The document provides an overview of computer and internet basics. It defines what a computer is and its basic components like hardware, software, and peripheral devices. It also explains computer functions like input, processing, storage, and output. Additionally, it describes different types of computers and networks. The document further discusses internet terminology, resources, and how to connect to and navigate the internet using browsers, email, search engines, and other applications. It provides examples and screenshots to illustrate key concepts.

1. Computer and
Internet Basics

2. A Computer is a device that
accepts input
processes data
stores data
produces output
(all according to a series of stored instructions)

3. Computer system consists of:
Hardware:
microprocessor
Peripheral devices:
input and output
Software:
programs

4. Computer Network
Two or more
computers that are
connected and
share data and
programs
LAN is a local area network

5. Computer Functions
•Words, symbols, numbers, sound,
pictures, program instructionsInput
•Program calculates, sorts modifies data
•Uses microprocessor or CPU
Process
•Memory is temporary holding area (RAM)
•Storage is permanent (disk)Store
•Results of processing
•Reports, graphs, documents, pictures
•Printer or monitor
Output
•Remember to periodically save your work
and ALWAYS keep a backup copy!!!!!Save!

6. Categorizing Computers
Cost
Usage
Size
Capability

7. Less Powerful Computers
•Handheld computer/PDA
•Videogame console
–Sony PlayStation®
•PC/microcomputer
•Workstations

8. More Powerful Computers
Server
– Supplies network computers with data
Mainframe
– Large, expensive, powerful, many users
– Reliability, data security, central control
important
Supercomputer
– Fastest and most powerful

9. Computer System
Computer + input devices + output devices + storage devices
Peripherals

10. System Unit
Power Supply
Storage Devices
Circuit Boards

11. Input/Output Devices
Monitor
Keyboard
Mouse
Modem
Printer
Speakers/sound card

12. Storage Devices
Floppy disk drive
Hard disk drive
CD-ROM drive
DVD drive
CD writer
Zip / Jaz disks

13. Data vs. Information
Data (symbols) used by computers
Information (meaningful) used by people

14. Data
Binary number
system to define
electronic data
0 or 1
Bit
Byte (8 bits)

15. Files
Collection of data on a storage
medium
Data file (passive)
Executable file (active)
Filename and extension
Resume.docWord.exeImage.jpg

16. System Software
Helps the computer monitor itself
in order to function efficiently
Operating system
– Master controller of all computer
activities
Popular operating systems
– PCs: Microsoft Windows, Mac OS
– Handhelds: Windows CE and Palm OS
– Servers: Linus and UNIX

17. Platform
Mac and PC compatibility is an
issue
Apple computer = Mac platform
Original IBM computer =
Windows or PC platform
Microprocessor + Operating system

18. Application Software
Microsoft PowerPointMicrosoft Excel
Designed
to carry out
a particular
task

19. Internet Basics (Cyberspace)
Internet is a collection of
local, regional,
national and
international
computer networks
that are linked
together to exchange
data and distribute
processing tasks.

20. Internet Terminology
Backbone: defines main Internet
routes
– Constructed and maintained by major
telecommunications companies
TCP/IP:
– Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet
Protocol

21. Internet Terminology
Server software
IP Address: unique
number for each
Internet computer
Packets: small chunks
of data ready to travel
the Internet
Router: helps send
along the packets to
correct destination

22. Internet Resources
E-commerce
E-mail
Web Sites
Chat Groups
Internet Radio
Download Or Upload
Usenet
Internet Telephony
Instant Messaging

23. Modem Internet Connections
Dial-up connection via modem
(56K)
Cable modems
– Network card and cable modem required
– Always-on and 25 times faster than dial-up

24. Faster Internet Connections
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital
Network)
– 64K or 128K
– Always-on and expensive
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) and
xDSL
– Up to 125 times faster than dialup
DSS (Digital Satellite Service)
– 500K
Need proximity to a telephone switching station

25. Internet Service Provider (ISP)
Provides internet access to
businesses, organizations and
individuals
Provides telecommunications
equipment
User ID and password required
Connects you to backbone
Email account monthly fee
Should have local access

26. World Wide Web Basics
Files interconnected via hypertext
Web pages make up a web site
Home Page
Links or hyperlinks
Web servers

27. World Wide Web Basics
URL
– No spaces and Case sensitive
– HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
HTML (Hypertext Markup
Language)
– .htm or .html file extension
Document name
and filename
extension
Folder
name
Web
server
name
Web
protocol
standard
http://www.cnn.com/showbiz/movies.htm

28. Using Browsers
Can type URLs
HTML tags tell browser how to display web
page data
Back, forward and stop buttons
Setting a home page
Print options
History list
Favorites and bookmarks
Edit and Find
Microsoft Internet Explorer® and Netscape Navigator®

29. Search Engines
Keywords

30. E-mail Basics
Account = Mailbox
Message
Attachment
ASCII vs HTML format
Netiquette
userid@computer

31. E-mail System
E-mail servers
Store-and-forward technology
Types
– POP (Post Office Protocol) used via ISP
– IMAP (Internet Messaging Access
Protocol)
– Web-based like Hotmail or Yahoo

32. E-mail System

33. TechTalk: Boot Process
Power up
ROM runs bootstrap program
POST (Power-on self-test)
– Identifies and checks peripherals
ROM loads operating system
from hard disk into RAM
Checks configuration and
customization startup routines
– Safe Mode if this process is not successful

34. Issue
How Private is E-Mail?

35. The Internet for Beginners

36. The Itinerary
• Introduction to the Internet
• Segments of the Internet
• Introduction to the browser
• How to speak "URL"
• Curriculum tie-ins
• How to find what you want

37. What is the Internet?
• Computers connected together are called a
network.
• Networks let computers share programs and
information.
• The Internet is a network of many smaller
networks made up of millions of personal
computers connected to thousands of host
servers.

38. Everyone’s computer
connected!

39. Segments of the Internet
• World Wide Web
• Gopher
• Telnet
• E-mail
• FTP
• Newsgroups

40. World Wide Web (WWW)
• Includes text and pictures
• Hypertext and non-linear
• Sound and video can be accessed
• Point-and-click
• Use a Web browser to access

41. Example of a WWW Page

42. Gopher
• Text-based
• Menu-driven and linear
• Precursor to World Wide Web
• Accessible through a Web browser

43. Example of a Gopher page

44. Telnet
• A way of using distant computers as if
you were right there in person
• Used to access large databases, like
libraries
• Need a special Telnet program to use

45. Example of a Telnet session

46. Electronic Mail (E-mail)
• Electronic mail allows you to send and
receive electronic messages
• Fast and convenient
• Can also include attachments like files
and pictures with e-mail messages

47. Example of Netscape Mail

48. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• FTP is a way to share files and programs
• Download files from large archives to
your own computer
• Done via the browser or a special piece
of FTP software

49. Example of FTP Archive

50. Newsgroups
• Bulletin-board discussion groups based on
various topics
• Thousands exist
• A good place to get information about an
area of interest
• Remember that the responses come from all
types of people

51. Example of Newsgroup Reader

52. Using The World Wide Web

53. Web Browsers
• A computer program that lets you access the
WWW and “browse” the Internet for
information
• Common browsers :
Netscape Navigator
Internet Explorer
Mosaic

54. Web Sites
• A single group of many pages dealing with
the same topic and written by the same
person is called a Web site.
• A Web site is like a magazine with many
articles. A home page is like a front cover
that tells what is inside.

55. Hypertext Links
• Underlined words on a Web page that allow
you to jump to another place or Web page
• They look like this : the survey included
• Hidden codes are attached to these words
• This coding is called Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML)

56. More on Links
• The links might be in the form of pictures
such as
• Links might lead to text, video, or sounds
• When you move your cursor over a link, it
turns into a pointing finger

57. The Browser Toolbar : Netscape
To go
forward
one
page
To go
to the
home
page
To
find
a
word
on
that
page
To
print
that
page
To stop
a page
from
loading
To move
backward
one page
To open
a dialog
box to
type a
URL

58. The Browser Toolbar : Internet Explorer
To move
backward
one page
To move
forward
one page
Stop
Refresh
Start Page
Search
the Net
Read Newsgroups
Open Favorites
Add to
Favorites
Change
Font Size
Edit
Source
SendOpen

59. Uniform Resource Locators
• A URL is the unique address assigned to
each page on the Internet
• Your browser uses the URL to find
information located on another computer
and to retrieve the corresponding page
situated on that server

60. Anatomy of a URL
http://www.capecod.net/schrockguide/eval.htm
Hypertext
Transfer
Protocol
Address
of ISP
Network
domain
Directory
on the
server
File name
(HTML
format)

61. Different Protocols on the Net
http:// hypertext transfer protocol (WWW)
ftp:// file transfer protocol
gopher:// gopher site
news: newsgroup
telnet:// telnet
mailto: e-mail address

62. Different Domains on the Net
.com commercial
.net network
.edu educational
.org organization
.net network
.mil military
.gov government

63. Speaking “URL”
http://www.capecod.net/~kschrock/index.htm
h-t-t-p colon slash slash
w-w-w dot capecod dot net
slash tilde kschrock
slash index dot htm

64. Internet
• E-mail projects
• Internet resources for teachers
• Internet curriculum integration
• WebQuests

65. E-Mail Projects

66. E-Mail Projects
•Person-to-person exchanges
•Information collections
•Problem-solving projects

67. Person-to-Person Exchanges
• Keypals : e-mail penpals
• Global classrooms : 2 or more classrooms
studying the same topic
• Electronic appearances by special guests
• Electronic mentoring by subject experts
• Impersonations : participants communicate
with each other in character

68. Information Collections
• Information exchanges : jokes, slang, etc.
• Electronic publishing : collaborative
• TeleField Trips : sharing real field trips
electronically with others
• Pooled data analysis : data collected at
various sites and combined in a database

69. Problem-Solving Projects
• Information searches : collaborative hunts
• Electronic process writing : peer edits
• Sequential creation of a poem, story, etc.
• Parallel problem-solving : answers to a
posed question shared electronically
• Simulations in "real" time
• Social action projects : action-oriented

