This study identified and characterized Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey, a species of green algae found along coastal regions of Myanmar. The morphology, life cycle including spore formation and germination, and local distribution were examined. R. riparium was identified based on its unbranched filaments with irregular, 1-5 celled rhizoidal branches. Laboratory cultures showed spores form in sporangia and germinate into new filaments over 45-55 days. Distribution surveys found R. riparium present along coasts from Magyi to Maw Shwe Gyaing in Rakhine region and from Yathae Thaung to Kadonepaw
1. Diatoms are single-celled algae with cell walls made of silica. They come in many shapes and sizes and are found in both freshwater and marine environments.
2. Their cell walls are made of two parts called theca that fit together like a box and lid. Locomotion is achieved through the secretion of mucus from structures called raphe.
3. Diatoms are classified based on their cell symmetry and wall ornamentation. They are divided into two main orders - centric diatoms which are radially symmetrical and pennate diatoms which are bilaterally symmetrical.
This document provides an introduction and overview of marine plankton diatoms found along the west coast of North America. It begins with a general discussion that describes the key characteristics and structure of diatoms, including their cell walls known as frustules which consist of overlapping valves and connecting bands. The document then discusses diatom biology, physiology, importance as a food source, and methods for collecting and examining them under microscopes. It aims to provide identification of common species found in plankton samples from the region.
The document provides information about plants from the Devonian period. It discusses early vascular plants like Rhynia, Cooksonia, and Aglaophyton that were found in the Rhynie Chert fossil site in Scotland. These included the earliest known plants with specialized tissues for transport of water and nutrients. The document also describes the diversification of early plant groups like the Zosterophylls and Trimerophytes that occurred during the Devonian period and were ancestral to modern plant divisions.
This study examined the oospores of Chara zeylenica and Chara vulgaris using scanning electron microscopy to characterize their ornamentation patterns. For C. zeylenica, the oospore wall ornamentation was found to be scabrous type. For C. vulgaris, the oospore wall ornamentation was granulate type. These differences in ornamentation patterns can help establish the taxonomic status of these two Chara species. Prior studies on oospore morphology using light microscopy provided limited details, while SEM revealed finer characteristics that are important for identification. The ornamentation patterns observed in this study were consistent with some prior findings but also showed some variations compared to other reports, demonstrating the need for detailed
This document discusses mechanisms of reproductive isolation that can lead to the formation of new species. It describes two types of isolating mechanisms - prezygotic, which prevent interspecies mating and fertilization, and postzygotic, which prevent hybrid zygotes from developing into healthy adults. Examples of prezygotic mechanisms include ecological, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, and gametic isolation. Postzygotic mechanisms include zygote mortality, hybrid inviability, and hybrid infertility.
1. The document discusses the evolution and classification of early vascular land plants, known from fossil evidence. It describes important plant groups from the Ordovician to Devonian periods, including Cooksonia, Rhynia, Aglaophyton, Zosterophyllum, trimerophytes, lycophytes, equisetales, and progymnosperms.
2. Many of these early plants were found preserved as fossils in sites like Rhynie, Scotland, which provide important insights into the origin and diversification of vascular plants.
3. By the late Devonian and Carboniferous periods, lycophytes had diversified and some groups included large trees, while ferns and hor
The document discusses the structure and types of lichens. Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. They have three main structural forms - crustose, foliose, and fruticose. Lichens reproduce both sexually, through the fusion of male and female gametes, and asexually, through fragmentation or the formation of structures like isidia, soredia, and cephalodia. Lichens have various economic uses including nitrogen fixation, use as food and dyes, roles in biodegradation and producing antibiotic compounds, and use in traditional medicine.
Foraminifera are single-celled protozoans that are abundant in polar seas and the deep sea. They can reproduce quickly and process organic matter efficiently, responding directly to food availability. Studies found that certain foraminifera species selectively feed on polyunsaturated fatty acids produced by phytoplankton, which are important for many organisms but not accessible to others until the foraminifera break them down. This suggests foraminifera play an important role in areas with pulsed food input like the Antarctic by controlling the availability and transfer of nutrients to other organisms.
1. Diatoms are single-celled algae with cell walls made of silica. They come in many shapes and sizes and are found in both freshwater and marine environments.
2. Their cell walls are made of two parts called theca that fit together like a box and lid. Locomotion is achieved through the secretion of mucus from structures called raphe.
3. Diatoms are classified based on their cell symmetry and wall ornamentation. They are divided into two main orders - centric diatoms which are radially symmetrical and pennate diatoms which are bilaterally symmetrical.
This document provides an introduction and overview of marine plankton diatoms found along the west coast of North America. It begins with a general discussion that describes the key characteristics and structure of diatoms, including their cell walls known as frustules which consist of overlapping valves and connecting bands. The document then discusses diatom biology, physiology, importance as a food source, and methods for collecting and examining them under microscopes. It aims to provide identification of common species found in plankton samples from the region.
The document provides information about plants from the Devonian period. It discusses early vascular plants like Rhynia, Cooksonia, and Aglaophyton that were found in the Rhynie Chert fossil site in Scotland. These included the earliest known plants with specialized tissues for transport of water and nutrients. The document also describes the diversification of early plant groups like the Zosterophylls and Trimerophytes that occurred during the Devonian period and were ancestral to modern plant divisions.
