance, is
explained by phonon interactions.
8
9. State-of-the-Art
in Thermoelectrics
PbTe/PbSeTe Nano Bulk
S2σ (μW/cmK2) 32 28
k (W/mK) 0.6 2.5
ZT (T=300K) 1.6 0.3
Harman et al., Science, 2003
Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3 Nano Bulk
S2σ (μW/cmK2) 40 50.9
k (W/mK) 0.6 1.45
ZT (T=300K)
2.4
1.0
Venkatasubramanian et al.,
Nature, 2002.
1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
9
YEAR
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
FIG
U
R
E
O
F
M
ER
IT
(ZT)
max
Bi2Te3 alloy
PbTe alloy
Si0.8Ge0.2 alloy
Skutterudites
(Fleurial)
PbSeTe/PbTe
Quantum-dot
Superlattices
(Lincoln Lab)
Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3
Superlattices
(RTI)
Dresselhaus
(Michigan
State)
16. 16
Stryker Vehicle Under Armor Quantum Well
Thermoelectric Generators
15% Efficiency Predicted with two 5 kWe QW TE Generators
Driven by Vehicle Exhaust
When Parked APU Burner to
Provide Power Using Same
Thermoelectric Generator
18. TE Power Generation
& Refrigeration
0.6
0.6 6
6
TH
T =27 ºC
H=27 ºC
0.5
TH=500 °C and TC=30 °C
0.5
TH=500 °C and TC=30 °C
5
5
ΔT=20 ºC
ΔT=20 ºC
0.4
0.4 4
4
ε/
ε
ε
/ε
carnot
carnot
0.3
0.3
COP
COP
Automotive AC
Automotive AC ΔT=30 ºC
ΔT=30 ºC
3
3
2
2
0.2
0.2
ΔT=40 ºC
ΔT=40 ºC
1
1
0.1
0.1
0
0
0.0
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5
0 1 2 3 4 5
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
ZT
ZT
ZT
ZT
ZT ~ 2 to 3 would warrant TE technology development for
large scale applications
18
19. TE
TE
TE
Assumptions
12 hour mission @ 110°F ambient temperature
Assumptions
12 hour mission @ 110°F ambient temperature
FUEL
Enabled by
Thermoelectric Applications at
United Technologies
today…
POWER SOURCE
• Batteries
CLIMATE CONTROL
• None
Thermoelectrics (TE)
…tomorrow
POWER SOURCE
• Logistic fuel based system
CLIMATE CONTROL
• Thermoelectric based
cooling/heating
• On-demand
IMPACT
• >30% weight savings over
existing systems
DARPA TTO Program Manager: Ed van Reuth
19
20. Man-Portable Power
(DARPA/UTRC Project)
• Heat-exchanger design optimization for 200 We TE-based lightweight
power generator
• Developed mass-optimized designs for air recuperator and cold-side
TEG heat sink
• Design total system mass at 3 kg
JP-8 FUEL
TEG
recuperator
80% of heat to TEG
combustor
Cooling
Air Flow
PNNL Focus
Power to soldier
electrical needs or
TE cooling
20% of heat
to exhaust
20
Combustion air
21. Global Climate Warming
R-134a refrigerant gas is the most common working
fluid in vehicular air conditioners (A/C) since 11/15/95.