70. Locating Online Projects
•E-mail Classroom Exchange
http://www.iglou.com/xchange/ece/index.html
•Newsgroups
http://www.indiana.edu/~eric_rec/comatt/nwsgrps.html
•Listservs http://k12.cnidr.org:90/lists.html
•Web sites for educators
http://www.capecod.net/schrockguide/ed.htm

71. Food Guide Pyramid
•Site provides information about the food
pyramid and an illustration
•Have students create a survey for their
classmates to find out how healthy their
eating habits are and enter the results in a
database or spreadsheet
http://www.servtech.com/public/cecarlin/maypotm/food.htm

72. International Games
•This site contains information about
popular games in other parts of the world
•Discuss the differences between games
played in the US and the world
•Have students mark a world map with
names and locations of the sports
http://www.usa1.com/gands/

73. WebQuest
An inquiry-oriented activity in which
some or all of the information that
learners interact with comes from
resources on the Internet

74. Critical Attributes of a
WebQuest
• Introduction
• Interesting task
• A set of information
sources both print and
Internet
• Process description
• Guidance in organizing
information
• Conclusion

75. Further WebQuest Information
http://www.capecod.net/schrockguide/
webquest/webquest.htm

76. How To Find What You Want

77. Directories vs. Search Engines
Directories
• Lists of Web sites
added by a human
• May be general or
subject-specific
• Yahoo : general
• Kathy Schrock's Guide
for Educators :
subject-specific
Search engines
• An index built by a
computer program that
goes out and collects
data
• More inclusive than a
directory
• Keyword searchable

78. Successful Searching
•Combining terms is called Boolean logic
•Combine terms to both expand and limit
your search
•Most search engines have an advanced
feature that allows this

79. Boolean Logic : AND
Limits your search
Women & History
Only returns pages with both of
these terms on them

80. Boolean Logic : OR
Broadens your search
Women or History
Returns every page with either of
these terms on them

81. Boolean Logic : NOT
Limits your search
Women not History
Only returns pages that contain
one but not the other term on them

82. Sites to Refer To
•Kathy Schrock's Guide for Educators
http://www.capecod.net/schrockguide/
•WebQuests in Our Future : The Teacher's Role in Cyberspace
http://www.capecod.net/schrockguide/webquest/webquest.htm
•Differences Between Search Engines and Directories
http://www.capecod.net/schrockguide/mystery/mystery1.htm

83. Welcome to Internet
Basics

84. Uses of the Internet
 Real Time Data/Information
 Publish Student’s work
 To find Unique Sources of Information
 Communicate

85. What is the Internet?
 World Wide network
of computer
networks
 Even more simply—
millions of computers
around the world
connected with wires
 These “connections”
allow the computers
to communicate and
share information

86. How Do You Get
Connected?
Using a Modem
 What you need:
 Internet Software
 Computer
 Modem
 Standard Phone or
Cable
 Internet Service
Provider

87. How Do you Connect to the
Internet?
 Connecting Directly
 Advantages
• Always connected
• Can connect many
computers using one
T1 line
• Very fast
 Disadvantages
• High Cost
• High Maintenance

88. How Do I Get Resources
From the Net?

89. Launch a Browser
 Browsers are the software used to
access the Internet.

90. URL—Uniform Resource
Locator
 Every computer has a unique URL
 WWW.whitehouse.gov

91. Suffixes
 .com = Commercial
 .edu = Educational
 .org = organizations
 .mil = military
 .net = networking
 .us = country

92. INTERNET BASICS

93. What is the Internet?
• A worldwide network of computers
• Allows access to send and receive
information almost instantly
• Combines the immediacy of broadcast with
the in-depth coverage of the newspaper
• Provides access to numerous reference
materials such as library collections,
museums, and research facilities

94. What’s a Web browser?
• Reads the HTML text and converts it into a page
you can read
• Finds, retrieves, views, and sends information
• Used to send/receive electronic mail
• Used to participate in newsgroups
• Used to look for text and graphics on the WWW
• Netscape and Internet Explorer are the two most
popular browsers; Opera is considered the fastest.

95. What’s a URL?
• Uniform Resource Locator
• Internet file address
• Consists of four parts:
• protocol
• domain/server name
• path
• file
www
gotoltc.edu

96. Example of a URL
http://www.southwest.tec.wi.us/???????
http is the protocol
www.gotoltc.edu is the domain/server
is the director/path
is the document/file

97. What do the
domain/server names mean?
• .edu - educational
institution
• .com - commercial
enterprise
• .org - nonprofit
organization
• .gov - government
organizations
• .net - for networks
• .mil - for military
services
• .int - for organizations
established by
international treaty

98. What is HTML?
• HyperText Markup Language
• Programming language used to build web
sites
• Contains standard codes (tags) that
determine how a page will look
• Tags allow for the hyperlink connections
across the internet

99. What’s on the Toolbar
• Back -moves backward through the pages
you’ve viewed, beginning with the most
recent
• Forward - moves forward through the
pages you’ve viewed using the Back button
• Stop - halts the process of the action being
performed (usually downloading a page)

100. What’s on the Toolbar
• Refresh - updates any web page that has
been previously viewed and stored
• Home - returns you to the page that you
have designated as your Home Page
• Search - displays a choice of internet search
engines and a place to enter the key words
for your search

101. What’s on the Toolbar
• Favorites - displays a list of the sites that
you’ve saved as Favorites
• Print - prints the page you’re viewing
• Find - allows you search the page you’re
viewing for certain words/phrases

102. What is a search engine?
• A service that indexes, organizes, rates, and
reviews web sites
• Different search engines work in different
ways
• Some rely on people to maintain a catalog
of web sites
• Some use software to identify key
information on sites

103. Which type of
search engine is best?
People catalog sites
• looking for a broad,
common topic
• want to yield fewer
results
• want to yield higher
quality results
• Yahoo! is a good
example
Software catalogs sites
• looking for a rare, less
common topic
• want to yield more
results
• Excite is a good
example

104. General searching tips . . .
• Use more than one search engine
• Read the “About” page--many search
engines have detailed information pages
about how to get the best results
• Be specific with your searches (search on
golden retriever, not dogs)
• Get more results by being general

105. Ways to
refine your search . . .
• Exact phrase - enclose the phrase in quotation
marks
• Group parts of the search - enclose parts of the
search in parentheses
• Various forms of a word - add an asterisk to the
end of the word (good if a word might end in s,
ing, or ed)
• Use a + sign or the word and to search for two or
more words on the same page

106. Let’s try a search!
1. Select three search engines such as:
Excite
Yahoo
Google
2. Enter in two words you want to research
such as: food + habits
3. View the following three slides for the
results.

107. Results of Excite search
• Entered food + habits
• Received 3, 621, 420 results
• Offers a selection of related words to add to
your search
• Offers a link to booksellers for related
books

108. Google
Results of the Google Search
• Entered food + history
• Received 556,000 results
• Offers search tips
• Offers advanced search

109. Results of Yahoo! search
• Entered food + habits
• Received 483 results
• Offers a selection of related words to add to
your search
• Offers a means to search within the results
of the current search

110. How to spot the links
• Move the pointer over the page
• When the pointer changes to a hand, the
item is a link
• A link can be a picture, a three-dimensional
image, or colored text (usually underlined)
• Click on the link to go to another page
(inside or outside of the current site)

111. How to Bookmark a Web
page
• Go to the page you want to add
• On the favorites/bookmark menu, click Add
to Favorites/Bookmark
• Use the default name that is shown, or
rename the page (do whichever helps you
identify the site quickly and accurately)

112. How to copy/paste
text from web pages
• Highlight the text you want to copy by
clicking the left mouse button and moving
over the text
• Once text is highlighted, right click and
select Copy
• Go to word processing application such as
MS Word
• Right click, select Paste

113. How to copy graphics
from a web site
• Move the pointer over the graphic you want
to copy
• Right click on the mouse
• Select Copy
• Go to word processing or other application
• Right click, select Paste

114. How to save graphics
from a web site
• Move the pointer over the graphic you want
to save
• Right click on the mouse
• Select Save Picture As
• Browse to the folder where you want to
save the file
• Click Save

115. How to create a desktop
shortcut to a web page
• Go to the page you want to add to your
desktop
• Right click on the mouse (position the
pointer over the text of the page, not over a
graphic)
• Select Create Shortcut

116. What is the Internet?
 Computers connected together are
called a network.
 Networks let computers share programs
and information.
 The Internet is a network of many
smaller networks made up of millions of
personal computers connected to
thousands of host servers.

117. The World Wide Web
 A global network of information
servers
 Information may be in the form of
text, audio, video, or animation
 Many millions of sites containing
documents with links to other
documents
 Fastest growing area of the Internet

118. History of the Internet
 Started in 1969 by the Advanced Research
Projects Agency (ARPA)
 The Department of Defense wanted a system
that would still work if part of it were destroyed
 In 1983, the research computers that were
networked became ARPANET

119. History Continued
 In 1986 the National Science
Foundation took the initiative and ran
the network backbone
 In 1995, the NSF stepped out and
commercial providers took over the
Internet

120. The Internet is useful when you
need to know something that is...
 not in your textbooks or library
 based on data collected by the government
 likely to require specialized knowledge
 best understood from eyewitness accounts
 fast-breaking news

121. The Internet is not useful for...
 in-depth historical information
 a quick overview or definition of a topic
The Internet is also good for:
 collaborating on projects with students all over
the world
 finding and contacting experts
 getting real-world experience in researching
and evaluating information
 publishing students’ projects and publications

122. The Internet is not a substitute for :
 face-to-face interaction with other students
and teachers
 drawing, writing, building, planting, or any
other type of hands-on activities

123. Evaluation of Web Pages

124. Evaluating Information on the Net
 Who wrote it?
 When was it written?
 Why was it written?
 Is it biased?
 Is it authentic?
 Is the author an
expert?
 Is the page easy to
use?
 Is the page free from
HTML errors?
 Are the graphics
useful?
 Can you verify the
information?
 Is a bibliography
included?