This study examined the oospores of Chara zeylenica and Chara vulgaris using scanning electron microscopy to characterize their ornamentation patterns. For C. zeylenica, the oospore wall ornamentation was found to be scabrous type. For C. vulgaris, the oospore wall ornamentation was granulate type. These differences in ornamentation patterns can help establish the taxonomic status of these two Chara species. Prior studies on oospore morphology using light microscopy provided limited details, while SEM revealed finer characteristics that are important for identification. The ornamentation patterns observed in this study were consistent with some prior findings but also showed some variations compared to other reports, demonstrating the need for detailed
This document discusses mechanisms of reproductive isolation that can lead to the formation of new species. It describes two types of isolating mechanisms - prezygotic, which prevent interspecies mating and fertilization, and postzygotic, which prevent hybrid zygotes from developing into healthy adults. Examples of prezygotic mechanisms include ecological, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, and gametic isolation. Postzygotic mechanisms include zygote mortality, hybrid inviability, and hybrid infertility.
1. The document discusses the evolution and classification of early vascular land plants, known from fossil evidence. It describes important plant groups from the Ordovician to Devonian periods, including Cooksonia, Rhynia, Aglaophyton, Zosterophyllum, trimerophytes, lycophytes, equisetales, and progymnosperms.
2. Many of these early plants were found preserved as fossils in sites like Rhynie, Scotland, which provide important insights into the origin and diversification of vascular plants.
3. By the late Devonian and Carboniferous periods, lycophytes had diversified and some groups included large trees, while ferns and hor
The document discusses the structure and types of lichens. Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. They have three main structural forms - crustose, foliose, and fruticose. Lichens reproduce both sexually, through the fusion of male and female gametes, and asexually, through fragmentation or the formation of structures like isidia, soredia, and cephalodia. Lichens have various economic uses including nitrogen fixation, use as food and dyes, roles in biodegradation and producing antibiotic compounds, and use in traditional medicine.
Foraminifera are single-celled protozoans that are abundant in polar seas and the deep sea. They can reproduce quickly and process organic matter efficiently, responding directly to food availability. Studies found that certain foraminifera species selectively feed on polyunsaturated fatty acids produced by phytoplankton, which are important for many organisms but not accessible to others until the foraminifera break them down. This suggests foraminifera play an important role in areas with pulsed food input like the Antarctic by controlling the availability and transfer of nutrients to other organisms.
Sponges are the simplest multicellular animals that attach to surfaces underwater to feed, and reproduce both sexually and asexually. They exist in two forms - encrusting sponges that grow like moss on rocks, and free-standing sponges that have more internal space and sometimes grow in large, strange shapes.
Brown algae obtain their brown color from the pigments fucoxanthin and chlorophyll a and c. Brown pigments absorb blue-green light, allowing brown algae to photosynthesize at depth where green light has been filtered out. Red algae contain red and blue pigments in addition to chlorophyll a, allowing them to also photosynthesize in deep water. Common South African brown algae include kelps, wracks, sargassums, and dictyotas. Red algae are more diverse and include large flat sheets, delicate branches, and succulent forms. Both brown and red algae play important ecological roles and have various commercial uses.
Bryophytes are a division of nonvascular plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They were some of the earliest land plants, emerging around 485 million years ago. Bryophytes grow in habitats where water is periodically available, such as forest floors, tree trunks, and damp soil. They reproduce through an alternation of generations, where the dominant gametophyte generation produces sex organs and a dependent sporophyte generation that produces spores and fertilizes the eggs to form diploid zygotes. Bryophytes play important ecological roles in soil formation, moisture retention, and nutrient recycling in forests.
This document discusses the nitrogen-fixing bacteria Azomonas. It describes Azomonas as non-cyst forming bacteria in the family Azotobacteraceae, with three species: A. agilis, A. insignis, and A. macrocytogenes. Azomonas are distinguished from Azotobacter by their inability to form cysts but they can biologically fix nitrogen under aerobic conditions. The document provides details on the species A. agilis, A. macrocytogenes, and their characteristics. It notes that Azomonas species are typically motile, oval to spherical bacteria that secrete capsular slime and can form intracellular inclusions under certain conditions.
This document summarizes research on the ecological significance of mycorrhizal associations in ferns. Several studies found that many fern species engage in mutualistic relationships with mycorrhizal fungi, especially vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. However, results from studies of Hawaiian and other ferns contradict some predicted patterns about the presence of mycorrhizae in more "advanced" fern families. Further research is needed to better understand how mycorrhizal relationships may influence fern physiology and distribution patterns.
The document discusses four kingdoms of Archaea: Korarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, and Nanoarchaeota. It also discusses several groups of bacteria, including Proteobacteria, Chlamydias, Spirochetes, Cyanobacteria, and Gram-positive bacteria. Key details provided include that Korarchaeota are only found in high temperature environments, Euryarchaeota include methanogens and halobacteria, Crenarchaeota were thought to be extremophiles but are also found in marine environments, and Nanoarchaeota are the smallest recently discovered in deep sea vents.
Lee (1999) classified algae into four groups based on the structure of their chloroplasts. Group 1 contains cyanobacteria, which have prokaryotic cells. Group 2 algae have chloroplasts surrounded by two chloroplast envelope membranes. Group 3 algae have chloroplasts surrounded by a single membrane. Group 4 algae have chloroplasts surrounded by two membranes continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. The document then discusses the taxonomic classification system used for algae and provides characteristic features of different algal groups.
Cyanobacteria ultrastructure, and significant microcystic SnehasishKundu1
The seminar discussed the ultrastructure and reproduction of cyanobacterial cells, with a focus on Microcystis.
The ultrastructure includes a mucilage sheath, cell wall with four layers, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm containing photosynthetic apparatus of thylakoids and phycobilisomes, ribosomes, and storage structures.
