1) The document discusses GSM transport evolution and solutions to optimize transport of data over the Abis interface between radio base stations and the base station controller.
2) Ericsson's Packet Abis solution transmits all traffic in packets over Abis with minimal reformatting to efficiently transport bursty data. This can quadruple EGPRS performance without adding transmission capacity.
3) The solution provides methods for synchronizing radio base stations when using IP transport, including a highly stable oscillator calibrated over the packet network, to ensure stable frequency requirements of the air interface are met.
The document discusses requirements for efficient mobile backhaul with carrier Ethernet to support LTE networks. It covers:
- LTE network architecture and how it impacts transport network requirements, including the need for multiservice capability, low cost per bit transport, and support for a transition to packet-based networks.
- Key transport network requirements created by LTE like powerful OAM, fast protection switching, strong QoS support, security, and interoperability with the packet core.
- How MPLS-TP can fulfill these requirements through features like VPN support, bearer provisioning across interfaces, coordinated tunnel setup, comprehensive OAM tools, and protection switching capabilities.
CommTech Talks: Optical Access Architectures for Backhauling of Broadband Mob...Antonio Capone
The document discusses challenges and solutions for mobile networks facing increasing data usage, including the use of heterogeneous networks (HetNets) with small cells and centralized baseband units (BBUs). It provides an overview of BBU centralization using Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) backhauling and compares the capital expenditure and operating expenditure of transport solutions like time division multiplexing and wavelength division multiplexing. Centralized BBU deployment can help reduce operating costs through pooling and load balancing while CPRI backhauling requires high bandwidth and introduces latency challenges that compression techniques and network design can help address.
The document summarizes the future of optical networking. It predicts modest post-bubble growth driven by revenue, with most spending still on SONET/SDH rather than WDM. It outlines the adoption of multi-service provisioning platforms, multi-service switching platforms, and multi-service transport platforms over time. Finally, it describes how MSPPs, MSSPs, and MSTPs fit into access/collector, intra-metro/regional, and inter-office networks.
IP-optical convergence: a complete solutionEricsson
Networks with separate IP and optical transport networks suffer from an unnecessary resource overhead, as each network has its own control and management mechanisms. In addition to the extra resources needed to reach a given performance target, separation also makes networks more complex than they need to be. Like many other issues that operators face today, this causes costs to rise and lowers the ability to evolve with changing business environments.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Centralized-RAN technology improves the wireless experienceAmphenol Telect
Telect builds its C-RAN technology on a rack-and-stack option with all Telect-manufactured products. The Centalized-RAN solution includes our racks and cabinets, power distribution, fiber distribution, and horizontal and vertical cable management.
This document provides an overview of the LTE radio layer 2, radio resource control (RRC), and radio access network architecture. It discusses the E-UTRAN architecture including eNodeBs, home eNodeBs, and relays. It describes the user plane including bearer services, the user plane protocol stack with PDCP, RLC, and MAC layers, and security and transport functions. It also outlines the control plane including connection control and RRC states, and highlights features like interoperability, self-organizing networks, positioning, broadcasting, latency evaluations, and LTE-Advanced.
The document discusses requirements for efficient mobile backhaul with carrier Ethernet to support LTE networks. It covers:
- LTE network architecture and how it impacts transport network requirements, including the need for multiservice capability, low cost per bit transport, and support for a transition to packet-based networks.
- Key transport network requirements created by LTE like powerful OAM, fast protection switching, strong QoS support, security, and interoperability with the packet core.
- How MPLS-TP can fulfill these requirements through features like VPN support, bearer provisioning across interfaces, coordinated tunnel setup, comprehensive OAM tools, and protection switching capabilities.
CommTech Talks: Optical Access Architectures for Backhauling of Broadband Mob...Antonio Capone
The document discusses challenges and solutions for mobile networks facing increasing data usage, including the use of heterogeneous networks (HetNets) with small cells and centralized baseband units (BBUs). It provides an overview of BBU centralization using Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) backhauling and compares the capital expenditure and operating expenditure of transport solutions like time division multiplexing and wavelength division multiplexing. Centralized BBU deployment can help reduce operating costs through pooling and load balancing while CPRI backhauling requires high bandwidth and introduces latency challenges that compression techniques and network design can help address.
The document summarizes the future of optical networking. It predicts modest post-bubble growth driven by revenue, with most spending still on SONET/SDH rather than WDM. It outlines the adoption of multi-service provisioning platforms, multi-service switching platforms, and multi-service transport platforms over time. Finally, it describes how MSPPs, MSSPs, and MSTPs fit into access/collector, intra-metro/regional, and inter-office networks.
IP-optical convergence: a complete solutionEricsson
Networks with separate IP and optical transport networks suffer from an unnecessary resource overhead, as each network has its own control and management mechanisms. In addition to the extra resources needed to reach a given performance target, separation also makes networks more complex than they need to be. Like many other issues that operators face today, this causes costs to rise and lowers the ability to evolve with changing business environments.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Centralized-RAN technology improves the wireless experienceAmphenol Telect
Telect builds its C-RAN technology on a rack-and-stack option with all Telect-manufactured products. The Centalized-RAN solution includes our racks and cabinets, power distribution, fiber distribution, and horizontal and vertical cable management.
This document provides an overview of the LTE radio layer 2, radio resource control (RRC), and radio access network architecture. It discusses the E-UTRAN architecture including eNodeBs, home eNodeBs, and relays. It describes the user plane including bearer services, the user plane protocol stack with PDCP, RLC, and MAC layers, and security and transport functions. It also outlines the control plane including connection control and RRC states, and highlights features like interoperability, self-organizing networks, positioning, broadcasting, latency evaluations, and LTE-Advanced.
Ericsson Review: The benefits of self-organizing backhaul networksEricsson
This document discusses the benefits of applying self-organizing network (SON) concepts to backhaul networks. SON techniques, which have been successfully used in radio access networks, can address the increasing complexity of backhaul networks as mobile broadband services expand. The document outlines several use cases where SON could automate processes in building, assuring, optimizing and maintaining backhaul networks, such as auto-integrating new nodes, auto-provisioning connections between base stations, and applying self-healing functions across network layers. Applying SON concepts to backhaul could reduce operational costs through faster deployment and lower maintenance needs.
Why synchronization is not required in otn?MapYourTech
OTN was designed to transparently transport synchronization from payload client signals like SDH. As such, OTN itself does not require internal synchronization. Instead, synchronization is carried within the payload via SDH tributaries. This simplifies the OTN design by avoiding the need for a separate synchronization layer. The OTN frame structure accommodates frequency offsets up to ±65 ppm to maintain synchronization transparency across the network. Modern OTN standards define bit-synchronous and asynchronous mapping procedures to transparently transport synchronization from new client signals.
The document provides guidance on designing a wireless mesh network. It discusses beginning the design process with a satellite view of the deployment area to identify the root and relay nodes. Node locations are influenced by factors like the start and end points of bandwidth, points of needed bandwidth, and limitations of antennas and mounting locations. The document also provides information on estimating node ranges using a link budget calculator and selecting appropriate antennas based on the type of deployment, such as urban, rural, harbor, campground or mining scenarios. Recommendations are given for antenna selection and channel usage to avoid signal overlap.
