This document summarizes an experiment that examined the effect of zinc content on the cold rolling textures of cast aluminum alloys. Aluminum alloys with 0, 1, 10, 30, and 60% zinc by weight were cast and samples from each alloy were cold rolled to elongations of 75% and 90%. The textures were analyzed using x-ray diffraction and orientation distribution functions to determine the volumes of key texture components. Preliminary results found a reduction in the copper component and fluctuations in the brass and S components with increasing zinc that suggest zinc may decrease the stacking fault energy of aluminum alloys.
Comparative Study on the High-Stress Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Zinc and Copp...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the abrasive wear behavior of zinc-based and copper-based alloys. Pin-on-disc tests were conducted on samples of the two alloys under varying loads and sliding distances. The zinc-based alloy exhibited higher wear rates and friction coefficients than the copper-based alloy. Microstructural analysis found the zinc alloy had a dendritic structure with intermetallic phases, while the copper alloy contained copper and intermetallic compounds. Temperature and friction increased with load and sliding time for both alloys, with the zinc alloy experiencing higher temperatures and friction. The copper alloy showed better wear resistance overall.
This summary provides the key information from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses a study on the austempering behavior of engineering grade ductile iron castings. Various factors were examined including heat treatment parameters, chemical composition, and nodular characteristics. The results showed that austempering temperature and time had the greatest effect on impact toughness, while higher austempering rates were achieved with additions of nickel, molybdenum, and copper to the alloy composition.
Carburization is a thermo-chemical treatment generally employed to enhance the
surface (wear) properties of low carbon steels. The recent carburization studies also
focus considerable positive impact on bulk properties like tensile strength and
toughness. In view of these observations, the present study focuses on mechanical
properties and microstructure of carburized steels. Accordingly, the commercially
available three types of case hardenable steels like plain carbon (EN 3), alloy steels
with only ferrite stabilizer (20MnCr5) and with both ferrite (Cr) and austenite (Ni)
stabilizers (EN 353) were initially normalized to standardize the room temperature
structure before carburizing and machined to ASTM standards to prepare the
specimens. The machined specimens were gas carburized using carburizing furnace
for 2.5 mm case depth and furnace cooled. Tensile and hardness tests were conducted
before and after carburization. The plain carbon steel displayed slight reduction in
tensile strength and the steels with alloying elements increased the tensile strength
considerably. It was also found that Ni and Cr restrict the grain growth and increase
the strength of steel even in furnace cooled condition. Microstructure analysis of
carburized steels revealed markable impact on the type and distribution of room
temperature phases. The carbon content in the case was nearly 0.8 wt. % after
carburization and hardness increase in the surface ranges from 130 to 170% as that
of its original hardness. The combined effect of Ni and Cr also improves
hardenability.
Study of the Tribological behavior of as cast Al-4.2%Cu-Al2O3 compositeIOSR Journals
The research work is carried out on the study of tribological property of aluminium based metal matrix composite material, which is fabricated by using sol-gel technique. The composite material is prepared through liquid metallurgy method by using varying percentage of Alumina and aluminium and fixed percentage of copper 4.2%. Test sample billet is fabricated through casting method and has been examined the different mechanical behaviour such as Vickers Hardness Number, Ultimate Tensile Strength, 0.2% Proof Stress, etc.
From the study, it has been observed that with increase in the alumina content in matrix the ductility of composite show a contrary effect. The Pin-On-Disc test is used to evaluate the tribological property wear for composite material and it is observered that tendency of wear rate has improved. The weight losses of the specimen are measured and wear and friction characteristics are calculated with respect to time. Depth of wear track, sliding speed, bearing load friction coefficient and wear volume have been shown large sensitivity to the applied normal load and the testing time (or sliding distance). The XRD and SEM analysis are used to analyse the wear debris and track; and silent conclusion has been drawn
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses a study that examines the effect of adding graphite particles to an aluminum bronze alloy prepared by powder metallurgy. Various weight percentages of graphite were added as a reinforcing element to the base alloy, which has a chemical composition of Cu-11%Al. Tests were conducted to analyze the effect on properties like hardness, compressive strength, and surface roughness after machining. The results showed that adding 0.3% graphite by weight increased the hardness by 7.93% and compressive strength by 11.62%, while also reducing surface roughness after machining by 22.65-32.38%. The study aims to improve the mechanical and machining properties of the aluminum bronze alloy through the addition
The document discusses a study that used finite element analysis to model the behavior of aerated concrete with varying amounts of aluminum powder content. Experimental tests were conducted on concrete cube, prism, and cylinder specimens with 0-1% aluminum powder. The results showed that as aluminum content increased, the compressive strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and density of the concrete decreased. Finite element models were able to closely match the experimental stress-strain curves and outputs, validating the ability of FE analysis to model aerated concrete behavior.