Reproduction is mainly through binary fission, but some cyanobacteria also form specialized dormant structures like akinetes or motile fragments called hormogonia. Microcystis can produce the toxin microcystin and is studied for its production of antioxidants.
This presentation will help you in understanding what is a pollen grain, what is forensic palynology, Structure of Pollen grain, It's biology, Dispersal and production, How to identify a pollen grain to species level based on Morphological characteristics and along with imparting detailed knowledge it will also help you to understand it's forensic significance.
This document discusses the taxonomy, collection, labeling, identification, and preservation of spider specimens. It provides information on:
1. The definition and significance of taxonomy as it relates to classifying and understanding organisms like spiders.
2. Recommended habitats and techniques for collecting spider specimens, including visual searches, sweep nets, beating vegetation, pitfall traps, and litter sampling.
3. Proper preservation of spider specimens requires storing them in 70-80% alcohol mixed with glycerol to prevent drying.
4. Specimens should be labeled with information like name, location, habitat, date, and collector for identification purposes.
The document discusses how palynology, the study of pollen grains and spores, can provide taxonomic evidence for classifying plants. It outlines several palynological features that can be used in plant systematics, including pollen nucleus number, storage product, unit, polarity, aperture, size, shape, sculpturing, and wall structure. These features vary across plant taxa and families, providing a basis for identification and analysis of phylogenetic relationships.
This document outlines Ainsworth's 1973 classification system for fungi. It proposes the kingdom Mycota, divided into the divisions Myxomycota (slime molds) and Eumycota (true fungi). Eumycota is further divided into several subdivisions including Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina. Each subdivision contains multiple classes and orders of fungi classified based on characteristics like cell structure, life cycle stages, and reproductive structures. The classification aims to group fungi based on morphology and natural relationships rather than previous artificial systems.
1) The document discusses studies on new species of branchiopods (conchostracans) in lentic water bodies in Koyali, Pune by Dr. Ravindra V. Kshirsagar.
2) Samples were collected from ephemeral water bodies near Koyali village over one month and observed under a microscope.
3) The specimens showed characteristics similar to Eulimnda inflecta but appeared to be a new species based on how females carry eggs in their shell. Further study is needed for taxonomy.
These slides the process of replication in myxomycota.
There are four types of spore produces that are sporangium, aethalium, psudoaethalium, plasmodiocarp.
This document provides an introduction to pollen grains. It discusses that pollen grains are microscopic bodies that contain plant sperm cells and are crucial for fertilization. Pollen grains form through microsporogenesis within the anthers of plants. They have an inner intine wall and outer exine wall composed of sporopollenin. The exine wall bears identifying markings and helps protect the genetic material. Forensic palynology uses pollen analysis to determine where objects and people have been by the region-specific pollen they carry.
different kinds of taxonomic characters and its functionsana sana
This document discusses the five main types of taxonomic characters used to classify organisms: morphological, physiological, ecological, ethological, and geographical. It provides examples of characters under each type, such as external features, anatomy, genetics, metabolism, behavior, habitat preferences, and geographic distributions. The document emphasizes that taxonomic characters should be evaluated together to properly identify and relate different species.
The document discusses two theories on the evolution of the sporophyte in bryophytes:
1) The theory of progressive sterilization proposes that sporophytes evolved through the progressive sterilization of potential sporogenous tissue, with simpler forms like Riccia having a higher proportion of fertile tissue and more complex forms like Funaria having more sterile tissues like feet, setae, and capsule walls.
2) The reduction theory proposes that sporophyte evolution occurred through the downward reduction and simplification of structures, with features like dehiscence apparatuses, photosynthetic capsule walls, and structures like the foot and seta disappearing over time. Supporters believe the simple sporophyte of Riccia represents
The document describes characteristics of three major divisions of algae - Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, and Phaeophyta. It provides details on their nuclei, color, flagellation, morphology, reproduction, life cycles, chloroplasts, and other distinguishing features. Examples are given of representative algae from each division, including images showing their structures and life cycles. Key aspects like heteromorphic or isomorphic alternation of generations, and gametic, sporic or zygotic life histories are highlighted.
1. The document provides information on the general characteristics, structure, reproduction, and life cycle of the green algae Volvox.
2. Volvox forms spherical or oval colonies composed of hundreds to tens of thousands of cells arranged in a single layer. Each cell contains flagella, chloroplasts and other organelles.
3. Volvox reproduces asexually through the formation of gonidia - reproductive cells that divide to form daughter colonies inside the parent colony. The daughter colonies eventually invert and are released into the water.
This document discusses the classification of organisms within the plant kingdom. It begins by explaining how our understanding of the plant kingdom has changed over time, with fungi and certain microorganisms being excluded. The rest of the document is organized by describing the main groups within the plant kingdom - algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. It then focuses on describing the classification of algae in more detail.
Sponges are the simplest multicellular animals that attach to surfaces underwater to feed, and reproduce both sexually and asexually. They exist in two forms - encrusting sponges that grow like moss on rocks, and free-standing sponges that have more internal space and sometimes grow in large, strange shapes.
Brown algae obtain their brown color from the pigments fucoxanthin and chlorophyll a and c. Brown pigments absorb blue-green light, allowing brown algae to photosynthesize at depth where green light has been filtered out. Red algae contain red and blue pigments in addition to chlorophyll a, allowing them to also photosynthesize in deep water. Common South African brown algae include kelps, wracks, sargassums, and dictyotas. Red algae are more diverse and include large flat sheets, delicate branches, and succulent forms. Both brown and red algae play important ecological roles and have various commercial uses.