125. Evaluation Criteria
 Technical & design aspects
 Navigation
 Authorship and authority
 Content

126. Technical and Design Aspects
 Does the page extend beyond the sides of
the monitor?
 Are there useful headings and
subheadings?
 Are grammar and spelling correct?
 Is multimedia appropriately incorporated?
 Does the use of graphics impair the loading
of the page?

127. Navigation
 Is there an image map? Text alternatives?
 Links back to home page from other pages?
 Is the site "user-friendly"?
 Is the resource organized logically for its intended
audience?
 Do all the links (internal & external) work?

128. Authorship & Authority
 Is the page signed with a name & address?
 Is information about the author given?
 Is the author affiliated with a recognized
institution?
 Does the author's affiliation seem to bias the
information?

129. Content
 Is the purpose of the site stated?
 Is the date of last update included?
 Does the site contain original information?
 Is a bibliography included?
 Is the information verifiable in a traditional
print source? Does it add to the existing
body of knowledge about the topic?

130. How to Approach the Internet
 Don’t get frustrated
 Keep it simple
 Give yourself time to explore
 “Mess with it!”
 Find a mentor to help
 Look for personal interests
first

131. Web Browsers
 A computer program that lets you access
the WWW and “browse” the Internet for
information
 Common browsers :
Netscape Navigator
Internet Explorer
Mosaic

132. Example of a WWW Page

133. Parts of a Browser Window
 Menu
 Tool Bar
 URL Field
 Document
viewing area
 Status Bar

134. The Browser Toolbar : Netscape
To go
forward
one
page
To go
to the
home
page
To
find
a
word
on
that
page
To
print
that
page
To stop
a page
from
loading
To move
backward
one page
To open
a dialog
box to
type a
URL

135. To move
backward
one page
To move
forward
one page
Stop
Refresh
Start Page
Search
the Net
Read Newsgroups
Open Favorites
Add to
Favorites
Change
Font Size
Edit
Source
SendOpen
The Browser Toolbar : Internet Explorer

136. World Wide Web Browser
 Allows you to view WWW sites which
contain text, pictures, and sound
 Netscape vs. Internet Explorer vs. Mosaic
 After installation, browsers must be
configured for your machine
 Easy to move back and forth between
pages due to cache

137. Browser Configuration & Helper Applications
 The browser can display text and certain
formats of pictures
 For other formats the browser needs to have
“helper applications” configured
Example:
If you choose a sound file, you have
to have told the browser what piece of
software on your machine is to be run to
play the file

138. Web Sites
 A single group of many pages dealing with
the same topic and written by the same
person is called a Web site.
 A Web site is like a magazine with many
articles. A home page is like a front cover
that tells what is inside.

139. HTML : Hypertext Markup Language
 The standard set of codes used on the
Internet to design and view World Wide Web
pages.
 These pages are basically plain text files
with special codes inserted throughout to tell
a computer’s web browsing software how
the document should appear and behave on
the screen.

140. Hypermedia
The Internet supports many different
formats of information
 Text files
 Pictures
 Photographs
 Sound files
 Video files

141. Hypertext Links
 Underlined words on a Web page that allow
you to jump to another place or Web page
 They look like this : the survey included
 Hidden codes are attached to these words
 This coding is called Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML)

142. URL: Uniform Resource Locator
 “Address” of a file on the Internet
 Contains type of protocol followed by the
computer name, directory and file name
 http://www.capecod.net/Wixon/wixon.htm
 gopher://gopher.boombox.micro/
 ftp:// wuarchive.wustl.edu/pub/windows/psp3.zip
 mailto:kschrock@capecod.net

143. EFFECTIVE SEARCH
STRATEGIES
How to easily find what you are
looking for on the Internet

144. What’s a search engine?
 An Internet tool which will search for Internet sites
containing the words you designate as your
search terms.
 Provides results back to you in the form of links to
those sites which include the terms you are
looking for.
 Search engines search databases of information
that have been collected by automated computer
programs.

145. How does a search engine know
about things on the Net?
 If search engine finds it while its “spiders”
are out collecting data from the Web
servers. The information is put into a large
database that the user searches.
 If a publisher of a Web page registers the
site with the search engine.

146. What’s an Internet subject directory?
 Subject directories organize Internet sites by
subject.
 Created by a human.
 Users conduct their searches by selecting a series
of progressively narrower search terms.
 May contain a search element.

147. Which is better to use?
 Directories allow more control and allow the user
to browse.
 Search engines leave the searching pattern to the
computer program and can be used to find more
specific resources.
 Cons:
– With directories, there is a fixed vocabulary
– With search engines, you get excessive hits

148. How can I improve my use of search engines?
 Learn how to use wildcards and Boolean
operators.
 Wildcards allow you to search simultaneously
for several words with the same stem.
 Boolean operators allow you to combine terms
to broaden or narrow a search.

149. How do I use a wildcard?
 A wildcard is a special character that can be
appended to the root of a word so you can
search for all possible endings to that root.
 Example :
Doing a search on whal* would return
whale, whales, whaling, whalers

150. What’s a meta-search engine?
 A meta-search engine doesn’t create it’s
own database of information.
 A meta-search engine searches those of
other engines and directories.
 By using multiple databases, the results are
more comprehensive, but slower to receive.

151. What are some effective search Strategies?
 Decide whether a search engine or a
directory will be best for your purpose.
 When using a search engine, be a specific
as possible.
 Try different search engines.
 Read the “tips” and help files that are
included with most engines.

152. Review of AltaVista
 Size : 31 million URL's
 Interface : simple and advanced; Boolean
and truncation available
 Helpful online instructions
 Results ranked by relevancy
 Results can be shown as compact or
detailed
 Also includes the ability to search Usenet

153. Review of Excite
 Size : 50 million URL's
 Interface : simple, but no advanced
options at the beginning
 Help is clearly written, but not detailed
 Allows Boolean searching, and finds
similar sites
 Also allows searches of Usenet and
includes a subject directory

154. Successful Searching
• Combining terms is called Boolean logic
• Combine terms to both expand and limit
your search
• Most search engines have an advanced
feature that allows this

155. Search Tools
Directory
[Subject Search]
Search Engine
[Keyword Search]
Search Engine
[Keyword
Search]
Encyclopedia
Britannica
AltaVista / Google Dogpile
LookSmart Excite / Hotbot Mamma
Yahoo*
Infoseek /
Northern Light
Metacrawler
OneKey Fast
Snap
SavvySearch
Preferred Search Tools

156. Directories vs. Search Engines
Directories
 Lists of Web sites
added by a human
 May be general or
subject-specific
 Yahoo : general
 Kathy Schrock's
Guide for Educators
: subject-specific
Search engines
 An index built by a
computer program
that goes out and
collects data
 More inclusive than
a directory
 Keyword searchable

157. Directory Search
1. A directory search tool searches for information
by subject matter. It is a search that starts with a
general topic and moves to more specific sub-
headings. This search method is called a Subject
Search.
Tips: Choose a subject search when you want
general information on a subject or topic. You can
find links in the references provided that will lead
to specific information you want.
Advantage: It is easy to use. Also, information
placed in its database is reviewed and indexed first
by skilled persons to ensure its value.

158. 2. A search engine tool searches for information
through use of keywords and responds with a list
of references or hits. The search method it
employs is known as a Keyword Search.
Tip: Choose a keyword search to obtain specific
information, since its extensive database is likely
to contain the information sought.
Advantage: Its information content or database is
substantially larger and more current than that of a
directory search tool.
Disadvantage: Not very exacting in the way it
indexes and retrieves information in its database,
which makes finding relevant documents more
difficult.
Key Word Search

159. Directory With Search Engine
3. A directory with search engine uses both
the subject and keyword search methods
together. In the directory search part, the
search follows the directory path through
increasingly more specific subject matter.
The subject and keyword search is thus said
to be coordinated. The further down the path
the keyword search is made, the narrower is
the search field and the fewer and more
relevant the hits.

160. Directory With Search Engine #2
Tip: Use when you are uncertain whether a
subject or keyword search will provide the best
results.
Advantages: Ability to narrow the search field to
obtain better results.
Disadvantages: This search method may not
succeed for difficult searches.
Some search tools use search engine and
directory searches independently. They are said
to be non-coordinated.

161. Multi-Engine Search Tool
4. A multi-engine search tool (sometimes called
a meta-search) utilizes a number of search
engines in parallel. The search is conducted
by keywords using common operators or
plain language. It then lists the hits either by
the search engine used or by combining the
results into a single listing. The search
method it employs is known as a meta
search.

162. Multi-Engine Search Tool #2
Tip: Use to speed up the search process
and to avoid redundant hits.
Advantage: Tolerant of imprecise search
questions and provides fewer hits of likely
greater relevance.
Disadvantage: Not as effective as a search
engine for difficult searches.

163. Search Exercises
For those just starting to learn the search process,
this segment is recommended to help you
understand how the process works. The following is
the general procedure:
Connect to the Internet via your browser [e.g.
Netscape or MS Explorer]
In the browser’s location box, type the address [i.e.
URL] of your search tool choice. Press Enter. The
Home Page of the search tool appears on your
screen.
Type your query in the address box at the top of the
screen. Press Enter.

164. Search Exercises #2
Your search request travels via phone lines and the
electronic backbone of the Internet to the search
tool’s Web site.
There, your query terms are matched against the
index terms in the site’s database. The matching
references are returned to your computer by the
reverse process and displayed on your screen.
The references returned are called "hits" and are
ranked according to how well they match your query.

165. • Combining terms is called Boolean logic
• Combine terms to both expand and limit
your search
• Most search engines have an advanced
feature that allows this
Successful Searching

166. How do I limit a search?
 Using the Boolean operator “and”
 Example :
– The search string heart and disease will only provide
links to sites that have both of these terms.
– Documents which have just one of the terms will be
ignored.
– You can narrow it more by using and more than once.