The document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties and microstructure of welds between 316L stainless steel and galvanized low carbon steel. Welding was performed with and without the galvanized coating using two shielding gas combinations: Ar + 2%O2 and Ar + 2%He + 2%O2. Mechanical tests including tensile, impact and bend tests were conducted on the welded samples. Microstructural characterization was also carried out to understand the mechanical behavior. The results showed that removing the galvanized coating and using Ar + 2%He + 2%O2 as shielding gas improved the ductility and impact strength of the welds. However, the yield and ultimate tensile strengths
Comparative Study on the High-Stress Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Zinc and Copp...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the abrasive wear behavior of zinc-based and copper-based alloys. Pin-on-disc tests were conducted on samples of the two alloys under varying loads and sliding distances. The zinc-based alloy exhibited higher wear rates and friction coefficients than the copper-based alloy. Microstructural analysis found the zinc alloy had a dendritic structure with intermetallic phases, while the copper alloy contained copper and intermetallic compounds. Temperature and friction increased with load and sliding time for both alloys, with the zinc alloy experiencing higher temperatures and friction. The copper alloy showed better wear resistance overall.
This summary provides the key information from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses a study on the austempering behavior of engineering grade ductile iron castings. Various factors were examined including heat treatment parameters, chemical composition, and nodular characteristics. The results showed that austempering temperature and time had the greatest effect on impact toughness, while higher austempering rates were achieved with additions of nickel, molybdenum, and copper to the alloy composition.
Carburization is a thermo-chemical treatment generally employed to enhance the
surface (wear) properties of low carbon steels. The recent carburization studies also
focus considerable positive impact on bulk properties like tensile strength and
toughness. In view of these observations, the present study focuses on mechanical
properties and microstructure of carburized steels. Accordingly, the commercially
available three types of case hardenable steels like plain carbon (EN 3), alloy steels
with only ferrite stabilizer (20MnCr5) and with both ferrite (Cr) and austenite (Ni)
stabilizers (EN 353) were initially normalized to standardize the room temperature
structure before carburizing and machined to ASTM standards to prepare the
specimens. The machined specimens were gas carburized using carburizing furnace
for 2.5 mm case depth and furnace cooled. Tensile and hardness tests were conducted
before and after carburization. The plain carbon steel displayed slight reduction in
tensile strength and the steels with alloying elements increased the tensile strength
considerably. It was also found that Ni and Cr restrict the grain growth and increase
the strength of steel even in furnace cooled condition. Microstructure analysis of
carburized steels revealed markable impact on the type and distribution of room
temperature phases. The carbon content in the case was nearly 0.8 wt. % after
carburization and hardness increase in the surface ranges from 130 to 170% as that
of its original hardness. The combined effect of Ni and Cr also improves
hardenability.
Study of the Tribological behavior of as cast Al-4.2%Cu-Al2O3 compositeIOSR Journals
The research work is carried out on the study of tribological property of aluminium based metal matrix composite material, which is fabricated by using sol-gel technique. The composite material is prepared through liquid metallurgy method by using varying percentage of Alumina and aluminium and fixed percentage of copper 4.2%. Test sample billet is fabricated through casting method and has been examined the different mechanical behaviour such as Vickers Hardness Number, Ultimate Tensile Strength, 0.2% Proof Stress, etc.
From the study, it has been observed that with increase in the alumina content in matrix the ductility of composite show a contrary effect. The Pin-On-Disc test is used to evaluate the tribological property wear for composite material and it is observered that tendency of wear rate has improved. The weight losses of the specimen are measured and wear and friction characteristics are calculated with respect to time. Depth of wear track, sliding speed, bearing load friction coefficient and wear volume have been shown large sensitivity to the applied normal load and the testing time (or sliding distance). The XRD and SEM analysis are used to analyse the wear debris and track; and silent conclusion has been drawn
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses a study that examines the effect of adding graphite particles to an aluminum bronze alloy prepared by powder metallurgy. Various weight percentages of graphite were added as a reinforcing element to the base alloy, which has a chemical composition of Cu-11%Al. Tests were conducted to analyze the effect on properties like hardness, compressive strength, and surface roughness after machining. The results showed that adding 0.3% graphite by weight increased the hardness by 7.93% and compressive strength by 11.62%, while also reducing surface roughness after machining by 22.65-32.38%. The study aims to improve the mechanical and machining properties of the aluminum bronze alloy through the addition
The document discusses a study that used finite element analysis to model the behavior of aerated concrete with varying amounts of aluminum powder content. Experimental tests were conducted on concrete cube, prism, and cylinder specimens with 0-1% aluminum powder. The results showed that as aluminum content increased, the compressive strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and density of the concrete decreased. Finite element models were able to closely match the experimental stress-strain curves and outputs, validating the ability of FE analysis to model aerated concrete behavior.
The document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties and microstructure of welds between 316L stainless steel and galvanized low carbon steel. Welding was performed with and without the galvanized coating using two shielding gas combinations: Ar + 2%O2 and Ar + 2%He + 2%O2. Mechanical tests including tensile, impact and bend tests were conducted on the welded samples. Microstructural characterization was also carried out to understand the mechanical behavior. The results showed that removing the galvanized coating and using Ar + 2%He + 2%O2 as shielding gas improved the ductility and impact strength of the welds. However, the yield and ultimate tensile strengths
Experimental Investigation of Silica Fume and Steel Slag in ConcreteIJMER
This paper gives a review on replacements in concrete made out of various
industrial by-products like silica fume and steel slag in concrete Through my study a combined
replacement of steel slag and silica fume in (40, 50, 60, and 70) % and (10, 15, 20, and 25) %
and conduct a detailed experimental study on Compressive strength, split tensile strength,
flexural strength at age of (7, 28, 56 and 90) days and durability study on acid attack was also
determinedand investigates the potential use and optimum usage of steel slag and silica fume in
the production of concrete
Cast iron is an alloy of iron and carbon. It exists in several forms depending on the carbon content and microstructure:
- Gray cast iron has 2-4% carbon present as graphite flakes, giving it a gray color. It has high compressive strength but is brittle. Widely used in machine bases.
