Carburization is a thermo-chemical treatment generally employed to enhance the
surface (wear) properties of low carbon steels. The recent carburization studies also
focus considerable positive impact on bulk properties like tensile strength and
toughness. In view of these observations, the present study focuses on mechanical
properties and microstructure of carburized steels. Accordingly, the commercially
available three types of case hardenable steels like plain carbon (EN 3), alloy steels
with only ferrite stabilizer (20MnCr5) and with both ferrite (Cr) and austenite (Ni)
stabilizers (EN 353) were initially normalized to standardize the room temperature
structure before carburizing and machined to ASTM standards to prepare the
specimens. The machined specimens were gas carburized using carburizing furnace
for 2.5 mm case depth and furnace cooled. Tensile and hardness tests were conducted
before and after carburization. The plain carbon steel displayed slight reduction in
tensile strength and the steels with alloying elements increased the tensile strength
considerably. It was also found that Ni and Cr restrict the grain growth and increase
the strength of steel even in furnace cooled condition. Microstructure analysis of
carburized steels revealed markable impact on the type and distribution of room
temperature phases. The carbon content in the case was nearly 0.8 wt. % after
carburization and hardness increase in the surface ranges from 130 to 170% as that
of its original hardness. The combined effect of Ni and Cr also improves
hardenability.
In this work, effect of welding electrode, welding current and corrosion media on
corrosion behaviour of three kinds of stainless steel (AISI 304, AISI 316 and AISI 410)
was investigated. Welding was performed by manual metal arc welding process using
three types of welding electrode (E308L, E316L and E310). Corrosion behaviour of
the welded joints was examined in two chloride mediums (3.5%NaCl and 3.5%KCl).
The results showed that welding electrodes E316L and E310, which contain Mo and
Ni respectively, increase corrosion resistance in of the weldment. The increment in
heat input by increasing welding current caused reduction in corrosion resistance by
facilitating carbon diffusion and formation of chromium carbides in the weld area. It
was also found that corrosion rate of 3.5% NaCl was more aggressive than 3.5% KCl.
FRACTOGRAPHY OF CRYOGENIC CHILL CASTED ASTM A 494 M GRADE NICKEL ALLOY METAL ...IAEME Publication
ASTM A 494 M grade Ni–Garnet composites containing four different weight percentages 3%, 6%,9% and 12% of Garnet samples have been fabricated by using cryogenically cooled copper chill stir
casting method. Effects of volume percent of Garnet particles on tensile strength, and fracture surfacesof Nickel Garnet composites have been investigated. The highest tensile strength was achieved in the specimen containing 9 Wt. % garnet produced with 25 mm chill thickness which shows an increase of14% in comparison to the no chill cast reinforced alloy. Microscopic investigations of fracture surfacesrevealed that fracture in a brittle manner with little or no necking happening. By increasing garnetcontent and chill thickness, the composites fracture goes in a more severely brittle manner. The fracturebehavior of the composites was altered significantly by the presence of garnet particles and the crack
propagation through the matrix and the reinforcing particle clusters resulted in the final fracture.
In this work, effect of welding electrode, welding current and corrosion media on
corrosion behaviour of three kinds of stainless steel (AISI 304, AISI 316 and AISI 410)
was investigated. Welding was performed by manual metal arc welding process using
three types of welding electrode (E308L, E316L and E310). Corrosion behaviour of
the welded joints was examined in two chloride mediums (3.5%NaCl and 3.5%KCl).
The results showed that welding electrodes E316L and E310, which contain Mo and
Ni respectively, increase corrosion resistance in of the weldment. The increment in
heat input by increasing welding current caused reduction in corrosion resistance by
facilitating carbon diffusion and formation of chromium carbides in the weld area. It
was also found that corrosion rate of 3.5% NaCl was more aggressive than 3.5% KCl.
FRACTOGRAPHY OF CRYOGENIC CHILL CASTED ASTM A 494 M GRADE NICKEL ALLOY METAL ...IAEME Publication
ASTM A 494 M grade Ni–Garnet composites containing four different weight percentages 3%, 6%,9% and 12% of Garnet samples have been fabricated by using cryogenically cooled copper chill stir
casting method. Effects of volume percent of Garnet particles on tensile strength, and fracture surfacesof Nickel Garnet composites have been investigated. The highest tensile strength was achieved in the specimen containing 9 Wt. % garnet produced with 25 mm chill thickness which shows an increase of14% in comparison to the no chill cast reinforced alloy. Microscopic investigations of fracture surfacesrevealed that fracture in a brittle manner with little or no necking happening. By increasing garnetcontent and chill thickness, the composites fracture goes in a more severely brittle manner. The fracturebehavior of the composites was altered significantly by the presence of garnet particles and the crack
propagation through the matrix and the reinforcing particle clusters resulted in the final fracture.
Development of dual phase steel and determination its of mechanical propertiesIAEME Publication
In this paper, the development of dual phase steel from low carbon steel and mechanical
properties have been studies. Dual phase steel is developed by intercritical annealing in order to
improve the hardness and impact toughness. Low carbon steel of 0.21% carbon content is first
intercritically heated in furnace and then rapid cooling in water is done to obtain the martensitic
steels. Different samples of DP steels are prepared by the intercritical annealing process temperature
ranging from740˚C to 840˚C. The heating temperature and different time of heating of the steel is
used to make different percentage of Maternsite steel. Dual phase steel so obtained is now tested and
properties of the DP steel are evaluated. Hardness, charpy, microstructure test for each specimen is
conducted to compare its hardness and toughness with low carbon steel. The mechanical properties
of heat treated and non heat treated specimens are obtained and compared. The result indicates that
the specimen hardness and toughness are proportional to amount of martensite and amount of
martensite depends on intercritical annealing temperature.
