4266 4270.output

* GB784673 (A)
Description: GB784673 (A) ? 1957-10-16
A method of producing printed circuit master drawings
Description of GB784673 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Inventor: WILFRED HENRY FULLER C 4 p Date of application and filing
Complete Specification: Feb 28, 1956.
No 6114/56.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957.
Indexatacceptance:-Classes 37, T 2; 98 ( 2), M; 100 ( 2), LA 6 A; and
146 ( 2), J 2 A 1 I.
International Classification:-B 44 b G 03 f G 09 b H Oib.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
A method of Producing Printed Circuit Master Drawings We, STANDARD
TELEPHONES AND CABLES LIMITED, a British Company, of Connaught House,
63, Aldwych, London, W C 2, England, do hereby declare the invention,
for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method
by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement: -
This invention relates to a method of producing printed circuit master
drawings.
The first step in the production of printed circuits from copper-clad
laminated insulating boards is the preparation of a master circuit
pattern drawing either to actual size or several times actual size.
Essential requirements of such master drawings are close dimensional
tolerances, clear definition of line edges, and good contrast for
photographic purposes.
According to the invention there is provided a method of producing a
printed circuit master drawing from scraper board consisting of a base
board covered with a white layer which is in turn covered with a black
layer comprising removal of portions of the black layer corresponding
to a required circuit or its complement.
An embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to
the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig 1 is a master drawing of a

circuit pattern in a "negative" form.
Fig 2 is a master drawing of the circuit pattern of Fig 1, but in
"positive" form.
Fig 3 is a master drawing of a circuit pattern in a "positive" form.
Referring to Fig 1, the circuit pattern of the printed circuit master
drawing is engraved on "scraper board", which consists of a soft
pulp-board backing on which is coated a layer of pure while china clay
and chalk to a thickness of O 020 "-0 040 ", which is in turn
over-coated with a very thin layer of black ink Corresponding to the
desired conductor pattern, the black surface 1 is scraped away to
expose the white clay as at 2, the lPrice 3 s 6 d l pattern being
represented by white lines on a black ground, in a "negative" form.
The contrast between the white clay base and the black surface makes
the pattern ex 50 ceptionally suitable for process photography.
Due to the fine granular structure of the white clay base, lines with
clear cut edges are possible using gauged engraving tools to scrape
away the black surface The use of gauged 55 tools allows very close
dimensional tolerances, and makes possible the drawing of the full
width of a conductor line in one operation This is particularly useful
when the master drawing is prepared several times 60 actual size, when
a conductor width may be substantial.
If a printed circuit corresponding to the circuit pattern shown in Fig
1 is to be produced by photo-engraving, the next step com 65 prises
the production to actual size of a reverse pattern photographic
transparency from the master drawing which may be prepared actual size
or several times actual size.
An original pattern photographic transpar 70 ency is obtained from
this reverse pattern transparency and which hats the conductor pattern
shown as transparent lines between opaque areas This original pattern
transparency is used to make a contact print on a 75 copper-clad
laminate coated with a photographic emulsion The transparency is
placed in contact with the coated surface and exposed to light After
the exposure, the laminate is immersed in a suitable photo 80 graphic
developer which dissolves the unexposed unprinted portion of the
emulsion.
This leaves the light-hardened emulsion as an acid resistant pattern
conforming to the desired circuit pattern The laminate is then 85
placed in an etching solution which removes all the copper that is not
protected by the acid-resistant emulsion.
If the screen printing method is used, a reverse pattern photographic
transparency of 90 the master drawing is produced as before.
This transparency is used to produce a sten1-, 1 '1 784,673 cil which
is placed on to a silk or metal screen The screen and stencil are
placed on a copper-clad laminate and an acid-resistant liquid is

