Major problems in Pakistan stem from issues surrounding religious identity and the role of Islam in the state. While Pakistan was envisioned as a democratic state that guaranteed equal rights and protections for all citizens regardless of religion, in practice religious minorities faced restrictions. Over time, military and conservative religious leaders have increasingly emphasized Islamic principles in the constitution and laws, prioritizing Islam over democracy and restricting the rights of religious minorities. This has led to an ongoing debate over Pakistan's national identity and whether it should be defined primarily in religious or geographic terms.
Pakistan has a population of over 212 million people, with minorities making up approximately 5.7% of the population. While the constitution provides protections for religious minorities, they still face discrimination and their rights are not always upheld. Religious minority groups like Christians, Hindus, and Ahmadis experience issues such as attacks on their places of worship, forced conversions, and difficulties in fully participating in the political system. More work is needed to translate legal protections of minorities into equality in practice.
Introuction: The Representation of Religious Minorities in Pakistani Presskikampus
This document is a thesis that analyzes the representation of religious minorities in two major Pakistani newspapers, Daily Dawn and Daily Jang, over a three month period. It provides historical context on the treatment of religious minorities in Pakistan since its founding, including various discriminatory laws and constitutional amendments that have marginalized groups like Ahmadis, Christians, Hindus, and Zoroastrians. The thesis argues that as an important source of information, newspapers have a responsibility to give adequate and fair coverage to religious minority issues and communities in order to foster mutual understanding and respect between all citizens of Pakistan.
The document discusses various forms of discrimination faced by religious minorities in Pakistan. It describes discriminatory employment policies that reserve only undesirable jobs for minorities. It also discusses how land belonging to Hindu communities has been unlawfully taken. Minority representation in legislative assemblies remains weak. Minorities also face discrimination in education, forced marriages, and lack of accurate representation in national censuses. The document provides a case study of a Christian girl who was abducted, forcibly converted, and married. It concludes with a case study of a deadly twin suicide bombing at a church in Peshawar in 2013.
The document discusses the political system and role of religion in Pakistan. It provides background on Pakistan's history and establishment as an Islamic nation. Islam is deeply ingrained in Pakistan's identity, with 97% of the population identifying as Muslim. The constitution established Pakistan as an Islamic republic and requires laws to be aligned with Islamic principles. However, the role of Islam remains controversial, as an overemphasis on religious ideology has weakened national unity. Military rule also exacerbated religious fundamentalism, complicating Pakistan's ability to function as a modern state.
The document discusses the oppression of minorities in Pakistan. It notes that since Pakistan's inception, successive regimes have violated the rights of minorities as enshrined in international standards. Minorities like Hindus, Christians, Ahmadis and Shias have faced discrimination, violence and forced conversions. The root cause is a lack of enlightened leadership and the influence of extremist Islamic groups on politicians seeking power. However, liberal forces now have an opportunity in the upcoming elections to promote progressive values of democracy, pluralism and human rights by appealing to Pakistan's original syncretic traditions and sidelining corrupt political elements.
The document discusses the ideology of Pakistan. It begins by defining ideology and explaining that the ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process based on the historical experiences of Muslims in India and the vision of Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The key elements of the ideology of Pakistan include the belief in one God (Tauheed), the concept of an Islamic state where Muslims can practice their religion freely, and safety from Hindu domination in India. The ideology was important because it gave Muslims unity and purpose in their struggle and laid the foundation for an Islamic system and protection of their cultural and religious heritage in an independent state.
Pakistan has a population of over 212 million people, with minorities making up approximately 5.7% of the population. While the constitution provides protections for religious minorities, they still face discrimination and their rights are not always upheld. Religious minority groups like Christians, Hindus, and Ahmadis experience issues such as attacks on their places of worship, forced conversions, and difficulties in fully participating in the political system. More work is needed to translate legal protections of minorities into equality in practice.
Introuction: The Representation of Religious Minorities in Pakistani Presskikampus
This document is a thesis that analyzes the representation of religious minorities in two major Pakistani newspapers, Daily Dawn and Daily Jang, over a three month period. It provides historical context on the treatment of religious minorities in Pakistan since its founding, including various discriminatory laws and constitutional amendments that have marginalized groups like Ahmadis, Christians, Hindus, and Zoroastrians. The thesis argues that as an important source of information, newspapers have a responsibility to give adequate and fair coverage to religious minority issues and communities in order to foster mutual understanding and respect between all citizens of Pakistan.
The document discusses various forms of discrimination faced by religious minorities in Pakistan. It describes discriminatory employment policies that reserve only undesirable jobs for minorities. It also discusses how land belonging to Hindu communities has been unlawfully taken. Minority representation in legislative assemblies remains weak. Minorities also face discrimination in education, forced marriages, and lack of accurate representation in national censuses. The document provides a case study of a Christian girl who was abducted, forcibly converted, and married. It concludes with a case study of a deadly twin suicide bombing at a church in Peshawar in 2013.
The document discusses the political system and role of religion in Pakistan. It provides background on Pakistan's history and establishment as an Islamic nation. Islam is deeply ingrained in Pakistan's identity, with 97% of the population identifying as Muslim. The constitution established Pakistan as an Islamic republic and requires laws to be aligned with Islamic principles. However, the role of Islam remains controversial, as an overemphasis on religious ideology has weakened national unity. Military rule also exacerbated religious fundamentalism, complicating Pakistan's ability to function as a modern state.
The document discusses the oppression of minorities in Pakistan. It notes that since Pakistan's inception, successive regimes have violated the rights of minorities as enshrined in international standards. Minorities like Hindus, Christians, Ahmadis and Shias have faced discrimination, violence and forced conversions. The root cause is a lack of enlightened leadership and the influence of extremist Islamic groups on politicians seeking power. However, liberal forces now have an opportunity in the upcoming elections to promote progressive values of democracy, pluralism and human rights by appealing to Pakistan's original syncretic traditions and sidelining corrupt political elements.