The effect of welding heat input and welding speed on microstructure of chrom...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Aluminum alloy 2024 is widely used in frame of aircraft. Carbon Nanotubes
(CNTs) used recently as a reinforcement material for 2024 aluminum alloy. In this
research 2024-1.5%CNTs hybrid composite was prepared by traditional casting.
Titanium (Ti) was added in (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8%) to 2024-1.5%CNTs composite.
The chemical composition was investigated by optical emission spectroscopy
(SPECTROMA). Scanning electron microscope and light optical microscope were
used for microstructure examination. EDS used for evaluation of phases and
intermetallic compounds. The microscopic examination showed that the grain size
decreased with increasing Ti content in presence of CNTs and the microstructure be
more regular with increasing Ti content. The EDS results that intermetallic
compounds and phases precipitated at the grain boundaries and near grain
boundaries.
Aluminum-lithium alloys used in the aerospace industry as structural components
and strengthened by age-hardening. This study aims to improve properties of Al-Li
alloys such as strength, behavior hot rolling and addition element, i.e. Mg and Cu to
this alloy. Several tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of alloy, such as
hardness, tensile, and microstructure by OP, SEM and XRD. Result showed that
addition 3.2% Cu to base alloy improve strength from (62MPa) to (78MPa) when
aging at 175°C.and improve hardness from (97.3 Hv) to (119.79Hv) At the same
temperature. But the improvement is great when addition 0.6% Mg to base alloy
improve tensile strength from (62MPa) to (124MPa) at the same time improved
hardness from (119.79Hv) to (152.96Hv) at the same temperature.
The main objective of this project is to be produce copper reinforced metal matrix composite (MMC) layers using micron sized AlN particles via friction stir processing (FSP) in order to enhance surface mechanical properties. Micro structural evaluation using Optical Microscopy (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) indicated that an increase in traverse speed and a decrease in rotational speed cause a reduction in the grain size of different groove width (0,0.4,0.8,1.2 mm) of stir zone (SZ) for the specimens friction stir processed (FSPed) without AlN particles. It was found that upon addition of AlN particles, wear properties were improved. This behavior was further supported by SEM images of wear surfaces. Results demonstrated that the micro composite produced by FSP exhibited enhanced wear resistance and higher average friction coefficient in comparison with pure copper. Tensile properties and fracture characteristics of the specimens FSPed with and without AlN particles and pure copper were also evaluated. According to the results, the MMC layer produced by FSP showed higher strength and lower elongation than pure copper while a remarkable elongation was observed for FSPed specimen without AlN particles and been greatly developed by the use of AlN.
Studying the Fatigue Properties Of Hardened For Carbon Steelijceronline
In this study, Medium carbon steel is one of the most important materials used in industrial applications especially it is used in applications exposed to fatigue stresses such as airplanes, automotive components and electrical engines industries. Medium carbon steels were prepared and the effect of hardening on hardening strength of medium carbon steel was studied, the flame hardening method was used at different speeds then fatigue test was done. The following results were obtained, first sample (none), second sample (3.5 mm/s), and third sample (1.75 mm /s) and forth sample (1.165 mm/s). It has been found that as the flaming speed increases, the fatigue strength of the material decreases. The fatigue test result at stress (407.44 N/mm2 ) was as follow: for the first sample the no. of cycles to failure was at (67511 rpm), for the second sample (95832 rpm), for the third sample (122565rpm) and for the fourth sample it was (134585 rpm).
Investigation of Mechanical Behavior of Aluminium Alloys Before and After Wor...dbpublications
The ever increasing demand from aerospace industries and automotive industries to manufacture components which are lighter and stronger than conventional steel has prompted the significant usage of aluminium alloys. This research work involves the investigation of mechanical properties in aluminium alloys before and after work hardening. The alloy is work hardened using cold forging process. The major alloying elements used in the aluminium alloy are manganese, magnesium and silicon. The aluminium alloy ingots are prepared through gravity casting. After the ingots are air cooled to room temperature, they are work hardened using cold forging method where the ingots are forged at room temperature. The cold forged aluminium alloys are then subjected to tensile tests, wear tests, hardness tests and microstructure analysis using optical Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The material properties achieved are compared with the alloys properties that have not been subjected to work hardening. The expected outcome is to achieve a work hardened aluminium alloy that exhibits excellent mechanical properties which can be best suited for numerous industrial manufacturing requirements. Better ideal properties such as formability, weldability, increased hardness and wear resistance are expected from the cold forged alloys.