-Replaced Freon gas which was detrimental to Ozone layer
• R-134a has 1,300 times greater greenhouse gas
impact than CO2
• > Car air conditioners (A/C) leak 10 to 70 g/year
> 90 % personal vehicles in North America & Asia
and 87 % European cars have A/C
• Peltier thermoelectric HVAC systems significantly reduce
• Man’s contribution to Greenhouse Gases
• While improving fuel economy
21
22. Climate Control Seat
Climate Control Seat™
™ (CCS)
(CCS)
System Vehicle Application
System Vehicle Application
Perforated
Back TED
Waste Duct
Perforated
Leather Supply Duct
Production CCS
Assembly Blower
Distribution Assembly
Layer
Control
Cushion TED Module
Leather
Distribution Layer
22
23. National Impacts
of Automotive A/C
• 7-8 Billion Gallons/Yr of Fuel Use for Automotive A/C
(NREL)
• ~6% of our National Light-Duty Fuel Use
• Centralized Automotive A/C Systems Require ~ 4-5kW
of Power Use
• Smaller De-Centralized A/C Systems Could Require
~2-3 kW of Power
• ZT> 2.0 Competitive with Refrigerant Gas Systems
23
24. Automotive Thermoelectric
Air Conditioning
• ZT ~ 1; COP ~ 0.9-1.0; Distributed HVAC System; P ~ 2 kW; Power Off
Alternator
• Decrease ~ 0.8 mpg/vehicle (0.8/27.5 ~ 0.029)
• Increase ~ 1.9 Billion Gallons of Gasoline/Year Because of Low
Alternator Efficiency
• ZT ~ 2; COP ~ 2; Distributed HVAC System; P ~ 1 KW; Power Off
Alternator
• Increase ~ 1.1 mpg/vehicle (1.1/27.5 ~ 0.04)
• Save 2.6 Billion Gallons of Gasoline/ Yr
• Either ZT Case; Power From Thermoelectric Generator Converting
Engine Exhaust Heat to Electricity
• Increase ~ 3 mpg/vehicle (3/27.5 ~ 0.11)
• Save ~ 7.1 Billion Gallons of Gasoline / Year
(Assumes: 3 kW for AC, 3 kW = 3 mpg, 130 M Gallons / Yr for Passenger Cars)
Hendricks - PNNL
24
25. Thermoelectrics Replacing Gas
Compressor Refrigeration ?
TODAY FUTURE ?
Thermoelectric
Hot & Cold Mini Fridge
(1.5 ft3)
Side-by-side
Refrigerator/Freezer
(27.5 ft3)
25
26. •
•
•
•
Battery Temperature
Impacts HEV/EV
Temperature affects battery operation
> Round trip efficiency and charge acceptance
> Power and energy
> Safety and reliability
> Life and life cycle cost
Battery temperature impacts
vehicle performance, reliability,
safety, and life cycle cost
26
27. Embedded Semiconductor Cooling
Removes Heat From Die to Heat Sink
Heat Sink
Heat Spreader
Thermal Interface
Material 2 Resolve
Thermal Interface
Critical
Material 1
Path
Substrate
Silicon Die
Nextreme’s solution
Hotspots effect
• Reliability 100 μm thickness
• Performance
• Package cost
Embedded Thermoelectric in IC
• Active micro-cooling of hotspot
• Reduces total power cooled
• Simplifies package
27
28. Vehicle / Engine Selection
Selected vehicle platform
(BMW 530i, MY2006)
• The selected vehicle is a state-of-the-art
BMW sedan with a 3 liter displacement
engine (BMW 530i, MY 2006, automatic
transmission).
• The engine is the newest generation of
highly efficient, in-line, 6-cylinder engines
with characteristics representative of
engines in the 2010 to 2015 timeframe
Selected engine platform (Inline
6 cylinder, 3.0 l displacement)
28
29. Waste Heat Utilization
• Where will Vehicular Thermoelectric
Generator Electricity Directly Converted
from Engine Waste Heat be Used?
29
30. Increasing Electrical Power
Requirements for Vehicles
• Increased electrical power needs are being driven by
advanced IC Engines for enhanced performance, emission
controls, and creature comforts
─ Stability controls
─ Telematics
─ Collision avoidance systems
─ Onstar Communication systems
─ Navigation systems
─ Steer by-wire
─ Electronic braking
─ Powertrain/body controllers &
Sensors
• These requirements are beyond the capabilities of the current generators and require
supplemental electrical generation, such as from a TE waste heat recovery unit
• Juhui Yang GM 30
31. Beltless or More Electric Engine
Beltless engine
compressor more
Truck Electrification
Motor
efficient and serviceable
3X more reliable compressor no belts,
no valves, no hoses leak-proof
refrigerant lines instant electric heat
Shore Power
and Inverter
Supplies DC Bus Voltage from
120/240 Vac 50/60 Hz Input Supplies
120 Vac outlets from battery or
generator power
Down
Converter
Supplies