The document discusses the ideology of Pakistan. It begins by defining ideology and explaining that the ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process based on the historical experiences of Muslims in India and the vision of Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The key elements of the ideology of Pakistan include the belief in one God (Tauheed), the concept of an Islamic state where Muslims can practice their religion freely, and safety from Hindu domination in India. The ideology was important because it gave Muslims unity and purpose in their struggle and laid the foundation for an Islamic system and protection of their cultural and religious heritage in an independent state.
The politicization of Islam is not a new phenomenon. From the outset, politics and religion have been intertwined both conceptually and practically in Islam. Because the prophet Mohammad (PBUH) established a government in Madina, precedents of governance and taxation exist. Indeed, one of the beliefs of Islam is that the purpose of the state is to provide an environment where Muslims can properly practice their religion. If a leader fails in this, the people have a right to depose him. The Islamic tradition or faith is defined by developing an appreciation of the richness of Islamic literature and arts, the increasing importance of Islamic banking and redistribution of resources through the zakat, the role of Islamic law in the Shar’iah, and the complexity of the range of Islamic religious traditions.
This document provides an overview of a thesis that analyzes the representation of religious minorities in two major Pakistani newspapers, Daily Dawn and Daily Jang, over a three month period in 2012. The thesis aims to determine if the newspapers provide sufficient and accurate coverage of religious minorities and reflect societal views. It also examines if state institutions are biased against minorities. The research methods include content analysis of the newspapers and interviews. The goal is to increase awareness of minorities' status and the need for tolerance in Pakistani society.
This report has focused on certain minority communities, such as the Christian, Hindu and Ahmadi communities, because they are the most visible and most targeted communities for discrimination and violence. However, we recognise all minority communities in Pakistan as sovereign citizens of the state who deserve equality, justice and dignity.
My research indicates that minorities identify strongly with a Pakistani national identity, even as they are persecuted on the basis of their religious identity. Minorities who have a historical connection to this land and have been contributing members of society are now being targeted for their beliefs. Alongside, Pakistan needs to address and take measures to rectify the wide spread prejudice and intolerance within the government, the judiciary, law enforcement, the media, as well as society at large. Ultimately and fundamentally, transition from Pakistan’s currently institutionalised “two-tiered” citizenship, i.e., Muslim and non-Muslim, into one that ensures equality of all citizens and the plurality that was envisioned by Mohammad Ali Jinnah should be supported.
The ideology of Pakistan emerged from the ideals and aspirations of the Muslim people of South Asia to establish a separate homeland where they could practice Islam freely. Allama Iqbal philosophically articulated the need for a separate Muslim state and inspired the two-nation theory, while Jinnah led the political struggle resulting in the creation of Pakistan in 1947 based on the ideology of an Islamic welfare state. The ideology of Pakistan derives from Islamic principles and seeks to order society and govern in accordance with the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah.
Incongruities in Indian Constitution: A SummationBS Murthy
Muhammad Ali Jinnah got what he wanted for Indian Musalmans though in time, their Quranic zeal turned Pakistan into a Rogue State. What of India, the product of an irony of a partition in that while some Musalmans walked away with one-fourth of its land, others stayed back to nurse their separatist dogma in its truncated bosom?
While the Hindu nationalists lamented about the loss of their ancient land, the Musalman intellectuals were alarmed at their reduced numbers vis-à-vis the Hindus. Even as the Golwalkars articulated the Hindu frustration in shrill tones, the Maulana Azads voiced the Muslim apprehensions in secular tunes. Whatever, as Pakistan became an Islamic State for the Musalmans, India remained a habitat of varied interest groups, the Musalmans included! While the Indian political classes were beset with a sense of loss that partition brought in in its wake, the Hindu intellectuals were upset by the age-old caste guilt that the reform movement occasioned in their collective consciousness.
The document discusses the issue of citizenship rights in Sudan's multi-ethnic and multi-cultural society. It summarizes a debate from the 1960s in parliament around whether non-Muslims could be elected president or contest for the position. The debate highlighted the failure to reconcile Muslims' pursuit of an Islamic constitution with non-Muslims' entitlement to full citizenship. It also discusses Sudan's long history of diversity and how Islam was gradually adopted in a way that respected freedom of choice and religion. The quest for an Islamic constitution has not considered Sudan's multi-cultural nature or reformed laws to align with democracy and equality.
Colonial mentality may be impeding Pakistan's progress by causing citizens to devalue their own culture and adopt foreign ways. The essay outlines how colonial mentality leads Pakistanis to prefer English language and education, foreign legal and political systems, Western food and clothing, and prioritize other cultures over their own rich history. This colonial mentality has adverse impacts including lack of development and innovation, poor education and justice systems, and an inferiority complex. The essay argues revamping education, promoting Pakistani culture and history, and reforming legal and economic systems could help overcome colonial mentality.
This document discusses the ideology of Pakistan in light of statements from Allama Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. It defines ideology and explains that the ideology of Pakistan is based on principles of the Quran and Sunnah in order to establish an Islamic welfare state. It outlines Allama Iqbal's views in supporting a separate Muslim state after realizing the biased attitude of Hindus. It also discusses Quaid-e-Azam's two-nation theory and view of Pakistan as a place to experiment with Islamic principles.
pak studies chapter no1 ( short answer ) ideology of pakstanHasnat khan
The ideology of Pakistan is based on Islamic principles and envisions Pakistan as a state where Muslims can live according to Islamic rules and freely profess their religion. The two-nation theory, espoused by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Allama Iqbal, formed the basis for Pakistan's creation - it stated that Hindus and Muslims in India were distinct cultural/political nations and Muslims required a separate homeland. The factors that led to the idea of a separate Muslim homeland included anti-Muslim campaigns, British oppression of Muslims, Hindu betrayal of Muslim interests, and the failure to gain independence as a united India.