EVALUATION OF PROCESSES PARAMETER AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN FRICTION STIR ...IAEME Publication
The present study focuses on Friction Stir Welding of steel being very popular due to the vast application in the fields of automotive and ship building industries. The main constrained of welding steel has considered due to severe loads and temperatures at the interface of FSW tool and parent materials. Ti and pcBN based alloys are suitable for joining steel alloys up to 15 mm thick was found during study. Many researchers carried out study on FSW of steel and found on weld process parameters, mechanical properties, microstructure and the tool employed to produce the weld. It was found that carbon content, welding speed as well as the rotational speed affects between the mechanical properties and the microstructure of the weld.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Compositesijtsrd
Metal matrix composites are formed by combination of two or more materials (at least one of the materials is metal) having dissimilar characteristics. In this present investigation, aluminium (Al 6061) as base matrix metal and tungsten carbide (WC) particulate, fly ash as reinforcements. Fabrication of MMCs was done by stir-casting process. The Tungsten Carbide particulate was added in proportions of 1%, 2%, and 3% and Fly ash was added in proportions of 2%, 4%, and 6% on mass fraction basis to the molten metal. The different combination sets of composites were prepared. Mechanical properties like tensile strength and hardness were studied for both reinforced and unreinforced Al 6061 samples. Microstructure examination was carried by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to obtain the distribution of tungsten carbide particulate and fly ash in base matrix. From the results, it was found that the tensile strength and the hardness of the prepared metal matrix composites increased with increase in tungsten carbide and fly ash content. The Scanning Electron Micrographs of the samples indicated uniform distribution of tungsten carbide and fly ash particles in the base matrix without voids before testing and with voids after testing. Nithin K"Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10937.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/10937/characterization-of-alwcfly-ash-metal-matrix-composites/nithin-k
Mechanism of Fracture in Friction Stir Processed Aluminium AlloyDr. Amarjeet Singh
Aluminium alloys are used for important
applications in reducing the weight of the component and
structure particularly associated with transport, marine,
and aerospace fields. Grain refinement by scandium (Sc)
addition can eliminate the casting defects and increase the
resistance to hot tearing for high strength aluminium alloys.
FSP for cast aluminium alloys have been focused and it has
great advantages including solid state microstructural
evolution, altering mechanical properties by optimizing
process parameters. These parameters are tool rotational
speeds (720, and 1000 rpm), traverse speeds (80, and 70
mm/min), and axial compressive force at 15 kN, etc. The
mechanical properties had been evaluated on FSPed
aluminium alloy with different microstructural conditions.
Fracture properties of aluminium alloys are very important
for industrial applications. Tensile and fracture toughness
properties were correlated to microstructural and
fractographic features of the aluminium alloys need to
explore their essential failure mechanisms.
Development of dual phase steel and determination its of mechanical propertiesIAEME Publication
In this paper, the development of dual phase steel from low carbon steel and mechanical
properties have been studies. Dual phase steel is developed by intercritical annealing in order to
improve the hardness and impact toughness. Low carbon steel of 0.21% carbon content is first
intercritically heated in furnace and then rapid cooling in water is done to obtain the martensitic
steels. Different samples of DP steels are prepared by the intercritical annealing process temperature
ranging from740˚C to 840˚C. The heating temperature and different time of heating of the steel is
used to make different percentage of Maternsite steel. Dual phase steel so obtained is now tested and
properties of the DP steel are evaluated. Hardness, charpy, microstructure test for each specimen is
conducted to compare its hardness and toughness with low carbon steel. The mechanical properties
of heat treated and non heat treated specimens are obtained and compared. The result indicates that
the specimen hardness and toughness are proportional to amount of martensite and amount of
martensite depends on intercritical annealing temperature.
The effect of welding heat input and welding speed on microstructure of chrom...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Aluminum alloy 2024 is widely used in frame of aircraft. Carbon Nanotubes
(CNTs) used recently as a reinforcement material for 2024 aluminum alloy. In this
research 2024-1.5%CNTs hybrid composite was prepared by traditional casting.
Titanium (Ti) was added in (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8%) to 2024-1.5%CNTs composite.
The chemical composition was investigated by optical emission spectroscopy
(SPECTROMA). Scanning electron microscope and light optical microscope were
used for microstructure examination. EDS used for evaluation of phases and
intermetallic compounds. The microscopic examination showed that the grain size
decreased with increasing Ti content in presence of CNTs and the microstructure be
more regular with increasing Ti content. The EDS results that intermetallic
compounds and phases precipitated at the grain boundaries and near grain
boundaries.
Aluminum-lithium alloys used in the aerospace industry as structural components
and strengthened by age-hardening. This study aims to improve properties of Al-Li
alloys such as strength, behavior hot rolling and addition element, i.e. Mg and Cu to
this alloy. Several tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of alloy, such as
hardness, tensile, and microstructure by OP, SEM and XRD. Result showed that
addition 3.2% Cu to base alloy improve strength from (62MPa) to (78MPa) when
aging at 175°C.and improve hardness from (97.3 Hv) to (119.79Hv) At the same
temperature. But the improvement is great when addition 0.6% Mg to base alloy
improve tensile strength from (62MPa) to (124MPa) at the same time improved
hardness from (119.79Hv) to (152.96Hv) at the same temperature.
The main objective of this project is to be produce copper reinforced metal matrix composite (MMC) layers using micron sized AlN particles via friction stir processing (FSP) in order to enhance surface mechanical properties. Micro structural evaluation using Optical Microscopy (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) indicated that an increase in traverse speed and a decrease in rotational speed cause a reduction in the grain size of different groove width (0,0.4,0.8,1.2 mm) of stir zone (SZ) for the specimens friction stir processed (FSPed) without AlN particles. It was found that upon addition of AlN particles, wear properties were improved. This behavior was further supported by SEM images of wear surfaces. Results demonstrated that the micro composite produced by FSP exhibited enhanced wear resistance and higher average friction coefficient in comparison with pure copper. Tensile properties and fracture characteristics of the specimens FSPed with and without AlN particles and pure copper were also evaluated. According to the results, the MMC layer produced by FSP showed higher strength and lower elongation than pure copper while a remarkable elongation was observed for FSPed specimen without AlN particles and been greatly developed by the use of AlN.