spread over the stencil The liquid is forced through the stencil and
deposited on the surface of the laminate in a pattern corresponding to
the required circuit pattern.
The laminate is then etched as already described.
A master circuit pattern drawing may be prepared on scraper board in a
positive form, as shown in Fig 2, in which case the black surface is
scraped away to leave the circuit pattern as black lines such as 3 on
a white ground 4 Production by the photo-engraving method of a printed
circuit from this master drawing requires only a reverse pattern
photographic transparency which is used to contact-print the laminate
as already described The screen-printing method requires a reverse
pattern transparency from which is obtained an original pattern
photographic transparency This transparency is used to produce a
stencil as already described.
Printed circuits obtained from master drawings shown in either Fig 1
or Fig 2 involve a technique in which a comparatively large area of
copper is etched away This technique may be referred to as a "normal"
system Another technique which may be referred to as a "minimum etch"
system is one whereby thin lines of copper are etched away to provide
insulation by separation between comparatively large areas of copper
This is shown in Fig 3, which is a master drawing on scraper board in
a "positive" form, in which the clay base is exposed as at 5
corresponding to the separation required The advantage of this
technique is-in the small area of copper which has to be etched off
the laminate, but the technique can only be used in circuit
arrangements where the electrical characteristics permit of large and
indiscriminate additional capacities.
For the photo-engraving method according to this "minimum-etch"
technique, only a reverse pattern transparency is required for the
contact printing of the copper-clad laminate subsequent steps being as
already described For the screen printing method an original pattern
photograhic transparency must be obtained from the reverse pattern
transparency This original pattern transSS parency is used to produce
a stencil as already described.
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* GB784674 (A)
Description: GB784674 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Mending plug for tubeless tyres
784,674 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: March
12, 1956.
No 7581/56.
Application made in United States of America on April 29, 1955.
Index at acceptance:-Class 144 ( 1)q B 1 C.
International Classification:-B 62 g O COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Mending Plug for Tubeless Tyres We, SALESCASTER INCORPORATED, a
Company Incorporated under the Laws of the State of New York in the
United States of America, of 71-09 Austin Street, Forest Hills, New
York, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for
which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by
which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement: -
This invention relates to means for plugging leak orifices in tubeless
tyres.
Since the tubeless tyres themselves provide the airtight casing, they
must be kept hermetically closed to prevent deflation and the mending
of holes through the treads of such tyres presents a problem
substantially different from that of patching an inner tube.
For practical reasons it is desirable to have repair means for the
purpose which are effective and are at the same time easily employed
without the need for special skill.
Minute perforations which may cause slow leaks may be stopped by the
insertion of a well-known latex compound which will set and close the
perforation But larger punctures through the tyre tread, such as are
caused by nails or the like, usually require the insertion of a plug
to close the perforation.
It is customary to employ for this purpose a hollow rubber cylindrical
plug which is pointed and closed at one end and which is inserted into
the puncture by means of a tool which is in the nature of a small rod

that is entered into the axial bore of the plug and presses the
pointed end into the opening and through the tread until the pointed
end protrudes into the air cavity The tool is then withdrawn and the
resiliency of the tyre tightly compresses the plug and forms an
airtight seal Usually a latex compound is applied in the hole-and
about the plug to create an effective adhesion of the plug to the wall
of the opening and also to seal any lPrice 3 1 small irregularities in
the wall of the puncture The plug is substantially the same
resiliency, hardness and consistency as the tread and the protruding
end of the plug readily wears down to the surrounding face 50 of the
tread and the amalgamation is complete and the repair plug becomes
virtually invisible.
However, the pressure of the end of the tool during the insertion of
the plug is axi 55 ally on the inside of the point with the result
that frequently the point-is ruptured and the plug becomes a tubular
conduit for leakage of air When this occurs it is difficult and
oftentimes impossible to extract the ruptured 60 plug and the tyre has
to be taken to a shop equipped for the purpose for repair.
To minimize the likelihood of this it has been the practice to
terminate the tool receiving bore in the plugs a substantial distance
65 from the point This leaves an unsupported pointed end which is
easily deflected during the insertion and sometimes bends so as to
make further insertion impossible.
The tyres have a plurality of plies of rein 70 forcing fabric moulded
within their body so as to leave a rubber inner liner and a puncture
is apt to rupture the fabric and leave the ends of the broken yarn or
cord protruding into the hole resulting from the punc 75 ture The
insertion of the mending plug tends to carry these broken ends
inwardly and if they are of sufficient length they will protrude into
the hollow interior of the tube.
In such case air is apt to follow the cords by 80 capillarity and slow
leakage is apt to result.
The plugs of known construction have had no means for preventing this.
The principal object of the present invention is to eliminate these
defects in such 85 plugs More specifically it is an object to relieve
the point from pressure during the insertion and at the same time to
reinforce the point so as to, keep it axially aligned with the body or
shank of the plug Another ob 9 G 784,674 ject is to provide effective
means for preventing the escape of air by capillarity Other objects
and advantages of the invention will appear as the description
proceeds.
The invention contemplates the provision of a reinforced internal
shoulder at the beginning of the tapered or pointed end of the plug
which will receive the pressure of the tool and which will allow the