Optimizing Cell Ddge Coverage Of Suburban/Rural Deployment With WiMAX Outdoor...Green Packet
Wireless broadband operators constantly face challenges of balancing the economics to deploy a robust and reliable wireless broadband service in suburban-rural areas or at cell-edges. Till to date, a large portion of these areas still remains hugely underserved or receiving unreliable coverage.
This paper in retrospect functions to further solidify the technological advantage of WiMAX, where we explore and proof the concept of suburban-rural deployment through the optimal pairing of a proper CPE strategy.
This paper explores deep into the technical and implementation advantages of an outdoor CPE solution, including the concept of antenna gain, transmission power, integrated POE design and environment-proof enclosure; and the effective advantage of Line of Sight performance and decreased penetration loss amongst other features of an outdoor CPE. We will also explore the misconception behind the high incremental cost, difficulty of engineering installation and service challenges in operations with the implementation of an outdoor CPE.
MeshDynamics delivers one of the only third-generation wireless mesh networking solutions for high-performance outdoor data, voice, and video networking. Based on sophisticated dynamic channel-agile networking algorithms, MeshDynamics' MD4000 family of Structured Mesh™ wireless nodes deliver very low-latency and low-jitter performance, even over multi-hop topologies where many earlier generation wireless mesh networking products fail. MeshDynamics' products are in use worldwide in mining and industrial, homeland security/defense, transportation, and metro/municipal network applications. MeshDynamics, Inc. is privately held and headquartered in Santa Clara, CA. More information at: www.meshdynamics.com
LTE ebook No 2 - exploring the cost of depoloymentDavid Swift
Part of a series of 7 ebooks explaining varrious aspect of LTE deployment and marketing in plain English for marketeers, business planners, network planners and mobile Operator management teams etc
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile network architectures from GSM to LTE and SAE. It introduces LTE and SAE, describing them as the radio access network and core network respectively for 3GPP's Evolved Packet System. It provides an overview of the SAE architecture, which includes the Evolved Packet Core and eUTRAN. The core network provides access to external networks and performs functions like QoS, security and mobility management, while the radio access network handles radio interface functions.
ASON – Automatically Switched Optical Networks
Dynamically switch the light path
Enabler for many applications
Controlled by UNI and NNI – Allow applications to set the light path
Allow to add the intelligence into the optical core
ASON:
The Automatic Switched Optical Network (ASON) is both a framework and a technology capability.
As a framework that describes a control and management architecture for an automatic switched optical transport network.
As a technology, it refers to routing and signalling protocols applied to an optical network which enable dynamic path setup.
Recently changed names to Automatic Switched Transport Network (G.ASTN)
Rocket M is a versatile 2x2 MIMO radio platform that provides incredible range and speed for wireless networking. It features integrated AirMax technology for high performance, seamless integration with AirMax base stations and rockets antennas for flexibility, and easy installation. Rocket M models include options for 2.4GHz, 3.4-3.7GHz, 3.65-3.675GHz, 5GHz, and 900MHz frequency bands, some with integrated GPS for synchronization.
An SDN Based Approach To Measuring And Optimizing ABR Video Quality Of Experi...Cisco Service Provider
Reprinted with permission of NCTA, from the 2014 Cable Connection Spring Technical Forum Conference Proceedings. For more information on Cisco video solutions, visit: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/video/index.html
Efficiency and effectiveness video on demand over worldwide interoperability ...IJECEIAES
(WiMAX) is another solution for readiness broadband networks inside the region, covered or not, by alternative technologies like (ADSL) or cable through this paper by deploying many mobility patterns such as static, random and path for Video on Demand (VoD) over (WiMAX) Network. The performance of varied (QPSK) and (QAM) modulation techniques, by applying the (OPNET) simulator version 17.5. This work is finished in terms of the transmitted traffic and received traffic. Simulation result indicates that once nodes are moving by (SVC) code schema in (WiMAX). The result is an effective and attainable overall performance of (QPSK) which is better than (QAM) modulation technique.
Performance Analysis of BER and Throughput of Different MIMO Systems using Di...IRJET Journal
The document discusses performance analysis of different MIMO systems using various modulation techniques. It analyzes bit error rate (BER) and throughput of MIMO-OFDM downlink systems using QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM modulation. MIMO-OFDM combines multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) to improve data rates and reliability in wireless communications. The analysis found that higher order modulations like 16QAM and 64QAM achieve higher data rates but at the cost of increased BER, while lower order modulations like QPSK provide better BER performance. SNR and guard intervals in the OFDM signal were also found to improve system performance.
1. The document provides guidelines for the end-to-end process of partnering with new businesses to promote Excitel Fiber, including identifying prospective partners, scoping the business and project, and signing partners up by completing the provisioning process.
2. It describes the scope of work which includes market planning, network planning and rollout, sales support, service delivery, and operation and management in partnership between Excitel and businesses.
3. The architecture provides guidelines for a sustainable and scalable fiber network using GPON and EPON technologies with components like OLTs, ONUs, and splitters to deliver fiber connectivity to customers.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Orckit-Corrigent offers the CM-401x Packet Transport Network portfolio, a complete access solution for mobile backhaul, legacy network migration, and enterprise applications. The portfolio includes the CM-4011, CM-4012, and CM-4013 products, which deliver 16G of switching capacity in a 1RU size. The products support Ethernet, PDH, and SDH interfaces to suit various network scenarios and provide technologies like IP/MPLS, MPLS-TP, and circuit emulation. Orckit-Corrigent markets the products globally through strategic partnerships and resellers.
Cambium Networks' ePMP wireless broadband solutions bring field-proven reliability, GPS-enabled scalability, and high-quality service performance to underserved and unconnected communities (sentence 1). The solutions are a breakthrough connectivity platform with innovative GPS sync technology that offers scalability, high-quality performance, and reliable access to underserved and unconnected communities (sentence 2). Built on field-proven technology, ePMP is a groundbreaking, state-of-the-art platform ensuring optimal long-term performance for all (sentence 3).
Cisco Packet Transport Network – MPLS-TPCisco Canada
The document discusses Cisco's Packet Transport Network solution for MPLS-TP. It begins by outlining the challenges facing network operators as packet traffic grows. It then introduces the Packet Optical Transport System (P-OTS) and its keys, including determinism, resiliency, bandwidth efficiency, legacy support, and service scalability. The document goes on to describe how MPLS-TP addresses these challenges by converging data and transport networks and providing carrier-grade SLA, OAM, and resiliency capabilities comparable to SONET/SDH. It outlines MPLS-TP components, encapsulation, resiliency options, and OAM functionality including connectivity check, continuity verification, and fault detection.
Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) has emerged as a promising solution to meet the ever-growing capacity demand and reduce the cost of mobile network components. In such network, the mobile operator’s Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU) are often separated and the connection between them has very tight timing and latency requirements. To employ packet-based network for C-RAN fronthaul, the carried fronthaul traffic are needed to achieve the requirements of fronthaul streams. For this reason, the aim of this paper is focused on investigating and evaluating the feasibility of Integrated Hybrid Optical Network (IHON) networks for mobile fronthaul. TransPacket AS (www.transpacket.com) develops a fusion switching that efficiently serves both Guaranteed Service Transport (GST) traffic with absolute priority and packet switched Statistical Multiplexing (SM) best effort traffic. We verified how the leftover capacity of fusion node can be used to carry the low priority packets and how the GST traffic can have deterministic characteristics on a single wavelength by delaying it with Fixed Delay Line (FDL). For example, for L1GE SM =0.3 the added SM traffic increases the 10GE wavelength utilization up to 89% without any losses and with SM PLR=1E-03 up to 92% utilization. The simulated results and numerical analysis confirm that the PDV and PLR of GST traffic in Ethernet network meet the requirements of mobile fronthaul using CPRI. For Ethernet network, the number of nodes in the network limits the maximum separation distance between BBU and RRH (link length); for increasing the number of nodes, the link length decreases. Consequently, Radio over Ethernet (RoE) traffic should receive the priority and Quality of Service (QoS) HP can provide. On the other hand, Low Priority (LP) classes are not sensitive to QoS metrics and should be used for transporting time insensitive applications and services.
1) LTE/SAE is designed to improve the performance and efficiency of wireless networks by utilizing a more spectrally efficient air interface, flexible use of radio spectrum, and a flat, packet-based network architecture.
2) It aims to enable wireless broadband communication comparable to DSL in fixed networks by providing peak data rates up to 173 Mbps (326 Mbps with MIMO), low latency below 20ms, and high spectral efficiency.
3) Major mobile operators expect LTE/SAE to achieve data rates over 100Mbps, spectral efficiency 3-4 times that of HSPA, and flexible deployment in various spectrum bands to maximize coverage and reuse of spectrum.
Ericsson Review: The benefits of self-organizing backhaul networksEricsson
This document discusses the benefits of applying self-organizing network (SON) concepts to backhaul networks. SON techniques, which have been successfully used in radio access networks, can address the increasing complexity of backhaul networks as mobile broadband services expand. The document outlines several use cases where SON could automate processes in building, assuring, optimizing and maintaining backhaul networks, such as auto-integrating new nodes, auto-provisioning connections between base stations, and applying self-healing functions across network layers. Applying SON concepts to backhaul could reduce operational costs through faster deployment and lower maintenance needs.
Why synchronization is not required in otn?MapYourTech
OTN was designed to transparently transport synchronization from payload client signals like SDH. As such, OTN itself does not require internal synchronization. Instead, synchronization is carried within the payload via SDH tributaries. This simplifies the OTN design by avoiding the need for a separate synchronization layer. The OTN frame structure accommodates frequency offsets up to ±65 ppm to maintain synchronization transparency across the network. Modern OTN standards define bit-synchronous and asynchronous mapping procedures to transparently transport synchronization from new client signals.
The document provides guidance on designing a wireless mesh network. It discusses beginning the design process with a satellite view of the deployment area to identify the root and relay nodes. Node locations are influenced by factors like the start and end points of bandwidth, points of needed bandwidth, and limitations of antennas and mounting locations. The document also provides information on estimating node ranges using a link budget calculator and selecting appropriate antennas based on the type of deployment, such as urban, rural, harbor, campground or mining scenarios. Recommendations are given for antenna selection and channel usage to avoid signal overlap.
Optimizing Cell Ddge Coverage Of Suburban/Rural Deployment With WiMAX Outdoor...Green Packet
Wireless broadband operators constantly face challenges of balancing the economics to deploy a robust and reliable wireless broadband service in suburban-rural areas or at cell-edges. Till to date, a large portion of these areas still remains hugely underserved or receiving unreliable coverage.
This paper in retrospect functions to further solidify the technological advantage of WiMAX, where we explore and proof the concept of suburban-rural deployment through the optimal pairing of a proper CPE strategy.
This paper explores deep into the technical and implementation advantages of an outdoor CPE solution, including the concept of antenna gain, transmission power, integrated POE design and environment-proof enclosure; and the effective advantage of Line of Sight performance and decreased penetration loss amongst other features of an outdoor CPE. We will also explore the misconception behind the high incremental cost, difficulty of engineering installation and service challenges in operations with the implementation of an outdoor CPE.
MeshDynamics delivers one of the only third-generation wireless mesh networking solutions for high-performance outdoor data, voice, and video networking. Based on sophisticated dynamic channel-agile networking algorithms, MeshDynamics' MD4000 family of Structured Mesh™ wireless nodes deliver very low-latency and low-jitter performance, even over multi-hop topologies where many earlier generation wireless mesh networking products fail. MeshDynamics' products are in use worldwide in mining and industrial, homeland security/defense, transportation, and metro/municipal network applications. MeshDynamics, Inc. is privately held and headquartered in Santa Clara, CA. More information at: www.meshdynamics.com
LTE ebook No 2 - exploring the cost of depoloymentDavid Swift
Part of a series of 7 ebooks explaining varrious aspect of LTE deployment and marketing in plain English for marketeers, business planners, network planners and mobile Operator management teams etc
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile network architectures from GSM to LTE and SAE. It introduces LTE and SAE, describing them as the radio access network and core network respectively for 3GPP's Evolved Packet System. It provides an overview of the SAE architecture, which includes the Evolved Packet Core and eUTRAN. The core network provides access to external networks and performs functions like QoS, security and mobility management, while the radio access network handles radio interface functions.
ASON – Automatically Switched Optical Networks
Dynamically switch the light path
Enabler for many applications
Controlled by UNI and NNI – Allow applications to set the light path
Allow to add the intelligence into the optical core
ASON:
The Automatic Switched Optical Network (ASON) is both a framework and a technology capability.
As a framework that describes a control and management architecture for an automatic switched optical transport network.
As a technology, it refers to routing and signalling protocols applied to an optical network which enable dynamic path setup.
Recently changed names to Automatic Switched Transport Network (G.ASTN)
Rocket M is a versatile 2x2 MIMO radio platform that provides incredible range and speed for wireless networking. It features integrated AirMax technology for high performance, seamless integration with AirMax base stations and rockets antennas for flexibility, and easy installation. Rocket M models include options for 2.4GHz, 3.4-3.7GHz, 3.65-3.675GHz, 5GHz, and 900MHz frequency bands, some with integrated GPS for synchronization.
An SDN Based Approach To Measuring And Optimizing ABR Video Quality Of Experi...Cisco Service Provider
Reprinted with permission of NCTA, from the 2014 Cable Connection Spring Technical Forum Conference Proceedings. For more information on Cisco video solutions, visit: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/video/index.html
Efficiency and effectiveness video on demand over worldwide interoperability ...IJECEIAES
(WiMAX) is another solution for readiness broadband networks inside the region, covered or not, by alternative technologies like (ADSL) or cable through this paper by deploying many mobility patterns such as static, random and path for Video on Demand (VoD) over (WiMAX) Network. The performance of varied (QPSK) and (QAM) modulation techniques, by applying the (OPNET) simulator version 17.5. This work is finished in terms of the transmitted traffic and received traffic. Simulation result indicates that once nodes are moving by (SVC) code schema in (WiMAX). The result is an effective and attainable overall performance of (QPSK) which is better than (QAM) modulation technique.