Studying the Fatigue Properties Of Hardened For Carbon Steelijceronline
In this study, Medium carbon steel is one of the most important materials used in industrial applications especially it is used in applications exposed to fatigue stresses such as airplanes, automotive components and electrical engines industries. Medium carbon steels were prepared and the effect of hardening on hardening strength of medium carbon steel was studied, the flame hardening method was used at different speeds then fatigue test was done. The following results were obtained, first sample (none), second sample (3.5 mm/s), and third sample (1.75 mm /s) and forth sample (1.165 mm/s). It has been found that as the flaming speed increases, the fatigue strength of the material decreases. The fatigue test result at stress (407.44 N/mm2 ) was as follow: for the first sample the no. of cycles to failure was at (67511 rpm), for the second sample (95832 rpm), for the third sample (122565rpm) and for the fourth sample it was (134585 rpm).
Investigation of Mechanical Behavior of Aluminium Alloys Before and After Wor...dbpublications
The ever increasing demand from aerospace industries and automotive industries to manufacture components which are lighter and stronger than conventional steel has prompted the significant usage of aluminium alloys. This research work involves the investigation of mechanical properties in aluminium alloys before and after work hardening. The alloy is work hardened using cold forging process. The major alloying elements used in the aluminium alloy are manganese, magnesium and silicon. The aluminium alloy ingots are prepared through gravity casting. After the ingots are air cooled to room temperature, they are work hardened using cold forging method where the ingots are forged at room temperature. The cold forged aluminium alloys are then subjected to tensile tests, wear tests, hardness tests and microstructure analysis using optical Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The material properties achieved are compared with the alloys properties that have not been subjected to work hardening. The expected outcome is to achieve a work hardened aluminium alloy that exhibits excellent mechanical properties which can be best suited for numerous industrial manufacturing requirements. Better ideal properties such as formability, weldability, increased hardness and wear resistance are expected from the cold forged alloys.
EVALUATION OF PROCESSES PARAMETER AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN FRICTION STIR ...IAEME Publication
The present study focuses on Friction Stir Welding of steel being very popular due to the vast application in the fields of automotive and ship building industries. The main constrained of welding steel has considered due to severe loads and temperatures at the interface of FSW tool and parent materials. Ti and pcBN based alloys are suitable for joining steel alloys up to 15 mm thick was found during study. Many researchers carried out study on FSW of steel and found on weld process parameters, mechanical properties, microstructure and the tool employed to produce the weld. It was found that carbon content, welding speed as well as the rotational speed affects between the mechanical properties and the microstructure of the weld.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Compositesijtsrd
Metal matrix composites are formed by combination of two or more materials (at least one of the materials is metal) having dissimilar characteristics. In this present investigation, aluminium (Al 6061) as base matrix metal and tungsten carbide (WC) particulate, fly ash as reinforcements. Fabrication of MMCs was done by stir-casting process. The Tungsten Carbide particulate was added in proportions of 1%, 2%, and 3% and Fly ash was added in proportions of 2%, 4%, and 6% on mass fraction basis to the molten metal. The different combination sets of composites were prepared. Mechanical properties like tensile strength and hardness were studied for both reinforced and unreinforced Al 6061 samples. Microstructure examination was carried by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to obtain the distribution of tungsten carbide particulate and fly ash in base matrix. From the results, it was found that the tensile strength and the hardness of the prepared metal matrix composites increased with increase in tungsten carbide and fly ash content. The Scanning Electron Micrographs of the samples indicated uniform distribution of tungsten carbide and fly ash particles in the base matrix without voids before testing and with voids after testing. Nithin K"Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10937.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/10937/characterization-of-alwcfly-ash-metal-matrix-composites/nithin-k
Mechanism of Fracture in Friction Stir Processed Aluminium AlloyDr. Amarjeet Singh
Aluminium alloys are used for important
applications in reducing the weight of the component and
structure particularly associated with transport, marine,
and aerospace fields. Grain refinement by scandium (Sc)
addition can eliminate the casting defects and increase the
resistance to hot tearing for high strength aluminium alloys.
FSP for cast aluminium alloys have been focused and it has
great advantages including solid state microstructural
evolution, altering mechanical properties by optimizing
process parameters. These parameters are tool rotational
speeds (720, and 1000 rpm), traverse speeds (80, and 70
mm/min), and axial compressive force at 15 kN, etc. The
mechanical properties had been evaluated on FSPed
aluminium alloy with different microstructural conditions.
Fracture properties of aluminium alloys are very important
for industrial applications. Tensile and fracture toughness
properties were correlated to microstructural and
fractographic features of the aluminium alloys need to
explore their essential failure mechanisms.
DEVELOPMENT OF DUAL PHASE STEEL AND DETERMINATION OF IT'S MECHANICAL PROPERTI...IAEME Publication
In this paper, the development of dual phase steel from low carbon steel and mechanical properties have been studies. Dual phase steel is developed by intercritical annealing in order to improve the hardness and impact toughness. Low carbon steel of 0.21% carbon content is first intercritically heated in furnace and then rapid cooling in water is done to obtain the martensitic steels. Different samples of DP steels are prepared by the intercritical annealing process temperature ranging from740˚C to 840˚C. The heating temperature and different time of heating of the steel is
used to make different percentage of Maternsite steel.