Among all the religions in Nigeria, Islam and Christianity record large numbers of adherents and the country’s politics is almost based on the two religious divides. This paper examines two religious bodies; the Nigeria Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs (NSCIA) and the Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN) established to regulate the activities of Muslims and Christians respectively in the country. The works finds out that both religious bodies take active part in state politics and have struggled for self-relevance and acknowledgement whenever issues of national concerns arise. The struggle began in the 1970s and 1980s when Muslims advanced for the incorporation of the Islamic law into the Nigerian constitution on the ground that the nation has since her inception been governed by Christian law in the guise of British constitution. The result has been religious tension and violence. The work therefore recommends collaboration of the two religious bodies following their aims and objectives to assist the government in fostering peace, progress and development of the country.
Ideology of Pakistan and Two nation theoryAroobaAwan
To work above and beyond the call of duty to design balanced innovative programs that encourages students to make a positive impact on their local and global communities
Islamic perspective and ideology of pakistanFozia abid
The document presents an overview of the ideology of Pakistan. It begins by defining ideology and discussing its significance. The ideology of Pakistan is based on Islam, which was the motivating factor for the struggle for a separate Muslim homeland in South Asia. Key aspects of the ideology include the five pillars of Islam, beliefs in justice, equality, democracy, fraternity, and clearly defined rights and duties of citizens. The ideology took shape through the works of Allama Iqbal, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and later the Objectives Resolution.
This document summarizes the nature and sources of Nigerian legal system. Before British colonization, Nigeria was made up of independent entities with their own legal traditions. The north was dominated by Islamic law under empires like Kanem-Borno and Sokoto. The south practiced various customary legal systems. After colonization, Nigeria developed a plural legal system incorporating English common law, Islamic law, customary law and local legislation. The paper aims to clarify that Islamic law and customary law are distinct legal traditions in Nigeria's pluralized legal system.
The document discusses the causes of the separation of East Pakistan from West Pakistan in 1971. It identifies several key factors:
1. Political and economic dominance of West Pakistan over East Pakistan led to resentment among the Bengali population of East Pakistan.
2. Failure of the Muslim League leadership to adequately address the needs and concerns of East Pakistan contributed to growing discontent.
3. Delays in establishing a constitution and political system that fairly represented the much larger population of East Pakistan further exacerbated tensions.
4. The war of power between Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman over governing East Pakistan after 1970 elections also played a role in the ultimate separation of the
This document discusses the challenges that arise when religious institutions seek to directly participate in political life while also maintaining special privileges and protections from criticism. It analyzes several examples, including blasphemy laws in Pakistan and cases involving foreigners in countries like Sudan and Afghanistan. The thesis is that where religious institutions enter politics, their beliefs should not be given any special deference. Allowing religion privileged status in political debates can undermine principles of democracy, minority rights, and the rule of law.
The document discusses the process by which an Islamic state naturally evolves. It argues that an Islamic state is an ideological state based on moral and spiritual principles rather than nationalism. The key elements required for an Islamic state to form are a particular type of movement, leadership, mass character, and communal morality aligned with Islamic principles. Nationalistic ideas borrowed from Western models are incompatible with an Islamic state as they prioritize national identity over universal spiritual principles. An Islamic state requires certain preconditions and forces to develop over time, guided by Islamic ideology, before it can naturally emerge.
Introduction
Al Hasanat Center for Islamic Research is a nonprofit organization that must serve the public in some way, through the offering of multiple services. We have made operating information public so that people can be informed about how their contributions have been used.
Al Hasanat Center for Islamic Research cannot be political, which is explicitly written in the organizing papers that it will not participate in any political campaign on the behalf of any candidate or make expenditures for political purposes.
Pakistan Ideology and its Basis - Pakistan StudiesFaHaD .H. NooR
This document discusses the ideology of Pakistan. It defines ideology as a set of beliefs, values and ideals that bind a group or nation together. The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process led by Allama Iqbal, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and the Constituent Assembly. The Muslims of the subcontinent demanded a separate homeland due to historical, political, religious and cultural differences from Hindus that made their future in a Hindu-dominated India unsafe. The foundations of Pakistan's ideology are Islam, the two-nation theory, an Islamic democratic system, economic justice, and Islamic social patterns.
The ideology of Pakistan is based on Islam and the two-nation theory which states that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations. Pakistan was created to provide a separate homeland for Muslims where they could live according to Islamic principles and establish an Islamic welfare state based on the Quran and Sunnah. The two-nation theory maintained that despite living together, Hindus and Muslims had maintained distinct religious identities, cultures, and political interests. Religion, not language or ethnicity, was the sole basis for the ideology of Pakistan and the force that united Muslims for the cause of an independent state.
The ideology of Pakistan is based on Islam and the two-nation theory. The two-nation theory held that Hindus and Muslims in India were two distinct nations by virtue of their differences in culture, religion, and politics. Islam served as the unifying force for Indian Muslims and the basis for their demand for a separate homeland. The ideology of Pakistan envisions an Islamic democratic welfare state where Muslims can live according to Islamic principles and have the means to promote Islamic culture and civilization.
The ideology of Pakistan is based on Islam and the two-nation theory. The two-nation theory held that Hindus and Muslims in India were two distinct nations by virtue of their differences in culture, religion, and politics. Islam served as the unifying force for Indian Muslims and the basis for their demand for a separate homeland. The ideology of Pakistan envisions an Islamic democratic welfare state where Muslims can live according to Islamic principles and have the means to promote Islamic culture and civilization.