Performance Analysis of BER and Throughput of Different MIMO Systems using Di...IRJET Journal
The document discusses performance analysis of different MIMO systems using various modulation techniques. It analyzes bit error rate (BER) and throughput of MIMO-OFDM downlink systems using QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM modulation. MIMO-OFDM combines multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) to improve data rates and reliability in wireless communications. The analysis found that higher order modulations like 16QAM and 64QAM achieve higher data rates but at the cost of increased BER, while lower order modulations like QPSK provide better BER performance. SNR and guard intervals in the OFDM signal were also found to improve system performance.
1. The document provides guidelines for the end-to-end process of partnering with new businesses to promote Excitel Fiber, including identifying prospective partners, scoping the business and project, and signing partners up by completing the provisioning process.
2. It describes the scope of work which includes market planning, network planning and rollout, sales support, service delivery, and operation and management in partnership between Excitel and businesses.
3. The architecture provides guidelines for a sustainable and scalable fiber network using GPON and EPON technologies with components like OLTs, ONUs, and splitters to deliver fiber connectivity to customers.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Orckit-Corrigent offers the CM-401x Packet Transport Network portfolio, a complete access solution for mobile backhaul, legacy network migration, and enterprise applications. The portfolio includes the CM-4011, CM-4012, and CM-4013 products, which deliver 16G of switching capacity in a 1RU size. The products support Ethernet, PDH, and SDH interfaces to suit various network scenarios and provide technologies like IP/MPLS, MPLS-TP, and circuit emulation. Orckit-Corrigent markets the products globally through strategic partnerships and resellers.
Cambium Networks' ePMP wireless broadband solutions bring field-proven reliability, GPS-enabled scalability, and high-quality service performance to underserved and unconnected communities (sentence 1). The solutions are a breakthrough connectivity platform with innovative GPS sync technology that offers scalability, high-quality performance, and reliable access to underserved and unconnected communities (sentence 2). Built on field-proven technology, ePMP is a groundbreaking, state-of-the-art platform ensuring optimal long-term performance for all (sentence 3).
Cisco Packet Transport Network – MPLS-TPCisco Canada
The document discusses Cisco's Packet Transport Network solution for MPLS-TP. It begins by outlining the challenges facing network operators as packet traffic grows. It then introduces the Packet Optical Transport System (P-OTS) and its keys, including determinism, resiliency, bandwidth efficiency, legacy support, and service scalability. The document goes on to describe how MPLS-TP addresses these challenges by converging data and transport networks and providing carrier-grade SLA, OAM, and resiliency capabilities comparable to SONET/SDH. It outlines MPLS-TP components, encapsulation, resiliency options, and OAM functionality including connectivity check, continuity verification, and fault detection.
Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) has emerged as a promising solution to meet the ever-growing capacity demand and reduce the cost of mobile network components. In such network, the mobile operator’s Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU) are often separated and the connection between them has very tight timing and latency requirements. To employ packet-based network for C-RAN fronthaul, the carried fronthaul traffic are needed to achieve the requirements of fronthaul streams. For this reason, the aim of this paper is focused on investigating and evaluating the feasibility of Integrated Hybrid Optical Network (IHON) networks for mobile fronthaul. TransPacket AS (www.transpacket.com) develops a fusion switching that efficiently serves both Guaranteed Service Transport (GST) traffic with absolute priority and packet switched Statistical Multiplexing (SM) best effort traffic. We verified how the leftover capacity of fusion node can be used to carry the low priority packets and how the GST traffic can have deterministic characteristics on a single wavelength by delaying it with Fixed Delay Line (FDL). For example, for L1GE SM =0.3 the added SM traffic increases the 10GE wavelength utilization up to 89% without any losses and with SM PLR=1E-03 up to 92% utilization. The simulated results and numerical analysis confirm that the PDV and PLR of GST traffic in Ethernet network meet the requirements of mobile fronthaul using CPRI. For Ethernet network, the number of nodes in the network limits the maximum separation distance between BBU and RRH (link length); for increasing the number of nodes, the link length decreases. Consequently, Radio over Ethernet (RoE) traffic should receive the priority and Quality of Service (QoS) HP can provide. On the other hand, Low Priority (LP) classes are not sensitive to QoS metrics and should be used for transporting time insensitive applications and services.
1) LTE/SAE is designed to improve the performance and efficiency of wireless networks by utilizing a more spectrally efficient air interface, flexible use of radio spectrum, and a flat, packet-based network architecture.
2) It aims to enable wireless broadband communication comparable to DSL in fixed networks by providing peak data rates up to 173 Mbps (326 Mbps with MIMO), low latency below 20ms, and high spectral efficiency.
3) Major mobile operators expect LTE/SAE to achieve data rates over 100Mbps, spectral efficiency 3-4 times that of HSPA, and flexible deployment in various spectrum bands to maximize coverage and reuse of spectrum.
Evolving to an open C-RAN Architecture for 5Gkinsleyaniston
This white paper provides an assesment of the emerging C-RAN architecture with a focus on the practical evolitionary path that will take mobile operators from the distributed RANs of today to the fully-virtualized and open cloud RANs of future. For more details, please visit: https://www.fujitsu.com/us/products/network/products/smart-xhaul-solutions/index.html
Introduction to Rakuten Mobile Virtual Network OperatorKAILASH CHAUHAN
Rakuten's mobile network architecture is fully virtualized and cloud-native, utilizing an open RAN approach with Altiostar's vRAN and Nokia's cloud-native core network functions. The initial network will use 4G LTE with the addition of 5G planned for early 2020. This disruptive architecture allows Rakuten to deliver a variety of consumer and enterprise services leveraging mobile edge computing for low latency. Rakuten has partnered with leading technology companies to collaborate on technical challenges in building this innovative software-defined network.
The document describes a case study of China's CNC Yangzhou using GPON (Gigabit PON) technology to build a broadband access network serving 21 towns. CNC selected FlexLight's Optimate GPON solution which uses an Optical Line Terminal (OLT) located at CNC's central offices and Optical Network Terminals (ONTs) located in customer premises in each town. The GPON network provides voice, data, and video services over a single fiber, lowering costs compared to deploying new fibers. After successful testing, CNC commercially deployed the FlexLight GPON system to provide services to 15 towns, with potential for future expansion. The modular GPON equipment met CNC's requirements for
The document summarizes the BroadGate BG-20B/E, a miniature optical service access platform. It yields profits through carrier-class Ethernet services over existing infrastructures. It has a reduced footprint and minimal power consumption. It can scale bandwidth seamlessly from STM-1 to STM-4 by coupling a BG-20E expansion unit to a BG-20B basic unit. It is suitable for enterprises, cellular carriers, and utility companies seeking reliable and flexible data connectivity.