end of the tool to extend into the point and keep it in alignment In
this way the bore can extend well down into the point without any
danger of rupture.
For example, in a form of the invention which has proven commercially
satisfactory, the bore in the pointed end is of less diameter than
that in the cylindrical body or shank of the plug, thereby forming a
shoulder which may be abruptly transverse to the axis or which may be
tapered and conical.
An annulus in the form of a flat or conical washer is disposed on the
shoulder during the moulding operation and the tool is correspondingly
shouldered so that the washer receives the pressure of the shoulder on
the tool The extreme end of the tool is reduced in diameter so as to
extend through the washer to the bottom of the bore in the pointed end
This bore may be extended to within wall thickness of the external
pointed end.
While metal is at present preferred for the washers, it will be
understood that other sufficiently strong materials, such as certain
plastics, may be employed.
It is within the contemplation of the invention to provide a pressure
receiving annulus by means other than a transverse washer disposed on
a shoulder at the meeting of the bores in the body or shank and
pointed end.
For example, it is contemplated that an insert of metal or the like
may be fitted into the pointed end the rear end of which will provide
a pressure receiving shoulder and which will constitute a reinforcing
liner for the point.
The invention also contemplates means for sealing the space about the
plug where it emerges through the interior liner of the tyre, against
the escape of air by capillarity.
For this purpose the invention comprises an integral collar or sealing
ring on the plug at or near the base of the pointed end which overlaps
the inner wall of the tyre around the joint and is brought into
contiguous sealing relation therewith by the withdrawal of the
inserting tool, the latex compound about the joint effecting an
hermetic union between the inner face of the liner and the contiguous
face of the collar.
The embodiments of the invention illustrated in the accompanying
drawings will now be described.
Fig 1 is a section of the tread portion of a tubeless tyre with a
puncture closing plug embodying the invention disposed therein; Fig 2
is an enlarged fragmentary section through a tyre tread and a mending
plug with the inserting tool therein and shown at an incomplete stage
of insertion of the plug: 70 Fig 3 is an enlarged axial section of one
form in which the invention may be embodied and showing the inserting

tool in place; Fig 4 is a rear end view of the same; 75 Fig 5 is a
section similar to Fig 3 of a modified form of the invention; Fig 6 is
a detail of the end of a tool for inserting the plug shown in Fig 5:
Fig 7 is a section of the end of a plug 80 showing another modified
form of the invention:
Fig 8 is a detail of the end of a tool for inserting the plug shown in
Fig 7:
Fig 9 is a plan of a modified form of pres 85 sure receiving annulus
of Fi- 7:
Fig 10 is a sectional detail of a modified form of pressure receiving
annulus and reinforcing liner for the pointed end of the plug, and 90
Fig 11 is a sectional detail of another modification of the type shown
in Fig 5.
The plug 1 which is shown in a tread section 2 of a tubeless tyre in
Fig 1 is the same as that shown in Figs 2 and 3 and will now 95 be
described It is understood that the plugs are ordinarily formed by
moulding in a sectional mould which in the form of Fig 3 will part at
the juncture of the cylindrical and conical portions of the plug A
cylindrical 100 core equivalent to the inserted portion of the tool
shown in Fig 3 produces the bore in the moulded plug and the washer
set on the shoulder of the core is somewhat larger than the bore in
the plug body and hence is 105 moulded into the wall of the bore.
The plug l has an axially hollow cylindrical body or shank portion 3,
the outside diameter of which is substantially uniform throughout its
length, and a closed pointed 110 extension or top end 4 The axial bore
of the shank is of substantially uniform diameter, and the extension
has an axial bore of smaller diameter than that of the shank forming a
coaxial continuation thereof and 115 thereby forming a shoulder on
which the stamped flat metal pressure receiving annulus or washer 5 is
seated coaxially with the bores The bore in the pointed end extends
close to the external point, the rubber at the 120 tip end being no
more than average wall thickness Along the external surface of the
cylindrical body 3 are spaced circumferential ribs 6 such as are
customarily used on plugs to enhance the sealing action of the plug
125 As shown in this embodiment the plug has a circumferential collar
or sealing ring 6 a formed substantially at the base of the pointed
end 4 and having its surface remote from the end 4 in a plane normal
to the axis 130 784,674 of the plug, the surface facing the end 4
being tapered so that the collar is substantially frusto-conical in
shape This collar is for the purpose of effecting a seal about the
inner end of the hole as above mentioned and as will presently be
further described.
The inserting tool 7 has a rod portion 8 which terminates in a reduced
end 9 of a size to pass through the hole in the washer 5 and fit in

