The document discusses community assessment and diagnosis from the perspective of viewing the community as the client. It describes the three dimensions of a community - location, population, and social system. For each dimension, it lists important variables to consider such as geographic features, climate, population size, density, and mobility. It also discusses the importance of understanding a community's social systems, such as its health system, family system, and economic system. Finally, it briefly introduces the topic of different types of community needs assessments.
The purpose of community diagnosis is to define existing problems, determine available resources and set priorities for planning, implementing and evaluating health action, by and for the community.
Community Diagnosis (community assessment) is the foundation for improving and promoting the health of community members. The role of community assessment is to identify factors that affect the health of a population and determine the availability of resources within the community to adequately address these factors.
Chapter 15 Community AssessmentSergio Osegueda Acuna, MSN-FNP-EstelaJeffery653
Chapter 15 Community Assessment
Sergio Osegueda Acuna, MSN-FNP-BC
MRC
Community assessment: application to community/public health nursing practice
Assessment, the first step of the nursing process, forms the foundation for determining the client's health, regardless of whether the client is an individual, a family, or a community.
Nurses gather information by using their senses, as well as their cognition, past experiences, and specific tools.
These data are analyzed to make diagnoses about the community's health status and allow the nurse to answer the question, “How healthy is this community, or what are its strengths, problems, and concerns?”
Components of Healthy Communities
Low crime rates
Good schools
Strong family life
Robust economy, good jobs
High environmental quality (clean air, water)
Accessible and quality health services
Adequate housing
Civic involvement
Nice weather
Good transportation (roads, public transportation)
Wide variety of leisure activities
Exposure to the arts
Reasonable taxes
Community defined
Community is defined as an open social system that is characterized by people in a place who have common goals over time.
Aggregate is any number of individuals with at least one common characteristic (Williams, 1977). The terms population group and aggregate are synonyms for population (Williams, 1977)
Population is a collection of individuals who share one or more personal or environmental characteristics, the most common of which is geographical location (Schultz, 1987).
Critical Components of a Community
People, Population is the most obvious of the necessary community components.
Place, traditionally, communities were described in relation to geographical area.
Social interaction or common characteristics, interests, or goals.
Geopolitical
The geopolitical community is a spatial designation—a geographical or geopolitical area or place.
Geopolitical communities are formed by either natural or human-made boundaries. A river, a mountain range, or a valley may create a natural boundary
Human-made boundaries may be structural, political, or legal.
Political boundaries may be exemplified by congressional districts or school districts.
Phenomenological
Another way of thinking about community is in terms of the members' feeling of belonging or sense of membership, rather than geographical or political boundaries
People in a phenomenological community have a group perspective that differentiates them from other groups.
A group consists of two or more people engaged in an interdependent relationship that includes repeated face-to-face communication.
A group's identity may be based on culture, beliefs, values, history, common interests, characteristics, or goals.
Social Interaction or Common Interests, Goals, and Characteristics
Communities, similar to families, have their own patterned interaction among individuals, families, groups, and organizations; this interaction varies from community to commun ...
The purpose of community diagnosis is to define existing problems, determine available resources and set priorities for planning, implementing and evaluating health action, by and for the community.
Community Diagnosis (community assessment) is the foundation for improving and promoting the health of community members. The role of community assessment is to identify factors that affect the health of a population and determine the availability of resources within the community to adequately address these factors.
Chapter 15 Community AssessmentSergio Osegueda Acuna, MSN-FNP-EstelaJeffery653
Chapter 15 Community Assessment
Sergio Osegueda Acuna, MSN-FNP-BC
MRC
Community assessment: application to community/public health nursing practice
Assessment, the first step of the nursing process, forms the foundation for determining the client's health, regardless of whether the client is an individual, a family, or a community.
Nurses gather information by using their senses, as well as their cognition, past experiences, and specific tools.
These data are analyzed to make diagnoses about the community's health status and allow the nurse to answer the question, “How healthy is this community, or what are its strengths, problems, and concerns?”
Components of Healthy Communities
Low crime rates
Good schools
Strong family life
Robust economy, good jobs
High environmental quality (clean air, water)
Accessible and quality health services
Adequate housing
Civic involvement
Nice weather
Good transportation (roads, public transportation)
Wide variety of leisure activities
Exposure to the arts
Reasonable taxes
Community defined
Community is defined as an open social system that is characterized by people in a place who have common goals over time.