- White cast iron has 1.75-2.3% carbon present as cementite, making it very hard and strong but brittle. Used for wear-resistant parts.
- Nodular or spheroidal graphite cast iron has graphite in spherical nodules, making it more ductile. Commonly used for pipes and fittings.
Development of Activated Flux for Tungsten Inert Gas WeldingRAMASUBBU VELAYUTHAM
1. Researchers developed an activated flux formulation to improve weld penetration for TIG welding of 304L austenitic stainless steel.
2. Using the optimized flux, defect-free full penetration welds were achieved in a single pass on 8 mm thick plates without filler metal.
3. Properties of welds made using the activated flux process were comparable to conventional TIG welds and included tensile strength, impact toughness, and corrosion resistance. The activated flux process allows for welding of thinner sections with reduced costs.
The document summarizes research on modifying the microstructure of aluminum alloys through heat treatment and titanium addition. Key findings include:
1) Adding 0.09% titanium partially modifies the silicon particle structure, while 0.18% titanium achieves full modification.
2) Heat homogenization changes the shape of silicon particles from lamellar to spherical through a six-stage process.
3) Higher titanium content (0.18%) refines the aluminum dendrites and inhibits silicon growth, improving mechanical properties.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document summarizes a study on the evolution of microstructure in a microalloyed steel under continuous cooling. Key findings include:
1) At cooling rates of 0.5°C/sec and 1°C/sec, the microstructure consists of polygonal ferrite and pearlite or widmanstatten ferrite and polygonal ferrite.
2) At a rate of 1°C/sec, the microstructure also contains granular ferrite/granular bainite.
3) The continuous cooling transformation diagram is flat from 5-40°C/sec, with austenite transforming continuously from 600-300°C to granular and acicular b
Experimental Analysis of Mechanical Properties on AA 6060 and 6061 Aluminum A...IJERA Editor
Due to the substantial increased in demands of aluminum in industries like automotive industry and building industry, it is required for improvement of its mechanical properties by addition of suitable alloying elements to aluminum. The objective of this research is to study the effect of various alloys addition to aluminum and their effects on tensile strength, hardness and microstructure. The mechanical properties of AA 6060 and AA 6061 aluminum alloy have been characterized in terms of tensile strength and hardness. The result has been used to determine the tensile strength and % elongation of the specimen. From the results, it has been observed that mechanical properties of Al-alloys increasing up to 0.65% of Mg addition due to grain refinement, where as increase in Mg contents beyond 0.71% mechanical properties starts decreasing. The microstructure of the fracture surface after tensile strength has been examined using inverted microscope.
The effects of heat input and interpass temperature on the microstructure of ...Mark Keeler
This thesis examines the effects of heat input and interpass temperature on the microstructure of duplex stainless steel during welding. Two sets of 5 butt welds were made with heat inputs of 1.0 KJ/mm and 1.5 KJ/mm. The interpass temperature was varied from 150°C to 350°C between welds. Micrographic examination found that intermetallic precipitates formed at a heat input of 1.5 KJ/mm and interpass temperature of 350°C, but not at 1.0 KJ/mm. Lower interpass temperatures of 200°C also showed signs of microstructural effects. The results indicate that excessive heat input and interpass temperatures can alter the microstructure
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Al 7075 Alloy, Flyash, SiC and Redmud ...ijsrd.com
Aluminium alloys are widely used in aerospace automobile industries due to their low density and good mechanical properties, better corrosion resistance and wear, low thermal coefficient of expansion as compared to convention metals and alloys. The main aim involved in the present work is focused on study of mechanical properties of Al7075 alloy composite having varying weight percentages of 3% - 6% of Silicon Carbide, Fly ash and Red mud were fabricated by liquid metallurgy (Stir Casting) method. The casted composite specimens were machined as per BS: 18: 1962 test standards. The result obtained reveals that tensile strength, impact strength and wear resistance is higher in Al7075-SiC-Redmud samples when compared to Al7075-SiC-Flyash samples.
A Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) study of welding consumables for mo...RAMASUBBU VELAYUTHAM
This document reports on a study that used differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to characterize the thermal stability and phase transformation properties of four welding consumables developed for welding modified 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel. DSC was used to precisely determine transformation temperatures like Ac1 and Ac3 as well as solidus and liquidus temperatures. The kinetics of austenite formation from tempered martensite was also modeled. It was found that Ac1 and Ac3 decreased with increasing (Mn+Ni) content and that apparent activation energy for austenite formation was sensitive to heating rate. An activation energy of around 260 kJ/mol was suggested for the α→γ transformation in high chromium steels
Bearing failures in wind turbines can occur prematurely due to issues like contamination in the steel used for bearings. International standards provide specifications for acceptable levels of non-metallic inclusions in bearing steel, but these standards do not strongly correlate with measured fatigue performance. Using extreme value analysis to measure the largest inclusions provides a better prediction of fatigue life. Considering the specific type, size, and composition of inclusions is important, as some inclusions like encapsulated oxides are more damaging than pure sulphides. Accounting for larger inclusions commonly found in wind turbine bearing steel could reduce the expected life span in models by up to a factor of three. Tighter specifications are needed to improve reliability.