12 V Battery from DC Bus
Compressed Air Module
Supplies compressed air for
brakes and ride control
Modular HVAC
Electric
Water
Pump
Electrify accessories
decouple them from engine
Match power demand to real time need
Enable use of alternative power sources
Starter
Generator
Variable speed
product differentiation improve
systems design flexibility more
efficient & reliable accessories
Auxiliary
Power Unit
Supplies DC Bus
Voltage when
engine is not
running - fulfills
hotel loads without
idling main engine
overnight
Electric Oil Pump
Variable speed
Higher reliability variable speed Higher efficiency
31
faster warm-up less white smoke
lower cold weather emissions
34. 100
100
Thermoelectric Applications at UTRC
DOE Waste Heat Utilization Program
Thermoelectric
Generator
Heat
Heat
Transfer/Coolin
Transfer/Cooling
Project Objective: Improve fuel efficiency of
Fuel Energy
Fuel Energy a heavy-duty, on-highway truck by 10%
Phase I Results:
• 18 kW TE generator designed
• Full system projects 8 – 8.5% improvement
in fuel economy
• critical customers demand, to buy, 2 – 9%
improvement in fuel economy
Caterpillar Class 8 Truck
Energy Audit of Engine
25
25
Shaft
40
Shaft
40
35
Exhaust Heat
35
Exhaust Heat
18 kW TEG
DOE NETL Program Managers: John Fairbanks / Aaron Yocum
34
35. Thermoelectric Recovery of Engine Waste Heat
at United Technologies
Diesel Engine
Caterpillar
Aircraft Engine
Pratt & Whitney
Waste Heat Recovery
Thermoelectric Solid State Technology
Energy
35
37. DOE Waste Heat Recovery
Projects
High Efficiency Thermoelectric Teams
General Motor Corporation
and General Electric
, University of Michigan, University of South
Florida, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and
RTI International
BSST, LLC. Visteon, BMW-NA, and Marlow, Purdue, UC
Santa Cruz, NREL, Teledyne, JPL
United Technologies
Corporation
Pratt & Whitney, Hi-Z Technology, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, and
Caterpillar, Inc.
Michigan State University Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Tellurex and
Cummins Engine Company
37
39. BSST Team for DOE/NETL Automotive
Thermoelectric Generator Project
Primary contributors :
Visteon, BMW and Teledyne
Supporting this technology development:
NREL, University of California at Santa Cruz, Purdue
University and JPL
39
41. Visteon Developed
Primary Heat Exchanger
Shell & tube heat exchanger
He/Xe working
for exhaust gas heat transfer
fluid transports
thermal energy
to TEG
Cat converter
Muffler
Exhaust gas bypass flow
41
42. BSST’s 1st Generation Liquid to Liquid
Heat Exchanger Design
High power density liquid to
liquid heat exchanger
Modeled performance
validated through testing
42
43. Vehicle / Engine Selection
Selected vehicle platform
(BMW 530i, MY2006)
• The selected vehicle is a state-of
the-art BMW sedan with a 3 liter
displacement engine (BMW 530i,
MY 2006, automatic transmission).
• The engine is the newest
generation of highly efficient, in-
line, 6-cylinder engines with
characteristics representative of
engines in the 2010 to 2015
timeframe
Selected engine platform (Inline 6 cylinder,
3.0 L displacement)
43
44. 44
BMW Series 5 , Model Year 2010, 3.0 Liter
Gasoline Engine w/ Thermoelectric Generator
45. Power Generation
Program Goals at RTI
• High performance Bi2Te3-based superlattice for radiator-based
applications
• High performance bulk Silicon/Germanium, PbTe, and TAGS for
exhaust-based applications
• Advanced materials based on nano-structured bulk (NSB)
composites 45
48. Temperature Profile Through TEG
0
1
Temperature Profile Through Device
2
900
4p 3
8
9
4n
5p 5n
800
700
600
500
400
6p 6n
300
7n
7p
200
100
10
0 11
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Heat Exchanger
Position in TE device (node) Efficiency
48
ΔTE
ΔHX
60 kW exhaust flow
Temperature
(K)
20%
15%
5%
Results indicate hot gas heat transfer
is a primary bottleneck
49. RTI Nano-Structured Bulk (NSB) Materials
• Grow Si/Ge-based SL materials with enhanced ZT
• Remove film while preserving the nanostructure within the
particles
• Combine SL film particles to form bulk pellet of enhanced ZT
material
• Larger ΔT for NSB potential higher efficiency and more power
output.