Bryophytes are a division of nonvascular plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They were some of the earliest land plants, emerging around 485 million years ago. Bryophytes grow in habitats where water is periodically available, such as forest floors, tree trunks, and damp soil. They reproduce through an alternation of generations, where the dominant gametophyte generation produces sex organs and a dependent sporophyte generation that produces spores and fertilizes the eggs to form diploid zygotes. Bryophytes play important ecological roles in soil formation, moisture retention, and nutrient recycling in forests.
This document discusses the nitrogen-fixing bacteria Azomonas. It describes Azomonas as non-cyst forming bacteria in the family Azotobacteraceae, with three species: A. agilis, A. insignis, and A. macrocytogenes. Azomonas are distinguished from Azotobacter by their inability to form cysts but they can biologically fix nitrogen under aerobic conditions. The document provides details on the species A. agilis, A. macrocytogenes, and their characteristics. It notes that Azomonas species are typically motile, oval to spherical bacteria that secrete capsular slime and can form intracellular inclusions under certain conditions.
This document summarizes research on the ecological significance of mycorrhizal associations in ferns. Several studies found that many fern species engage in mutualistic relationships with mycorrhizal fungi, especially vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. However, results from studies of Hawaiian and other ferns contradict some predicted patterns about the presence of mycorrhizae in more "advanced" fern families. Further research is needed to better understand how mycorrhizal relationships may influence fern physiology and distribution patterns.
The document discusses four kingdoms of Archaea: Korarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, and Nanoarchaeota. It also discusses several groups of bacteria, including Proteobacteria, Chlamydias, Spirochetes, Cyanobacteria, and Gram-positive bacteria. Key details provided include that Korarchaeota are only found in high temperature environments, Euryarchaeota include methanogens and halobacteria, Crenarchaeota were thought to be extremophiles but are also found in marine environments, and Nanoarchaeota are the smallest recently discovered in deep sea vents.
Lee (1999) classified algae into four groups based on the structure of their chloroplasts. Group 1 contains cyanobacteria, which have prokaryotic cells. Group 2 algae have chloroplasts surrounded by two chloroplast envelope membranes. Group 3 algae have chloroplasts surrounded by a single membrane. Group 4 algae have chloroplasts surrounded by two membranes continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. The document then discusses the taxonomic classification system used for algae and provides characteristic features of different algal groups.
Cyanobacteria ultrastructure, and significant microcystic SnehasishKundu1
The seminar discussed the ultrastructure and reproduction of cyanobacterial cells, with a focus on Microcystis.
The ultrastructure includes a mucilage sheath, cell wall with four layers, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm containing photosynthetic apparatus of thylakoids and phycobilisomes, ribosomes, and storage structures.
Reproduction is mainly through binary fission, but some cyanobacteria also form specialized dormant structures like akinetes or motile fragments called hormogonia. Microcystis can produce the toxin microcystin and is studied for its production of antioxidants.
This presentation will help you in understanding what is a pollen grain, what is forensic palynology, Structure of Pollen grain, It's biology, Dispersal and production, How to identify a pollen grain to species level based on Morphological characteristics and along with imparting detailed knowledge it will also help you to understand it's forensic significance.
This document discusses the taxonomy, collection, labeling, identification, and preservation of spider specimens. It provides information on:
1. The definition and significance of taxonomy as it relates to classifying and understanding organisms like spiders.
2. Recommended habitats and techniques for collecting spider specimens, including visual searches, sweep nets, beating vegetation, pitfall traps, and litter sampling.
3. Proper preservation of spider specimens requires storing them in 70-80% alcohol mixed with glycerol to prevent drying.
4. Specimens should be labeled with information like name, location, habitat, date, and collector for identification purposes.
The document discusses how palynology, the study of pollen grains and spores, can provide taxonomic evidence for classifying plants. It outlines several palynological features that can be used in plant systematics, including pollen nucleus number, storage product, unit, polarity, aperture, size, shape, sculpturing, and wall structure. These features vary across plant taxa and families, providing a basis for identification and analysis of phylogenetic relationships.
This document outlines Ainsworth's 1973 classification system for fungi. It proposes the kingdom Mycota, divided into the divisions Myxomycota (slime molds) and Eumycota (true fungi). Eumycota is further divided into several subdivisions including Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina. Each subdivision contains multiple classes and orders of fungi classified based on characteristics like cell structure, life cycle stages, and reproductive structures. The classification aims to group fungi based on morphology and natural relationships rather than previous artificial systems.
1) The document discusses studies on new species of branchiopods (conchostracans) in lentic water bodies in Koyali, Pune by Dr. Ravindra V. Kshirsagar.
2) Samples were collected from ephemeral water bodies near Koyali village over one month and observed under a microscope.
3) The specimens showed characteristics similar to Eulimnda inflecta but appeared to be a new species based on how females carry eggs in their shell. Further study is needed for taxonomy.
These slides the process of replication in myxomycota.
There are four types of spore produces that are sporangium, aethalium, psudoaethalium, plasmodiocarp.
This document provides an introduction to pollen grains. It discusses that pollen grains are microscopic bodies that contain plant sperm cells and are crucial for fertilization. Pollen grains form through microsporogenesis within the anthers of plants. They have an inner intine wall and outer exine wall composed of sporopollenin. The exine wall bears identifying markings and helps protect the genetic material. Forensic palynology uses pollen analysis to determine where objects and people have been by the region-specific pollen they carry.
different kinds of taxonomic characters and its functionsana sana
This document discusses the five main types of taxonomic characters used to classify organisms: morphological, physiological, ecological, ethological, and geographical. It provides examples of characters under each type, such as external features, anatomy, genetics, metabolism, behavior, habitat preferences, and geographic distributions. The document emphasizes that taxonomic characters should be evaluated together to properly identify and relate different species.