The document discusses various heat treatments used for steel, including quenching and tempering, spheroidizing, full annealing, and normalizing. It explains that quenching and tempering steel involves rapidly cooling steel from an austenite phase to form martensite, then reheating it to form tempered martensite which has improved ductility and toughness over martensite. Spheroidizing involves heating steel to just below the eutectoid temperature to form spherical cementite particles for improved machinability.
This document summarizes research on developing dual phase steel through intercritical annealing of low carbon steel and determining the mechanical properties. Intercritical annealing involves heating low carbon steel to the ferrite-austenite phase region, then rapid cooling to form martensite. Samples were annealed at temperatures from 740°C to 840°C and tested. Hardness and toughness increased with higher annealing temperature and time due to higher martensite content. Dual phase steel microstructures containing martensite islands in a ferrite matrix had greater hardness and toughness than untreated low carbon steel due to the hard martensite phase.
Tool wear and inclusion behaviour during turning of a calcium treated quenc...Lepuufu
1. The document analyzes tool wear and inclusion behavior during turning of a calcium-treated steel using coated carbide tools.
2. It finds that inclusions like MnS, mixed sulphides (Mn,Ca)S, and duplex calcium aluminates deform significantly in the flow zone near the tool. MnS deforms the most while mixed sulphides deform less.
3. The behavior and deformation of inclusions in the flow zone influences tool wear and formation of protective layers on the tool surface. Certain inclusions like mixed sulphides are more likely to form protective layers due to their deformation characteristics.
Development of dual phase steel and determination its of mechanical propertiesIAEME Publication
In this paper, the development of dual phase steel from low carbon steel and mechanical
properties have been studies. Dual phase steel is developed by intercritical annealing in order to
improve the hardness and impact toughness. Low carbon steel of 0.21% carbon content is first
intercritically heated in furnace and then rapid cooling in water is done to obtain the martensitic
steels. Different samples of DP steels are prepared by the intercritical annealing process temperature
ranging from740˚C to 840˚C. The heating temperature and different time of heating of the steel is
used to make different percentage of Maternsite steel. Dual phase steel so obtained is now tested and
properties of the DP steel are evaluated. Hardness, charpy, microstructure test for each specimen is
conducted to compare its hardness and toughness with low carbon steel. The mechanical properties
of heat treated and non heat treated specimens are obtained and compared. The result indicates that
the specimen hardness and toughness are proportional to amount of martensite and amount of
martensite depends on intercritical annealing temperature.
Optimization of spheroidized annealing process parameters on AISI 10B21 steel...Steffi Wang
This document analyzes the optimization of spheroidized annealing process parameters on AISI 10B21 steel wire using the Taguchi approach. It aims to improve the mechanical properties of steel wires for cold forming of screws. Three annealing parameters - temperature, heating time, and cooling temperature - were tested at different levels using an orthogonal array experiment. Results found that annealing temperature was the most significant factor affecting tensile strength and ductility. The optimum conditions were determined to be 725°C temperature, 7 hours heating time, and 500°C cooling temperature to achieve a tensile strength of 40.94 kgf/mm2 and ductility of 26.03% while minimizing hardness. This provides a reference for wire manufacturers to improve
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Melt treatment of aluminum alloys are typically carried out in transfer furnaces prior to casting.
Depending on the size of the crucible and the volume of the castings, the melt may be led to remain in the liquid
state up to two hours. It is well known that as the holding period is increased, the effect of modifiers fade away.
In this work, the mechanism of this fading effect has been investigated for the first time by means of melt
cleanliness. Reduced pressure test was used to measure bifilm index of the melt. Al-19Si was used and two
temperatures were selected: 725oC and 800oC. Hydrogen content of the melt was measured by AlSPEK and
excess amount of Al-15Sr modifier was added once the desired temperature was reached. Samples were
collected every 20 minutes up to two hours and the microstructural results (i.e. efficiency of modification) was
correlated with bifilm index (melt quality).
The Recycling of Steel and Brass Chips to Produce Composite Materials via Col...theijes
In this study a novel method of direct conversion of brass (CuZn30) and steel (S355JR) chips into finished product without melting is introduced as an alternative to melting process. CuZn30 Brass and S355JR steel chips were used as constituents of composite materials. The chips were cold pressed at room temperature and were subjected to liquid phase sinterization. Hardness, compression and three point bending tests were used to investigate the mechanical properties of the obtained composite materials and compared with cast CuZn30 brass. The produced composite materials are shown to have comparable mechanical properties with bulk brass. It is also shown that the proposed method can be considered as an alternative to conventional production methods such as melting, extrusion ect. with relatively low costs.