167. How do I broaden a search?
 Using the Boolean operator “or”
 Example :
– The search string drama or theater will return
links to sites that have either of these words
present.
– You can broaden it even more by using or more
than once

168. Limits your search
Women & History
Only returns pages with both
of these terms on them
Boolean Logic : AND

169. Broadens your search
Women or History
Returns every page with either
of these terms on them
Boolean Logic : OR

170. Limits your search
Women not History
Only returns pages that
contain one but not the other
term on them
Boolean Logic : NOT

171. Boolean Search - details
Uses AND, NEAR, OR and NOT to connect words and
phrases [i.e. terms] in the query.
AND requires that both terms are present somewhere within
the document being sought. It does not promise any
association between terms and thus broadens a search.
When unrestricted, it can produce an enormous number of
hits.
NEAR requires that one term must be found within a certain
number of words of the other term. It generally indicates
that the query terms it connects are within about two to
twenty-five words of each other, depending on the search
engine. This makes it more likely that there is an
association between the terms, thereby helping to narrow
the search.

172. [There can be a complication when query terms have no
operators between the terms. Some search engines assume
AND as the default between the terms, while others assume
NEAR. Therefore, it is more exact to use a [+] before each
term rather than leave a space.]
OR requires that at least one of the terms is present.
NOT excludes any document containing the term.
• When using these operators, remember to capitalize them
as shown above.
Example: "house OR home OR dwelling"
Details Continued

173. Synonyms significantly improve the odds of finding
documents that you want. The more synonyms you
use, the more you weight their importance. When
needed, use a dictionary or thesaurus to find useful
synonyms.
NOT excludes even a single use of the term in the
document. It is most suitably employed to reduce a
large number of irrelevant hits when other
measures have failed.
Example: canine NOT dog
Details Finished

174. Directory [Subject Search]
Type http://www.yahoo.com in the location box of
your Internet Browser [e.g. Netscape Navigator or
MS Explorer].
Press Enter. The Yahoo! Home Page is displayed.
From the subject list provided, choose and click a
category of your interest to follow. Choose titles
that are increasingly more specific until there are
no more options of interest offered.
Scroll through the references or hits, and click a hit
that interests you to get an abstract or title of the
reference.

175. Search Engine [Keyword Search]
Type http://www.infoseek.com in the location
box of your Internet Browser and press Enter
to access the Home Page. Using keywords,
type your question or query into the location
box. Click Find. Examine the hits of interest
and click one to access the reference.

176. Multi-Engine Search – Keyword Search
Type http://www.savvysearch.com in the
location box of your Internet Browser and
press Enter. Type the same keyword
query as used in [2] above. Compare the
hits with those obtained in [2].

177. Keyword Search Operators
Operators are the rules or specific instructions used
for composing a query in a keyword search. A well-
defined query greatly improves the chances of
finding the information you are looking for. While
each search engine has its own operators, some
operators are used in common by a number of
search engines. The following are among the most
used operators.

178. If a query asks for American customs rather than "American
customs", the responses will be for the words American and
customs separately, in addition to the coupled words. This
increases the number of irrelevant hits enormously.
Use phrases whenever you can appropriately; they are one
of the most effective means of sharpening meaning and
narrowing a search.
Example: +"search the www" +"tutorial for beginners and
non-experts"
This example is a much more definitive query than the
following Example: +search +www +tutorial +beginners
+non-experts
1. Parentheses & Phrases. . .

179. 2. Parentheses & Phrases
Words enclosed within double quotation marks mean an
exact phrase, or reasonably close to it. More often, it is
treated like a single term. Query Example: “tutorial for
beginners”
• Put quotes ("....") around words that must appear
together and in the order you specify. Let's say you
are trying to find information on Disneyland. Previous
searching gave you a lot of results for Walt Disney
World but few for the smaller Disneyland.
Solution: Search on the following:
+disney vacation -florida -world - Result excludes references
that would have favored Walt Disney World.

180. 3. Parentheses & Phrases
Put phrases in parentheses [nesting] to narrow a search.
Example: search +["tutorial OR guide"] +["beginners
And non-experts"]
In the search process, phrases are searched before the other
terms in the query, which narrows the search area for the
non-phrase terms.
A phrase is a sequence of words that has a particular
meaning and is formed by enclosure within double quotes. A
phrase is treated as a single term and is usually searched as
such.
Examples: "American customs" +"Man of the Year“ +"Time
Magazine"

181. 4. Plus / Minus Techniques
• Uses [+] before a term to retrieve only the
documents containing that term. It is similar to
the Boolean AND.
• Uses [-] before a term to exclude that term
from the search. It is similar to the Boolean
NOT.
Do not leave a space between the operator
and the term that follows.
Query Example: +search +tutorial –course
Example #2: +apple –computer –macintosh

182. 5. Stemming [Truncation]
The use of the stem or the main part of a word to search for
variations of the word [e.g. the stem "sing" searches sings,
singer, singing and sing-a-long]. Stemming can be automatic,
or it may require use of a wild card, symbolized by an
asterisk [*] to initiate.
Query Example: sing*
To include variations of a keyword, use the wild card symbol
[*] after the stem of the word. This broadens a search to
retrieve documents that otherwise would be missed.
Example: col*
This search includes the words: color, colors, color, coloring,
colorant. Do not use stemming if it introduces too many
irrelevant terms.

183. 6. Case Sensitive
• Use lower case for query terms except for proper
names.
• Treat adjacent capitalized words as a single proper
name, e.g. George Washington.
• Separate proper names from each other a comma.
Query Example: George Washington, Thomas
Jefferson
Capitalization rules apply to proper names as taught
under basics. However, it is more definitive to treat a
multiple-word name as a phrase, by enclosing it
within double quotes.
Example: "Gone With The Wind"

184. 7. Fields
There are many fields, but the two you are most likely to find
useful are Title and URL. When you think a term is likely to
be in a particular field, use the term in that query. The field
symbol that precedes the query may differ among search
engines.
For example, it can be title or t, and url or u.
Examples: title:"search www tutorial "
url:generalelectric.com
Field choices are usually found in the vicinity of the query
box or reached by clicking an appropriate link.

185. 8. Planning
Your search for a specific item in a world of
information can be difficult, especially if the
search is done without any planning.
Understand what it is you want and the different
ways you can type in the query you want.

186. Information Distribution
 Information on the Internet is located
on many millions of computers
 No one agency has jurisdiction of the
Internet; everyone plays a part

188. What is the Internet?
• A network of networks
– computers using the same protocol
• Physically it is:
– Fiber Optic Cables
– Traditional Phone Lines
– Computers
• Powerful Servers
• Work Stations
– Linking Equipment
• routers, gateways

189. Brief History of the Internet
• 1969 - ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects
Agency)
• 1973 - Development of TCP/IP
– Transmission Control Protocol
– Internet Protocol
– Packets of data are sent in bursts of 0s and 1s
• 1982 - UNIX Local Area Networks using IP
• 1986 - NSFNET to connect Supercomputer
Centers (San Diego, Cornell, Urbana-Champaign,
Pittsburgh)

191. Brief History (cont.)
• 1991 - NREN
– National Research and Educational Network
• 1992 - NII
– National Information Infrastructure
• 1997 - UNII
– Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure
for wireless communication
• 1997 - Internet II
– High speed experimental 14,000 mile backbone

192. What does the Internet Provide?
• High Speed Communication
• Access to Resources
– many are free
– many are becoming fee based
• Publishing Opportunities
• Distance Education
• Virtual Communities
• Business Environment

193. Tools to Use on the Internet
• Email
• Electronic Mailing Lists
• Web Browsers
• TELNET (Remote Login)
• File Transfer Protocol
• Newsgroups
• HTML Publishing

194. How Large is the Internet?
• 50,000+ networks
• 10 million+ Internet Hosts
• 47 million adults in USA (end of 1996)
• 260,000+ Usenet Sites
• 70 million+ web pages
• Exponential Growth
• For more information see:
– http://www.fas.org/cp/netstats.htm

197. As Fast as Light? Internet Speeds
• vBNS (650 megabits/sec)
• OC3 (155 megabits/sec)
• T-3 (45 megabits/sec)
• T-1 (1.5 megabits/sec)
• ISDN
– 128 kilobits/sec
– 64 kilobits/sec
– 56 kilobits/sec

198. Internet Speeds (cont.)
• Modems
– 56 kilobits/sec
– 33.6 kilobits/sec
– 28.8 kilobits/sec
– 14.4 kilobits/sec
• New Technologies
– Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines (6-8
megabits/sec)
– Cable Modems (10 megabits/sec)

199. Internet Issues: What’s
Happening Now?
• Rapid Growth Rate
• Increased Commercialization
• Digitizing Projects
• “Global Village”
• Virtual Communities
• Connectivity Options Increasing

200. Internet Issues: What’s Going to
Happen?
• Continued exponential growth
• Broad-band technologies
• Government regulation?
• Increased commercialization
• Increase of community networks
• Connectivity will cease to be a barrier

201. Internet Attitudes
• “Everything should be free!”
• “Anything should be allowed.”
• “Newbies are a pain!”
• “Give me more speed!”
• “Nothing of real value is on the Internet!”
• “If it’s on the Internet, it’s not copyrighted.”