The politicization of Islam is not a new phenomenon. From the outset, politics and religion have been intertwined both conceptually and practically in Islam. Because the prophet Mohammad (PBUH) established a government in Madina, precedents of governance and taxation exist. Indeed, one of the beliefs of Islam is that the purpose of the state is to provide an environment where Muslims can properly practice their religion. If a leader fails in this, the people have a right to depose him. The Islamic tradition or faith is defined by developing an appreciation of the richness of Islamic literature and arts, the increasing importance of Islamic banking and redistribution of resources through the zakat, the role of Islamic law in the Shar’iah, and the complexity of the range of Islamic religious traditions.
This document provides an overview of a thesis that analyzes the representation of religious minorities in two major Pakistani newspapers, Daily Dawn and Daily Jang, over a three month period in 2012. The thesis aims to determine if the newspapers provide sufficient and accurate coverage of religious minorities and reflect societal views. It also examines if state institutions are biased against minorities. The research methods include content analysis of the newspapers and interviews. The goal is to increase awareness of minorities' status and the need for tolerance in Pakistani society.
This report has focused on certain minority communities, such as the Christian, Hindu and Ahmadi communities, because they are the most visible and most targeted communities for discrimination and violence. However, we recognise all minority communities in Pakistan as sovereign citizens of the state who deserve equality, justice and dignity.
My research indicates that minorities identify strongly with a Pakistani national identity, even as they are persecuted on the basis of their religious identity. Minorities who have a historical connection to this land and have been contributing members of society are now being targeted for their beliefs. Alongside, Pakistan needs to address and take measures to rectify the wide spread prejudice and intolerance within the government, the judiciary, law enforcement, the media, as well as society at large. Ultimately and fundamentally, transition from Pakistan’s currently institutionalised “two-tiered” citizenship, i.e., Muslim and non-Muslim, into one that ensures equality of all citizens and the plurality that was envisioned by Mohammad Ali Jinnah should be supported.
The ideology of Pakistan emerged from the ideals and aspirations of the Muslim people of South Asia to establish a separate homeland where they could practice Islam freely. Allama Iqbal philosophically articulated the need for a separate Muslim state and inspired the two-nation theory, while Jinnah led the political struggle resulting in the creation of Pakistan in 1947 based on the ideology of an Islamic welfare state. The ideology of Pakistan derives from Islamic principles and seeks to order society and govern in accordance with the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah.
Incongruities in Indian Constitution: A SummationBS Murthy
Muhammad Ali Jinnah got what he wanted for Indian Musalmans though in time, their Quranic zeal turned Pakistan into a Rogue State. What of India, the product of an irony of a partition in that while some Musalmans walked away with one-fourth of its land, others stayed back to nurse their separatist dogma in its truncated bosom?
While the Hindu nationalists lamented about the loss of their ancient land, the Musalman intellectuals were alarmed at their reduced numbers vis-à-vis the Hindus. Even as the Golwalkars articulated the Hindu frustration in shrill tones, the Maulana Azads voiced the Muslim apprehensions in secular tunes. Whatever, as Pakistan became an Islamic State for the Musalmans, India remained a habitat of varied interest groups, the Musalmans included! While the Indian political classes were beset with a sense of loss that partition brought in in its wake, the Hindu intellectuals were upset by the age-old caste guilt that the reform movement occasioned in their collective consciousness.
The document discusses the issue of citizenship rights in Sudan's multi-ethnic and multi-cultural society. It summarizes a debate from the 1960s in parliament around whether non-Muslims could be elected president or contest for the position. The debate highlighted the failure to reconcile Muslims' pursuit of an Islamic constitution with non-Muslims' entitlement to full citizenship. It also discusses Sudan's long history of diversity and how Islam was gradually adopted in a way that respected freedom of choice and religion. The quest for an Islamic constitution has not considered Sudan's multi-cultural nature or reformed laws to align with democracy and equality.
Colonial mentality may be impeding Pakistan's progress by causing citizens to devalue their own culture and adopt foreign ways. The essay outlines how colonial mentality leads Pakistanis to prefer English language and education, foreign legal and political systems, Western food and clothing, and prioritize other cultures over their own rich history. This colonial mentality has adverse impacts including lack of development and innovation, poor education and justice systems, and an inferiority complex. The essay argues revamping education, promoting Pakistani culture and history, and reforming legal and economic systems could help overcome colonial mentality.
This document discusses the ideology of Pakistan in light of statements from Allama Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. It defines ideology and explains that the ideology of Pakistan is based on principles of the Quran and Sunnah in order to establish an Islamic welfare state. It outlines Allama Iqbal's views in supporting a separate Muslim state after realizing the biased attitude of Hindus. It also discusses Quaid-e-Azam's two-nation theory and view of Pakistan as a place to experiment with Islamic principles.
pak studies chapter no1 ( short answer ) ideology of pakstanHasnat khan
The ideology of Pakistan is based on Islamic principles and envisions Pakistan as a state where Muslims can live according to Islamic rules and freely profess their religion. The two-nation theory, espoused by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Allama Iqbal, formed the basis for Pakistan's creation - it stated that Hindus and Muslims in India were distinct cultural/political nations and Muslims required a separate homeland. The factors that led to the idea of a separate Muslim homeland included anti-Muslim campaigns, British oppression of Muslims, Hindu betrayal of Muslim interests, and the failure to gain independence as a united India.