Experimental Investigation of Silica Fume and Steel Slag in ConcreteIJMER
This paper gives a review on replacements in concrete made out of various
industrial by-products like silica fume and steel slag in concrete Through my study a combined
replacement of steel slag and silica fume in (40, 50, 60, and 70) % and (10, 15, 20, and 25) %
and conduct a detailed experimental study on Compressive strength, split tensile strength,
flexural strength at age of (7, 28, 56 and 90) days and durability study on acid attack was also
determinedand investigates the potential use and optimum usage of steel slag and silica fume in
the production of concrete
Cast iron is an alloy of iron and carbon. It exists in several forms depending on the carbon content and microstructure:
- Gray cast iron has 2-4% carbon present as graphite flakes, giving it a gray color. It has high compressive strength but is brittle. Widely used in machine bases.
- White cast iron has 1.75-2.3% carbon present as cementite, making it very hard and strong but brittle. Used for wear-resistant parts.
- Nodular or spheroidal graphite cast iron has graphite in spherical nodules, making it more ductile. Commonly used for pipes and fittings.
Development of Activated Flux for Tungsten Inert Gas WeldingRAMASUBBU VELAYUTHAM
1. Researchers developed an activated flux formulation to improve weld penetration for TIG welding of 304L austenitic stainless steel.
2. Using the optimized flux, defect-free full penetration welds were achieved in a single pass on 8 mm thick plates without filler metal.
3. Properties of welds made using the activated flux process were comparable to conventional TIG welds and included tensile strength, impact toughness, and corrosion resistance. The activated flux process allows for welding of thinner sections with reduced costs.
The document summarizes research on modifying the microstructure of aluminum alloys through heat treatment and titanium addition. Key findings include:
1) Adding 0.09% titanium partially modifies the silicon particle structure, while 0.18% titanium achieves full modification.
2) Heat homogenization changes the shape of silicon particles from lamellar to spherical through a six-stage process.
3) Higher titanium content (0.18%) refines the aluminum dendrites and inhibits silicon growth, improving mechanical properties.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document summarizes a study on the evolution of microstructure in a microalloyed steel under continuous cooling. Key findings include:
1) At cooling rates of 0.5°C/sec and 1°C/sec, the microstructure consists of polygonal ferrite and pearlite or widmanstatten ferrite and polygonal ferrite.
2) At a rate of 1°C/sec, the microstructure also contains granular ferrite/granular bainite.
3) The continuous cooling transformation diagram is flat from 5-40°C/sec, with austenite transforming continuously from 600-300°C to granular and acicular b
Experimental Analysis of Mechanical Properties on AA 6060 and 6061 Aluminum A...IJERA Editor
Due to the substantial increased in demands of aluminum in industries like automotive industry and building industry, it is required for improvement of its mechanical properties by addition of suitable alloying elements to aluminum. The objective of this research is to study the effect of various alloys addition to aluminum and their effects on tensile strength, hardness and microstructure. The mechanical properties of AA 6060 and AA 6061 aluminum alloy have been characterized in terms of tensile strength and hardness. The result has been used to determine the tensile strength and % elongation of the specimen. From the results, it has been observed that mechanical properties of Al-alloys increasing up to 0.65% of Mg addition due to grain refinement, where as increase in Mg contents beyond 0.71% mechanical properties starts decreasing. The microstructure of the fracture surface after tensile strength has been examined using inverted microscope.
The effects of heat input and interpass temperature on the microstructure of ...Mark Keeler
This thesis examines the effects of heat input and interpass temperature on the microstructure of duplex stainless steel during welding. Two sets of 5 butt welds were made with heat inputs of 1.0 KJ/mm and 1.5 KJ/mm. The interpass temperature was varied from 150°C to 350°C between welds. Micrographic examination found that intermetallic precipitates formed at a heat input of 1.5 KJ/mm and interpass temperature of 350°C, but not at 1.0 KJ/mm. Lower interpass temperatures of 200°C also showed signs of microstructural effects. The results indicate that excessive heat input and interpass temperatures can alter the microstructure
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Al 7075 Alloy, Flyash, SiC and Redmud ...ijsrd.com
Aluminium alloys are widely used in aerospace automobile industries due to their low density and good mechanical properties, better corrosion resistance and wear, low thermal coefficient of expansion as compared to convention metals and alloys. The main aim involved in the present work is focused on study of mechanical properties of Al7075 alloy composite having varying weight percentages of 3% - 6% of Silicon Carbide, Fly ash and Red mud were fabricated by liquid metallurgy (Stir Casting) method. The casted composite specimens were machined as per BS: 18: 1962 test standards. The result obtained reveals that tensile strength, impact strength and wear resistance is higher in Al7075-SiC-Redmud samples when compared to Al7075-SiC-Flyash samples.
A Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) study of welding consumables for mo...RAMASUBBU VELAYUTHAM
This document reports on a study that used differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to characterize the thermal stability and phase transformation properties of four welding consumables developed for welding modified 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel. DSC was used to precisely determine transformation temperatures like Ac1 and Ac3 as well as solidus and liquidus temperatures. The kinetics of austenite formation from tempered martensite was also modeled. It was found that Ac1 and Ac3 decreased with increasing (Mn+Ni) content and that apparent activation energy for austenite formation was sensitive to heating rate. An activation energy of around 260 kJ/mol was suggested for the α→γ transformation in high chromium steels
Bearing failures in wind turbines can occur prematurely due to issues like contamination in the steel used for bearings. International standards provide specifications for acceptable levels of non-metallic inclusions in bearing steel, but these standards do not strongly correlate with measured fatigue performance. Using extreme value analysis to measure the largest inclusions provides a better prediction of fatigue life. Considering the specific type, size, and composition of inclusions is important, as some inclusions like encapsulated oxides are more damaging than pure sulphides. Accounting for larger inclusions commonly found in wind turbine bearing steel could reduce the expected life span in models by up to a factor of three. Tighter specifications are needed to improve reliability.
The document discusses various heat treatments used for steel, including quenching and tempering, spheroidizing, full annealing, and normalizing. It explains that quenching and tempering steel involves rapidly cooling steel from an austenite phase to form martensite, then reheating it to form tempered martensite which has improved ductility and toughness over martensite. Spheroidizing involves heating steel to just below the eutectoid temperature to form spherical cementite particles for improved machinability.
This document summarizes research on developing dual phase steel through intercritical annealing of low carbon steel and determining the mechanical properties. Intercritical annealing involves heating low carbon steel to the ferrite-austenite phase region, then rapid cooling to form martensite. Samples were annealed at temperatures from 740°C to 840°C and tested. Hardness and toughness increased with higher annealing temperature and time due to higher martensite content. Dual phase steel microstructures containing martensite islands in a ferrite matrix had greater hardness and toughness than untreated low carbon steel due to the hard martensite phase.
Tool wear and inclusion behaviour during turning of a calcium treated quenc...Lepuufu
1. The document analyzes tool wear and inclusion behavior during turning of a calcium-treated steel using coated carbide tools.
2. It finds that inclusions like MnS, mixed sulphides (Mn,Ca)S, and duplex calcium aluminates deform significantly in the flow zone near the tool. MnS deforms the most while mixed sulphides deform less.
3. The behavior and deformation of inclusions in the flow zone influences tool wear and formation of protective layers on the tool surface. Certain inclusions like mixed sulphides are more likely to form protective layers due to their deformation characteristics.
Development of dual phase steel and determination its of mechanical propertiesIAEME Publication
In this paper, the development of dual phase steel from low carbon steel and mechanical
properties have been studies. Dual phase steel is developed by intercritical annealing in order to
improve the hardness and impact toughness. Low carbon steel of 0.21% carbon content is first
intercritically heated in furnace and then rapid cooling in water is done to obtain the martensitic
steels. Different samples of DP steels are prepared by the intercritical annealing process temperature
ranging from740˚C to 840˚C. The heating temperature and different time of heating of the steel is
used to make different percentage of Maternsite steel. Dual phase steel so obtained is now tested and
properties of the DP steel are evaluated. Hardness, charpy, microstructure test for each specimen is
conducted to compare its hardness and toughness with low carbon steel. The mechanical properties
of heat treated and non heat treated specimens are obtained and compared. The result indicates that
the specimen hardness and toughness are proportional to amount of martensite and amount of
martensite depends on intercritical annealing temperature.
Optimization of spheroidized annealing process parameters on AISI 10B21 steel...Steffi Wang
This document analyzes the optimization of spheroidized annealing process parameters on AISI 10B21 steel wire using the Taguchi approach. It aims to improve the mechanical properties of steel wires for cold forming of screws. Three annealing parameters - temperature, heating time, and cooling temperature - were tested at different levels using an orthogonal array experiment. Results found that annealing temperature was the most significant factor affecting tensile strength and ductility. The optimum conditions were determined to be 725°C temperature, 7 hours heating time, and 500°C cooling temperature to achieve a tensile strength of 40.94 kgf/mm2 and ductility of 26.03% while minimizing hardness. This provides a reference for wire manufacturers to improve
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Melt treatment of aluminum alloys are typically carried out in transfer furnaces prior to casting.
Depending on the size of the crucible and the volume of the castings, the melt may be led to remain in the liquid
state up to two hours. It is well known that as the holding period is increased, the effect of modifiers fade away.
In this work, the mechanism of this fading effect has been investigated for the first time by means of melt
cleanliness. Reduced pressure test was used to measure bifilm index of the melt. Al-19Si was used and two
temperatures were selected: 725oC and 800oC. Hydrogen content of the melt was measured by AlSPEK and
excess amount of Al-15Sr modifier was added once the desired temperature was reached. Samples were
collected every 20 minutes up to two hours and the microstructural results (i.e. efficiency of modification) was
correlated with bifilm index (melt quality).
The Recycling of Steel and Brass Chips to Produce Composite Materials via Col...theijes
In this study a novel method of direct conversion of brass (CuZn30) and steel (S355JR) chips into finished product without melting is introduced as an alternative to melting process. CuZn30 Brass and S355JR steel chips were used as constituents of composite materials. The chips were cold pressed at room temperature and were subjected to liquid phase sinterization. Hardness, compression and three point bending tests were used to investigate the mechanical properties of the obtained composite materials and compared with cast CuZn30 brass. The produced composite materials are shown to have comparable mechanical properties with bulk brass. It is also shown that the proposed method can be considered as an alternative to conventional production methods such as melting, extrusion ect. with relatively low costs.