202. Internet Basics
• History of the Internet
– ARPANET
– NSFNET
– ISPs
– Internet Investment Bubble
• Technology of the Internet
– A Network of Interconnected Networks
– TCP/IP Protocol Suite
– IP Addresses
– Domain Names
– Client and Server Applications

203. History of the Internet
• Defense Dept. - Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA) network starts in 1969
• TCP/IP protocols defined by 1977-1979
• TCP/IP Internet begins operation in 1980
• MILNET Separates from ARPANET in 1983
• ARPANET becomes NSFNET in 1987
• World Wide Web concept begins in 1989

204. History of the Internet
• Internet Society (ISOC) takes over control
of Internet Architecture from DOD in 1992
• Internet Service Providers (ISPs) take over
control of Internet itself from NSF in 1995
• ISP Dial-up User Market Shares in 2002
– America On-line (AOL) 34%
– Microsoft Network (MSN) 16%
– Earthlink 6%

205. History of the Internet
• By 2000, the Internet had grown to:
– Over 100 Million Users
– On 100 Thousand Networks
– In 209 Countries

206. History of the Internet
• Since 2000 - An Internet Investment Bubble
– Industry overestimated future Internet growth
– Telecom companies overbuilt network facilities
– Telecom companies went deeply into debt
– Their suppliers overbuilt equipment inventories
– Telecom companies started failing / bankruptcies
– Their suppliers had to write off excess inventories
– NASDAQ has plunged over 75% since 2000
– Telecom investors have lost their “shirts”

207. Technology of the Internet
• A Network of Interconnected Networks
• TCP/IP protocol suite
• IP Addresses
• Domain Names

208. A Network of Interconnected Networks

209. Access to the Internet
• Local Area Networks
– Many computers in one location (UMB labs)
• Dial Up Modems on Telephone Lines
– Most common for home users in 2002
• High Speed (Also called “Broadband”)
– Cable Modem (on same wire as your cable TV)
– Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) on a phone line

210. TCP/IP Protocol Suite
• Architecture and protocols are documented in
“Request for Comments” (RFCs)
• TCP/IP on virtually every computer now!
– TCP = Transmission Control Protocol
– IP = Internet Protocol
• All Internet data is transferred in IP packets
• Routers transfer IP packets between networks

211. IP Addresses
• Each host on the Internet has an IP address
• Some hosts “own” a permanent IP address
– Web Servers
– Your PC if permanently connected to your ISP
• Many hosts only “rent” their IP address
– Your PC if you dial up to your ISP
• A router has an IP address on each network
to which it is attached

212. IP Addresses
• Dotted Quad Notation for an IP address
• Each IP packet has a source and destination
address (similar to a letter in the US mail)
– From: 202.47.104.3
– To: 101.78.44.19
• Routers find paths between IP addresses and
forward IP packets where they need to go.

213. Domain Names
• Hosts that have a permanent IP address are usually
assigned a Domain Name also
• Users access host via an “easily remembered” name
instead of a “cryptic” IP address
– e.g. “u19.cs.umb.edu” or “www.fidelity.com”
• User host communicates with Domain Name Server
(DNS) to translate name to IP address
• Sometimes that step is noticeable to the user, e.g
when it doesn’t work correctly or introduces delay.

214. Domain Names
• Read the hierarchy of a Domain Name like a
postal address (most specific to least specific)
• Postal Address:
– Number, Street, Town, State, Zip_Code, Country
• Domain Name:
– Host_Name.Network_Name.xxx
• Value xxx has significance (.com, .net., edu)
or is a code for the country (.us, .uk, .fr, .tv)

215. Client and Server Applications
• “Client” application is located on the user’s
computer and it communicates with a server
on another computer to perform the work.
• “Server” application is located on a central
computer that is accessible by many users.
• Client-Server communication is supported
via TCP/IP protocols over the Internet.

216. Email
• The first popular Internet application
• Email Addresses:
user_name@domain_name
bobw@cs.umb.edu
• Email Protocols and Servers
– Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) Server
to send email
– Post Office Protocol (POP) Server to get email

217. Email
• Advantages
– Faster than Postal Service (“Snail Mail”)
– Provides a permanent record / accountability
– Time shifted (sender and receiver don’t need to
be available for communication at same time)
– No revelation of your identity or home location
– No cost on a “per message” basis.

218. Email
• Disadvantages
– May be slower than phone call or face-to-face
– Provides a permanent record / accountability
(Note: Accountability is a double-edged sword!)
– No clues to recipient’s reactions (No body
language or facial expressions are visible)
– Spam (Unwanted commercial solicitations)

219. Email
• Guidelines for Use
– Never say anything that you would not want to
see on the front page of tomorrow’s newspaper.
– Avoid angry/harassing statements (“flaming”)
– Be careful with humor, irony, sarcasm. If used,
add an Emoticon to make your intention clear,
e.g. “Of course, you are an idiot! ;-)”
– Be careful with use of broadcast mailing lists

220. What IS the Internet?
“A network of networks based on the TCP/IP
protocols, a community of people who use
and develop these protocols, and a
collection of resources that can be reached
from those networks.”
-- Krol & Hoffman

221. Frequently Asked Questions
• What IS the Internet?
• How does the Internet work?
• What can I do on the Internet?
• How do Internet addresses work?
• Is the Internet really as “bad” as I hear?

222. Internet Basics’ Goals
• To answer some of the Internet’s biggest
FAQ’s
• To show you how the Internet really works
• To teach you how to read Internet addresses
• To do all of this in ENGLISH!!

223. US Military Intelligence
• Needed a way to hook up all of the
mainframes in the USA
• Needed a system that could withstand a
direct nuclear attack
• Needed a system without a central
command

224. TEXAS and the Internet?
• Suburbs = LANs
• Cities = Servers
• Interstates =
Communications lines
• Networks

225. IP Packets
• Everything that is sent
over the Internet is
sent in an IP Packet.
• IP Packets can contain
anythingIP Packet

226. IP Packet Routing
• TCP
– Universal “rules” of the
Road
• IP Addresses
– 255.255.255.255
IP Packet

227. Domain Name System (DNS)
Converts “English” names
www.yahoo.com
into “Machine” (IP) names
204.71.177.73

228. IP Packet Routing
• You write an e-mail
letter.
• Hit “send”
• Mail is sent to your
Internet Service
Provider’s mail server
IP Packet

229. IP Packet Routing
• Mail server “resolves”
address
whitehouse.gov
198.137.241.30
• Mail server breaks your
letter into a whole bunch
of packets
IP Packet

230. IP Packet Routing
• Mail server ships packets
to the router
• Router ships packets to
the next “city”
IP Packet

231. Questions Routers “Ask”
• Is this packet broken?
• Is this packet for me?
• In which general
direction should this
packet be sent?
IP Packet

232. At the Final Destination
• Mail server “collects” all
of the packets
• Puts all of the packets
back together (in order)
• Delivers the e-mail to
your mailbox
IP Packet

233. What can I do on the Internet?
• Communicate
• Login
• Download
• Publish
• PLAY!

234. How can I get on the Internet?
• Bulletin Board Service (BBS)
• Commercial Online Service
– AOL
– CompuServe
– MSN
• Internet Service Provider
• Work/School

235. Modems
• Converts digital
signals to analog
signals
• Modem at the other
end turns the analog
signal back into a
digital signal.

236. Modem Speeds
The Internet
Baud Speed Transfer Rate
14.4 14,400 bps 1 page every 2 seconds
28.8 28,800 bps 1 page per second
56 K 56,600 bps 2 pages per second
T1 1.5 million bps 47 pages per second
T3 45 million bps 1,410 pages per second
Internet2 (I2)
Baud Speed Transfer Rate
OC-3 155 million bps 4,857 pages per second
OC-12 622 million bps 19,489 pages per second

237. Internet Addresses
• Machine addresses (IP
or DNS)
• “Personal” addresses
(e-mail)
• Resource addresses
(Web pages, gopher
directories, etc).
:)

238. Machine Addresses
• IP Addresses
255.255.255.255
• DNS Addresses
whitehouse.gov
www.yahoo.com
ua1vm.ua.edu
Hi

239. E-Mail Addresses
• The world of e-mail is
bigger than the
Internet
• E-mail goes to a
person, not just a
machine crispen@campus.mci.net

240. Parts of an E-mail Address
• USERID
– Name
– Number
– Combination of both
crispen@campus.mci.net

241. Parts of an E-mail Address
• The “at” sign
– Above the number 2 on
your keyboard
crispen@campus.mci.net

242. Parts of an E-mail Address
• The address of the
user’s mail server
– IP Address
204.71.75.150
– DNS Address
campus.mci.net crispen@campus.mci.net

243. Resource Addresses
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
protocol://machine.address/dir/file
The /dir/file/ stuff may be optional
The protocol, the ://, and the machine
address are REQUIRED

244. Resource Addresses
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
protocol://machine.address/dir/file
http Web pages
ftp File Transfer Protocol
gopher Gopher Directories

245. Resource Addresses
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
protocol://machine.address/dir/file
http://www.yahoo.com/
ftp://risc.ua.edu/pub/roadmap/
gopher://boombox.micro.umn.edu/

246. Resource Addresses
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
protocol://machine.address/dir/file
REMEMBER
E-mail addresses have @ symbols
URLs have ://

247. Resource Addresses
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
protocol://machine.address/dir/file
The machine address can be either a DNS Address or
an IP Address

248. Resource Addresses
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
protocol://machine.address/dir/file
http://www.yahoo.com/
ftp://risc.ua.edu/pub/roadmap/
gopher://boombox.micro.umn.edu/

249. Internet Addresses
• Machine Addresses
– DNS or IP address
• Personal Addresses
– userid@machine.address
• Resource Addresses
– protocol://machine.address/dir/file

250. Internet Addresses
• Machine Addresses
– whitehouse.gov
– 198.137.241.30
• Personal Addresses
– president@whitehouse.gov
• Resource Addresses
– http://www.whitehouse.gov/

251. Internet Addresses
• Machine Addresses
– whitehouse.gov
– 198.137.241.30
• Personal Addresses
– president@whitehouse.gov
• Resource Addresses
– http://www.whitehouse.gov/

252. Machine Addresses -- Domains
EDU Education
MIL Military
GOV Non-Military
Government
Sites
COM Commercial
Organizations
crispen@campus.mci.net
http://www.yahoo.com/

253. Machine Addresses -- Domains
NET Network Sites
ORG Other
Organizations
UK United
Kingdom
CA Canada
AU Australia
crispen@campus.mci.net
http://www.yahoo.com/

254. Proposed Domains
FIRM Businesses
STORE Stores
WEB Web Providers
ARTS Cultural Orgs.
REC Recreation
INFO Information
NOM Nomenclature
crispen@campus.mci.net
http://www.yahoo.com/

255. Reading Internet Addresses
204.162.80.181
postmaster@204.162.80.181
http://204.162.80.181/
http://cnet.com/
crispen@campus.mci.net
pcrispe1@ua1vm.ua.edu

256. www.biography.com

257. www.cnn.com

258. thomas.loc.gov

259. www.buy.com

260. www.nlm.com

261. new.careerpath.com

262. www.kbb.com

263. www.teldir.com

264. www.un.org

265. www.hoovers.com

266. www.usatoday.com

267. HPL Catalog

268. HPL Aspire

269. HPL Kids Page

270. HPL Interactive

271. HPL Internet Links

272. HPL Internet Links

273. HPL Internet Links

274. Search Engines &
Directories
 Yahoo! www.yahoo.com
 Go To www.goto.com
 Search.Com www.search.com
 HotBot www.hotbot.com
 Infoseek www.infoseek.com
 Excite www.excite.com
 Lycos www.lycos.com

275. Yahoo!

276. Yahoo!

277. Yahoo!

278. Dog Boots

279. The Internet
 What is it?
• A large, growing, connection of over 10,000 networks
and 30+ million users in over 60 countries.
• Shared communications over phone lines and other
communications media (cable, fiber, satellite)
• Initially provide the exchange of electronic mail coded as
standard ASCII text messages. Each message was small
(1-10K) - one page. Now communications includes:
– high-resolution color images
– full-motion video and video conferencing
– voice, sound, half duplex phone
• Growth is phenomenal (20% per month)!