49
50. Initial Results from
RTI Nano-Structured Bulk Materials
• Films sent to Ames for conglomeration via hot pressing
• A more aggressive cleaning etch composed of HF and HNO3 was used
• Conglomeration is improving
50
51. Highlights of RTI Developments
and Future Direction
• RTI SL materials out-perform bulk equivalent with
higher ZT and efficiency at ΔT available in
automotive applications
• Bulk segmented couples producing >300mW with
>8% efficiency (@ΔTe~ 600°C)
• Bulk couple arrays producing >1 Watt (@ΔTe~
600°C)
• Nano-structured bulk material work started with
encouraging results – team with GM to enhance
conglomeration
51
Enabled by
DARPA/ONR
support
52. GM Project:
Current Efforts at ORNL
• High Temperature Material Testing: RT- 500C
1. N-type,P-type and undoped Marlow Elements (15)
2. Skutterudites: GM (4 misch-metal compositions)
3. Clathrates: USF (5 compositions)
4. NIST: Half-heusler (HoNiSb)
• Other materials being tested:
• Oxides: Bulk ORNL, thin film PSU
• LAST (similar to MSU by GM)
52
53. Japanese Vehicular Thermoelectric
Generator Program
Courtesy of Dr. Takanobu Kajikawa, Project Leader,
53
Japanese National Project on Development for Advanced Thermoelectrics
54. Advanced QDSL Thermoelectric Technology
MIT’s Lincoln Lab on DARPA/ONR Contract
N-type QDSL TE Performance
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Tem
perature( C)
TE
Figure
of
Merit
(ZT)
Best Bulk
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Tem
perature( C)
TE
Figure
of
Merit
(ZT)
Best Bulk
Nanostructured QDSL materials greatly improves ZT
54
59. 59
Solid State All-Electric Thermoelectric
Hybrid Vehicular Powertrain
Dedicated combustor capable of operating
on virtually any fuel
60. Thermoelectric Technology Possibilities
for Vehicular Powertrains
• Thermoelectric Generator providing 10% fuel economy
Near Term
gain (MPG)
• “Beltless” or more electric engine
(3-5 yrs) Thermoelectric HVAC (air conditioner/heater) for
{ vehicles
• 2nd Generation Thermoelectric Generators
Mid Term
{ • 20 % fuel economy gain auto, light truck (SUV’s,
Pick-ups and Mini-vans) gasoline engines
(8-12 yrs) • 16 % fuel economy gain heavy duty trucks
Long Term • 35% efficient Thermoelectrics with 500 0C ∆T
(12-25 yrs)
{ • Replace Internal Combustion Engine
• Combustor burns any fuel
Very Long Term
(60+ yrs) • Radioisotope replaces combustor for vehicle propulsion
• 30+ years life powertrain
{ • Replace vehicle body periodically
60
64. Stretch goal for researchers:
• Find thermoelectric materials and system designs that can
replace the internal combustion engine
• A system that can convert 25% of its input fuel energy to
electric power can potentially replace some internal
combustion engines
• A system that can convert 50% of its input fuel energy to
electric power could potentially replace most gasoline and
diesel engines and would even challenge fuel cells.
Francis Stabler, GM , MRS 11/28/05
64
65. Letter to Editor
- MIT Technical Review
• “If capacity to generate power from heat can be
enhanced significantly ………….
• No effort should be spared if there is the remotest
prospect of realizing such high efficiency devices”
» Harold Wickes letter 12/05/05 to MIT Technical Review
in response to article “Free Power for Cars”
65
67. Technical Challenges
for Nanoscale Thermoelectrics
• Scale Up to Commercially Viable Thermoelectric Modules
• Reproduce Lab Scale Microstructure
• Minimize Contact Resistance
• Interlayer Diffusion
• Substrate
• Provide Structural Support
• Minimal Thermal Shunt
Measurements
Power Conditioning
Vehicle Integration
Further Fundamental Investigation
NO SHOW STOPPERS AT THIS TIME 67
68. Fabrication of Quantum Well
Devices
Jack Bass
Hi-Z Technology, Inc.