Enabling 5G X-Haul with Deterministic Ethernet - A TransPacket whitepaperIvar Søvold
Transpacket (www.transpacket.com) explores the concept of Ethernet X-Haul in a newly released whitepaper. Discussed extensively in the mobile industry in connection with 5G, the idea is to have an Ethernet based converged transport network serving multiple purposes including fronthaul and backhaul. The whitepaper presents the RAN architectures under consideration for 5G, and their consequences in terms of requirements for the transport network. It further describes how an innovative Ethernet scheduling mechanism is required to support deterministic Ethernet, and to fully achieve an 5G Ethernet X-Haul. It also introduces two use cases, namely Ethernet Crosshaul, and Indoor Coverage, which demonstrate the added value of deterministic Ethernet for mobile transport applications.
unified ran transport solution cisco-siae microelettronica interoperability_2...Manojkumar371820
The document discusses a unified RAN transport solution from Cisco and SIAE MICROELETTRONICA that provides an innovative and cost-optimized way to deploy and operate mobile backhaul networks. It faces increasing bandwidth demands from growing mobile data usage. The solution was tested for interoperability and supports 2G, 3G, and 4G networks through a transition to all-IP. It uses SIAE MICROELETTRONICA microwave radios paired with Cisco routers like the ASR 9000 series to provide scalable mobile backhaul with features like MPLS, QoS, and synchronization.
The document discusses the increasing demand for broadband services driving investment in access technologies like fiber, cable, and wireless. This is increasing bandwidth needs for residential and business users. Service providers need cost-effective broadband backhaul solutions to transport services from access sites to core networks. ADVA Optical Networking's FSP 3000 WDM transport solution provides intelligent transport for any Ethernet service with sub-wavelength aggregation to efficiently backhaul broadband services and reduce costs through higher wavelength utilization and operational simplification.
This presentation highlights the upgrading steps for improved traffic aggregation at the regional hub sites in order to optimize traffic backhauling to the network core.
In addition, a reliable, passive access solution to cellular mobile traffic for a Quality of Service (QoS) monitoring and billing has been proposed.
VoLGA: Voice over LTE Via Generic Access
By: Kineto Wireless, Inc.
Why mobile operators are
looking to the 3GPP GAN standard
to deliver core telephony and SMS
services over LTE
This document summarizes the evolution of telecommunications networks from 1G to 5G and the transition to an IP-based network using the IMS framework. It discusses the key technologies and standards used in each generation such as GSM, GPRS, EDGE, LTE. It also covers the evolution of the access, transport and session layers from circuit-switched to packet-switched networks. Finally, it proposes a three-phase approach to migrating an existing softswitch-based VoIP network to an IMS architecture by decomposing functions and introducing new IMS elements.
This document discusses introducing IP transport capabilities into the Cello Packet Platform (CPP) telecommunications technology. It notes that voice traffic is being replaced by data traffic, putting new demands on networks to handle both delay-sensitive and packet-oriented traffic. While ATM was considered the solution for quality of service, issues around scalability, administration and cost have emerged. The document outlines six basic principles for IP services in CPP, including embedding an IP router across the main processor cluster and device boards, and fully distributing IPv4/IPv6 forwarding in hardware or software. Introducing IP support in CPP provides benefits to network operators by offering a consistent solution for TDM, ATM and IP transport.
Mobile broadband provides opportunities for business and consumers. LTE technology delivers high data rates and throughput. It can support a wide range of spectrum allocations. Nokia Siemens Networks provides a complete end-to-end LTE solution including flexible base stations, core network equipment, and professional services to ensure a smooth migration from current 3G networks to LTE.
This resume summarizes Wyden S. Sagun's experience working with Ericsson telecommunications equipment and integrating systems for various customers over almost 20 years. He has held several roles with increasing responsibility, most recently as a Services Engineer from 2012-2015 where he performed integration work including hardware and software testing and troubleshooting for GSM networks. Prior to that he served as a Team Leader and Senior Integration Engineer from 2009-2012 managing integration projects.
This document proposes evolving carrier Ethernet architecture by combining segment routing and SDN technologies. Segment routing uses IS-IS or OSPF extensions to distribute MPLS labels without LDP. This simplifies network infrastructure while providing rich converged services with high availability and agility. Unified MPLS currently addresses challenges but is complex; segment routing and SDN could accelerate service deployment and reduce complexity by reducing management protocols. The proposal uses segment routing for transport and SDN for centralized service layer control.
Since the photonic layer is the cheapest on a per-bit, per-function basis, and since
the key imperative before operator's today is to bridge the yawning gap between
exponentially increasing data traffic on the one-hand, and flat-to-declining revenues
on the other, a tighter coupling between the packet and optical layers to derive
operational, management, and deployment efficiencies, has...
White Paper: Evolving Technolgies for Mobile Front and BackhaulingSusmita Adhikari Joshi
While fibers are mostly being deployed in the backhaul networks, a new approach of building flexible mobile networks is being pushed forward where fiber is also used from the base station to the antenna, which is called fronthaul.
The document discusses the need for new wireless technologies to support increasing demand for data and high-speed services. It notes that technologies need to focus on using more spectrum, improving spectral efficiency, employing smaller cell sizes like femtocells, and incentivizing off-peak traffic. The rest of the document provides details on how LTE wireless technology addresses these needs through technical specifications and network architecture, including the use of an Evolved Packet Core and separating the user and control planes.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and Milvus
5 gsm transport_web
1. GSM transport evolution
Per Ola Andersson, Håkan Asp, Aldo Bolle, Harry Leino, Peter Seybolt and Richard Swardh
The success of GSM to date has been nothing short of sensational. What previously used to maintain a constant bit
is more, its future continues to hold great promise. However, two important rate to fit the PDH channel format) are no
challenges must yet be resolved to make GSM the mobile communica- longer inserted.
tions system for the “next billion users” and to guarantee the commercial Ericsson has integrated the Abis Optimization
success of its mobile data services: focus on low total cost of ownership solution into its base station subsystem (BSS).
(TCO), and deployment of enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) in every network. In The Abis Optimization feature is based on a
addressing these challenges, GSM transport or backhaul constitutes one software upgrade of the RBS, and the intro-
very interesting and dynamic area of development. duction of a packet gateway (PGW) in the
BSC, to terminate the Packet Abis protocol.
To save even more bandwidth, one may add a
Background Technical overview, Packet site integration unit (SIU) at RBS sites to ex-
ploit statistical multiplexing gains between
Transmission to radio base station (RBS) sites Abis RBSs.
accounts for a large part of the cost of operat- Packet Abis, Ericsson’s collective solution for
ing radio access networks. Where operators these developments (Figure 2), includes a Dimensioning example, Abis Optimization
have built their own transport networks, new protocol for transferring data over the The number of E1/T1 links required per site
transmission also represents substantial in- Abis link. Simply put, from the air inter- with Abis Optimization depends on site con-
vestment (Figure 1). face the solution sends all traffic (voice, data figurations and traffic mix. In T1 markets,
Traditional transmission from RBSs to and signaling) in packets over Abis with a one RBS 2106/2206 with up to 12 TRXs can
a base station controller (BSC) is realized minimum of repacking and reformatting. cover three sectors with only one T1. With
using static time-division multiplexing The solution can be used over TDM trans- “classic” Abis, two T1s would be required for
(TDM) circuits. This technology has not port networks as well as with IP or Ethernet this configuration.
been optimized for efficient transmission of transport services. Ericsson’s Packet Abis so- In E1 markets, one E1 can support two
bursty data traffic, however. Nor is it easily lution is built around two main features: RBSs with up to 18 TRXs. For standard base
adapted to the low-cost transport technolo- • Abis Optimization; and station configurations, this could translate
gies, such as IP and Ethernet, which are be- • Abis over IP. into a savings of up to 50%.
ing rolled out over copper, fiber, and micro-
wave networks. Low TCO using TDM transport Low TCO with Packet Abis using IP or
The good news is that recent develop- networks Ethernet transport services
ments in GSM transport and switching • Abis Optimization, which is Ericsson’s solu- The Abis over IP solution enables operators
technologies promise to overcome these is- tion for delivering Packet Abis over TDM to use IP and Ethernet transport networks
sues, making GSM suitable to provide ser- transport networks, saves bandwidth by to connect RBSs to the BSC and thereby
vices both to low-revenue users and to users solely transferring bits that contain data. benefit from the lower costs of IP- and
of high-speed data services. All other bits (for example, those that were Ethernet-based transport services. The solu-
tion also opens the door to shared transport
with WCDMA and to integrated transport
Figure 1 solutions for RBS sites.
