5.1848 1849
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The Revolutions of 1848 saw a series of revolutions break out across Italy and Europe in early 1848. Many Italian states implemented new constitutions in response, including the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia which adopted a constitutional monarchy. Piedmont-Sardinia went to war with Austria over Italian possessions but lost, though the kingdom survived under Victor Emanuel II and became seen as a symbol of Italian unity. France sent troops to restore the Pope's rule in Rome and crush the newly declared Roman Republic led partly by Mazzini, and a soldier named Garibaldi became famous for defending Rome before the revolutionaries' retreat.
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Politics and Forms of Government in the Philippines
Politics involves the study of power and influence between rulers and the ruled. It can be defined as the art of compromise to achieve goals or the capacity to say no to dangerous ideas. Politics exists wherever people try to wield power and influence over others. The key elements of politics are rule, authority, influence, and power. Governance involves the political, economic, and administrative authority to manage a country's affairs. A state has a defined territory, people, government, and sovereignty, while a nation is based more on shared ethnicity and culture.
The Spanish Era
The Spanish integrated Catholicism, the Spanish language, and Spanish customs into Philippine society. They clustered the population into villages for easier instruction and established the walled city of Manila as the urban center. Education focused on Christianity and was limited to Spanish and Spanish-born Filipinos. Infrastructure like roads, bridges, and electricity were developed, though the benefits went mostly to Spanish elites. Through galleon trade and missionary work, the Spanish converted much of the population to Catholicism, leaving a lasting Christian legacy in the Philippines.
Philippine History: The Spanish Colonization (Follow me on Twitter@detectiveb...
Philippine History: The Spanish Colonization (Follow me on Twitter@detectiveb...Dr. Vivencio (Ven) Ballano
The document provides details about Ferdinand Magellan's expedition to the Philippines in 1521 and the beginning of Spanish colonization. It discusses Magellan establishing the Philippines' location on world maps, introducing Christianity including the first mass in Cebu, and his death in the Battle of Mactan against Lapu-Lapu. It then summarizes Miguel Lopez de Legazpi's colonization efforts in the 1500s, including establishing settlements in Cebu, Panay and Manila through peace accords with leaders and the establishment of the encomienda and polo systems of governance and labor.Early Filipino in the Pre-Hispanic Period - slide share
Early Filipinos lived in communities near bodies of water for access to food and protection. They resided in caves, nipa huts, tree houses, and houses on stilts. Their livelihoods included agriculture using kaingin and wet methods, hunting, boat-making, and trading using gold standards. Communities were organized into barangays led by a datu and council of elders who established laws and resolved conflicts. Society comprised datus, maharlika, timawa, and alipin. Burial practices varied among groups and included burying in trees, caves, or under homes.
Spanish Colonization
Magellan arrived in the Philippines in 1521 as part of a Spanish expedition searching for the Spice Islands. He claimed the Philippines for Spain but was killed in 1521 during a battle with Lapu-Lapu and his warriors on Mactan Island. In 1565, Spain began colonizing the Philippines under Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and sought to spread Catholicism. The Spanish established central and local governments, but the church exercised significant influence, leading the government to be called "Frailocracia."
Philippine History: Spanish Era
Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines in 1521, claiming the lands for Spain and converting some locals to Catholicism. However, Lapu-Lapu, a native ruler, resisted Spanish colonization and killed Magellan in 1521. Spain then began over 300 years of colonization, introducing Christianity, exploiting gold and other resources, and establishing political and economic systems like the encomienda. Filipino nationalism emerged in response to Spanish abuses, led by reformists like Rizal, del Pilar, and Lopez Jaena. Their Katipunan revolutionary movement was suppressed, leading to the Philippine Revolution and war for independence from Spain.
Spanish Colonial Government
The Spanish established a centralized colonial government in the Philippines from 1565-1898. The political structure consisted of a national government ruled by a Governor General appointed by the King of Spain. Local governments administered provinces, cities, towns, and municipalities. This included alcaldias governed by Alcalde Mayors, corregimientos led by Corregidors, and municipal governments or ayuntamientos with cabildos. Barrios were governed by Cabezas de Barangay at the lowest level. This system aimed to maintain control over the islands and collect taxes for Spain.
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Politics and Forms of Government in the Philippines
Politics and Forms of Government in the Philippines
Philippine History: The Spanish Colonization (Follow me on Twitter@detectiveb...
Philippine History: The Spanish Colonization (Follow me on Twitter@detectiveb...
Early Filipino in the Pre-Hispanic Period - slide share
Early Filipino in the Pre-Hispanic Period - slide share
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