The document provides a comprehensive overview of demography, focusing on the statistical study of human populations and the factors influencing their changes, including birth, death, and migration. It emphasizes the importance of demographic data for planning health services and understanding community health needs. Various data collection methods and analytical techniques are discussed, along with the significance of presenting and interpreting demographic information.

1. DEMOGRAPHY
Mrs.Veena.J.V
HOD, Dept. Of community health
nursing
VINS & RC

2. INTRODUCTION
• Demography is the branch of social science,
which deals with the study of size, structure
and distribution of populations, along with the
spatial and temporal changes in them in
response to birth, migration, ageing and death.

3. INTRODUCTION
1. DEMOS - People.
2. GRAPHY - To write.
• Greek word
• The word was coined by JOHN GRUNT

4. DEFINITION
"Demography is the statistical description and
analysis of human population" – WRONG
Demography is the "statistical and mathematical
study of the size, composition and spatial
distribution of human populations, and of the
changes over time, in these aspects through the
operation of the five processes of fertility, mortality,
marriage, migration and social mobility" -BOGUE

5. Concepts of demography
• Change in the population
• Structure of population
• Geographical distribution of population

6. SCOPE OF DEMOGRAPHY
• Demography helps to measure the health status of people and
identify their needs and problems.
• It helps in comparing the health status of people throughout
the world.
• It ensures quality of life of people.
• Helps in planning, administration and evaluation of health
services and future programs.
• Helps in recognizing the need for research in the community.
• Helps in identifying the effectiveness of various systems of
medicine.
• Helps to know the resource availability in specific
communities and ways to utilize them.

7. Population dynamics
• It refers to the study and measurement of
population change and components of change
overtime
• Population change is influenced by
Birth
Death
Migration

8. IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHY
• Health status of a community depends upon
the dynamic relationship between number of
people, their composition& distribution
• Planning of health services can be guided by
demographic variables, for example: How
many health units do we need? How to
distribute them in the community in order to be
accessible to the target population? What type
of manpower is needed?

9. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
• Primary data collection :collection is done by
the individual by using the methods such as :
• Observation
• Interviews
• Questionnaires
• Diaries

10. CONTI,,,,,
• Secondary data collection
• census
• National survey
• Registration of vital events
• Demographic studies
• Records

11. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
OF DATA
Presentation of data
1. Textual - (statements with numerals or numbers
that serve as supplements to tabular presentation)
2. Tabular - (a systematic arrangement of related idea
in which classes of numerical facts or data are
given each rows and their subclasses are given each
a column in order to present the relationships of the
sets or numerical facts or data in a definite,
compact and understandable form)
3. Graphical – (a chart representing the quantitative
variations or changes of variables in pictorial or
diagrammatic form)

12. Types of graphs and charts
1. Bar graphs
2. Linear graphs
3. Pie graphs
4. Pictograms
5. Statistical maps
6. Ratio charts

13. Analysis
• A separation of a whole into its constituent
parts.
• The process of breaking up the whole study
into its constituent parts of categories
according to the specific questions under the
statement of the problem.

14. Types of data analysis
1. Qualitative Analysis – is not based on precise
measurement and quantitative claims.
1. Quantitative Analysis – is employed on data
that have been assigned some numerical
value.

15. Interpretation of data
1. Tie up the results of the study in both theory
and application by pulling together the: a.
conceptual/theoretical framework; b. the
review of literature; and c. the study’s
potential significance for application.
2. Examine, summarize, interpret and justify the
results; then, draw inferences. Consider the
following:

16. Presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data
1. The chapter is organized and divided into
several main components or topics, each of
which is titled according to the sub-problem or
hypothesis statement.
2. Present only relevant data.
3. In reporting data, choose the medium that will
present them effectively.
4. Presenting tables that can be presented as well
in a few sentences in the text must be avoided.

17. 5. The textual presentation should supplement or expand
the contents of tables and charts, rather than duplicate
them.
6. Only objective data embodied in tables are made the
bases of discussion.
7. The analysis of the data should be objective and logical.
8. In analyzing and interpreting data, point out those that
are consistent or inconsistent with the theory presented in
the study’s theoretical framework.

18. 9. In reporting statistical tests of significance, include
information concerning the value of the test, the
degree of freedom, the probability level and the
direction of the effect
10. The findings are compared and contrasted with
that of other previous studies and interpretations are
made thereof.

19. DEMOGRAPHY CYCLE
DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
HIGH STATIONARY
EARLY EXPANDING
LOW EXPANDING
LOW STATIONARY
DECLINING

20. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
1. Measurement of Mortality.
2. Measurement of Morbidity.
3. Measurement of disability.
4. Measurement of natality.
5. Measurement of the presence, absence or
distribution of the characteristics or attributes of
the disease.

21. CONTI,,,,
6. Measurement` of medical needs, health care
facilities, utilization of health services and other
health related events.
7. Measurement of the presence, absence or
distribution of the environmental and other
factors suspected of causing the disease.
8. Measurement of demographic variables.

22. TOOLS OF MEASUREMENT
• An epidemiologist usually expresses the health
event as RATES, RATIOS or PROPOTION.

23. RATE
• A rate measures the occurrence of some
particular event in a population during a given
period of time.
• It is the statement of the risk of developing a
condition.
• It indicates the change in some event that takes
place in a population over a period of time.
• DEATH RATE = NUMBER OF DEATHS X 1000
MID YEAR POP

24. RATIO
• Ratio expresses a relation in size between two
random quantities.
• E.g = x : y (or) x/y.
The number of children with scabies at a certain
time.
The number of children with malnutrition at a
certain time

25. PROPORTION
• A Proportion is a ratio which indicates the relation in
magnitude of a part of the whole.
• The numerator and denominator are always included.
• A Proportion is usually expressed as percentage.
• Eg: The number of children with scabies at a certain time X 100
The total number of children in the village at the same time

26. FORMULAE

27. USES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
• Analysis patterns and trends related to human
religion, nationality, education and ethnicity.
• Estimates are reliable standards for judging the
accuracy of the census information gathered at any
time.
• Estimates size and flow of populations; in
population ecology, the focus is on birth, death and
movement of firms and institutional forms.
• Uses administrative records to develop an
independent estimate of the population.

28. CONTI,,,,,
• Provides insight into the links between these
characteristics and cultural, economic, geographic and
other social attributes present in a given area.
• Demographic analysis is a powerful tool that can
explain a number of sociological phenomena.
• Used to establish the percentage of the total
population involved in a particular resource use
activity, such as fishing or tourism.
• Apply to whole societies or to groups defined by
criteria such as education, nationality, religion and
ethnicity.

29. CONTI,,,,,
• Analyzes the relationship between economic, social,
cultural and biological process influencing a
population.
• Time and age have special relationships in
population studies, from which cross sectional and
cohort analysis are developed.
• Relates to whole societies or to a smaller groups
defined such as education, religion or ethnicity.
• Develops targeted outreach and training activities
for local communities.

30. FLOOR IS OPEN FOR
DISCUSSION

31. MANY THANKS