280. The Internet Timeline
1956 USSR launches Sputnik, 1st satellite; USA
Department of Defense (DOD) forms
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
1962 Packet-switched network concept
1969 DOD starts ARPANET for networking
research
1974 Protocol for packet internetworking
Transmission Control Program (TCP)
1981 BITNET (Because Its Time Network) provided
widespread email access.
Minitel is deployed across France by French
Telecom

281. 1982 Internet Protocol (IP) established TCP/IP
1984 Domain Name Server (DNS) introduced
and number of host is 1,000
1986 NSFNET created a high speed backbone
(56Kbps) to interconnect supercomputer
centers
1987 Number of hosts breaks 10,000
1989 Number of hosts breaks 100,000 and
NSFNET is upgraded to T1 line (1.544
Mbps)
Commercial email carrier (Compuserve)
connects to the Internet
The Internet Timeline (continued)

282. The Internet Timeline (continued)
1990 ARPANET ceases to exist;
MCI mail connects to the Internet
1991 WAIS released by Thinking Machines
Corporation to aid information search
Gopher released by U of Minnesota
1992 WWW released by CERN (a physics
research institute in Switzerland)
Number of hosts breaks 1,000,000
NSFNET upgraded to T3 line (44.736
Mbps)

283. The Internet Timeline (continued)
1993 WWW annual growth rate 341,634%
Whitehouse goes online
president@whitehouse.gov
United Nations & World Bank go on-line.
US National Infrastructure Act
championed by Al Gore.
Mosaic developed by National
Supercomputer Center
PC Flowers established Internet florist

284. The Internet Timeline (continued)
1994 Communities become wired to the Internet
For example, Blacksburg, WV - bus & movie
schedules on-line, town meetings, etc.
http://crusher.bev.net/index.html
US Senate and House go on-line
Mass marketing frenzy on the Internet
USA sales at cybermalls grows to $200
million versus $50 billion in catalog sales &
$1.5 trillion in total USA retail sales.
1995 *.com sites exceed *.edu sites

285. An Overview of Telecommunications
 Hardware Design Issues
• bandwidth - data rate or speed
• distance - LAN, WAN
• expandability - add nodes to network
• errors - equipment reliability, fault tolerance, validity
• security
 Media
• twisted-pair wires - phone lines
• coaxial cable - cable TV
• fiber optics - glass filaments diameter of hair transmit light
• microwave - use high frequency bandwidths
• satellite - acts as relay station. 3 in geosynchronous orbit
22,300 miles above Earth give global coverage. Iridium
Project with 72 low orbit satellites for cellular phone
connection anywhere in the world.

286. An Overview of Telecommunications
Feature public leased T1 - T4 C able
Availability good good good good
E xpandability fair fair fair good
E rror rate 10
-4
10
-5
varies 10
-8
S ecurity fair fair fair poor
D istance fair fair good 10 miles
E nvironm ental zoning, right-of-way, airplanes, etc.
D ata rate 0 - 14.4 K 19.2 - 56 K 1.5 - 271 M 3 - 45 M
Feature Microw ave S atellite Fiber R adio
Availability good fair good poor
E xpandability good good poor good
E rror rate 10
-6
10
-7
10
-9
10
-3
S ecurity poor poor good poor
D istance 30 miles global good varies
E nvironm ental FC C , dish FC C , dish few FC C , legal
D ata rate 45 M 50 M 1 - 271 M 9.6 K

287. An Overview of Telecommunications
 Modem modulation / demodulation
• digital-to-analog conversion required
except for ISDN Integrated Digital Services Network
• bps = number of discrete cycles per second
• baud rate reflects modulation of signal to send more
than one bit of information per cycle (e.g., quadrature
amplitude modulation (QAM) = 4 signals / cycle)
• 14.4K bps over public lines is common
digital signal digital signalanalog signal
modem
modem
commercial phone line

288. An Overview of Telecommunications
 Transmission Modes
• Asynchronous allows transmitter to send signal one
character at a time at irregular intervals.
7 data bits = 27 = 128 standard ASCII codes
• Synchronous requires continuous transmission
between two devices. If no data are ready, idle
characters are sent to maintain synchronization.
Start D ParityTIBATA Stop
Start
Frame
Header
Address
Error
Checking
Start
Message
Message
256 - 1024+
Characters
Stop
Frame
End
Message

289. An Overview of Telecommunications
 Circuit switching uses a physical connection
between two points for the duration of the call
(e.g., most voice carriers except AT&T /
RBOC).
 Packet switching use a logical connection
and dynamic routing; down node causes
rerouting but the packets get through (This
was the goal of ARPANET in nuclear war!)

290. An Overview of Telecommunications
Transmission Control Protocol
• TCP carries on dialog between client and server
• IP routes the data across the web of networks
• Separates information into packets for transmission
• Assembles received information; if a packet is garbled it only
asks for that packet again. Smarter than most modem protocols
Client
Server
Network DNetwork C
Network A Network B

291. An Overview of Telecommunications
 Internet Protocol (IP)
• IP address is the numeric version of an address
opim.wharton.upenn.edu = 130.91.161.85
• Domain Name System (DNS)
com = commercial
edu = education
gov = US government
mil = US military
net = network providers
org = nonprofit organizations
int = international organizations

292. Internet Applications
 Telnet - remote computer access
 FTP - transfer files between computers
 E-mail - asynchronous electronic mail
 chat, talk, etc - synchronous e-mail user must
be on-line chat kimbrough@opim.wharton.upenn.edu
 Newsgroups - (e.g., tin is one type)
 Finger - to find out public information for a
particular user finger sun@assets.wharton.upenn.edu
 Browsers for WWW - netscape, Mosaic
 Information search - gopher, WAIS, veronica

293. Gopher developed at University of Minnesota in 1991
 Distributed document search and retrieval
• Search Archie database file server - index of anonymous
FTP files
• Telnet to libraries
• VERONICA (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Netwide Index to
Computerized Archives) indexes thousands of resources in
gopherspace, letting you search by keyword.
 Example
• At UNIX prompt type: gopher.library.upenn.edu
• Browse / navigate with arrow and return keys
• Choose business resources
• Choose EDGAR - SEC
• Search for a company (e.g., Microsoft)
• Type q to quit

294. World Wide Web
• Wide-area hypermedia information retrieval initiative
aiming to give universal access to a large universe of
documents
• Allows finding / browsing Internet information using
hypertext pointers to other documents. Other documents
can reside anywhere on the Internet.
– read the Wall Street Journal
http://update.wsj.com
– go on a tour of the Whitehouse
http://www.whitehouse.gov
– find a job
http://careers.computerworld.com
– track delivery of your FEDEX package
http://www.fedex.com
– go shopping at a cybermall
http://www.commerce.net

295. World Wide Web
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL) allows
access to nearly any kind of data or Internet
service
• Standard codes http://www.ic.gov
– first part before colon is access method -
HyperText Transport Protocol
– part after colon is an address or object, e.g., the CIA
• Other examples
– telnet://library.princeton.edu
to access Princeton University Library
– ftp://guru.cern.ch/
to access files from the WWW virtual library at Cern in
Switzerland
– gopher://world.std.com:70/

296. Electronic Commerce
 The Information Era is here!
Knowledge is Power!
 Universal access to information will change the
nature of business
• NOT “location, location, location” but
connectivity, connectivity, connectivity!
• The Internet allows you compete over boundaries in
– time
– geography
– language / cultural barriers
• Global communication of technology, ideas, and processes
• New markets open up and competitors change

297. Electronic Commerce
 $200 million in USA cybermalls sales in 1994
$50 billion in catalog sales
$1.5 trillion in total USA retail sales
• 1998 projection for Internet sales is $5 billion!
• CompuServe average sale is $70
• Prodigy is largest seller of airline tickets in the USA
• Online users are affluent, open-minded, highly educated
• 1994 CompuServe 2.4 M; AOL 1.75 M; Prodigy 2.1 million
 Lobo Enterprises; Pasadena, California
excellent example of a well-organized
electronic catalog for a niche market
• http://www.hot.presence.com/hot/
• Hot sauce catalog with products like Nuclear Fire,
Endorphin Rush, and Gib’s Bottled Hell

298. Electronic Commerce
 Benefits of online services for customers and
marketers:
• Convenience - open 24 hours/day 365 days/year
• Information - store and display more product information
than TV, newspaper, direct mail, phone book, radio or
magazines
• Fast response to market - update information on the fly
• Reduce printing and postage cost
• Build relationships - there can be a high-level of interaction
with online customers
• Fewer hassles - consumers deal with virtual salespeople
• Interactive medium - newsgroups, mailing lists, discussion
groups, electronic mail, custom catalogs