Aggregate is any number of individuals with at least one common characteristic (Williams, 1977). The terms population group and aggregate are synonyms for population (Williams, 1977)
Population is a collection of individuals who share one or more personal or environmental characteristics, the most common of which is geographical location (Schultz, 1987).
Critical Components of a Community
People, Population is the most obvious of the necessary community components.
Place, traditionally, communities were described in relation to geographical area.
Social interaction or common characteristics, interests, or goals.
Geopolitical
The geopolitical community is a spatial designation—a geographical or geopolitical area or place.
Geopolitical communities are formed by either natural or human-made boundaries. A river, a mountain range, or a valley may create a natural boundary
Human-made boundaries may be structural, political, or legal.
Political boundaries may be exemplified by congressional districts or school districts.
Phenomenological
Another way of thinking about community is in terms of the members' feeling of belonging or sense of membership, rather than geographical or political boundaries
People in a phenomenological community have a group perspective that differentiates them from other groups.
A group consists of two or more people engaged in an interdependent relationship that includes repeated face-to-face communication.
A group's identity may be based on culture, beliefs, values, history, common interests, characteristics, or goals.
Social Interaction or Common Interests, Goals, and Characteristics
Communities, similar to families, have their own patterned interaction among individuals, families, groups, and organizations; this interaction varies from community to commun ...
Running Head COMMUNITY STRATEGIC PLAN 1COMMUNITY STRATE.docxsusanschei
Running Head: COMMUNITY STRATEGIC PLAN
1
COMMUNITY STRATEGIC PLAN
6
Community Strategic Plan
Student’s Name
University Affiliation
Community Strategic Plan
Introduction
For care provision to be effective in the nursing field today, people are turning more towards the provision of community-based care (Lundy, Janes & Lundy, 2016). This requires one to clearly understand the specific care needs of the community to come up with programs to meet these needs. In the paper, we are going to identify a focus area I could work on in my community, the various health risks they can are vulnerable to and how to carry out a community assessment on my focus area.
Identify an area of focus in community health within your own community.
The health area that I would be highly interested in my community is lifestyle improvement. Lifestyle diseases have become a major health concern in my community since we have recording a great number of diseases such as child and adult obesity, diabetes and gout among many other lifestyle diseases. The main cause of this is making wrong lifestyle choices. My interest in this area is to help provide education to the community on lifestyle choices and what they ought to avoid and therefore help reduce the number of lifestyle diseases being recorded and also ensure that they are able to access healthy food choices.
Using Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns framework (p. 130 in your e-text), assess the health risks in your community.
· Health perception-health management pattern: Individuals in the community have not embraced primary care interventions. They often seek medical care when they have already contacted diseases or when a disease is already in its chronic stages making management harder.
· Nutritional-metabolic pattern: Individuals are at higher risk of lifestyle disease due to the pattern of fast food consumption. The presence of so many fast foods joints has encouraged this behavior especially for the children
· Elimination pattern: No Information
· Activity-exercise pattern: Individuals are actively involved in recreation activities but have very poor physical exercise patterns. This paired with the consumption of fast food such as burgers has led to increase in obesity rates.
· Sleep-rest pattern: The community can be commended for their good sleep patterns people are found resting or asleep early enough, and this enables them to get adequate hours of sleep.
· Cognitive-perceptual pattern: Individuals in the community have good Cognitive-perceptual patterns, and this is evident through proper language development as well as memory.
· Self-perception–self-concept pattern: The concept of self-esteem is slowly falling for individuals in the community. This is as a result of lifestyle diseases such as obesity which people are experiencing right from a young age. This leads to the formation of negative attitudes towards self.
· Roles-relationships pattern: The family relationships are ...