DEER Meeting, Detroit, Michigan
August 2006
69. Quantum Well Film Comparisons to
Current Bi2Te3
• Quantum well module with N- and P-type
Si/SiGe on Kapton Substrate vs
• Current Bi2Te3 module at the same geometry
and operating conditions (ΔT = 200(C, heat flux
= 10 W/cm2)
– 3x power
• 50 W for QW vs 14 W for Bi2Te3
– 7x voltage
• 12 Volts for QW vs 1.7 Volts for Bi2Te3
– 10x higher specific power
• 2.5 W/gm for QW vs 0.2 W/ gm for Bi2Te3
– 10x lower raw materials cost
• $0.10/Watt for QW vs $1.00/Watt for Bi2Te3
70. From Quantum Well Films to Thermoelectric Power
Module
Alternating 10 nanometer Thick
Si/SiGe Films Up to 11 µm Thick
Kapton Substrate ~
50 µm Thick
Heat &
Current
Flow
100 films form one TE couple
N element
P element
49 TE couples give 50 Watts in
6x6x1 cm TE module at ΔT=200°C
71. Two Couple Power Producing Device with Si/SiGe Quantum Wells
and Mo Contacts on Kapton Substrate Yields Expected Power
Fabrication Approach
Results
Two couple device with N&P Si/SiGe QW on
Kapton substrate
~0.2"
P-type Si/SiGe
P-type Si/SiGe
N-type Si/SiGe
Mo
contact
Mo
contact
Mo
contact
Kapton
Complete 26
couple device
Magnified
~1"
N-type Si/SiGe
~0.07"
Mo
contact
P-type
Si/SiGe QW
200 period.
Each layer is
100•
N-type
Si/SiGe QW
200 period.
Each layer is
100•
Kapton
0.005" thick
Mo
contact Side view
1.5 mili Watt
5 milli Watt
4.82 milli Watt
0.371 milli Watt
Power
0.5V
3V
2.93 V
225 milli Volt
Voltage (VOC)
Bulk
(Bi,Sb)2(Se,Te)3
With ZT ~ 0.75
Quantum Wells
Si/SiGe
with ZT ~ 3.0
26 Couples at ΔT = 40(C
Results
2 Couples Measurements
Extrapolated to 26 Couples
at ΔT = 40(C
2 Couples
Measured
at ΔT = 40(C
Calculated
Experimental
TCOLD = 26(C
THOT = 66(C
72. Quantum Well Film Materials Summary
Quantum well TE material for 50 Watt module
• 0.32 m2 with 11 micron multilayer film thickness
• Volume 3.5 cm3
– Based on ΔT = 200(C, heat flux = 10 W/cm2 gives » 64 cm2/Watt
– Area/volume reduced with higher TΔ and heat flux
– Raw materials
• Si $37.20/kg
• Ge $956.30 /kg
• B $94.15/kg
• C $16.10/kg
• 5μ Si substrates: $15,128.25/m2
• Sputtered 2 μ Si on 1 Mil Kapton: $21.14/m2
• High volume cost for QW TE module: ~0.20/Watt
74. Path to Commercialization for
Quantum Well Thermoelectrics
Dr. Lawrence Woolf
General Atomics
San Diego, CA
Presented at the
2006 Diesel Engine-Efficiency and Emissions Research Conference
Detroit, Michigan
August 24, 2006
75. A path to commercialization currently exists
• High rate sputtering on plastic films
– “Web coating”
• Large-area, high-rate sputtering systems exist
and are currently in use
• Kilometer-length rolls of meter-wide plastic
film are continuously sputter coated in large
vacuum chambers
79. Si/Si-Ge QWTE: path to commercialization
Issue State of Art
Material Si is commonly used
Coating rate 1 μm thick at 100 m2/hr
10 nm thick at 10,000 m2/hr
Coating cost for 200
10 nm layers (2 μm total)
~$15/m2
Reproducibility/uniformity ~1%
Film length 0.5-5 km
Film width 1- 2.2 m
80. Scale-Up Challenges
Issue Problem Solution
Thermal
treatment
Coatings require
300-900 °C
Heat treatment during or after
deposition
Substrate Width, cost,
temperature
Kapton-1.2m, $6/m2, 400°C
Proprietary substrates
Stress Coatings > few
microns can crack
Process optimization
Need to validate
Processing 100-1000 layers Requires high quality film
handling (~50 layers done)
TE
Properties
Achievable in large
scale/high rate
Need to validate
B-C films Large area sputtering
uncommon
Need to validate
81. A path to commercialization currently exists:
High rate continuous sputtering onto plastic films