EFFECT OF GRAPHITE ON MECHANICAL AND MACHINING PROPERTIES OF Al-BRONZE PREPAR...IAEME Publication
Aluminum bronzes are the highest strength standard copper based alloys. For their combination of high strength, excellent corrosion and wear resistance these alloys have a wide
acceptance in engineering applications, so studying their improvement still important. In the present study, a base aluminum bronze alloy with a chemical composition of (Cu – 11%Al) is prepared basing on powder metallurgy technique with a determined suitable compacting pressure of 400MPa,
sintering for 1 hour in 920°C in a vacuum furnace (10-4 tor), and then quenching from 950°C in cold water and tempered at 4500C for 2hrs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effects of Continuous Cooling On Impact and Micro Structural Properties of Lo...IJMER
Some mechanical properties and microstructural analysis were conducted on shielded
metal arc weldments of low carbon steels in some simulated environments. Specimens were prepared
and subjected to welding and continuous cooling at the same time at various positions. Results obtained
for impact strength using Charpy impact testing machine showed that impact strength of water cooled
samples were higher compared to salty water cooled samples. This is due to the increased formation of
martensitic structure and finer pearlite grains. The microstructure of the samples was studied using
photographic visual metallurgical microscope. For low cooling rate as in the air cooled sample, the
austenite was observed to transform into ferrite and pearlite. Ferrite is a body-centred cubic crystal
structure of iron alloys. For higher cooling rates of water and salt water cooled samples, low
temperature transformation products like bainite (an acicular microstructure which is not a phase) or
martensite (a very hard form of steel crystalline structure) were formed. The salt water cooled samples
had more martensite regions because of the increased cooling rate
Analysis of Interfacial Microsstructure of Post Weld Heat Treated Dissimilar ...IOSR Journals
In Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), the main vessel which contains the primary sodium and supports the
core is suspended from the roof slab. The materials for construction for main vessel and roof slab are type 316LN austenitic
stainless steel and Carbon steel of grade A48P2, respectively. As the materials of construction are different, a transition joint
between austenitic stainless steel and C-steel is necessary. In this investigation the effect of post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the interfacial microstructure of as-welded and PWHTed type 316LN/C-steel joint welded with Inconel 182 was investigated. These joints were PWHTed to various temperatures between 898 to 973K for 1h and results were evaluated. From the above results, different methods to temper the martensitic structure or to change to an equilibrium structure without PWHT are also presented.
Studies on Al8081-B4C Metal Matrix Composites Fabricated by Stir Casting MethodIJMER
Aluminium MMCs are preferred in the fields of aerospace, military, automotive, marine and
in many other domestic applications. In the present work, an attempt has been made to develop and
study the, Mechanical properties of Al-8081/B4C reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites. The
composite was prepared by using Liquid Metallurgy Route (Stir Casting Technique). Liquid state has
some important advantages such as better matrix particle bonding, easier control of matrix structure,
simplicity, low cost of processing, nearer to net shape and wide selection of material. Al-8081 alloy
was taken as the base matrix to which B4C particulates are used as reinforcements. Al8081-B4C
composites were prepared by varying weight percentage of B4C i.e 0 to 6 %, in steps of two. The
objective is to study the effect of B4C particulates on mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile
strength, yield strength and hardness of Al8081 alloy composites. The results of this study revealed
that, as the B4C content was increased, there were significant increases in the ultimate tensile strength,
yield strength and hardness in the composites as compared to the base matrix
HEAT TREATMENT EFFECT ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND SEM ANALYSIS OF AL6061/WC/...IAEME Publication
Recent developments in material technology help to find and fabricate new materials which may replace existing materials for various applications. Among those, composite materials play a vital role which is combination of two or more materials with different physical and chemical properties. Aluminum plays a vital role in the automotive, aerospace and marine industries this for its strength, less weight, flexibility and cost. The present study is to cast a metal matrix composite of al 6061 with the selected reinforcing materials. The reinforcing material used here are titanium (Ti), tungsten carbide (Wc), boron carbide (B4C) and chromium (Cr) in the form of particles.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Microstructure of Hadfield Steels (Robert Hadfield)MANICKAVASAHAM G
The steel constitutes a non-magnetic alloy made of iron, 1–1.4 wt% carbon and 10–14 wt% carbon, which has a considerable resistance to abrasion.
The first manganese austenitic steel, containing about 1.2 wt% carbon and12 wt% manganese, was produced by Robert Hadfield in 1882.
This high strength steel with good elasticity and excellent abrasion resistance is widely used in various industries such as cement, mining, road construction and railways [1–3].
This family of steel was named after Hadfield in honor of him. Having repeated experiments, Robert Hadfield demonstrated that a certain type of austenitic steels, in addition to high abrasion resistance, could have an excellent toughness.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
2. Influence of austenite and ferrite stabilizers on the microstructure and related mechanical
properties of carburized steels
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1236 editor@iaeme.com
Cite this Article:Sathyashankara Sharma, Pavan Hiremath, Gowrishankar M C and
Manjunath Shettar, Influence of Austenite and Ferrite Stabilizers on the
Microstructure and Related Mechanical Properties of Carburized Steels, International
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(01), 2019, pp. 1235-1245.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=1
1. INTRODUCTION
In solid state, alloys may be single or mixtures of phases, microscopically depending on the
alloying elements present in it and the solidification rate employed. If a metal is said to be in a
single phase, then it must be microscopically homogeneous [1]. A phase is anything which is
homogeneous and physically distinct. Any structure which is visible as physically distinct
microscopically may be considered as a phase [2]. During heat treatment the alloy may
undergo phase change, and that can be recorded in the form of phase or equilibrium diagrams.
The ferrous alloys also display different phase change during its heating and cooling cycle.