The document describes the development of a new type of non-oriented electrical steel sheet called NKB-CORE that has ultra-low sulfur content. It has the following key properties: (1) Low hysteresis loss obtained by reducing sulfur content and suppressing surface nitriding; (2) High magnetic flux density by reducing silicon and aluminum; (3) Excellent punching properties. Testing showed that reducing the sulfur content to less than 10 ppm (4 ppm in samples tested) improved grain growth and significantly reduced core loss compared to conventional steel. However, at high annealing temperatures, surface nitriding increased hysteresis loss in the ultra-low sulfur steel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on the partially melted zone (PMZ) in A356 Al-Si alloy welds produced using different welding techniques and with the alloy in different prior conditions. Key findings include:
1) Liquation was more severe in the PMZ of welds made with the alloy in the T6 condition compared to the as-cast condition, due to higher concentrations of silicon and magnesium at grain boundaries in the T6 condition.
2) Pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding resulted in less liquation in the PMZ compared to continuous current gas tungsten arc welding.
3) Microstructural examination and hardness testing showed coarser grains and more liquation products
This document describes an experimental study comparing high purity pig iron produced from steel scrap to Sorelmetal®, which is commonly used for ductile iron production. Steel scrap was melted in an electrical arc furnace along with graphite as a carbon source to produce pig iron samples. The chemical compositions and microstructures of the samples were analyzed and found to be similar to Sorelmetal® in terms of carbon content, structure, and graphite size distribution. The results indicate that the method of producing pig iron from steel scrap is a promising alternative to using Sorelmetal®.
SALIENT FEATURES OF CUBE TEXTURE AND METHOD OF OBTAINING CUBE TEXTURE.pptxsudhakargeruganti
This document describes methods for obtaining cube texture in plain carbon iron sheets. It involves hot rolling and pickling an iron ingot, followed by multiple steps of cold rolling with rotations between steps. This is followed by two heat treatments, the first at a lower temperature for a short time and the second at a higher temperature for an extended period. This process results in over 70% of the grains having a cube-on-face (100)[001] orientation, giving the iron sheet outstanding magnetic properties in multiple directions.
The document investigates the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behavior of Ti-15V-3Al-3Cr-3Sn alloy (β-Ti alloy) in HCl and NaCl solutions of varying concentrations. Potentiodynamic polarization tests were conducted on samples of the alloy in both the solution treated and aged conditions. The corrosion rates were calculated from the polarization curves. It was found that the corrosion properties of the β-titanium alloy remained intact even after aging heat treatment. The corrosion rates in both HCl and NaCl increased with increasing concentrations but no significant change was observed between the solution treated and aged alloy conditions.
Development of Al-TiC Alloys Using Powder Metallurgy as Grain Refiners for Al...IJERA Editor
Al-Ti-C master alloys have been widely investigated for many years as grain refiner for aluminium and its alloys. In this work, the Al-Ti-C master alloys are synthesized using powder metallurgy technique through the mixing of aluminium and TiC powders with different TiC contents 3.75 (3), 5(4), 6.25(5) and 7.5(6) Wt% TiC(Wt% Ti). The mixing powders with different contents of TiC were pressed in cylinder shape. The pressed specimens were sintered from 450 oC in a tube furnace under argon atmosphere for 2 hrs. The produced alloys before and after sintering are examined using SEM, EDX and XRD. The results indicate that, the Al-TiC alloy containing fine TiC particles dispersed in all matrix was successfully prepared. The prepared Al-TiC alloys with different contents of TiC were evaluated using the KBI test mold as grain refiner for pure aluminum and its alloys. The results indicate that the prepared Al-TiC master alloy is high grain refining efficiency for pure aluminum and its alloys.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Characterization of Casting and Deformation Process of a Metal Alloy IRJET Journal
This document discusses factors that influence the castability and fluidity of metal alloys during casting processes. It summarizes research on how chemical composition, pouring temperature, grain refinement, mould material, coatings, and other variables impact the fluidity of aluminum alloys. Higher fluidity leads to better filling of moulds and fewer casting defects. The document analyzes several studies that examined the effect of parameters like alloying elements, superheat, modifiers, pressure head, and melt cleanliness on the fluidity of aluminum-silicon and other alloys. Maintaining good fluidity through control of these factors can improve cast product quality and reduce rejection rates in metal casting.
Effect of Adding Indium on Wetting Behavior, Microstructure and Physical Prop...Editor IJCATR
Effect of adding indium on microstructure, wetting process, thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy
have been investigated. Microstructure (started base line, lattice parameters, unit cell volume, crystal size and the shape of formed crystalline
phases) and measured physical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy changed after adding different ratio of indium content. A little variation
occurred in thermo-graph (Endo-thermal peaks) of Sn91Zn9 alloy after adding indium. The contact angle, melting temperature and specific heat of
Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding indium content. Also elastic modulus and internal friction values of Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding
indium content. But electrical resistivity and Vickers hardness values of Sn91Zn9 alloy increased after adding indium content. The SnZn9In5 alloy
has adequate properties for solder applications.