Breakdown of the costs of operating radio access networks. The solution is fully interoperable with
Ericsson’s other products. At an RBS site,
all IP features are implemented in the new
STN function, connecting the site to IP or
Ethernet transport networks. The STN is a
software function that can be implemented
in Ericssons base stations.
The site transport node is implemented
on a family of platforms that have been op-
timized to fit pico, micro, and macro RBSs.
The packet-switched termination unit
(PSTU) platform for micro RBSs, for in-
stance, has been completely integrated into
Ericsson’s micro RBS.
In macro RBSs, Ericsson has integrated
the STN into the site integration unit (SIU),
which is designed to serve as a single point
of connection that supports common, inte-
grated transport to the RBS site. With the
SIU (Figure 3), one can efficiently manage
and share backhaul transport for GSM RBSs,
26 Ericsson Review No. 1, 2007
2. WCDMA RBSs, and other equipment that
connects via IP or Ethernet.
The packet gateway used for Abis Optimi-
zation can simultaneously handle IP traffic
and traffic from the TDM transport network,
and terminate Abis over IP at the BSC site.
Quadrupling the performance of EDGE
without extra transmission
Many operators who deploy EDGE have
deemed it necessary to constrain throughput
to match the limitations of available TDM
transmission capacity. The classic TDM-
based Abis interface has a fixed allocation of
transmission timeslots to basic radio channels.
Therefore, the subordinate 16kbps timeslot
on the Abis interface permanently allocated
to a traffic channel (TCH) for voice service
will never be available to carry EDGE data.
With packet Abis the transport resources
make up a common pool that is used by the
traffic offered at each moment in time.
The new Packet Abis, however, has no
such permanent connection. Therefore, E1 or
T1 transmission can now offer a multilink
point-to-point protocol (MLPPP) bit pipe
that may be freely used by every service of-
fered by the RBS until it reaches saturation
Figure 2
(congestion). At that point, the BSC dynami-
Packet Abis system solution.
cally reduces the generated load through its
control of mobile terminals.
In many locations, operators have also lim- ernet, for example, does not currently sup- data. This solution, which is very accurate,
ited EGPRS to one timeslot, giving subscrib- port layer-1 timing for RBS synchronization. is also used to synchronize radio networks.
ers a peak performance of at most 59.2kbps. Other means must thus be used to synchro- Notwithstanding, it requires a clear line of
However, by deploying Packet Abis, opera- nize RBSs. Operators who employ Abis over sight from the GPS antenna to the satellites
tors can quadruple the speed at most times of IP can synchronize their radio base stations in the sky. In many installations this is im-
the day without adding transmission capac- using timing information from possible to achieve, which eliminates GPS
ity, thereby giving users the ability to, say, • a GPS receiver at the RBS site; or as the synchronization solution of choice for
surf the internet at more than 230kbps. • the IP network. such sites.
Synchronization GPS receiver at RBS site
At an RBS site equipped with a GPS receiver,
RBS synchronization with Abis over IP
In Ericsson’s solution, the STN provides
To comply with GSM specifications and one can synchronize RBSs using GPS timing RBSs with the timing they need to fulfill the
guarantee proper GSM network function,
the RBSs must maintain a stable and con-
trolled radio frequency over the air interface.
Depending on the type of RBS, the stipu- Figure 3
lated level of accuracy is 50 or 100ppb. The site integration unit (SIU).
RBSs with traditional TDM-based Abis
are synchronized to timing provided by the
transport network layer-1 clock rate. TDM
networks are typically synchronized to an ac-
curacy of 16ppb, which with added wander
and a holdover budget, is well within the re-
quirements of the air interface.
With Abis over IP, however, one cannot
assume that the transport network carries
timing for synchronization on layer-1. Eth-
Ericsson Review No. 1, 2007 27
3. is not sensitive to packet loss or long peri-
ods (months) of interruption toward the time
server.
The supported network may be a switched
or routed network that includes xDSL-
through-DSLAM access or a satellite hop.
The WAN interface of the STN can be
Ethernet 10/100/1000BASE or E1/T1. Due
to traffic-load-dependent processing and
scheduling delays in network nodes, the IP
packet transfer delay (IPTD) can accommo-
date wander components with a periodicity
of days. Calibration may continue for up to
15 days on IP networks with large IPTD
wander.
The Ericsson Abis over IP solution to RBS
synchronization can be employed over IP
networks with existing switching and rout-
ing equipment in intermediate nodes. The
solution can handle the packet delay varia-
tion added by these intermediate nodes. All
existing intermediate nodes support the mes-
sage data format used by the timing packets.
The highly stable OCXO keeps startup time
independent of packet delay variation in the
IP network.
In the future, the IEEE 1588 protocol
might be implemented in some telecommu-
Figure 4 nications networks. However, this will not
RBS synchronization with Abis over IP: time-stamping example. improve the performance of synchronization
or calibration through existing networks un-
less every network node is replaced with a
frequency requirements of the air interface. in NTP is used for transferring timing pack- node that supports an IEEE 1588 boundary
The RBSs can use existing synchronization ets with time-stamp information. clock or transparent clock. With IEEE 1588
functionality. The basis for this solution is a Available NTP time servers with Stratum- techniques implemented in every node, the
highly stable oscillator (OCXO) built into the 1 accuracy (for instance, NTP time servers clients will experience less packet delay vari-
Pico, PSTU (later version), and SIU hardware. which are synchronized to GPS and which ation, which in turn, means that less stable
To compensate for aging and to avoid site vis- provide a time-stamping accuracy of better oscillators may be used in client nodes. One
its to recalibrate the oscillator, the OCXO is than 100μs) can be used and shared with consequence of using a less stable oscillator
further calibrated over the packet network. other applications. Thanks to the very low is that startup time becomes dependent on
With this solution, the startup time is kept timing packet rate, one time server can serve packet delay variation.
independent of IP network performance. Five a large number of clients. The robustness of
minutes after power-on, the OCXO can pro- the total synchronization functionality has
vide an accurate frequency that can be used made it possible to relax the requirements
Security
as a timing source for RBS synchronization put on time server availability Connecting RBSs over IP networks instead
functionality. An STN can provide accurate The STN calibration application analyzes of over TDM-based networks sometimes
timing for several months from initial start- and filters received timing packets using an raises security concerns. Although these
up without timing or calibration support algorithm developed by Ericsson. The cali- concerns are not generally motivated by any
from the network. bration application can work over every IP technical property of IP, a solution is never-
When put into operation, a calibration ap- network path that can be used for Abis over IP theless often required. There are two main
plication in the STN compensates for OCXO traffic. The calibration application thus sup- reasons for this:
aging. The STN serves as a client to a time ports IP network paths with a packet delay • the IP network provides connectivity from
server, regularly sending time-stamped tim- variation of up to 50ms. This is comparable RBSs to the BSC, OSS, and time server.
ing packets at a very low packet rate. The to the quality of service (QoS) class-1 defi- Depending on how it has been configured,
time server returns packets with receive and nition in ITU-T Y.1541, which is intended a network that is shared with other sys-
transmit time stamps. On reception of these for voice over IP (VoIP) using network tech- tems might offer widespread connectivity;
packets, the STN adds a receive time stamp niques with less constrained requirements on and
(Figure 4). The message data format defined routing and distances. The robust algorithm • operators often consider using public or
28 Ericsson Review No. 1, 2007
4. semi-public IP networks as a means of re-
ducing their costs.