299. The Future
 Why bother printing books?
• Too expensive to print - read hypertext version on line
• Publishers predict most technical material will be digital
 What if everyone shopped at cybermalls?
• What happens to the city tax base?
• What about the loss of contact with people?
• How would people handle delivery of food / perishables?
 What if everyone subscribed to digital
newspapers?
• How would you design advertising?
• How do you entice consumers to view your ad?
• Interaction, updates, instant information

300. Internet Value Chain:
Customer Relations
Internet
Capability
Company
Benefits
Opportunities
for advantages
Marketing &
Product Research
Sales & Distribution Support &
Customer Feedback
Increased market
share
Lower cost
margins
Enhanced customer
satisfaction
Data for market
research
Establishes
consumer
response to new
products
Environmental
Scanning
Reaches new
customers
Low cost distribution
method
Electronic
catalogs
Multiples contact
points at no
additional cost
Access to customer
comments online
More staff in contact
with customers
Immediate response
to customer
problems

301. Internet Value Chain:
Inputs from Supplies
Internet
Capability
Company
Benefits
Opportunities
for advantages
Pricing &
Ordering
Delivery/Order
Tracking/Inventory
Product
Support
Lower cost of
obtaining materials
Faster, more flexible
delivery
Improved reliability
and performance
Easy, efficient access
Information
constantly
updated
Not locked to a
proprietary system
Faster turnaround
Improves planning
Less inventory
stockpiled
Direct access to
expertise
Interactive
Faster problem
resolution

302. Internet Value Chain:
Internal Operations
Internet
Capability
Company
Benefits
Opportunities
for advantages
Global
Connectivity
R&D / Sharing
Distributed Resources
Location-
Independent Work
International
reach
Flexibility and effectiveness
in information based activities
Increased
productivity
Savings in
telecommunications
Improves
connections to
business partners
& customers
Promotes global
awareness
Facilitates business
partnerships and
joint ventures
Disseminates
resources more
broadly
Shortens
development time
Flexible work
arrangements
Telecommuting and
contract employees
Virtual teams based
on expertise, not
location

303. The Internet

304. What is the Internet?
• Computer Network
– any group of two or more computers linked
together by cabling, telephone lines, or other
media
– users can communicate and share resources
• Internet
– thousands of academic, business, and
government networks connected together

305. Computer Network

306. Internetworking - A Network of
Networks
Network 1 Network 2 Network 3
Network 5Network 4

307. Communications Protocols
• Most computers on early Internet used the UNIX
operating system
• Need to connect dissimilar computers with
different operating systems
• A suite of communications standards, protocols,
was developed which is now the required method
for communication on the Internet
– TCP/IP
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

308. What is the WWW?
• World Wide Web
– originally developed by physicists in Geneva,
Switzerland to exchange data and research materials
with other scientists
– The Web gathers Internet resources from all over the
world into menu pages or screens on your computer
– Pages are connected together using hypertext links,
which enable you to jump from one link to another
– Part of the Internet
• the most current and most updated
• constantly changing resources
• using a browser you can access other parts of the
INTERNET

309. Hardware Requirements
• A personal computer
• Access to an Internet “host” provided to you
by an Internet access provider
• Physical connection
– network cable
– modem and telephone line
– cable modem

310. Communications - Modem and
Telephone Line

311. Software Requirements
• Internet protocol, TCP/IP
– provided by the Internet access provider
• A version of TCP/IP that can be transmitted
over a telephone line or cable
– Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP), or
– Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
• Internet front-end software application
– the software you interact with to find and use
Internet resources
– Netscape Communicator

312. Accessing the Internet
• Internet access provider
– gives you your Internet host name and user
name
– supplies
• software you need to connect
• protocols such as TCP/IP
• front-end software such as Netscape Communicator

313. Types of Access Providers
• Corporate
– large company or educational institution that
has a network that is already connected to the
Internet
• Free-Net
– free municipal computer networks that connect
to the Internet, ex. Public library
• Commercial
– Internet access provided for a fee
– User dials into that provider’s host from their
own computer by using a modem and telephone
line.

314. A Corporate Internet User
INTERNET
Your
local network
connection
Your
office
Internet connection

315. Using a Free-Net
Public
library
Your
home
INTERNET

316. Using a Commercial Internet
Access Provider
Your
office
Access
provider
Modem
INTERNET

317. User Name and
Full Internet Addresses
• Each individual user on the Internet has his
or her own user name
– ex. MEREDIGM@SPART5.K12.SC.US
– ex. MEREDIGM@HOME.COM

318. Top Level Domains
Nam e Type of Enterprise
.com Com m ercial organizatons
.gov Government bodies
.edu Educational institutions
.m il M ilitary institutions
.net Computer networks
.org Other types of
organizations

319. Home Page
• The first screen you
see when you start
Navigator
– District Five Home
Page
• www.spart5.k12.sc.us

320. Navigator Toolbars
Navigation toolbar
Location toolbar
Personal toolbar

321. Universal Resource Locators
(URLs)
• The standard naming methodology for
location information
• Syntax:
sourcetype://hostname/path/filename
– sourcetype - identifies the type of application
used to access the information
– hostname - specifies where the host resides
– path - identifies the path that is taken to the file
• http://www.yahoo.com/ (type in this URL)

322. Using Yahoo’s List of Subjects
• Click on the Computers & Internet link
• Click on the following sequence of links:
– Internet
– Online Teaching and Learning
– Teacher Resources

323. Searching the World Wide Web
Search Tool URL
Alta Vista http://altavista.digital.com/
Excite http://www.excite.com/
InfoSeek http://www.infoseek.com/
Lycos http://www.lycos.com/
M agellan http://www.mckinley.com/
W ebCrawler http://www.webcrawler.com/
Yahoo! http://www.yahoo.com/search.html

324. Search Services
• Search Engines
– perform simple, one-word searches by using phrases or
special symbols
• Web Guides
– Perform simple and complex searches, and also have
lists of categories from which you can narrow down
your search
• White & Yellow Pages
– Search for people’s email addresses
• Topic Specific
– Search for specific information, depending on the tool

325. Practice Searching
• In the Navigation toolbar, click on the
“Search” button
• Click on the Excite link
• In the search field, type weather
• Click on “Search”
• Go back to the Excite web page and search
for a topic of your choice

326. Using Boolean Operators
• Click on the “Back” button to go back to the
Excite search service
• In search field type:
• weather + Spartanburg + SC
• Click on “Search” button
• Scroll down to see links to Spartanburg’s
weather information

327. Search Tips
• Computers follow instructions literally
• Check spelling carefully
• A topic that is too global, ex. “computers”, will
cause too many documents to be found
• A topic that is too specific may bring up no
matches
• Refine your searches by using special symbols
such as “”,=,-,+, and Boolean operators such as
AND, OR, NEAR. Each search tool has a
unique syntax for Boolean operators and most
provide a Help page for this.

328. Meta Search Engines
• Meta search engines search many search
engines at once:
• Dogpile www.dogpile.com
• Highway 61 www.highway61.com
• MetaFind www.metafind.com
• MetaSearch www.metasearch.com

329. Bookmarks
• Netscape saves the location of a document
in the Bookmarks menu
• Bookmarks are stored on the hard disk of
your computer in a file called
bookmark.htm

330. Using Bookmarks
• Click on the “Bookmarks” button
• Point to the “Travel And Leisure” folder
• Click on “The Weather Channel”
• Go to some of the other links in your
Bookmarks menu

331. Adding Bookmarks
• In the Location field
type: www.pbs.org
• Click on Teacher
Source link
• Click on the
“Bookmarks” button
• Click on “Add
Bookmark”

332. Organizing Bookmarks
• Click on the Bookmarks button, and choose Edit
Bookmarks
• To create a new folder, click on “Bookmarks
for…”
– Click “File” “New Folder” and type:
yourname’s folder. Click on OK
– Drag your PBS Teacher Source bookmark into
your folder
• Click on your folder
• Press the delete key on your keyboard
• Close the Bookmarks window

333. Use the “Bookmark Icon”
• Create a “Teaching Resources” folder
• Find to the “Bookmark icon” on the
Location toolbar
• Drag the “Bookmark icon” to the “Teaching
Resources” folder in your bookmarks menu
to place the bookmark in the folder

334. Securing your Internet Account
• Choose a safe password
• Encrypt your data
– converts it to a form that is readable only by
those to whom you give your personal
decryption key
• Avoid Internet Viruses
– if you download a program, check it
immediately for viruses

335. Plug-ins
• Software programs that you can add to
supplement Netscape’s capabilities
– ex. A plug-in may give you the ability to play
audio samples or view movies
• You can download plug-ins to your hard
disk by using instructions that come with
the plug-in

336. Internet Basics
Terminology

337. add-on
a software program that works
with another program, enhancing
its features.

338. address book
component of e-mail programs to
store names, electronic
addresses and other details
about specific identities.

339. animated GIF
web page graphic that combines
several GIF graphics in one file
and in a sequence.
Animated GIF's are widely used on
the Internet because they do not
require a special player.

340. anonymous FTP sites
file transfer servers where you
do not need a password to log
on and access files. Sometimes
you need to use the password
"anonymous," hence the name.

341. antivirus program
a utility that searches
electronic files for computer
viruses and removes any found.

342. Archie
program that searches FTP
servers for any files by
filename.

343. ASCII
American Standard Code for
Information Exchange, code that
represents English characters as
numbers, used to represent text and
transfer information between
computers.

344. attachment
an electronic file attached to
an e-mail.

345. bandwidth
the amount of data that can be
transmitted in a given amount
of time, typically expressed as
bits per second (bps).

346. bit
a binary digit, the smallest unit
of information, a one or a zero.
the smallest unit of electronic
information, a bit an hold either
of two variables, 0 or 1.

347. BCC
blind carbon copy, a copy of an
e-mail message sent to a second
recipient without the address
appearing in the original
mailing.

348. bookmarks
Netscape Navigator's method of
marking and organizing web page
addresses as links for later
use.

349. bounce
an e-mail message that is
returned, or "bounced" back,
due to an unknown or obsolete
e-mail address.