1 DQ 21.One of the core functions of public health nursing h.docxcroftsshanon
1 DQ 2
1.One of the core functions of public health nursing has to start with the community assessment similar to assessing patient in any other situation .Comprehensive approach that emphasize the community as a client.The community health nurse is a key player in assessing the needs of the community.it includes examination of biological,psychological and sociocultural influences of the environment that surrounds a specific group of people.it aims to understand the interaction between people,health and the environment and identifies needs,clarifies problems and strengths and resources.Knowledge provides insight into the ways that peoples health behaviours directly and indirectly influence the overall and well-being in their community.The goal is to identify community health needs and to develop strategies to address them.The method varies depending on the purposes for the assessment.Prople,place and function are the foundational dimensions of the community and need to defined as part of the assessment.it involves getting to know and understand the community as patient.The components of a community assessment are People,Environment and Social systems.In the first asssessment People includes
Demographic--how many people live there,distribution of people and census,biological factors- health and disease sttates,race and gender distribution,causes of death,age,social factors include income,occupations and cultural factors include values,norms,ethnicities,religion and cultural values of the community.
Place or Environment- physical factors which include geography,terrain ,location of health systems,animal control,housing and environmental factors include climate,toxic substances ,geography.
Social systems include religions,churches,denominations,community resources,legal systems,transportation systems,recreational systems.
2 First data collection is done and it can be primary or secondary.information from both primary and secondary data should be compared.Assessments are often more informal.This is collected through Informant interviews,community forums,secondary data,participant observation,windshield surveys,focus groups and surveys.Community nursing diagnosis is process for community health,is different from other diagnosis.it includes risk of (specific problem or risk in the community),among(population),related to (strengths and weaknesses in the community that influence the problem or risk,health needs),as evidenced by(proof by some of the sources by primary data,stakeholder ).The planning phase analyzes the community health problems identified in the community nursing diagnoses and establishes priorities among them;establishes goals and objectives;and identifies intervention activities that will accomplish the objectives.Common themes of current national and international health plans are health promotion and disease prevention at the population level,addressing social determinants of health and achieving health equality.Implementatio.
Task Force Project—Applying TheoryIn Module 1, you began.docxbriankimberly26463
Task Force Project—Applying Theory
In
Module 1
, you began your work as the head of the Maternal, Infant, and Reproductive Health Task Force in Centervale. You did this by learning more about adolescent pregnancy and the behavioral, cultural, and environmental risk factors associated with this health issue. In this assignment, your attention turns to community issues. Your task force has representatives from several community organizations. You know that in addition to your focus on an individual-level change, you will need to provide the group with information about community-level change to impact the adolescent pregnancy issue in Centervale.
Directions:
Read the editorial entitled “Community-based Intervention” in which the authors recommend four typologies or approaches to community-based projects (McLeroy, Norton, Kegler, Burdine, & Sumaya, 2003). Consider how each of these typologies might be applicable to adolescent pregnancy prevention in Centervale.
Download and review the “Demographic Background on Centervale.”
Prepare a memo for the task force on the following:
Compare and contrast the four categories of community-based interventions.
Select two typologies to present as options to the task force and explain in detail how these can be applied.
Identify one typology for recommendation, giving reasons in support.
Your final product will be in a MS Word document of approximately 3–4 pages. You should utilize at least 3 scholarly sources beyond the course readings in your research. Your paper should be written in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; and display accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
THIS THE REFERENCE THAT YOU NEED
Community-based interventions
McLeroy, Kenneth R
Author Information
;
Norton, Barbara L
Author Information
;
Kegler, Michelle C
Author Information
;
Burdine, James N
Author Information
;
Sumaya, Ciro V
Author Information
.
American Journal of Public Health
; Washington
93.4
(Apr 2003): 529-33.
Full text
Full text - PDF
Abstract/Details
References 25
Abstract
TranslateAbstract
McLeroy et al examine the four categories of community-based projects: community as setting, community as target, community as agent, and community as resource. The goal of community-based programs is to carefully work with naturally occurring units of solution as our units of practice. This necessitates a careful assessment of community structures and processes of any intervention.
Full Text
·
TranslateFull text
·
The article Reconsidering Community-Based Health Promotion: Promise, Performance, and Potential by Merzel and D'Afflitti1 in this issue of the Journal makes a valuable contribution to the literature on community approaches to health promotion. The breadth of studies covered in this review article, combined with the prominence the Journal is giving to the subject in this issue, sug.
The lecture focuses on the evolution of health promotion as well as of the social context of health in postmodern societies. This topic reflects the most commonly used approaches and concepts which are useful for health promotion practice. Finally, the principles and methods of health needs assessment are presented.