Some operators may also have a corporate
strategy that mandates specific security solu-
tions when a generic IP network is used.
Limiting access and potential intrusion
Ericsson’s Abis over IP solution incorporates
a number of measures to improve security
(Figure 5). For example, it employs
• access control lists in BSC and RBS IP in-
terfaces;
• optional firewalls in front of sensitive
nodes, such as BSC and OSS, or at inter-
connection points between the Abis and
core IP networks; and
• IPsec tunnels from the RBS site to BSC
and OSS sites or to a secure IP backbone.
IP is implemented natively in all RBS site
transport nodes. IPsec termination at BSC
and OSS sites is implemented using specific
firewalls, and IPsec tunnels are managed Figure 5
from the OSS. Security in Ericsson’s Abis over IP solution.
O&M security
Because O&M traffic is particularly sensitive
from a security viewpoint, all O&M traffic coverage and services to small or medium- nection that provides point-to-point connec-
that runs over IP is realized using secure sized enterprises, which benefit from dedi- tivity. Transmission for these sites is expen-
socket shell (SSH) and secured FTP (SFTP). cated GSM telephony. In this scenario, op- sive because the satellite connection requires
Likewise, user authentication is mandatory erators could even offer special tariffs when the full SCPC bandwidth even when there is
for all O&M connections. The system logs an users are in the office. This solution repre- no traffic from the site.
audit trail of operator activity and periodi- sents a replacement to fixed phones. Previ- Today, however, the introduction of Abis
cally uploads it to the OSS. ously, the backhaul cost of an E1 prohibited over IP and advances in satellite modem
these types of solutions, but with Abis over IP technology make it possible to reduce trans-
Protection of insecure transmission and a cheaper DSL type of backhaul (or even mission expenses for remote sites. Advanced
If the access IP network is untrusted – that the corporate LAN itself), the Pico solution modulation techniques increase the bit rate
is, if it is shared or public – then IPsec should becomes economically feasible. per hertz, and bandwidth-sharing technolo-
always be used to prevent wiretapping and Femto cell solutions give operators similar gy allows sites to “share” satellite bandwidth
traffic manipulation. A typical example opportunities to go after the home market by means of point-to-multipoint connections
would be pico base stations, such as the RBS with an offer of inexpensive (or free) calls at and a resources-in-pool concept.
2409 (Figure 6), which target low-power fre- home using any standard GSM or WCDMA With current satellite bandwidth pric-
quency licenses for the enterprise market. phone. The Femto runs Abis over IP to the
BSC/RNC using the home broadband IP
Pico and Femto base connection for backhaul. Special optimiza- Figure 6
tions handle low-cost, low-bandwidth ADSL
stations links. Abis over IP thus creates a completely
Pico base station, RBS 2409.
In addition, the new architecture opens up new business opportunity by giving opera-
completely new business segments. Abis over tors an entirely new way of building GSM
IP yields cost-effective transport for base sta- networks – where end-users introduce new
tions with low traffic, enabling operators to cells into the network.
address Pico and Femto-types of solutions
(small base stations that require data rates
of up to a few hundred kilobits per second
Satellites
between the RBS and BSC). Satellites have been used for a number of
The Pico cell solution, for example, is a years to provide connectivity with base
complete RBS 2000 base station with one station sites in remote locations. Single-
TRX. Among other things, operators can channel-per-carrier (SCPC) connections have
use this solution to offer dedicated capacity, traditionally served as a leased E1/T1 con-
Ericsson Review No. 1, 2007 29
5. tion in costs in an IP or Ethernet scenario.
In a network deployment, on the other hand,
the aggregation and statistical multiplexing
gains result in more efficient handling of
traffic capacity. Therefore substantial gains
may also be achieved by moving to Packet
Abis over traditional microwave links that
support Ethernet over TDM. In addition,
new-generation microwave links with na-
tive Ethernet transport, QoS support, and
adaptive modulation microwave links offer
a unique way of providing best-effort traffic
transport in combination with guaranteed
transport for TDM traffic. This further sup-
ports the evolution of the packet-based trans-
port in the radio access network.
Adaptive modulation microwave links en-
able operators to transport best-effort traffic
alongside guaranteed TDM traffic. The idea
is to plan the microwave links for a target
availability, say 99.999%, when operating at
a given modulation, for example, 4QAM. In
Figure 7 practice, the links usually operate far above
Availability of a microwave link running at different modulation rates. the receiver threshold and only approach
the receiver limit during very adverse fad-
ing conditions. As a consequence, Ericsson
plans to introduce microwave systems that
ing (wholesale average USD 1.2 million per use, allowing for rapid, small-scale deploy- adapt modulation schemes to fading condi-
36MHz transponder per year), it is often un- ments. As demand grows, operators can tions. These systems will deliver different
profitable to provide GSM services to remote easily adjust satellite transport as needed. transport bit rates for different atmospheric
sites with satellite transmission. To lower the If demand justifies terrestrial transport, one conditions.
total cost of ownership, one must make more can redeploy satellite equipment and band- Figure 7 shows availability when a mi-
efficient use of available bandwidth. To this width, since it is not dependent on location crowave link runs at different modulation
end, Ericsson’s integrated IP solution moni- (ordinarily, one satellite can cover an entire rates. A link that uses 4QAM, for example,
tors the transport network and IP transport continent). can deliver 34Mbps with 99.999% availabil-
quality of service to make it “bandwidth However, to take full advantage of these ity. When it uses 256QAM, this same link
aware” and to give a better end-user experi- advances in technology, one must carefully has 99.999% availability and can deliver
ence. engineer the system end-to-end. With its 196Mbps. This capacity could be employed
These enhancements reduce the demand for combined knowledge of radio access, IP to provide 34Mbps guaranteed traffic with
bandwidth, which lowers TCO. Low TCO is backbone and satellite technology, Ericsson 99.999% availability and best-effort capac-
particularly relevant where ARPU is low, for is uniquely positioned to deliver the lowest ity of approximately 150Mbps, also with
example, in emerging markets. When used TCO for BTSs connected via satellite. 99.999% availability. Links of this kind can
in conjunction with modern satellite technol- provide a competitive, cost-effective alterna-
ogy, Ericsson’s IP-BTS enables operators to tive for a capacity-growth scenario in which
profitably bring communications to people
Microwave the bulk of traffic is mobile data with best-
and places that could not otherwise have it. Microwave links are used extensively for effort characteristics.