The document discusses two theories on the evolution of the sporophyte in bryophytes:
1) The theory of progressive sterilization proposes that sporophytes evolved through the progressive sterilization of potential sporogenous tissue, with simpler forms like Riccia having a higher proportion of fertile tissue and more complex forms like Funaria having more sterile tissues like feet, setae, and capsule walls.
2) The reduction theory proposes that sporophyte evolution occurred through the downward reduction and simplification of structures, with features like dehiscence apparatuses, photosynthetic capsule walls, and structures like the foot and seta disappearing over time. Supporters believe the simple sporophyte of Riccia represents
The document describes characteristics of three major divisions of algae - Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, and Phaeophyta. It provides details on their nuclei, color, flagellation, morphology, reproduction, life cycles, chloroplasts, and other distinguishing features. Examples are given of representative algae from each division, including images showing their structures and life cycles. Key aspects like heteromorphic or isomorphic alternation of generations, and gametic, sporic or zygotic life histories are highlighted.
1. The document provides information on the general characteristics, structure, reproduction, and life cycle of the green algae Volvox.
2. Volvox forms spherical or oval colonies composed of hundreds to tens of thousands of cells arranged in a single layer. Each cell contains flagella, chloroplasts and other organelles.
3. Volvox reproduces asexually through the formation of gonidia - reproductive cells that divide to form daughter colonies inside the parent colony. The daughter colonies eventually invert and are released into the water.
This document discusses the classification of organisms within the plant kingdom. It begins by explaining how our understanding of the plant kingdom has changed over time, with fungi and certain microorganisms being excluded. The rest of the document is organized by describing the main groups within the plant kingdom - algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. It then focuses on describing the classification of algae in more detail.
1. The document provides information on the study of algae being conducted by Apeksha Shrikant Kurane for her Cryptogamic Botany course.
2. It discusses the general characteristics of algae including being chlorophyll-bearing, aquatic or forming symbiotic relationships, and reproducing both asexually through spores and sexually.
3. The document covers various topics related to algae including their thallus organization from unicellular to multicellular forms, different habitats from aquatic to terrestrial, and various modes of reproduction including vegetative, asexual through spores or akinetes, and sexual reproduction.
This document provides information about yams, including their classification, cultivation, and key species. It discusses yams originating from Africa and Asia, with over 600 species worldwide, of which D. alata, D. cayenensis, D. rotundata, D. esculenta, D. bulbifera, D. nummularia, D. pentaphylla, D. hispida, D. trifida and D. dumetorum are the major cultivated ones. The document focuses on D. alata, D. dumentorum, and D. rotundata. It reviews literature around yam origins and classification. The objective is to determine the ploidy levels and
This document discusses a study of macroalgal species diversity in Tubig Indangan, Simunul, Tawi-Tawi. It provides background on macroalgae, describing them as large photosynthetic algae that can be red, green, or brown in color. The study aims to identify the dominant macroalgal species in the area and used a line intercept transect method over 100 meters to count individual species and calculate a Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index to analyze diversity. The site is described as an open coastal area with sandy-muddy substrate and constant water movement, providing a good environment for macroalgal growth.
Brown algae are characterized by cell walls containing cellulose and alginic acid. They reproduce sexually and asexually and have an alternation of generations life cycle. Brown algae are divided into three classes based on their life cycles: isogamous, heterogamous, and oogamous. Ectocarpus is a filamentous brown alga that is a model organism. Kelps are large brown algae with a diploid sporophyte generation and haploid gametophyte. Fucus is dioecious and releases gametes using tidal movements, with sperm chemotaxing towards eggs. Brown algae are used as sources of iodine, alginate, food, and
This document summarizes the key characteristics of bryophytes, including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. It describes their structures, life cycles, habitats, and classification. Bryophytes are small non-vascular plants that grow in moist shady places and require water to complete their life cycles. They differ from vascular plants in lacking true roots, vascular tissue and a cuticle. Their life cycles involve an alternation between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations.
This document provides information on the structure and composition of algae. It begins by defining algae as chlorophyll-containing plants that lack true roots, stems, and leaves. It then discusses the different types of algal habitats, including aquatic, terrestrial, and unusual habitats. Various examples of algae from each habitat are provided, such as Cladophora and Chara from freshwater and Ectocarpus and Saragassum from marine environments. The document concludes by describing the different thallus structures found in algae, ranging from unicellular to colonial to filamentous and parenchymatous forms. Examples highlighting each structure type are cited.
This document provides information about algae, fungi, and bryophytes. It begins with an introduction to algae, noting they are eukaryotic organisms that can perform photosynthesis. Algae exhibit a wide diversity in forms, from unicellular to multicellular, and are found in aquatic and moist environments. The document then provides classifications of algae, describing important classes like Chlorophyceae (green algae). It notes characteristics of Chlorophyceae like pigments, food storage, cell walls, and examples like Chlamydomonas. The document also describes forms of algal thallus organization from unicellular to colonial coenobium. In summary, this document
B.sc agriculture i principles of plant pathology u 5.2 nematodesRai University
The document provides information on plant parasitic nematodes. It discusses that nematology deals with nematodes, which are small roundworms found worldwide. Nematodes can be plant or animal parasites. The plant parasitic nematodes are called nematodes and their study is called plant nematology. Nematodes cause large estimated annual crop losses worldwide. The document then provides details on the characteristics, anatomy, and systems of nematodes with a focus on the plant parasitic nematodes. It describes the general structure of nematodes including their cuticle, digestive system, and reproductive system. Diagrams are also included to illustrate nematode features.