the bore in the pointed end and of a length to reach substantially to
the bottom of the bore in the pointed end when the shoulder formed by
the reduced end bears against the washer 5 The section 8 is shown as
of the same length as the body 3 but this is incidental, the
requirement being that the shoulder engages the washer without the
handle compressing the plug.
It will be clear that the tool will hold the plug rigid during the
insertion and that the pressure will be applied on the washer, thereby
eliminating the danger of forcing the tool through the pointed end The
tool will hold the plug distended until it is withdrawn, when the
resilience of the tyre will compress the hollow plug throughout that
portion contained within the tyre body The protruding ends will remain
expanded as shown in Fig.
1 and the outer end, as stated, will soon be worn off.
The ring 6 a will be folded down during the insertion of the plug, as
shown in Fig 2, and will expand to its normal shape as it emerges into
the air cavity of the tyre.
The friction of the portion 8 of the tool 7 on the inner wall of the
plug as the tool is withdrawn will draw the plug out so as to cause
the normal face of the ring 6 a to bear tightly against the inner face
of the rubber liner of the tyre The compound which is inserted in the
puncture has a latex base and it will coat the two contiguous faces
and effect sealing union therebetween, as shown in Fig 1.
Fig 5 shows a different form of pressure receiving and point
reinforcing member Instead of the flat washer 5, a stamped conical
metallic liner 10 is moulded into the pointed end, the bore of which
is contiguous with and tapers from the bore of the shank The metallic
liner may be open ended as shown in Fig 11 This type of plug calls for
a tool 11 which is shouldered to bear against the annular end of the
liner 10 and is pointed beyond the shoulder to fit into the conical
liner Incidentally this plug does not have a sealing ring 6 a and a
different form of circumferential rib is shown in this construction,
namely, one that is frusto-conical so as to function more in the
nature of barbs and oppose withdrawal of the plug.
The plug of which the end portion is shown in Fig 7 is like that shown
in Fig 2 except for the omission of a sealing ring and differs from
the form shown in Fig 3 in that the shoulder is conical and hence
calls for a tool 12 such as shown in Fig 8 The stamped washer 13 has
its edge scalloped, thereby forming radial extensions 13 a as shown in
Fig 9, to facilitate its being formed to a 70 frusto-conical shape In
this case the ribs are shown as closely spaced circumferential
corrugations.
Instead of stamped pressure receiving members as shown in Figs 3, 5
and 7, the 75 member may, be a cast liner such as the member 14 shown

in Fig 10.
To avoid the necessity of exact conformance of the end of the tool 11
to the conical liner 10, the tip end of the liner may be re 80 moved,
as shown in Fig 11 Thus there will be assured the engagement of the
shoulder of the tool against the annular base of the liner and of the
conical end of the tool withIt is obvious that still other
modifications 85 in the liner during the inserting operation.
may be made in the constructions shown in the drawings and above
particularly described within the scope of the invention as defined in
the following claims 90
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* GB784675 (A)
Description: GB784675 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Improvements in and relating to slipper foot protectors
784,675 ____ O Date of Application and filing Complete Specification:
March 27, 1956 No 9
Application made in United States of America on March 31, 1955.
- / Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 17 ( 2), B( 3 C:80:9 A).
International Classification:-A 43 b.
Improvements in and relating to Slipper Foot Protectors We, THE SCHOLL
MANUFACTURING COMPANY LIMITED, a Company Incorporated under the Laws
of Great Britain, of 190, St.
John Street, London, E C 1, England, do hereby declare the invention,