Among all the religions in Nigeria, Islam and Christianity record large numbers of adherents and the country’s politics is almost based on the two religious divides. This paper examines two religious bodies; the Nigeria Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs (NSCIA) and the Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN) established to regulate the activities of Muslims and Christians respectively in the country. The works finds out that both religious bodies take active part in state politics and have struggled for self-relevance and acknowledgement whenever issues of national concerns arise. The struggle began in the 1970s and 1980s when Muslims advanced for the incorporation of the Islamic law into the Nigerian constitution on the ground that the nation has since her inception been governed by Christian law in the guise of British constitution. The result has been religious tension and violence. The work therefore recommends collaboration of the two religious bodies following their aims and objectives to assist the government in fostering peace, progress and development of the country.
Ideology of Pakistan and Two nation theoryAroobaAwan
To work above and beyond the call of duty to design balanced innovative programs that encourages students to make a positive impact on their local and global communities
Islamic perspective and ideology of pakistanFozia abid
The document presents an overview of the ideology of Pakistan. It begins by defining ideology and discussing its significance. The ideology of Pakistan is based on Islam, which was the motivating factor for the struggle for a separate Muslim homeland in South Asia. Key aspects of the ideology include the five pillars of Islam, beliefs in justice, equality, democracy, fraternity, and clearly defined rights and duties of citizens. The ideology took shape through the works of Allama Iqbal, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and later the Objectives Resolution.
This document summarizes the nature and sources of Nigerian legal system. Before British colonization, Nigeria was made up of independent entities with their own legal traditions. The north was dominated by Islamic law under empires like Kanem-Borno and Sokoto. The south practiced various customary legal systems. After colonization, Nigeria developed a plural legal system incorporating English common law, Islamic law, customary law and local legislation. The paper aims to clarify that Islamic law and customary law are distinct legal traditions in Nigeria's pluralized legal system.
The document discusses the causes of the separation of East Pakistan from West Pakistan in 1971. It identifies several key factors:
1. Political and economic dominance of West Pakistan over East Pakistan led to resentment among the Bengali population of East Pakistan.
2. Failure of the Muslim League leadership to adequately address the needs and concerns of East Pakistan contributed to growing discontent.
3. Delays in establishing a constitution and political system that fairly represented the much larger population of East Pakistan further exacerbated tensions.
4. The war of power between Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman over governing East Pakistan after 1970 elections also played a role in the ultimate separation of the
This document discusses the challenges that arise when religious institutions seek to directly participate in political life while also maintaining special privileges and protections from criticism. It analyzes several examples, including blasphemy laws in Pakistan and cases involving foreigners in countries like Sudan and Afghanistan. The thesis is that where religious institutions enter politics, their beliefs should not be given any special deference. Allowing religion privileged status in political debates can undermine principles of democracy, minority rights, and the rule of law.
The document discusses the process by which an Islamic state naturally evolves. It argues that an Islamic state is an ideological state based on moral and spiritual principles rather than nationalism. The key elements required for an Islamic state to form are a particular type of movement, leadership, mass character, and communal morality aligned with Islamic principles. Nationalistic ideas borrowed from Western models are incompatible with an Islamic state as they prioritize national identity over universal spiritual principles. An Islamic state requires certain preconditions and forces to develop over time, guided by Islamic ideology, before it can naturally emerge.
Introduction
Al Hasanat Center for Islamic Research is a nonprofit organization that must serve the public in some way, through the offering of multiple services. We have made operating information public so that people can be informed about how their contributions have been used.
Al Hasanat Center for Islamic Research cannot be political, which is explicitly written in the organizing papers that it will not participate in any political campaign on the behalf of any candidate or make expenditures for political purposes.
Pakistan Ideology and its Basis - Pakistan StudiesFaHaD .H. NooR
This document discusses the ideology of Pakistan. It defines ideology as a set of beliefs, values and ideals that bind a group or nation together. The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process led by Allama Iqbal, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and the Constituent Assembly. The Muslims of the subcontinent demanded a separate homeland due to historical, political, religious and cultural differences from Hindus that made their future in a Hindu-dominated India unsafe. The foundations of Pakistan's ideology are Islam, the two-nation theory, an Islamic democratic system, economic justice, and Islamic social patterns.
The ideology of Pakistan is based on Islam and the two-nation theory which states that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations. Pakistan was created to provide a separate homeland for Muslims where they could live according to Islamic principles and establish an Islamic welfare state based on the Quran and Sunnah. The two-nation theory maintained that despite living together, Hindus and Muslims had maintained distinct religious identities, cultures, and political interests. Religion, not language or ethnicity, was the sole basis for the ideology of Pakistan and the force that united Muslims for the cause of an independent state.
The ideology of Pakistan is based on Islam and the two-nation theory. The two-nation theory held that Hindus and Muslims in India were two distinct nations by virtue of their differences in culture, religion, and politics. Islam served as the unifying force for Indian Muslims and the basis for their demand for a separate homeland. The ideology of Pakistan envisions an Islamic democratic welfare state where Muslims can live according to Islamic principles and have the means to promote Islamic culture and civilization.
The ideology of Pakistan is based on Islam and the two-nation theory. The two-nation theory held that Hindus and Muslims in India were two distinct nations by virtue of their differences in culture, religion, and politics. Islam served as the unifying force for Indian Muslims and the basis for their demand for a separate homeland. The ideology of Pakistan envisions an Islamic democratic welfare state where Muslims can live according to Islamic principles and have the means to promote Islamic culture and civilization.
The document discusses the ideology of Pakistan. It begins by defining ideology and explaining that Islamic ideology is based on the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah. It then discusses the four guiding principles of the Islamic way of life. Next, it examines the Two Nation Theory, which argues that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations that could not stay united in one country. It provides context for the creation of Pakistan as an ideological state based on Islamic principles, where Muslims could live according to their faith. The document outlines the views of key figures like Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Muhammad Iqbal who advocated for a separate Muslim homeland.