This document discusses the classification and characteristics of different algal groups, including:
- Fritsch classified algae into 11 classes including Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, and Cyanophyceae.
- Algae exhibit diverse morphologies and habitats, from single-celled to complex thalli. They are found in various aquatic and terrestrial environments.
- Algae reproduce both sexually, through processes like isogamy and oogamy, and asexually, through fragmentation, spores, and cell division. Different algal groups display diverse reproductive strategies.
Microbiology - Algae
Algae is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades.
Algae are sometimes considered plants and sometimes considered "protists" (a grab-bag category of generally distantly related organisms that are grouped on the basis of not being animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, or archaeans).
This document describes a study on the vertical zonation and composition of meiofauna in Rearing Pond 2 of the Zamboanga State College of Marine Sciences and Technology. Meiofauna samples were collected from four stations at depths of 0-2cm, 2-4cm, 4-6cm, and 6-8cm below the sediment surface using a corer sampler. The samples were fixed with 5% formalin and sieved through 1mm and 250 micron meshes to extract the meiofauna. The goal of the study was to determine the meiofaunal composition and vertical distribution in the pond.
The document discusses the classification and characteristics of bryophytes. It begins by introducing bryophytes and their habitats. It then describes their general characters including having a dorsiventral thallus, alternation of generations, and sexual reproduction via gametophyte and sporophyte stages. The document outlines G.M. Smith's classification system, dividing bryophytes into 3 classes: Hepaticopsida (liverworts), Anthocerotopsida (hornworts), and Bryopsida (mosses). Each class is characterized in terms of their gametophyte, sporophyte structures, and reproductive features. Major orders within each class are also listed.
The document discusses various systems of classifying algae proposed by different scientists over time. It describes how classification has been based on characteristics like pigmentation, flagellation, cell structure, chloroplast features, and phylogenetic relationships. Several major classification schemes are outlined that divide algae into kingdoms, divisions, classes, and phyla based on these distinguishing traits. There is no universal agreement on a single classification system.
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1. Maubin University Research Journal 2020, Vol.11 303
Study on Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey from three coastal
regions of Myanmar
Moe Moe Khaing
Abstract
Genus Rhizoclonium belonging to the family Cladophoraceae, Chlorophyta.It
was from collected from three coastal regions of Myanmar from 2014 to 2016.
This algae was identified as Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey by Murray,
1887; Silva et.al., 1996; Leliaert, 2004; Dawson, 1954; Durairatnam, 1961. The
descriptions of taxon with emphasis on the shape, size, colour and type of cell
and rhizoid. Culture studied on spores formation and germination of
Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey. In addition, the distribution ranges of
Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey along the three coastal regions of
Myanmar was presented.
Keywords: Morphology, Laboratory culture, Local distribution.
Introduction
The algae variously ranked as an order, a class, a division or a group in different
systems of classification, is an assemblage of chlorophyll-bearing autotrophic.
Thallophytes, bounded by a cell wall, made up of pure or mixed carbohydrates.
Algae of the seawater are called marine algae. They grow generally in waters in
which solutes are usually 30 - 44 %. Marine vegetation occupies only about 2 %
of the general surface (shorelines and zone of relatively shallow water) of the sea,
of which a large part is occupied by the phytoplankton, mainly of the diatoms and
dinoflagellates. Important contributions had been made on the life-cycles of algae
by many phycologists (Sharma, 1998).
The Cladophoraceae are found both in freshwater and in the sea, where
they inhabit mainly the rocks of the littoral zone; some, like the tropical,
Rhizoclonium riparium Harvey may occur on terrestrial substate beyond reach of
the sea, while it is commonly found on sand-covered rocks or even on pure sand,
acting as a binder, as well as on salt-marshes. This preference for sandy pools is
also shown by other members of the family. The threads of Rhizoclonium are
often altogether unbranched, though in other cases (commonly in the R. riparium)
there are a number of very short, almost colourless, one-or few-celled branchlets
of irregular shape which resemble, but do not function as rhizoids and are
responsible for the generic name (Fritsch, 1961).
There are 69 species names in the genus Rhizoclonium at present, of which
25 have been flagged as currently accepted taxonomically (Guiry, 2013). The
characters of genus Rhizoclonium are filaments slender, 60 μm in diameter, loose
lying with basal cells, or attached by holdfast with basal lobes. Thallus of the plant
unbranched and with one-to few-celled rhizoidal laterals. The length of the cells is
several to many times longer than broad with numerous nuclei. Chloroplast
reticulate, parietal, with pyrenoids, often densely packed with starch.
Reproduction in freshwater species is by fragmentation and rarely biflagellate
zoospores. In marine/brackish species, isomorphic life history with
quadriflagellate zoospores and biflagellate gametes had been reported from 2
species.
Department of Botany, Maubin University.
2. 304 Maubin University Research Journal 2020, Vol.11
In Myanmar, Kyaw Soe and Kyi Win (1977) reported the occurrence of
two species of Rhizoclonium along the Coastal Region of Myanmar. Moreover,
Soe-Htun et. al. (2009) accounted, the two species of Rhizoclonium, viz., R.
africanum Kutzing and R. grande Borgesen along the three Coastal Regions of
Myanmar.
The purposes of this study are: 1) to identify the Rhizoclonium riparium
(Roth) Harvey, 2) to study the reproductive structures, 3) to record the
distributional ranges of R. riparium (Roth) Harvey along the three coastal regions
of Myanmar.