for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method
by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement:-
This invention relates to improvements in a foot protector, and more
particularly to a foot protector in the form of a slipper.
In the past, many and various human foot protecting devices have been
provided to eliminate the adverse effects of rubbing of the foot
relatively to the shoe or vice versa particularly against the sides,
bottom, and heel of the foot Such devices, however, were frequently
attached to the shoe or other article of footwear and in other cases
were worn on the human foot, but such devices could only be worn
within an article of footwear Frequently, more than one device was
necessary for each foot to eliminate the chafing action of rubbing
with some particular article of footwear due to the fact that freedom
of movement of the foot relatively to the shoe was more pronounced in
one part of the footwear than in other parts thereof.
In addition, such known devices had only the one function and could
only be used for the single purpose that is to say worn on the foot,
or disposed in the footwear.
The main object of the present invention is to provide a slipper foot
protector which may be worn within a shoe or other article of
footwear, or may be worn without other footwear such as shoes in the
manner of a house slipper A further object of the invention is to
provide a foot protector in the form of a thin light weight slipper
capable of fitting comfortably within a shoe or other article of
footwear which may afford protection to the skin or hosiery of the
user when worn as a house slipper without the article of footwear.
According to the present invention a slipper foot protector comprises
a sole portion of soft, resilient cushioning material, and a low cut
upper of soft knitted fabric stitched to the sole portion 50
Preferably a heel guard or protector is secured to the fabric upper
around the heel portion thereof, and one or both faces of the sole
portion may be covered with a light weight smooth surfaced substance
to elimi 55 nate any drag on the foot of the user or against the
interior of a shoe The sole portion is preferably of foam latex which
may have intercommunicating cells.
In order that the invention may be more 60 clearly understood some
embodiments thereof will now be described, by way of example, with
reference to the accompanying drawing, in which:Fig 1 is a fragmentary
perspective view of 65 a human foot encased in a slipper foot
protector for a right foot; Fig 2 is a bottom plan view of the
protector shown in Fig 1, the foot being omitted; Fig 3 is an enlarged
transverse vertical 7, section through the protector on the line
III-III of Fig 1, looking in the direction of the arrows; and, Fig 4

is a fragmentary vertical section view through a portion of a modified
form of 76 protector.
In the drawings like references are employed to designate the same or
similar parts.
In order to ensure an accurate fit, and to render the device more
comfortable to the 80 user especially when worn within an article of
footwear, the patterns for the device are cut for right and left feet
The protector shown in Figs 1 and 2 is a protector for a right foot,
and it will be understood that the 85 protector for the left foot is
of the same general construction, but the pattern, particularly that
for the sole portion, is shaped to suit the left foot.
The protector comprises a sole portion 1, 90 596/56 1,9 k: A 784,675
best seen in Fig 3, which is preferably of foam latex of cellular
construction having intercommunicating cells This material is very
light in weight, comfortable to the foot, s t 5 and by virtue of the
intercommunicating cells when used provides some ventilation due to
the repeated application and releases of foot pressure against the
device during walking.
The outer surface, i e the underneath surface of the sole portion is
covered with a thin smooth non-skid covering, such for example as
silky finished fabric which eliminates any drag of the device against
the insole of a shoe and renders it easy for the user to slip the foot
in a protector into a shoe.
A low cut upper 3 is attached to the sole portion in any suitable
manner, such as for example by stitching 4 This upper 3 is preferably
a one-piece construction and is preferably made of a soft elastic knit
fabric such as a stocking fabric This upper is preferably made of
twisted stretchable yarn so that it may fit feet of different sizes
within a reasonable range, and be capable of contracting to provide a
close fit around the foot which will feel comfortable to the wearer.
The upper includes a portion 5 covering the toes of the user, a heel
embracing part 6, with low cut side walls 7-7 connecting the toe and
heel portions Where the upper is of elastic knit fabric, it may be
easily stretched over the foot.
Any suitable form of marginal finish 8 may be provided as by folding
over the upper edge portion of the fabric Inside the folded margin 8 a
thin strip 9 of rubber or equivalent elastic material is inserted as
shown in Fig 3 to hold the device more firmly on the foot of a user.
It is preferable in the heel portion of the upper to insert a heel
protector or guard 10 (Figs 1 and 3) preferably made of thicker and
stiffer material than the upper, but preferably flexible such as felt
or foam rubber for example The heel guard 10 is shown secured to the
upper only along the top edge of the guard, and in effect the guard
depends from the upper and extends to a point just above the sole