The document summarizes the history of constitution making in Pakistan from its independence in 1947. It discusses how the first Constituent Assembly, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, was tasked with drafting Pakistan's first constitution. Jinnah laid out important principles for the constitution, including protecting minorities and prohibiting corruption. However, Pakistan experienced frequent amendments and suspensions of its constitution over the decades as different regimes imposed martial law. The current constitution was drafted in 1973 but has also faced numerous amendments. The frequent changes to Pakistan's constitution have undermined its role as a stable, guiding document.
The document discusses the ideology of Pakistan and the two-nation theory. It explains that the ideology of Pakistan is based on Islamic principles and the idea that Muslims and Hindus are two distinct nations that could not remain united in one country due to religious, cultural and social differences. Key figures like Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Allama Iqbal advocated for a separate Muslim homeland where they could live according to Islamic teachings and customs, leading to the establishment of Pakistan.
Allama Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah played key roles in the establishment of Pakistan. Iqbal advocated for a separate Muslim homeland and is considered the ideological founder of Pakistan. Though he did not explicitly use the term "Pakistan", his 1930 Allahabad address demanded a separate state for Indian Muslims. Jinnah initially joined the Indian National Congress but later became a leader in the All India Muslim League, recognizing religious and cultural differences between Hindus and Muslims. He argued that Hindus and Muslims constituted separate nations and demanded the establishment of Pakistan as a homeland for Muslims where they could govern themselves according to Islamic principles. The All India Muslim League was founded in 1906 to represent and safeguard Muslim political interests against Hindu domination in British India.
The ideology of Pakistan is based on Islamic principles and the belief that Muslims in South Asia constitute a separate nation from Hindus. The two-nation theory, which argues that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct religious communities and should have separate homelands, formed the ideological basis for the creation of Pakistan as a homeland for Muslims in 1947. Key figures like Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan advocated for a separate Muslim state where Islamic principles could be implemented.
its about aims and objectives. the people before 1947 , what kind of thinking they have and what are the diffrences between them and us.
dont just read it , try to understand the feelings about our dear homeland
Ideology of Pakistan - Quaid e Azam.pptxAreeshaTahir6
This document outlines the ideology of Pakistan according to Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan. It discusses several key aspects of Jinnah's views:
1. Jinnah was a strong proponent of the Two Nation Theory, believing that Hindus and Muslims constituted two distinct nations that could not coexist within one state.
2. Jinnah saw Islamic ideology and the teachings of the Quran as the founding principles and unifying force for Muslims in South Asia.
3. He expressed his view that Islam provided a complete social and political system for governing Muslim society.
4. Jinnah argued that partitioning British India along religious lines was necessary to protect the interests and distinct identities of Hindus and Muslims.
This thesis examines the representation of religious minorities in two major Pakistani newspapers, Daily Dawn and Daily Jang, over a three month period in 2012. The study aims to determine if the minorities receive sufficient and accurate coverage, and to assess societal tolerance levels and the role of state institutions. Primary research will involve analyzing newspaper articles, and secondary research will include interviews and a literature review. The goal is to increase awareness of minorities' status and the need for societal tolerance in Pakistan.
- The document discusses the Two Nation Theory and ideology of Pakistan. It outlines that Muslims were a separate nation from Hindus, with their own distinct culture and religion, and wanted independence to live according to Islamic principles.
- Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was an early proponent of the Two Nation Theory, arguing that Muslims and Hindus were distinct nations. The goal of an independent Pakistan was to allow Muslims to govern themselves according to Islamic ideals of equality, justice and balanced economic systems.
- Historical Islamic reform movements like Shah Wali Ullah struggled for the religious, cultural and political revival of Muslims in India and helped evolve Muslim nationalism.
The document discusses the identity crisis facing Pakistan since its inception. It argues that Pakistan's ideological foundation and its status as a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual state have contributed to this crisis. Specifically, it notes debates around whether Pakistan was intended to be an Islamic state or secular democracy, as well as tensions between regional linguistic groups and religious minorities. The document outlines two main perspectives on resolving the crisis - the Islamist view of implementing an Islamic system to unite citizens, and the pluralist view of decentralization and empowering regional cultures alongside Islam. It concludes that developing a shared Pakistani national identity above other affiliations is needed for stability and progress.
This document provides background information on the basis for the creation of Pakistan. It discusses several key factors that led to the establishment of Pakistan as a separate homeland for Muslims in South Asia, including: 1) The two-nation theory, which held that Hindus and Muslims constituted two distinct nations based on their differing religions and cultures; 2) The desire to establish an Islamic democratic system and enforce that sovereignty belongs to Allah; and 3) The need to protect Muslim culture and identity and emancipate Muslims from being dominated by the prejudicial Hindu majority under British rule. The document presents the history of Hindu-Muslim relations and outlines several goals that the basis for creating Pakistan aimed to achieve, such as establishing balanced economic systems and reviving Muslim
The ideology of Pakistan is based on Islamic principles and the two-nation theory, which argues that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations. Key figures like Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Muhammad Ali Jinnah advocated for this ideology, with Jinnah being a firm supporter of the two-nation theory and desiring a separate Muslim homeland where Islamic principles could be practiced. The founding of Pakistan realized this ideology and vision of a state for Muslims based on Islamic ideals.
The document discusses secular states and secularism. It defines a secular state as one that is officially neutral in religious matters and does not confer privilege on any particular religion. It provides examples of formerly secular states and those with constitutional secularism. The document traces the origins and history of secularism from ancient Greece and India to its prominence in the modern West during the Enlightenment. It also discusses secularism in Pakistan and debates around its concept. In general, the document presents an overview of the definition and principles of secular states as well as their historical development.