Running Head COMMUNITY STRATEGIC PLAN 1COMMUNITY STRATE.docxsusanschei
Running Head: COMMUNITY STRATEGIC PLAN
1
COMMUNITY STRATEGIC PLAN
6
Community Strategic Plan
Student’s Name
University Affiliation
Community Strategic Plan
Introduction
For care provision to be effective in the nursing field today, people are turning more towards the provision of community-based care (Lundy, Janes & Lundy, 2016). This requires one to clearly understand the specific care needs of the community to come up with programs to meet these needs. In the paper, we are going to identify a focus area I could work on in my community, the various health risks they can are vulnerable to and how to carry out a community assessment on my focus area.
Identify an area of focus in community health within your own community.
The health area that I would be highly interested in my community is lifestyle improvement. Lifestyle diseases have become a major health concern in my community since we have recording a great number of diseases such as child and adult obesity, diabetes and gout among many other lifestyle diseases. The main cause of this is making wrong lifestyle choices. My interest in this area is to help provide education to the community on lifestyle choices and what they ought to avoid and therefore help reduce the number of lifestyle diseases being recorded and also ensure that they are able to access healthy food choices.
Using Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns framework (p. 130 in your e-text), assess the health risks in your community.
· Health perception-health management pattern: Individuals in the community have not embraced primary care interventions. They often seek medical care when they have already contacted diseases or when a disease is already in its chronic stages making management harder.
· Nutritional-metabolic pattern: Individuals are at higher risk of lifestyle disease due to the pattern of fast food consumption. The presence of so many fast foods joints has encouraged this behavior especially for the children
· Elimination pattern: No Information
· Activity-exercise pattern: Individuals are actively involved in recreation activities but have very poor physical exercise patterns. This paired with the consumption of fast food such as burgers has led to increase in obesity rates.
· Sleep-rest pattern: The community can be commended for their good sleep patterns people are found resting or asleep early enough, and this enables them to get adequate hours of sleep.
· Cognitive-perceptual pattern: Individuals in the community have good Cognitive-perceptual patterns, and this is evident through proper language development as well as memory.
· Self-perception–self-concept pattern: The concept of self-esteem is slowly falling for individuals in the community. This is as a result of lifestyle diseases such as obesity which people are experiencing right from a young age. This leads to the formation of negative attitudes towards self.
· Roles-relationships pattern: The family relationships are ...
1 DQ 21.One of the core functions of public health nursing h.docxcroftsshanon
1 DQ 2
1.One of the core functions of public health nursing has to start with the community assessment similar to assessing patient in any other situation .Comprehensive approach that emphasize the community as a client.The community health nurse is a key player in assessing the needs of the community.it includes examination of biological,psychological and sociocultural influences of the environment that surrounds a specific group of people.it aims to understand the interaction between people,health and the environment and identifies needs,clarifies problems and strengths and resources.Knowledge provides insight into the ways that peoples health behaviours directly and indirectly influence the overall and well-being in their community.The goal is to identify community health needs and to develop strategies to address them.The method varies depending on the purposes for the assessment.Prople,place and function are the foundational dimensions of the community and need to defined as part of the assessment.it involves getting to know and understand the community as patient.The components of a community assessment are People,Environment and Social systems.In the first asssessment People includes
Demographic--how many people live there,distribution of people and census,biological factors- health and disease sttates,race and gender distribution,causes of death,age,social factors include income,occupations and cultural factors include values,norms,ethnicities,religion and cultural values of the community.
Place or Environment- physical factors which include geography,terrain ,location of health systems,animal control,housing and environmental factors include climate,toxic substances ,geography.
Social systems include religions,churches,denominations,community resources,legal systems,transportation systems,recreational systems.
2 First data collection is done and it can be primary or secondary.information from both primary and secondary data should be compared.Assessments are often more informal.This is collected through Informant interviews,community forums,secondary data,participant observation,windshield surveys,focus groups and surveys.Community nursing diagnosis is process for community health,is different from other diagnosis.it includes risk of (specific problem or risk in the community),among(population),related to (strengths and weaknesses in the community that influence the problem or risk,health needs),as evidenced by(proof by some of the sources by primary data,stakeholder ).The planning phase analyzes the community health problems identified in the community nursing diagnoses and establishes priorities among them;establishes goals and objectives;and identifies intervention activities that will accomplish the objectives.Common themes of current national and international health plans are health promotion and disease prevention at the population level,addressing social determinants of health and achieving health equality.Implementatio.