Even the crystal structure/phase changes based on the application temperature, this
phenomenon is called the allotropic behavior [3]. The temperature at which the allotropic
changes takes place in iron is influenced by alloying elements. The knowledge of material
behavior allows the manufacturer to make the best material at reduced cost and improved
quality. In this study some of the heat treatment procedures are followed to review the
properties of ferrous materials in different cases [4]. A low carbon steel containing carbon less
than 0.2 wt. % is sufficiently tough while a high carbon steel containing carbon up to about
1.0 wt. % possesses adequate hardness and wear-resistance. The service conditions of many
machine parts made of steel such as gears, shafts, cams and so on demand very hard and wear
resistant surfaces but with tough cores [5]. Such a combination of properties is not usually
possible from the commercial steels available. By suitable heat treatments, the high carbon
steel can be made very hard; while the low carbon steel will develop sufficient toughness [6].
A machine part requiring hard surface, but tough core will require a combination of high
carbon at the case (surface) and low carbon for the core, can be achieved by certain heat
treatment called case hardening. Carburizing is the most satisfactory, cheaper and widely used
method of case hardening of low carbon steels [7]. It is the process of diffusing carbon to the
surface layer of steel. The objective of surface hardening is to obtain a hard, wear-resistant
surface with a tough interior. This study deals with the influence of carburization on the
mechanical and microstructural features of three different low carbon steels [8].
3. Sathyashankara Sharma, Pavan Hiremath, Gowrishankar M C and Manjunath Shettar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1237 editor@iaeme.com
2. MATERIALS AND METHOD
Table 1 Composition of the test specimens
Elements
Composition of steels (wt. %)
EN 3 EN 353 20MnCr5
Carbon (C) 0.178 0.161 0.187
Silicon (Si) 0.188 0.255 0.203
Manganese (Mn) 0.61 0.63 1.17
Phosphorus (P) 0.017 0.012 0.0059
Sulphur (S) 0.0031 0.0080 0.011
Chromium (Cr) - 0.84 1.11
Nickel (Ni) - 1.20 -
Iron (Fe) 98.9 96.6 97.2
The compositions of the steels which are considered in this study are shown in table 1. EN
3 is an unalloyed steel with carbon content less than 0.25 wt. %. It is a common grade of steel
without any alloying elements above the permissible limit, generally found in the application
where heavy stress, torque and heat treatment is not involved. 20MnCr5 has high amount of
chromium which is a ferrite stabilizer and helps to retain ferrite even at higher temperatures
there by increasing strength, hardness and wear resistant properties of the steel [3]. EN 353
has both ferrite (Cr) and austenite stabilizers (Ni) which helps in maintaining a good balance
between strength and toughness of the steel [6]. Figure 1 shows the fabricated tensile test
specimen according to ASTM E8 standard [11].
Figure 1 Machined tensile test specimen components to the carburizing furnace
Figure 2 Loading/unloading of steel
Initially the steel samples were normalized by heating them to austenitizing temperature
(930o
C) and cooled in air. Gas carburizing was done on the test specimens to get uniform
surface carbon diffusion. Initially degreasing of samples are done by treating in alkaline
4. Influence of austenite and ferrite stabilizers on the microstructure and related mechanical
properties of carburized steels
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1238 editor@iaeme.com
atmosphere [12-13]. Gas carburization was performed on the steels for 18 h in a furnace
maintained at 930o
C with continuous supply of propane through spray. Figure 2 shows the
process of loading steels to the furnace.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Figures 3, 4 and 5 show the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results showing the
presence of major alloying elements and microstructures of EN 3, 20MnCr5 and EN 353
respectively. EN 3 is a plain carbon steel, air cooling from austenite phase has resulted in
finer pearlite and proeutectoid ferrite grains as shown in figure 3(a). Figure 3(b) shows the
major constituent elements present in region 1 of figure 3(a). Cr is the major alloying element
in 20MnCr5. It has resulted in forming further finer grains than EN 3. Highly distorted
pearlite grains along with proeutectoid ferrite was observed in this steel as shown in figure
4(a). Figures 4(b) and (c) show the major constituent elements at region 1 and region 2 of
figure 4(a) respectively, which indicates the presence of C and Fe in ferrite region and C, Fe
and Cr in the pearlite region. EN 353 which has both Cr and Ni, by altering the shape of
Isothermal transformation diagram and its nose position so that furnace cooling path enters
the ferrite and bainite zone to form bainite structure with ferrite as room temperature
structures. The results show the role played by Cr and Ni in steel to refine the grains and form
new phases. Figure 5(a) shows the microstructure of normalized EN 353 steel. Figures 5(b)
and (c) show the major constituent elements present in region 1 and region 2 of figure 5(a)
respectively, which indicate the presence of Ni, Fe and C in ferrite region and Cr, Ni, Fe and
C in upper bainite region. The elemental analysis clearly indicate Ni dissolved in Ferrite and
Cr forming carbides in the steels.
3.1. Tensile Test
After carburization the core remained as before with same carbon wt.% but, in the case,
pearlite phase was covered almost full surface due to the attainment of eutectoid composition
(0.8 wt.%) due to carburization, which can be seen in figures 6, 7 and 8. Figure 9 shows the
average stress strain curves of three selected materials. Figures 10 (a), (b) and (c) show the
results of tensile test. As shown in figure 9(a) plain carbon steel displayed yielding at 574
MPa. As it is in normalized condition, it displayed proper yield point than the carburized
samples. After carburizing, partial yielding was found at around 295 MPa (figure 9(b)). It is
also observed that the % elongation is comparatively high in carburized condition. As EN 3 is
a plain carbon steel without any alloying element displays grain coarsening phenomena while
soaking at high temperatures. Hence, the carburized EN 3 steel has coarser grains than the
normalized one as it is furnace cooled hence there is a drop in the strength of steel [9].