Liaquat Ali Khan, Pakistan's first Prime Minister, delivered a speech in 1950 at the University of Kansas where he was awarded an honorary degree. In the speech, he introduced Pakistan, which was only 3 years old, and described the religious, social, and economic differences between Muslims and Hindus that led Muslims to demand an independent homeland. He urged Western nations to help newly independent Asian and African countries with political stability and economic development in the interests of humanity and world peace.
Pakistan was established as an independent nation in 1947 with Islam as the dominant religion. While the constitution establishes Pakistan as an Islamic republic, the role of Islam in government and politics has been controversial. Military rule beginning in the 1970s exacerbated religious influence and fundamentalism, complicating Pakistan's political situation. Despite challenges, Islam remains important to Pakistan's national identity and as a source of unity.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Major problems in pakistan
1. Major problems in pakistan
Religious issues
Presented by Afshan Mukhtiar
2. ADDRESS OF THE FOUNDER OF PAKISTAN QUAID-E-AZAM MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH
ON 11TH AUGUST, 1947TO 1ST CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
”every one of you, no matter to what community he belongs, no matter what relations he had with you in the past, no matter
what is his color, caste or creed, is first, second and last a citizen of this State with equal rights, privileges and obligations there
will be no end to the progress you will make.”
“You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other places of worship in this
State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed — that has nothing to do with the business of the State”
”in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense,
because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State.”
3. INTRODUCTION
• National identity remains a very serious issue in Pakistan today. There has never been a clear answer to
the question of how many nations live within the country, one or more.
• The religious factor has played the central role in the search for a national identity in Pakistan. The
Muslim League’s response to the identity question was its slogan of the early 1950s: “One Nation, One
State, One Language”. Islam and the Urdu language were defined as the foundations of the Pakistani
nation (two other components made up the state ideology: Kashmir as an inalienable part of Pakistan,
and the armed forces as the guarantee of the country’s development and integrity
• The constitutional process, accompanied by tensions in communal relations, bears witness to serious
ideological differences in society over the role religion should play in social and political life. Was
Pakistan created for Islam or for Muslims is an important question. How did it happen that a religion
which was supposed to be a guiding force for the lives of Muslims ceased to serve the purpose and
started creating hindrance in the state affairs?
4. State Narrative
• Ideology building
• Two Nation Theory
• Emergence of Muslim Identity
• Pakistan Movement
• Allama Iqbal Address
• Pakistan Resolution 23rd March 1940
5. • Post Independence Scenario
• Dilemma of Muslim League
• Power Vacuum
• Joined Hands With Majlis e Ahrar
• Objective Resolution
6. OBJECTIVE RESOLUTION 1949
• The resolution stated that Pakistan must “observe in full the principles of democracy,
freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as required by Islam, must give adequate
guarantees for minorities to freely practice their faith and develop their cultures, and must
adequately protect the lawful interests of minorities and backward and oppressed classes.”
• Liaquat Ali Khan did not see any contradiction between prioritizing Islam and upholding
basic democratic principles. As he stated on May 3, 1950, “We pledge our loyalty to the
principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice in accordance with
Islam. This does not mean theocracy. Islam does not imply that the clergy has the leading
role… No, our concept of democracy is even more comprehensive than the one based on
universal suffrage and government by the majority. We call all of this the Islamic way of life,
and we adhere to it because, as Muslims, we cannot follow any other ideology.”
7. Difference Between theory and Practice
In practice, the priority given to Islam in social and political life lead to restrictions on the
basic rights and freedoms of non Muslim citizens.
According to some notable ullamas restrictions on non-Muslims’ social and political
activities were justified by the need to preserve internal peace and ensure religious
minorities’ security
that non-Muslims should not play important roles in Pakistan and, in particular, should not
be allowed to hold senior government posts
Jogandar Nath Mandal Resignation Letter
8. Whether sovereignty belongs to ‘the people’,
collectively expressed through the state, or to God?
The Constitution 1956
• "the authority to be exercised by the people of
Pakistan within the limits prescribed by Him”
• "the Quran and the Sunnah"
• Objective Resolution should get included in the
in operative clauses of the constitutions.
The Constitution 1962
• "the authority exercisable by the people is a
sacred trust.“
• “Islam”
• Objective Resolution only as a preamble and
the power of “Ijtihad” should be vested in the
Supreme Court.
9. • Bengali Nationalism wins in 1971
• Failure of Ideology?
• “I have been Pukhtoon for 4000 years,
Muslim for 1400 years and Pakistani for 40
years” Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
10. The Post Bangladesh Search For National Identity
• What are the links that bind the people of Pakistan?
• What is the soul and personality of Pakistan?
• What is our national identity?
11. Two Answers to One Question
Geographic Identity
• Post war Pakistan was ethnically more
homogenous than the pre war Pakistan.
• Country has only eventually found its real
identity after the 1971 war. Others found
geological, geographic, ethnic, and historical
grounds for regarding the Indus Valley and its
western and northern mountain marches as a
distinct national unit separate from the rest of
the South Asia.
Islamic Identity
• Renewed and reinforced emphasis upon the
Islamic roots of Pakistan
• If we let go the ideology of Islam, we cannot
hold together as a nation by any other means . .
. If the Arabs, the Turks, the Iranians, God
forbid, give up Islam, the Arabs yet remain
Arabs, the Turks remain Turks, the Iranians
remain Iranians, but what do we remain if we
give up Islam? (Prof. Waheed uz Zaman)
12. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
• Fundamental changes in the relationship between State and religious
organizations
• New national identity based on Anti Indian, Pan Islamic themes
• “Middle Easternizing” of Pakistan , Islamic Reforms
• Socialism to Islamic Socialism (Musawaat e Muhammadi)
• Declaration of Ahmadiya as Non Muslims (2nd amendment)
13. Comparison between the Constitutions
1956
• The office of Prime Minister was open for both
Muslims and Non Muslims.