Task Force Project—Applying TheoryIn Module 1, you began.docxbriankimberly26463
Task Force Project—Applying Theory
In
Module 1
, you began your work as the head of the Maternal, Infant, and Reproductive Health Task Force in Centervale. You did this by learning more about adolescent pregnancy and the behavioral, cultural, and environmental risk factors associated with this health issue. In this assignment, your attention turns to community issues. Your task force has representatives from several community organizations. You know that in addition to your focus on an individual-level change, you will need to provide the group with information about community-level change to impact the adolescent pregnancy issue in Centervale.
Directions:
Read the editorial entitled “Community-based Intervention” in which the authors recommend four typologies or approaches to community-based projects (McLeroy, Norton, Kegler, Burdine, & Sumaya, 2003). Consider how each of these typologies might be applicable to adolescent pregnancy prevention in Centervale.
Download and review the “Demographic Background on Centervale.”
Prepare a memo for the task force on the following:
Compare and contrast the four categories of community-based interventions.
Select two typologies to present as options to the task force and explain in detail how these can be applied.
Identify one typology for recommendation, giving reasons in support.
Your final product will be in a MS Word document of approximately 3–4 pages. You should utilize at least 3 scholarly sources beyond the course readings in your research. Your paper should be written in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; and display accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
THIS THE REFERENCE THAT YOU NEED
Community-based interventions
McLeroy, Kenneth R
Author Information
;
Norton, Barbara L
Author Information
;
Kegler, Michelle C
Author Information
;
Burdine, James N
Author Information
;
Sumaya, Ciro V
Author Information
.
American Journal of Public Health
; Washington
93.4
(Apr 2003): 529-33.
Full text
Full text - PDF
Abstract/Details
References 25
Abstract
TranslateAbstract
McLeroy et al examine the four categories of community-based projects: community as setting, community as target, community as agent, and community as resource. The goal of community-based programs is to carefully work with naturally occurring units of solution as our units of practice. This necessitates a careful assessment of community structures and processes of any intervention.
Full Text
·
TranslateFull text
·
The article Reconsidering Community-Based Health Promotion: Promise, Performance, and Potential by Merzel and D'Afflitti1 in this issue of the Journal makes a valuable contribution to the literature on community approaches to health promotion. The breadth of studies covered in this review article, combined with the prominence the Journal is giving to the subject in this issue, sug.
The lecture focuses on the evolution of health promotion as well as of the social context of health in postmodern societies. This topic reflects the most commonly used approaches and concepts which are useful for health promotion practice. Finally, the principles and methods of health needs assessment are presented.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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2. Thecommunityas client:assessmentanddiagnosis: objective
Aftercompletionthe lecturethe studentsenable to:
● Describe the meaning of community as client.
• Articulate specific considerations of each of the three
dimensions of the community as client.
● Express the meaning and significance of community dynamics.
● Compare and contrast five types of community needs
assessment.
● Discuss community needs assessment methods.
● Describe four sources of community data.
● Discuss the significance of formation of community diagnoses.
● Explain the characteristics of a healthy community.
2
3. Thecommunityas client:assessmentanddiagnosis: Introduction
Introduction
Community health nurses work with
clients at several levels: as
individuals, families, groups,
subpopulations, populations, and
communities. Community as a client
refers to the concept of community-
wide group of people as the focus of
nursing services
3
4. Thecommunityasclient:assessmentanddiagnosis
DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT
Community as having three features:
(1) location,
(2)population, and
(3)social system.
This three-dimensional view is especially
appropriate for consideration of a local
community, which can vary in location if the
geographic boundaries are expanded or
constricted
4
5. DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT
Location
Every physical community carries out its daily
existence in a specific geographic location. The
health of a community is affected by location of
health services, geographic the features, climate,
plants, animals, and the humanmade environment.
In assessing the health of any community, it is
necessary to collect information not only about
variables specific to location but also about
relationships between the community and its
location.
5
6. DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT: location
Location variables
(1) Community boundaries
Community boundaries serve as basis for measuring
incidence of wellness and illness, and for determining
spread of disease.
Where is the community located?
What is its boundary?