Materials and methods
The samples were collected from littoral zone, brackish water and intertidal zone,
along the three Coastal Regions of Myanmar from 2014 to 2016. Fresh and living
plants were collected from several localities and saved in ice box and brought to
the laboratory of Mawlamyine University for observation. Some specimens were
fixed and preserved in 5 % formaldehyde solution which was prepared with
seawater.These were prepared for herbarium specimens. All voucher materials in
the forms of wet-stack or herbarium specimens were deposited at the Herbarium
of Department of Marine Science, Mawlamyine University, Myanmar (MMB).
Liquid-preserved specimens were used for detail investigations on external
morphology and habit of the plants. Cultures were kept in freezer-incubators
illuminated with cool white fluorescent lamps (100-200 fc). Culture Petridishes
were incubated under 16 light: 8 dark photoperiod in incubators and in room
temperature. Early development of sporelings was examined and diameter (in
length) of sporangia was measured under electron microscope with the help of
ocular meter of 5 days intervals. Culture medium was changed after each
examination.
Results
Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey was collected from the three Coastal
Regions of Myanmar.
A classification system of the genera Rhizoclonium
Phylum : Chlorophyta
Class : Chlorophyceae
Order : Cladophorales
Family : Cladophoraceae
Genus : Rhizoclonium Kutzing
Species : Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey.
Morphology of Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey.
Plants uniseriate, unbranched; yellowish-green to green, on drying to
olive-green, the filaments curled; entangled thin mats or strands, up to 30 cm long,
sometimes twisted with numerous short filaments, tapering, irregular rhizoidal
branches, composed of 2-5 cells. The cells are cylindrical, 10-20 μm in diameter,
3. Maubin University Research Journal 2020, Vol.11 305
3-5 times long as diameter and cell walls 2 μm thick; chloroplast coarsely
reticulate with numerous pyrenoids; Zoosporangia observed in which all were
slightly enlarged at their upper ends and provided with a discharge pore. Thallus is
small, floating mats, entangled with other algae (particularly Enteromorpha), mud
dwelling or epiphytic plants "coating on mangroves" (Fig. 1 & 2).
Main characteristics of this species are observed as follows:
(1) The plants are soft, composed of cylindrical cells;
(2) The filaments straight to irregularly curve;
(3) The filaments regular with one-five celled;
(4) Tapering rhizoidal branches.
Spores formation and germination of the Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth)
Harvey
Mature plants were used as seed plants. These plants were inoculated in
each petridish (6 × 2 cm) containing 20 ml of 15 ‰ enriched seawater. Culture
petridishes were incubated under 16 Light: 8 Dark photoperiod in incubators and
in room temperature for 60 days. Early development of sporelings was examined
and the diameter (in length) of sporangia was measured under electron microscope
with the help of ocular meter at 5 days intervals. Culture medium was changed
after each examination.
Mature filaments were gradually changed in colour from yellowish-
green to green and further to dark-green (Fig. 3). The sproangia arised by
simultaneous division of the cell contents into numerous parts. Normally
sporangia formation was intercalary cells of the filament (Fig. 4).The fertile
portions changed in colour, green to black during the formation of reproductive
organs. From the end of the cell divisions as previously mentioned above in a
matured vegetative cell. Each sporangium measured 240 - 250 μm long and 10 μm
- 15 μm wide and characterized in slender shape, is always detached from the
thallus. The cell walls became hyaline due to the abundant spores development.
Many spores were submerged in the sporangia for about 7 days and then released
through a single median pore in the cell wall and then, individual spores swim
from the cluster to anywhere (Fig. 5, 6). Some spores were embedded in the cell
and on the cell wall. Liberated spores from mother plants are ovoid shaped and
Figure 1 Habit of R. riparium (Roth) Harvey Figure 2 Filament of
R. riparium (Roth) Harvey
4. 306 Maubin University Research Journal 2020, Vol.11
measured 1.5 - 2 μm in length. They also swim rapidly with the help of four
flagella measured about 2 - 3 μm long. About 1 min of free swimming after being
released, they settled and rounded in shape. 30 days after, the germination was not
found from the released spores. On the other hand, embedded spores and spores of
the filament margin gave germination. About 17 days later, the first germling was
elongated about 4μm long (Fig. 7). After 22 days and 27 days, the germlings
increased to 15μm and 25 μm long (Fig. 8). After 32 days and 37 days, the
germlings reached to 50 μm and 100 μm long (Fig. 9). By cytogenesis, two
portions were formed, one basal with achlorophyllic and other apical with
chlorophyllic, after 45 days. The latter began to be an elongated cell which
reached to 200 μm after 55 days. Then, it began to divide elongatedly and its cells
formed a mature filament. The chloroplasts became parietal and reticulate in the
cell walls.
Figure 3 Habit of mature filament
Figure 4 Formation of sporangia
Figure 5 Released of spores
Figure 6 Formation of many spores in nearly on the cell wall
Figure 7 Produced the first germling, after 17 days
Figure 8 Elongation of the germling, after 27 days
Figure 9 Elongation of the germling, after 37 days
3 4 5 6
7 8 9
5. Maubin University Research Journal 2020, Vol.11 307
Distribution of Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey
Local distribution of genus Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey was
studied in three coastal regions (Fig. 10).
Tanintharyi coastal region – Kampani, Hmyawyit, Thabawseik.
Ayeyarwady delta and Gulf of Mottama (Martaban) coastal region – Yathae
thaung, Setse, Kayin thaung, Kyaikhami, Kadonepaw.
Rakhine coastal region – Magyi, Wetthey gyaing, Maw shwe gyaing.
Figure 10 Map showing the collection sides of Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth)
Harvey along the three Coastal Regions of Myanmar. 1. Kampani, 2.