• Quaid e Azam’s words were included in the preamble
of the constitution that “Pakistan would be
democratic state based on Islamic principles of social
justice.”
• The oaths of office were devoid of religious content
and were completely secular in nature
• Advisory council for Islamic research, expenses
defrayed through a special tax imposed only on
Muslims.
• Fundamental rights of freedom of speech and
expression (no space for blasphemy laws under the
constitution).
1973
• Both President and Prime Minister offices
reserved for Muslims
• The statement of Quaid e Azam was annexed in
1984 to the constitution
• The oaths have been completely Islamic in
nature. There is a reference now of God
• Federal Shari’a court and council of Islamic
ideology , expenses are borne by all citizens.
• Instrumentalised Muslim majoritarian
tendencies
• Turned Pakistan into a Theocracy
14. Mullah-Garrison Alliance
The military, which has dominated the Pakistani state since the mid-1950s, has
embraced a tripartite policy that emphasizes Islam as a national unifier, rivalry with
India as the principal objective of the state’s foreign policy, and an alliance with the
United States/West as a means to defray the costs of Pakistan’s massive military
expenditures.
The anti‐India, anti‐secularist and anti‐ communist views of the ulema are crucial in
understanding the military‐ulema alliance, which has a common interest in keeping at
bay a political elite ostensibly committed to democracy and Presidentialism.
16. Islamization during Zia Era
Zia made Islam his main political constituency, lent him
political allies. Turned Pakistan into a global center of Islam.
“It proves that Pakistan, which was created in the name of
Islam, will continue to survive only if it sticks to Islam. That is
why I consider the introduction of Islamic system as an
essential prerequisite for the country.” Pakistan Times, July 7,
1977, p. 8.
“A strong presidential form of government would be more in
keeping with the "thinking and psyche of Muslims.”
“ Muslims "believed in one God, one Prophet, and one Book,
and their mentality is that they should be ruled by one man.”
Iran Revolution- Afghan Jihad- Madrassah Culture- Sectarian
Violence
17. ‘Nizam e Mustafa’
‘National Cohesion under Islam’
• Separate Shariyat judicial courts and court benches to to judge legal cases using Islamic doctrine
• New criminal offenses for adultery, fornication and types of blasphemy
• New punishments of whipping, amputation and stoning to death were added in to Pakistani law
• Interest payments for bank accounts replaced by ‘profit and loss’ payments
• Zakat became a 2.5% annual tax
• Removal of unislamic material from textbooks and libraries
• Schools and work places were required to provide praying space
• 10,000s of activists from the Jamaat e Islami were appointed to government posts
• Conservative scholars became fixture on national tv
18. Islamization During 90s
Benazir Bhutto
Although an outspoken opponent of Zia’s Islam,
she didn’t dismantle the Federal Shariyat Court,
and the Shariyat Appellate Bench nor repeal
Hudood and Ramazan ordinance
Abolition of whipping
Released women prisoners especially charged
under Hudood ordinance, forbade whipping
sentence
Muhammad Nawaz Sharif
• Qisas and Hudood ordinance bill passed in 1997
• 15th constitutional amendment bill Shariyat Bill
• The bill empowered the prime minister to enforce
what he thought was right and to forbid what is
wrong
• To enforce shariya, to establish Salah, to
administer Zakat, to promoteAmr bil M’aruf
Nahi anil Munkar, to eradicate corruption, social
economic justice etc
19. Pervez Musharraf
Enlightened moderation
I say to my brother Muslims: The time
for renaissance has come. The way forward is
through enlightenment. We must concentrate on human
resource development through the alleviation of poverty
and through education, health care and social justice. If
this is our direction, it cannot be achieved through
confrontation. We must adopt a path of moderation and a
conciliatory approach to fight the common belief that
Islam is a religion of militancy in conflict with
modernization, democracy and secularism. All this must
be done with a realization that, in the world we live in,
fairness does not always rule.
2002 OIC Summit Conference in Malaysia.
20. Religious Parties in General Elections
• Jamat e islami (JI)
• Jamiyat ulama e Islam (JUI)
• Jamiyat ulama e Pakistan (JUP)
• Sepah Sahaba pakistan (SSP)
• Tehreek Labaik Ya Rasool Allah (TLYRA)
21. End Note
• In spite of its manifest weaknesses and failures, political Islam is indisputably
a powerful and potentially destabilizing phenomenon in Pakistan—a country
whose surface appearance of Islamic homogeneity masks a profoundly
diverse society. How political Islam evolves in coming years will inevitably
impact upon the political evolution of Pakistan itself—whether, in other
words, it will proceed in the direction of greater respect for cultural diversity,
religious tolerance in particular, or whether it will move in the direction of
increased religious exclusiveness, extremism, and orthodox. Only time will
tell.
22. For now citizens are trapped between the state and the religion, without the possibility
of administrative or legal remedy from the state or the possibility of lawful political
opposition outside its sphere of control. Failure to observe the distinction between the
state, politics and religion therefore tends to severely undermine the peace, stability
and healthy development of the whole society. Those who are denied the services and
protection of the state as well as effective participation in politics will either withdraw
their cooperation or resort to violent resistance in the absence of less drastic remedies.
This necessary balancing of competing claims and tense relationships can be mediated
through principles and mechanisms of constitutionalism, rule of law and the protection
of the equal human rights of all citizens. But these principles and institutions cannot
succeed without the active and determined participation of all citizens, which is
unlikely if people believe them to be inconsistent with those religious beliefs and
cultural norms that influence their political behavior.