Microstructures of case and core are shown in figures 6 (a) and (b). The case region was
completely transformed to coarse pearlite and in the core, pearlite, ferrite and needle like
arrangement of fine pearlite next to pearlite bay was observed as a result of different cooling
rates of the core and the case.
Figures 9(c) and (d) show the average stress strain curves for 20MnCr5 which has Cr.
20MnCr5 did not display a definite yield point in both normalized and carburized condition.
Yielding took place just before the fracture of the specimen. Cr in steel forms chromium
carbide restricts grain growth and increases the tensile properties of the steel [10]. As a result
of Cr and C reaction chromium carbide precipitates are formed during the slow cooling from
austenitic state to room temperature. The chromium carbide precipitates thus formed bind the
freshly generated ferrite grain boundaries and leads in forming fine ferrite grains. Figures 7
(a) and (b) show the microstructures of case and core of 20MnCr5. Feathery bainite along
with ferrite was observed in the core and in case coarse pearlite was found in lamellar and
5. Sathyashankara Sharma, Pavan Hiremath, Gowrishankar M C and Manjunath Shettar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1239 editor@iaeme.com
distorted form [16-17]. There is an enlargement of carbide bay in this steel than EN 3 and also
20MnCr5 displayed finer grain size than EN 3 which clearly indicates Cr in the form of
chromium carbide has greater influence in refining the grain size and increasing the strength
of steel. Ultimate tensile strength of 20MnCr5 increased after carburization and % elongation
was reduced because of carburization.
Figure 3 (a) SEM image of normalized EN 3 (b) Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results
showing the presence of major alloying elements in EN 3 steel at region 1
Figure 4 (a) SEM image of normalized 20MnCr5 (b) Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results
showing the presence of major alloying elements in 20MnCr5 steel at region 1 (c) region 2
6. Influence of austenite and ferrite stabilizers on the microstructure and related mechanical
properties of carburized steels
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1240 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 5 (a) SEM image of normalized EN 353 (b) Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results
showing the presence of major alloying elements in EN 353 steel at region 1 (c) region 2
EN 353 has both Cr and Ni in it, displayed larger increase in tensile strength even in
furnace cooled condition. In steel, Ni as refractory element as well as hardenability agent, it
promotes toughness property, whereas Cr a strong carbide former and ferrite stabilized
enhances bulk hardness [4]. Hence, Cr as well as Ni in steel lead to combined positive effect
on tensile properties in carburized condition. Figures 9 (e) and (f) show the stress strain
curves of EN 353. Figures 8 (a) and (b) show the microstructures of EN 353 case and core
after carburization. In the core very finer pearlite islands were found along with ferrite grains
and acicular bainite, case displayed complete pearlite with small regions of distorted acicular
bainite [18-19]. Even this steel did not display a definite yield point and the yielding took
almost near the fracture. But EN 353 displayed the highest strength after carburization as a
result of obstruction to grain growth due to austenite and ferrite stabilizers. It is also observed
that Ni and Cr in presence of high carbon (nearly 0.8 wt. % C in case) has great influence on
the tensile strength of the steels. Here the grains are finer than 20MnCr5. Ultimate tensile
strength of EN 353 increased after carburization and % elongation was reduced because of
carburization [15].
7. Sathyashankara Sharma, Pavan Hiremath, Gowrishankar M C and Manjunath Shettar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1241 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 6(a) Core of EN 3 after carburization (b) Case of EN 3 after carburization. Magnification
1000x (dark region: pearlite light region: ferrite)
Figure 7(a) Core of 20MnCr5 after carburization (b) Case of 20MnCr5 after carburization.
Magnification 1000x (dark region: pearlite light region: ferrite)
Figure 8(a) Core of EN 353 after carburization (b) Case of EN 353 after carburization. Magnification
1000x (dark region: pearlite light region: ferrite)
8. Influence of austenite and ferrite stabilizers on the microstructure and related mechanical
properties of carburized steels
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1242 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 9 Stress strain curves (a) EN 3 Normalized (b) EN 3 Carburized (c) 20MnCr5 normalized (d)
20MnCr5 Carburized (e) EN 353 Normalized (f) EN 353 Carburized
9. Sathyashankara Sharma, Pavan Hiremath, Gowrishankar M C and Manjunath Shettar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1243 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 10 Results of tensile strength (a) Load at peak (b) Ultimate tensile strength (c) Percentage
elongation
3.2. Hardness test
The steel samples were checked for hardness before and after carburization. The hardness
values of as received steels are shown in table 2. It is observed that EN 3 plain carbon steel
displayed least hardness among the three. 20MnCr5 and EN 353 displayed higher hardness
than EN 3 in as received condition, as a result of formation of bainitic regions along with
ferrite and fine pearlite. Due to the presence of Ni and Cr as Isothermal diagram shape
modifier and supports too enhance the relative stability of austenite below the critical
temperature during continuous cooling shows bainite and pearlite regions at room
temperatures.
After carburization the steel samples are cut perpendicular to the length of the rod to find
the hardness distribution from core to the case. The results of hardness test are shown in
figure 11. As carburized steels are furnace cooled, there is a drop in the hardness of steel at
the core in all the cases, but due to carburization, a large increase in the hardness in the
case/surface of all steels are found. The presence of Cr in 20MnCr5 and Cr along with Ni in
EN 353 resulted in higher increase of hardness as well as depth of hardened zone in these
steels. Hence, the hardness values obtained in the subsurface layers of the steels
(hardenability) increase with number and percentage of alloying elements (figure 11 (a) and
(b)) which is in line with the results published by Razzak [9]. Nearly 130, 140 and 170%
increase in surface hardness is found on EN 3, 20MnCr5 and EN 353 steels respectively after
carburization.