With non-optimized transmission based on base station backhaul – at present, more
traditional E1 SCPC, for instance, one can fit than 60% of all base stations are connected Future Packet Abis
35 BTSs with 6 TRXs into a 36MHz satellite via microwave links. The majority of op-
transponder. By contrast, with careful end- erators seek to minimize their operating ex- development
to-end engineering using Abis over IP and penses (OPEX) by owning their own trans- The site-transmission-node function and the
optimization together with advanced satel- port networks instead of leasing capacity. In Abis over IP feature also constitute the cor-
lite modem technology one can fit 75 BTSs operator-owned transport networks, up to nerstone of Ericsson’s evolving Mobile Soft-
into the same available bandwidth. Further- 95% of associated base stations are connected switch concept, which reaches all the way to
more, with local switching and PSTN inter- via microwave links. the RBS. Given that the majority of calls are
connect, one can fit more than 200 BTSs into Although traditional microwave links local, the ability to keep payload within the
one satellite transponder. might provide bridged Ethernet capability, RBS and route it directly to the RBS that
Satellite transport is flexible and easy to this does not automatically imply a reduc- serves B-subscribers will further reduce op-
30 Ericsson Review No. 1, 2007
6. erator TCO. Ericsson has thus introduced a Conclusion to connect RBSs to the BSC and thereby
new IP payload interface between RBSs and benefit from the lower costs of IP- and
M-MGWs, to enable direct transfer of pay- Traditional transmission from RBSs to a Ethernet-based transport services. The solu-
load from a mobile subscriber to a local fixed BSC has not been optimized for efficient tion also opens the door to shared transport
exchange. transmission of bursty data traffic, nor is it with WCDMA and to integrated transport
RBS local switching and direct transfer easily adapted to the low-cost transport tech- solutions for RBS sites.
of payload are optional features deployed on nologies, such as IP and Ethernet. However, To improve security, Ericsson’s Abis over
existing GSM network infrastructure from recent developments in GSM transport and IP solution incorporates access control lists
Ericsson. No additional hardware is required switching technologies promise to overcome in BSC and RBS IP interfaces, optional
to deploy RBS local switching apart from the these issues, making GSM suitable to pro- firewalls in front of sensitive nodes or at in-
Abis over IP feature, with its SIU hardware vide services both to low-revenue users and terconnection points between the Abis and
at the RBS and PGW hardware in the BSC. to users of high-speed data services. core IP networks, and IPsec tunnels from the
Instead, one can realize RBS local switching Packet Abis, Ericsson’s collective solution RBS site to BSC and OSS sites or to a secure
and direct transfer of payload to M-MGWs for these developments, includes a new pro- IP backbone. All O&M traffic that runs over
by means of new functionality in the BSS tocol for transferring data over the Abis link. IP is realized using SSH and SFTP.
MAP signaling protocol between the MSC-S From the air interface, the solution sends all The new architecture opens up completely
and BSC. Ericsson’s BSS MAP interface ex- traffic in packets over Abis with a minimum new business segments. Abis over IP yields
changes information between nodes, making of repacking and reformatting. The solution, cost-effective transport for base stations with
it possible to analyze the codec capabilities which is built on Abis Optimization and Abis low traffic, enabling operators to address Pico
of involved terminals, and to select the best over IP features, can be used over TDM trans- and Femto types of solutions.
common denominator. This eliminates the port networks as well as with IP or Ethernet What is more, the introduction of Abis over
need for intermediate transcoding, effectively transport services. IP and advances in satellite modem technol-
removing two transcoding steps, while render- Abis Optimization delivers Packet Abis over ogy makes it possible to reduce transmission
ing better voice quality and reducing delay. TDM transport networks, saving bandwidth expenses for remote sites.
The same basic AXE functionality used to by solely transferring bits that contain infor- Finally, operators who move to Packet
transform the MSC into an MSC-S has been mative data. Ericsson has integrated the Abis Abis over traditional microwave links that
applied to the BSC. Likewise, the signaling Optimization solution into its BSS. support Ethernet over TDM may enjoy
protocol between the BSC PGW and the The Abis over IP feature enables operators substantial gains in the handling of traffic
STN has been enhanced to facilitate soft- to use IP and Ethernet transport networks capacity.
switch functionality in the STN.
To transfer payload directly from RBSs to
M-MGWs, the GCP protocol has been en-
TERMS AND ABBREVIATION
hanced and the M-MGW has been comple-
mented to support every codec used in GSM. ADSL Asymmetrical DSL MSC-S MSC system
With these additions of functionality on ARPU Average revenue per user NTP Network time protocol
top of the packet-switched Abis over IP solu- BSC Base station controller O&M Operation and maintenance
tion, Ericsson has evolved the GSM architec- BSS Base station subsystem OPEX Operating expenses
BTS Base station transceiver OSS Operations support system
ture from its original hierarchical structure CS Circuit switched OCXO Oven compensated crystal
to a completely flat architecture. Ericsson’s DSL Digital subscriber line oscillator
GSM system is thus poised for the final DSLAM DSL access multiplexer PDH Plesiochronous digital hierarchy
phase of building GSM coverage for every- DTX Discontinuous transmission PGW Packet gateway
one, everywhere. The flat architecture elimi- E1 2.048Mbps data circuit (Europe) PSTU Packet-switched termination unit
EDGE Enhanced data for GSM evolution QAM Quadrature amplitude multiplexing
nates the problem of tromboning local traffic EGPRS Enhanced GPRS RAN Radio access network
in remote locations which are served by few FTP File transfer protocol RBS Radio base station
RBSs and which cannot carry the cost of a GCP Gateway control protocol SCPC Single channel per carrier
remotely located BSC. GFP Generic framing procedure SFTP Secured FTP
GPRS General packet radio service SDH Synchronous digital hierarchy
By reducing costs, the new architecture GPS Global positioning system SIU Site integration unit
enables operators to profitably build cover- GRE Generic routing encapsulation SONET Synchronous optical network
age in heretofore “unfeasable” locations. In GSM Global system for mobile SSH Secure socket shell
addition, large areas covered by sites con- communications STM Synchronous transfer mode
nected via satellite benefit from reduced IP Internet protocol STN Site transport node
IPsec Secure IP T1 1.544Mbps data circuit
OPEX. This, in turn, lowers optimal sub- IPTD IP packet transfer delay TCH Traffic channel on the air interface
scriber tariffs and makes service available to LAN Local area network TCO Total cost of ownership
an even larger group of users. The flat GSM MAP Mobile application part TDM Time-division multiplexing
architecture will also create new business MGW Media gateway TRX Transceiver
MLPPP Multilink point-to-point protocol VoIP Voice over IP
opportunities where there are large volumes M-MGW Mobile MGW WAN Wide area network
of local calls, for example, at corporate cam- MPLS Multiprotocol label switching WCDMA Wideband code-division
puses. MSC Mobile switching/service center multiple acce
Ericsson Review No. 1, 2007 31