Is it a part of a larger community?
What smaller communities does it include?
6
7. DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT: location
(2) location of health services
Use of health services depends on availability and
accessibility.
Where are the major health institutions located?
What necessary health institutions are outside the
community?
Where are they?
7
8. DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT: location
(3) geographic features,
Injury, death, and destruction may be
caused by floods, earthquakes, volcanoes,
tornadoes, or hurricanes.
What major landforms are in or near the community?
What geographic features pose possible threats?
What geographic features offer opportunities for
healthful activities?
8
9. DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT: location
(4) climate,
Extremes of heat and cold affect health
and illness. Extremes of temperature and
precipitation may tax community’s coping
ability.
What are the average temperature and precipitation?
What are the extremes?
What climatic features affect health and fitness ?
Is the community prepared to cope with emergencies?
9
10. DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT: location
(5)flora and fauna, and
Poisonous plants and disease- carrying animals
can affect community health Plants and
animals offer resources as well as dangers.
What plants and animals pose possible threats to health
10
11. DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT: location
(6) The human-made environment
All human influences on environment (housing,
dams, farming, type of industry, chemical
waste, air pollution, and so forth) can
influence levels of community wellness
What are the major industries?
How have air, land, and water been affected by
humans? What is the quality of housing? State health
department
Do highways allow access to health institutions?
11
12. DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT: POPULATION
II. Population
The total population of community is the second
dimension to be examines. The health of any
community is greatly influenced by the attributes of
its population.
A healthy community has leaders who are aware of
the population’s characteristics, know its various
needs, and respond to those needs.
Community health nurses can better understand any
community by knowing about its population variables:
size, density, composition, rate of growth or decline,
cultural characteristics, social class structure, and
mobility.
12
13. DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT: population
Population variables:
(1)Population Size:
The number of people influences number and
size of health institutions.
Size affects homogeneity of the population and
its needs
What is the population of the community?
care community? Census data
Is it an urban, suburban, rural community?
13
14. DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT: population
(2) Density
Increased density may increase stress
High and low density often affect the
availability of health services
What is the density of the population per square
mile?
14
15. DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT: population
(3) Composition
Composition of the population often
determines types of health needs.
What is the age composition of the community?
What is the sex composition of the community?
What is the marital status of community members?
15
16. DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT: population
(4) Rate of growth or decline
Rapidly growing communities may place
excessive demands on health services
Marked decline in population may signal a
poorly functioning community
How has population size changed over the past two
decades?
What are the health implications of this change?
16
17. DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT: population
(5) Cultural differences
Health needs vary among sub-cultural and ethnic
population
Utilization of health services varies with culture.
Health practices and extent of knowledge are
affected by culture.
What is the ethnic breakdown of population?
What racial groups are represented?
What subcultural populations exist in the
community?
Do any of the subcultural groups have unique health
needs and practices?
Are different ethnic and cultural groups included in
health planning?
17
18. DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT: population
(6) Social class
Class differences influence the utilization of
health services
Class composition influences cost of public
health services.
What percentage of the population falls into each
social class?
What do class differences suggest for health needs
and services?
18
19. DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT: population
(7) Mobility
Mobility of the population affects continuity
of care. Mobility affects availability of
service to highly mobile populations
How frequently do members move into and out of the
community?
How frequently do members move within the
community?
Are there any specific populations, such as migrant
workers, that are highly mobile?
How does the pattern of mobility affect the health of
the community?
Is the community organized to meet the health needs
of mobile groups?
19
20. DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT: Social System
III. Social System .
The various parts of a community’s social system that
interact and influence the system are called social system
variables.
Whether assessing a community’s health, developing new
services for the mentally ill within the community, or
promoting the health of the elderly, the community health
nurse needs to understand the community as a social
system.
A community health nurse working in a small village in SA
needs to grasp the social system of that village no less
than a nurse working in Capital City.
20
21. DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT: Social System
Social System variables include:
Health system
Family system
Economic system
Educational system
Religious system
Welfare system
Political system
Recreational system
Legal system
Communication system
21
22. DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT: Social System
The CHN needs to understand the community as
a social system
asocial system consist of parts, such as the
local government , families and hospitals that are
linked together. The parts interact and influence
each other
each of the ten major systems of a community
includes a number of subsystems that are made up
of organizations. Member of the community
occupy roles in these organizations
22
23. DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT: Social System
The Health Care Delivery System as Part of the
Social System
Community health nurses must examine all the systems
in a community and must understand how they interact,
the health system is of particular importance.