10. Influence of austenite and ferrite stabilizers on the microstructure and related mechanical
properties of carburized steels
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1244 editor@iaeme.com
Table 2: Hardness of the steels in as received condition
Trials
Hardness of steels (HRC)
EN 3 20MnCr5 EN 353
1 11 21.5 26.5
2 12 22 27
3 10.5 21.5 26
4 13 20.5 27
5 12.5 22 26.5
Average 11.8 21.5 26.6
Figure 11(a): Hardness distribution in EN 3 after carburization (b): Hardness distribution in 20MnCr5
after carburization (c): Hardness distribution in EN 353 after carburization
4. CONCLUSION
Carburization technique is wisely an acceptable technique for case hardening purposes. The
strength of plain carbon steel EN 3 is reduced after carburization, but in presence of alloying
elements the strength of carburized specimens increased, which indicates the influence of
alloying elements on the tensile strength of low carbon steels. Cr precipitates as chromium
carbide and Ni dissolves in solid solution during carburization. Cr is found to be more
influential in formation of carbide and larger feathery bainite region in the core of 20MnCr5.
It was found that the yielding in presence of alloying elements reached closer to the ultimate
strength. Ni and Cr along with eutectoid carbon increases the tensile strength drastically
whereas Cr and Ni with 0.2% carbon has got less strength than the steel which has only Cr as
an alloying element. It implies Cr is more effective in low carbon steels for tensile properties.
Carburization followed by furnace cooling resulted in forming larger pearlite in the case
region of all steels and the presence of both alloying elements in the steels influenced in
11. Sathyashankara Sharma, Pavan Hiremath, Gowrishankar M C and Manjunath Shettar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1245 editor@iaeme.com
forming smaller regions of bainite in the core as well as case. The combined effect of Cr and
Ni not only increases hardness but also improves hardenability.
REFERENCES:
[1] Tian J, Xu G, Zhou M, Hu H, and Wan X 2017 The effects of Cr and Al addition on
transformation and properties in low‐carbon bainitic steels Metals 7 2 40
[2] Avner S H 1974 Introduction to physical metallurgy New York McGraw-Hill
[3] Brnic J, Niu J T, Turkalj G, Canadija M, Lanc D, Brcic M, and Vukelic G 2013
Comparison of material properties and creep behavior of 20MnCr5 and S275JR
steels Mat. Sci. Forum 762 47-54
[4] Rajan T V, Sharma C P and Sharma A 2011 Heat treatment: Principles and techniques
PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd
[5] Bensely A, Prabhakaran A, Lal D M and Nagarajan G 2005 Enhancing the wear resistance
of case carburized steel (En 353) by cryogenic treatment Cryogenics 45 12 747-754
[6] Bensely A, Venkatesh S, La D M, Nagarajan G, Rajadurai A and Junik K 2008 Effect of
cryogenic treatment on distribution of residual stress in case carburized En 353 steel Mat.
Sci. and Engg. A 479 1-2 229-235
[7] Asi O, Can A C, Pineault J and Belassel M 2009 The effect of high temperature gas
carburizing on bending fatigue strength of SAE 8620 steel Mat. & Des. 30 5 1792-1797
[8] Sproge L and Ågren J 1988 Experimental and theoretical studies of gas consumption in
the gas carburizing process J. of Ht. Tret 6 1 9-19
[9] Razzak M A 2011 Heat treatment and effects of Cr and Ni in low alloy steel Bulletin of
Mat. Sci. 34 7 1439-1445
[10] Brnic J and Brcic M 2015 Comparison of mechanical properties and resistance to creep of
20MnCr5 steel and X10CrAlSi25 steel Proc. Engg. 100 84-89
[11] Shettar M and Hiremath P 2015 Effect of seawater on mechanical properties of GFRP
with cement as filler material for fishing boat application Int. J. of App. Engg. Res. 10 9
40027-30
[12] Altena H and Schrank F 2004 Low pressure carburizing with high pressure gas
quenching Gear Tech. 21 2 27-32
[13] Lee G H and Kang S 2006 Sintering of nano-sized WC–Co powders produced by a gas
reduction–carburization process J. of all. & compd. 419 1-2 281-289
[14] Izciler M and Tabur M 2006 Abrasive wear behavior of different case depth gas
carburized AISI 8620 gear steel Wear 260 1-2 90-98
[15] Gao M, He G H, Yang F, Guo J D, Yuan Z X and Zhou B L 2002. Effect of electric
current pulse on tensile strength and elongation of casting ZA27 alloy Materials science
and Engineering: A 337 1-2 110-114
[16] Fang H S, Chun F E N G, Zheng Y K, Yang Z G and Bai B Z 2008 Creation of air-cooled
Mn series bainitic steels J. of Iron and Steel Res. Int. 15 6 1-9
[17] Yamamoto S, Yokoyama H, Yamada K and Niikura M 1995 Effects of the austenite grain
size and deformation in the unrecrystallized austenite region on bainite transformation
behavior and microstructure ISIJ int. 35 8 1020-1026
[18] Vukelic G and Brnic J 2014 Prediction of fracture behavior of 20MnCr5 and S275JR steel
based on numerical crack driving force assessment J. of Mat. in Civ. Engg. 27 3 04014132
[19] Ayyappan S and Sivakumar K 2016 Enhancing the performance of electrochemical
machining of 20MnCr5 alloy steel and optimization of process parameters by PSO-DF
optimizer The Int. J. of Adv. Manuf. Tech. 82 9-12 2053-2064