Effect of Adding Indium on Wetting Behavior, Microstructure and Physical Prop...Editor IJCATR
Effect of adding indium on microstructure, wetting process, thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy have been investigated. Microstructure (started base line, lattice parameters, unit cell volume, crystal size and the shape of formed crystalline phases) and measured physical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy changed after adding different ratio of indium content. A little variation occurred in thermo-graph (Endo-thermal peaks) of Sn91Zn9 alloy after adding indium. The contact angle, melting temperature and specific heat of Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding indium content. Also elastic modulus and internal friction values of Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding indium content. But electrical resistivity and Vickers hardness values of Sn91Zn9 alloy increased after adding indium content. The SnZn9In5 alloy has adequate properties for solder applications.
The document discusses key aspects of blast furnace design and operation, including:
1. Blast furnace productivity depends on optimal gas flow and smooth, rapid burden descent which requires an optimized furnace profile and lines.
2. Effluent gas from the furnace contains 20-30% CO by volume and is cleaned through three stages before use to reduce dust from 7-30 g/m3 to 0.01 g/m3.
3. Stoves are used to heat incoming blast with heat from cleaned furnace gas in a cyclic process, maintaining a steady, preheated blast supply to the furnace.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash and Alumina Reinforced Aluminium ...IOSR Journals
The results of an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of fly ash and Alumina
reinforced aluminium alloy (LM25) composites samples, processed by stir casting route are reported in this
paper. Three sets of composites with constant weight fraction of fly ash (particle size of 3-100 μm) and
Al2O3(particle size of 150 μm) with different wt% were used. Composite samples have the reinforcement weight
fractions of constant 3% fly Ash and varying %wt of 5, 10 and 15% Al2O3 . The main mechanical properties
studied were the tensile strength,ductilityimpact strength & hardness. Unreinforced LM25 samples were also
tested for the same properties. It was found that the tensile strength & hardness of the aluminium alloy (Lm25)
composites increases with the increase in %wt of Al2O3 upto certain limit. in addition of more amount of
reinforcement the Tensile strength decrease due to poor wettability of the reinforced material with metal
aluminium matrix .And the charpy test shows decrease in impact load absorption with increase in %weight
reinforcement.The Microstructure study of the samples indicated near uniform distribution of the fly ash and
Al2O3 particles in the matrix. LM25 alloy is mainly used where good mechanical properties are required in
castings of a shape or dimensions requiring an alloy of excellent castability in order to achieve the desired
standard of soundness.The alloy is also used where resistance to corrosion is an important consideration
particularly where highstrength is also required.
IRJET- Effect of Trace Addition SB and NA in Al-Si AlloyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on modifying an Al-Si alloy by adding trace amounts of sodium (Na) and antimony (Sb). The researchers prepared Al-Si alloy samples with different weight compositions of Na and Sb added as modifiers. They analyzed the microstructure, hardness, and tensile strength of the modified alloys compared to an unmodified Al-Si alloy. Their results showed that higher Sb content and lower Na content led to finer eutectic silicon particles and improved mechanical properties. Specifically, a composition of 0.02% Na and 0.3% Sb produced the smallest and most uniformly distributed eutectic particles, enhancing the alloy's strength. In conclusion, modifying the Al-Si alloy with
ANALYTICAL TOOL FOR ANALYSING SLAGGING CHARACTERISTIC OF HIGH ASH COALS IN UT...IAEME Publication
In today’s competitive market, the performance of electric utility industry is a
serious concern to the nation. Majority of power plants are Coal-Fired Power plants
in India. Due to the wide variation in the quality of coal being fired, it affects the
performance of the power plant like furnace wall slagging, convective pass slagging
(both Low and High Temperature), soot blower effectiveness, erosion and
grindability. At this juncture, a reliable prediction is needed to assess the slagging
problem which in turn affects the performance parameters of power plant like heat
transfer rate, exit gas temperature, surface corrosion and frequency of soot blowing.
Though conventional indices and ash fusion temperature measurement techniques
do not aid in predicting slagging condition with field performance hence, it is reported
to be highly subjective in nature and poor accuracy.
In this work an alternative approach is made based on shrinkage measurement up
to 1400 °C of coal ash prepared at 800 °C. Sensitive shrinkage measurements indicate
temperatures of rapid change which correspond to the formation of liquid phases.
A preliminary evaluation of shrinkage data for coal ash collected at different
power stations firing wide variety of coal indicates that, the shrinkage profiles of the
ashes are differing widely and rate of shrinkage measurement can provide an
alternative approach to characterize/assess the slagging potential. Shrinkage
measurement of coal ash has been carried out for the coal ashes collected at different
power stations using different quality of coal
literature review of Titanium alloys and linear friction weldingYinaGuo
This chapter provides an overview of titanium alloys, including their classification, microstructural features, and phase transformations. It discusses the allotropic phase transformation between the hexagonal close-packed α phase and body-centered cubic β phase in titanium. Key points include that titanium alloys are classified as α, α-β, and β alloys depending on their alloying elements and microstructures. α-β alloys have a mixture of α and β phases at room temperature and are the most widely used commercial titanium alloys. Microstructures and properties of titanium alloys depend strongly on their processing history and heat treatments.