Studying the health system in a community can be
compared with assessing an individual client.
The major function of the health system is to promote
the health of the community. Community assessment
asks not merely whether, but also how well, the system
is functioning. What is the level of health promotion
carried out by the health system of a community?
23
24. TYPES OF COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT
The community health nurse is ready to determine the
community’s needs. Assessment is the first step of the
nursing process.
Assessment for nurses means collecting and evaluating
information about a community’s health status to discover
existing or potential needs as a basis for planning future
action
Assessment involves two major activities. The first is
collection of pertinent data, and the second is analysis and
interpretation of data. These actions overlap and are
repeated constantly throughout the assessment. While
assessing a community’s ability to enhance its health, the
nurse may simultaneously collect data on community lifestyle
behaviors and interpret previously collected data on
morbidity and mortality.
TYPES OF COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT
24
25. Community needs assessment is the process of
determining the real or perceived needs of a defined
community.
The type of assessment depends on variables such as:
1. the needs that exist,
2. the goals to be achieved, and
3. the resources available for carrying out the study.
Although it is difficult to determine the type of
assessment needed in advance, the decision will be
facilitated by understanding several different types
of community assessment
TYPES OF COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT
25
26. (1) Comprehensive Assessment
Seeks to discover all relevant community health
information.
It begins with a review of existing studies and all the
data presently available on the community.
A survey compiles all the demographic information on
the population, such as its size, density, and composition.
Because comprehensive assessment is an expensive,
time-consuming process, it is seldom performed.
TYPES OF COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT
26
27. (2) Familiarization or “Windshield Survey”
Familiarization assessment involves studying data already
available on a community, and probably gathering a certain amount
of firsthand data, to gain a working knowledge and general
understanding of the community.
Such an approach, sometimes called a “windshield survey,” is used
by nursing students in community assessment courses and by new
staff members in community health agencies.
Nurses drive (or walk) around the community; find health, social,
and governmental services; obtain literature; introduce themselves
and explain that they are working in the area; and generally
become familiar with the community.
TYPES OF COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT
27
28. (2) Familiarization or “Windshield Survey” cont……
This type of assessment is needed whenever the community
health nurse works with families, groups, organizations, or
populations.
Familiarization provides a knowledge of the context in which
these aggregates exist and may enable the nurse to connect
clients with community resource
TYPES OF COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT
28
29. (3) Problem-oriented assessment:
Begins with a single problem and assesses the community in
terms of that problem. Assume that when you check around
for services available for the deaf child you discover that
there are none confronted with this problem, one family
with one deaf child, you could make a problem-oriented
community assessment.
First step would be to discover the incidence of childhood
deafness, both in the community and in the state.
Second: You might begin interviewing officials its schools
health institutions to find out what has been done in the past
with such problems
TYPES OF COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT
29
30. (3) Problem-oriented assessment:
The problem-oriented assessment is commonly used when
familiarization is not sufficient and a comprehensive
assessment is too expensive.
This type of assessment is responsive to a particular need.
The data collected will be useful in any kind of planning for a
community response to the problem.
TYPES OF COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT
30
31. (4) Community Subsystem Assessment
CHN focuses on a single dimension of community life
It can be a useful way for a team to conduct a more
thorough community assessment. They could share their
findings and create a more comprehensive picture of
community and its needs
For example, the nurse might decide to survey churches
and religious organizations to discover their roles in the
community. What kinds of needs do the leaders in these
organizations believe exist? What services do these
organizations offer? To what extent are services
coordinated within the religious system and between it and
other systems in the community?
TYPES OF COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT
31
32. (5) Community Assets Assessment
It focuses on the strengths and capacities of a community
rather than the problems alone
The assets assessment begins with what is present in the
community. The capacities and skills of community members
are identified, with a focus on creating or rebuilding
relationships among local residents, associations, and
institutions to multiply power and effectiveness.