350. browser
a software application used to
access the World Wide Web and
view web pages

351. bulletin board
an electronic message center
where users post messages for
other users to later read and
comment on.

352. byte
a unit of information containg
eight bits, capable of
representing an alphabetic
character.

353. cable modem
a modem designed to utilize cable
television lines and therefore
capable of transmitting more
information with more bandwidth and
faster connection speeds.

354. bache
electronic folder that
temporarily stores most
recently downloaded web files,
allowing faster display of
reaccessed files.

355. chat
real-time, text-based
communication on the Internet.

356. client
software program that requests
files or makes other requests
of a server

357. Collabra
the newsreader software that
comes with the Netscape
Communicator suite.

358. Common Gateway Interface
(CGI)
script that transfers data
between a client and a server,
often used in interactive web
pages such as forms.

359. component bar
offers buttons to access the
various components of the
Communicator suite.

360. compression
compacts data into a smaller
file size by scanning a file
and eliminating duplicate areas
by replacing them with
reference codes.

361. cookie
electronic file transmitted from a
server to a Web browser and sent
back to the server when a new file
is requested. Cookies are stored on
the browser.

362. cybercast
broadcast over the Internet.

363. cyberspace
the non-physical space created
by computers, such as the
Internet.

364. DHTML
Dynamic HTML, allows page
content to change in reaction
to user input without
communication with the
originating server.

365. dail-up account
internet access account that
enables a computer to connect
to the Internet via an ISP
computer using a modem.

366. database
a collection of related
information that can be
searched.

367. document window
displays the active Web page.

368. domain name
names used in URL's and
corresponding to one or more IP
addresses. Domain names always
carry a suffix, the top-level
domain name such as com or edu.
Domain names in a URL are case
sensitive.

369. Domain Name Service (DNS)
Internet service that
translates domain names into
their numeric IP numbers

370. download
to copy electronic data from
another computer to your
computer over a network.

371. electronic commerce
(e-commerce)
business conducted online.

372. e-mail
electronic messages transmitted
over any computer network.

373. executable
a file that a computer can
execute, such as a software
program.

374. external viewer
a program that a browser
launches automatically to open
files not supported by the
browser.

375. firewall
programming designed to prevent
Internet users from accessing
parts of an Internet server.

376. forum
a discussion group where users
share information on a
particular topic of common
interest.

377. frame
a section of a document window,
divided areas of a browser
display showing distinct web
pages.

378. freeware
copyrighted software that is
provided free for anyone's use.

379. File Transfer Protocol
(FTP)
a common protocol that
facilitates transferring any
type of electronic files over
the Web.

380. gif or GIF
compressed graphics file format
supported by all graphics Web
browsers, the most common
graphics file format used on
the Web.

381. gigabyte (GB)
unit of electronic information
storage capable of holding
1,073,741,824 bytes.

382. home page
the Web page that appears when
you start Netscape Navigator,
the index or default page of a
particular Web server, folder,
or person's Web site.

383. history list
a web browser's list of sites
visited since launching the
browser.

384. history window
a web browser feature with a list
of sites visited, providing
searchable data on each site,
including title, URL, when first
visited, when most recently
visited, and how often visited.

385. home page
the entrance page to a Web site
with multiple pages; a Web page
about a person or company; the
start page for a browser.

386. host
a computer connected to a TCP/IP
network, such as the Internet, with
a unique IP address; a computer
that stores resources or provides a
service for other computers on a
network.

387. Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP)
the protocol computers use to
transmit Web documents between
computers, identified by the
prefix "http://" of the URL.

388. hypertext documents
electronic files containing
links that can be selected to
move to another part of the
document or to another document
altogether.

389. Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML)
programming language used to create
documents displayed by Web
browsers, a logical language to
format documents that can be
universally understood on different
computer platforms and by different
Web browsers.

390. imagemap
a single graphic that serves as
more than one hyperlink.

391. inbox
folder in an e-mail program
where incoming messages are
stored until moved to another
folder or deleted.

392. inline image
a graphic displayed along with
text in a Web page.

393. Integrated Message Access
Protocol (IMAP)
e-mail retrieval protocol that
allows storage of messages on
the remote server instead of
downloading them to the client
computer.

394. Internet
a global network of computer
networks that use standard
protocols to exchange
information, the largest
network of computer networks.

395. Internet Service Provider
(ISP)
companies that sell access to
the Internet to other users.

396. IP address
the numerical identifier for a
computer connected to a TCP/IP
network, such as the Internet. IP
addresses consist of a set of four
numbers from 0 - 255 and separated
by periods. For example
199.104.230.26.

397. Java
the programming language developed
by Sun Microsystems used for
creating applications that can be
run over the Web, computer language
designed to be run on any computer
regardless of the operating system.

398. JavaScript
language developed by Netscape
to add functionality and
enhancements to Web pages.

399. jpg or JPEG
pronounced "jay-peg," a compressed
graphics format supported
by all graphical web browsers,
second of the most common image
formats used on the Web. The
acronym stands for Joint
Photographic Experts Group.

400. kilobyte, KB
unit of electronic storage
capable of holding 1,024 bytes.

401. link
that portion of a hypertext
document that allows for moving
to another part of the document
or to another document
altogether.

402. list
a specified group of Address Book
entries that allows you to send an
e-mail message to a group of people
without manually selecting each
individual addressee.

403. local area network
computer network that covers a
relatively small area, such as a
single building or company, and
allows for sharing devices such as
printers or services such as
Internet connection.

404. location bar
identifies the address of the
Web page displayed in the
browser window.

405. mailer form
a form in a Web page that sends
an e-mail message.

406. mailto link
a link in a Web page that opens the
default e-mail program and
addresses a message to a specific
address. The specified URL begins
with "mailto:" followed by the e-
mail address.

407. megabyte (MB)
the unit of electronic storage
capable of holding 1,048,576
bytes.

408. menu bar
groups commands by menu name,
clicking a menu name opens a
menu of commands or submenus.

409. META tags
HTML tags that provide
information about a Web page,
such as author, keywords,
description, character set and
authoring program.

410. modem
device that enables a computer
to connect to other computers
via a telephone or other
transmission line

411. navigational guide
a list, index or directory of
Web pages organized by themes
or subjects.

412. navigation buttons
tool bar buttons used to move
among Web pages, includes,
Back, Forward and Home.

413. Netcsape Communicator
a software suite for using the
World Wide Web.

414. network
two or more computers linked
together to exchange data.

415. newsgroup
a forum on the Usenet network
with a specific topic of
interest, used by participants
to read, post and reply to
messages.

416. news reader
special software used to
receive message posted to
newsgroups.

417. news server
a server that manages and
stores the messages posted to
various newsgroups.

418. password
a personal code that verifies
that you have the right to
access a computer, file, server
or other electronic area or
component.

419. personal toolbar
customizable toolbar that
displays buttons you can click
to jump to Web pages.

420. plug-ins
software programs that extend
the capabilities of other
programs.

421. Portable Document Format
(PDF)
file format that captures
formatting information from
various publishing programs and
enables them to appear exactly
as intended on other computers.

422. post
a message sent to a newsgroup
or bulletin board.

423. Posting
the act of sending an e-mail
message to a newsgroup or
bulletin board.

424. Post Office Protocol (POP)
a protocol used to retrieve e-
mail from a server. POP3
clients must download their
mail to their local computer to
read it.

425. protocol
procedure or format a computer uses
to transmit or exchange files,
enabling computers of different
platform types to communicate in a
standardized fashion.

426. query
a request in question form that
directs a search engine to find
documents that contain the
specified word, phrase or other
component.

427. response time
the amount of time it takes to
complete a link.

428. search engine
database software that
retrieves information based
upon query parameters.

429. self-extracting files
compressed files capable of
extracting its compressed files
without a separate
decompression program.

430. server
computer that receives and
fulfills requests to provide
specific services on a network.

431. shareware
a copyrighted software program
distributed on the honor system
that you can try before buying.

432. start page
the Web page that appears when
a Web browser is launched.

433. status bar
indicates the status of the
document you are retrieving
from the Web server.

434. Suites
packages of seamless, integrated
and specialized software
applications. Internet suites might
include a browser, an e-mail
capability, a web page creation
capability and others. Groups of
integrated software products.

435. T-1
a dedicated Internet connection
capable of supporting a
transfer rate of 1.544 Mbps.

436. tag
a command inserted into a file
specifying how portions of the
document are formatted are to
be treated by the browser.

437. target
a new location in the same
hypertext document that you are
moved to by a link.

438. telnet
program that allows a computer
to dial another computer and
act like a terminal of the
remote computer.

439. text link
a word or phrase in a hypertext
document that is typically
underlined and colored differently
that functions, when selected, to
move the browser to a different web
page or a different place in the
page.

440. thread
a batch of newsgroup messages
that follow a single line of
conversation.

441. thumbnail
a smaller version of a graphic,
typically used inline with a
link to the larger version to
minimize the size of a web
page.

442. title bar
identifies the active Web page
in the window.

443. top level domain
suffix attached to Internet
domain names referring to
either geographical location or
a characteristic of the host
organization or company.

444. Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP)
the standard suite of protocols
used to connect computers on
the Internet and on
intranets.

445. Uniform Resource Locator
(URL)
the address of a Web page.

446. upload
to transfer a file from your
computer to another computer.

447. Usenet
the world-wide network of over
14,000 bulletin boards called
newsgroups.

448. user ID
is a name that identifies you
on a network. The portion of an
e-mail address preceding the @
symbol is a common example.

449. virus
a destructive program code in
an executable file.

450. Web page
a hypertext document on the
World Wide Web.

451. Web server
a computer connected to the
Internet that provides
electronic files to other
computers.

452. Webring
a collection of Web pages on a
single topic that link to each
other.

453. World Wide Web (WWW)
the network of HTML files
stored on Web servers and
interlinked with hyperlinks,
thereby creating a "web" of
interlinked files.

454. zip files
a common compression format
created by MacZip for
Macintosh, WinZip for Windows
and PKZIP for DOS.