Hmyawyit, 3. Thabawseik, 4. Yathae thaung, 5. Setse, 6. Kayin thaung, 7.
Kyaikkhami, 8. Kadonepaw, 9. Magyi, 10. Wetthey gyaing and 11. Maw
shwe gyaing.
Discussions and conclusions
Rhizoclonium riparium(Roth) Harvey plants growing in abundant layers spreading
considerably on stone and rocks. Myanmar, North America, Ceylon and Karachi
species are yellowish-green in colour (Anand, 1940; Abbott and Hollenberg,
1976; Borgesen, 1936; Taylor, 1967). Hawaiian islands specimens are pale-green
in colour (Abbott & Huisman, 2004) and dark green colour in California species
(Abbott & Hollenberg, 1976). Myanmar species are associated with U. compressa.
The length of the specimens from Myanmar and Hawaiian islands are up to 30
cm. Sometimes Myanmar species are observed as a coating on mangroves roots.
Karachi specimen cells are 12 - 14 μm in diameter with 3-5 times as long as
breadth and devoid of rhizoid. California specimens are 23 - 27 μm in diameter
with 1 - 2.5 times long as breadth. Rhizoids are branched and tapering. Hawaiian
Islands materials are 10 - 70 μm in diameter, breadth 1 - 6 times longer and
6. 308 Maubin University Research Journal 2020, Vol.11
rhizoids never rebranch. Ceylon plant cells are 20-30 μm in diameter, with 1-5
times as long as breadth. Tapering rhizoids, branches are 20-30 μm in diameter. In
Myanmar species the cells are 10-20 μm in diameter, 3-5 times long, rhizoids,
tapering, irregularly branched, composed of 2-5 cells. The Myanmar species are
more slender and longer (Abbott & Hollen berg, 1976; Abbott & Huisman, 2014;
Silva et.al., 1996; Leliaert, 2004; Anand, 1940; Borgesen, 1936; Durairatnam,
1961; Magruder, 1979; Dawson, 1954; Murray, 1887; Taylar, 1967).
Rhizoclonium riparium(Roth) Harvey which is found in Kyaikkhami,
Setse and Kadone-paw villages are in the Ayeyarwady and Gulf of Martaban
Coastal Region. Among these three areas, the Kyaikkhami specimens were
abundant and exceptionally long compared with other areas during the rainy
season. They were also found coated on the mangrove roots and along old ruined
boats.
Rhizoclonium riparium(Roth) Harvey was ubiquitous in Kamake,
Tawkapo and Saibalar areas and Setse and Kyaikkhami areas of Ayeyarwady
delta and Gulf of Mottama coastal region (Soe-Htun et.al., 1999). Rhizoclonium
spp. was dominated abundantly in the mangroves swamps of Setse area at the
Mouth of the Gulf of Martaban (Mottama) (Soe-Htum, 1998).
In the four months duration of this research vegetative and asexual
reproduction were distinct. Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey took a period of
10 days from young filament to mature filament. Spores were produced due to the
distinct coloration and morphology. The measurement at the first germling was
4μm long. At the period of 37 days the germling reached to 100 μm long. By
cytogenesis, two portions were formed after 45 days. At first, the growth rate in
length was slow but after 20 days the growth rate became rapid. Spores were
found abundant in room culture and limited in incubated culture. The growth rate
of the new plants was slow in room culture than in incubated culture which was
constant.
Among the Rhizoclonium riparium(Roth) Harvey filaments, the largest
size of filament measured up 30 cm long, straight to irregularly curved and
yellowish-green to green in colour. Prominent characters were plants soft, freely
solitary with cells less than 20 μm in diameter Rhizoclonium riparium(Roth)
Harvey. The main character of R. riparium (Roth) Harvey has a irregular branch
rhizoids.
In this study, distribution ranges of Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey
was found in Rakhine coastal region from Magyi to Maw Shwe Gyaing,
Ayeyarwady delta and Gulf of Mottama coastal region from Yathae Thaung to
Kadonepaw, Tanintharyi coastal region from Kampani to Thabawseik (Table 1).
7. Maubin University Research Journal 2020, Vol.11 309
Table 1 Distribution range of Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey along the
three coastal regions of Myanmar.
Sr.
No
Name of coastal regions
Latitude and Longitude Name of sites
From To From To
1 Tanintharyi Coastal
Region
Lat.14˚02'N
and
Long.98˚24'E
Lat.14˚05'N
and
Long.98˚25'E
Kampani Thabawseik
2 Ayeyarwady and Gulf of
Mottama Coastal Region
Lat.15˚52'N
and
Long.97˚35'E
Lat.16˚12'N
and
Long.97˚38'E
Yathae
Thaung
Kadonepaw
3 Rakhine Coastal Region Lat.17˚04'N
and
Long.94˚27'E
Lat.17˚48'N
and
Long.94˚29'E
Magyi Maw Shwe
Gyaing
In conclusion, morphological features were changed in response to various
environmental conditions. Temperature and salinity played an important role in
the growth and reproduction of Cladophoraceae. These factors had determined the
large-scale boundaries of algal distribution patterns and in the development of
ecotypes.
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Aung Kyaw, Rector of Maubin University, Dr.
Lwin Lwin Myint and Dr. Win Myint Thein, Pro-rectors of Maubin University. I would like to
express my special thanks to Dr. Mar Mar Aye, Professor/Head and Dr. Hla Hla Win, Professor,
Department of Botany, Maubin University. I am also grateful to U Soe-Htun, Professor/ Head
(Retired), Department of Marine Science, Mawlamyine University for his encouragement during
the study period.
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