It provide tools to conduct a complete functional
community assessment and serves as a guide to the
community for the nurse
TYPES OF COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT
32
33. COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT METHODS.
Community health needs may be assessed by a variety of
methods. Regardless of the assessment method used, data
must be collected. Data collection in community health
requires the exercise of sound professional judgment,
effective communication techniques, and special investigative
skills.
Four important methods are discussed here: surveys,
descriptive epidemiologic studies, community forums or town
meetings, and focus groups.
Community Assessment method
33
34. (1) Surveys
A survey is an assessment method in which a
series of questions is used to collect data for
analysis of a specific group or area. Surveys
are commonly used to provide a broad range
of data that will be helpful when used in
conjunction with other sources or if other
sources are not available.
Community Assessment Method
34
35. Descriptive Epidemiologic Studies
A second assessment method is a descriptive
epidemiologic study, which examines the amount and
distribution of a disease or health condition in a
population by person (Who is affected?), by place (Where
does the condition occur?), and by time (When do the
cases occur?).
In addition to their value in assessing the health status
of a population, descriptive epidemiologic studies are
useful for suggesting which individuals are at greatest
risk and where and when the condition might occur. They
are also useful for health planning purposes and for
suggesting hypotheses concerning disease etiology.
Community Assessment Method
35
36. Community Forums or Town Hall Meetings
The community forum or town hall meeting is a qualitative
assessment method designed to obtain community opinions.
It takes place in the neighborhood of the people involved,
perhaps in a school gymnasium or an auditorium. The
participants are selected to participate by invitation from
the group organizing the forum. Members come from
within the community and represent all segments of the
community that are involved with the issue.
Community Assessment method
36
37. Focus Groups
This fourth assessment method, focus groups, is similar
to the community forum or town hall meeting in that it is
designed to obtain grassroots opinion. However, it has
some differences. First, there is only a small group of
participants, usually 5 to 15 people. The members chosen
for the group are homogeneous with respect to specific
demographic variables. For example, a focus group may
consist of female community health nurses, young women
in their first pregnancy,
Community Assessment Method
37
38. SOURCES OF COMMUNITY DATA
There are many places the community health nurse
can look for data to enhance and complete a
community assessment.
Data sources can be primary or secondary, and they
can be from international, national, state, or local
sources.
SOURCES OF COMMUNITY DATA
38
39. Primary and Secondary Sources
Community health nurses make use of many sources in data
collection. Community members, including formal leaders,
informal leaders, and community inhabitants, can frequently
offer the most accurate insights and comprehensive
information.
Information gathered by talking to people provides primary
data, because the data are obtained directly from the
community. Secondary sources of data include people who
know the community well and the records such people create
in the performance of their jobs. Specific examples are
health team members, client records, community health.
SOURCES OF COMMUNITY DATA
39
40. Primary and Secondary Sources
Secondary sources of data include people who
know the community well and the records such people create
in the performance of their jobs. Specific examples are
health team members, client records, community health
statistics, Census Bureau data, reference books, research
reports, and community health nurses. Because secondary
data may not totally describe the community and do not
necessarily reflect community self-perceptions, they may
need augmentation or further validation
SOURCES OF COMMUNITY DATA
40
41. International Sources
International data are collected by several agencies,
including the World Health Organization (WHO) and its six
regional offices and health organizations, such as the Pan-
American Health Organization. In addition, the United
Nations and global specialty organizations that focus on
certain populations or health problems, such as the United
Nations Children’s Fund, are major sources of international
health-related data. WHO publishes an annual report of
their activity (World Health Organization, 2003), and
international statistics for diseases and illness trends can be
found on the Internet.
SOURCES OF COMMUNITY DATA
41
42. National Sources
There are official and nonofficial sources of national data that
community health nurses can access if needed. Official
sources develop documents based on data compiled by the
government.
SOURCES OF COMMUNITY DATA
42
43. WHAT IS A HEALTHY COMMUNITY?
WHAT IS A HEALTHY COMMUNITY?
Because of their complexity, criteria for healthy
communities must be discussed cautiously. At present,
there is not wide agreement on such criteria, but four
important characteristics of a competent or healthy
community were outlined by Cottrell (1976) and are still
relevant today. A competent community can
1. Collaborate effectively in identifying community needs
and problems
2. Achieve a working consensus on goals and priorities
3. Agree on ways and means to implement the agreed-upon
goals
4. Collaborate effectively to take the required actions
43