portion The heel guard 10 may be provided with numerous perforations
11 for ventilative purposes, if so desired.
Referring to Fig 4, this shows a modified construction, having the
inside surface of the sole portion or cushioning member 1 also covered
with a thin non-skid covering 12 such as a silky finish fabric similar
to the cover 2 over the outer face of this cushioning member Either
the inner or outer surface of the cushioning member may be provided
wvith such a cover, or both faces may be so covered as shown in Fig 4.
The device is of simple construction and may be easily slipped over
the foot, and provides a comfortable cushioning relief to the bottom
of the foot, provides adequate ventilation, and may readily be worn
inside an article of footwear without discomfort to the user
Alternatively, the device may be worn over the naked foot or over a
foot encased in hosiery When the device is in position on 70 the foot,
even when worn with a loose fitting article of footwear, no adverse
effects from rubbing at any part of its surface will result.
Chafing or blistering of the heel is also effectively prevented by the
additional heel guard 75 At the same time, the cushioning effect of
the foam latex sole portion gives the same benefits as a cushion
insole disposed in the article of footwear Further, the device may be
laundered whenever deemed necessary, is 80 very durable, and highly
economical.
When the user is in the house or home and removes his shoes or the
like, the device may be utilized temporarily as a house slipper
affording adequate covering for the foot, and 85 providing a
cushioning element to walk upon.
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* GB784676 (A)
Description: GB784676 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Improvements relating to dynamometers

Improvements relating to Dynarnometers
We, SOCIETA PER AZIONI ASPERA, a Joint
Stock Company organised under the laws of
Italy, of 49 Corso Corsica, Turin, Italy, do hereby declare the
invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:
This invention relates to dynamometers for measuring engine power, of
the type in which the resisting torque applied to the engine shaft is
brought about by a bladed member adapted to create a stream of fluid,
such as air.
Most known dynamometers of this type comprise one helical impeller
rotatable in free air, or at the utmost protected by wire gauze or
perforated sheet metal guards to prevent any accidental contact by the
operator with the impeller.
Dynamometers of this type set up a heavy draught and noise in the
space where the engine to be tested is installed; moreover, when they
are intended for measuring relatively high power, the impeller size
becomes prohibitive.
It is the purpose of this invention to provide a dynamometer of the
aforessaid type which substantially avoids the above - mentioned
drawbacks, and more particularly to provide a dynamometer in which the
air stream set up by the bladed member does not give rise to
undesirable disturbance in the space in which the dynamometer is
installed.
A further purpose of this invention is to provide a dynamometer
adapted to operate on engines rotating in either sense.
The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying
drawings, wherein:
Fig. 1 is an elevation mounted in axial section of the dynamometer;
Fig. 2 is an end view of the same, its end wall being partly broken
away;
Fig. 3 is a sectional view of a detail of Fig.
1 on an enlarged scale;
Fig. 4 is a sectional view of a further detail of Fig. 1, also on an
enlarged scale;
Figs. 5 and 6 are diagrammatical sectional views respectively on lines
V-V and VI-VI of Fig. 1 and showing the arrangement of the blades;
Fig. 7 is a sectional view of the device for measuring the braking

torque; and
Figs. 8, 9 and 10 are sectional views on lines VIIP--VIII of Fig. 7 in
three different operative positions of the device.
The dynamometer is carried by a shell 40 mounted on a foundation 41.
The splined inlet shaft 6 of the dynamometer is rotatable in either
direction and is coupled by a coupling of known type (not shown) with
the shaft of the engine of which it is desired to measure the power.
Devices 42 and 34 are provided for measuring the torque supplied by
the engine and the number of revolutions of the input shaft 6,
respectively.
The shell 40 encloses end casings 40a, 40b housing a device for
varying the pitch of the dynamometer blades, and a device for
transmitting motion from the shaft 6 to the dynamometer shaft, both of
which are described hereafter.
The inlet shaft 6 is supported (Fig. 4) by ball bearings 44, 45
carried by a hollow hub 46a integral with a plate 46 which is secured
to the end wall 40c of the shell 40 by means of bolts (not shown).
The shaft 6 has keyed thereon a toothed wheel 7 meshing with a toothed
wheel 8 fast with a hollow hub 8a carried by ball bearings 70, 71. The
toothed wheels 7, 8 are easily replaceable by other wheels that differ
in transmission ratio. The outer race rings of the bearings 70, 71 are
carried by a rocking frame or cradle comprising plates 9a, 9b fast
with an arm 9 (Fig. 2) and pivoted to the shaft 6 on both sides of the
wheel 7.
Within the hollow hub 8a (Fig. 4) a pair of axial grooves 8c, 8d are
cut, in which coaxial dogs 47a, 47b extending from opposite ends of a
block 47, are capable of displacement. The block 47 further carries a
through pin 48 having its axis perpendicular
to the axis of the dogs 47a 47b, the forked
end 1 la of a shaft 11 being hinged to the
pin 48.
The other end of the shaft 11 is coupled by a cardan joint 48 (Figs. 1
and 3) to a hollow shaft 19 provided with an extension 19a in the
shape of a sleeve coaxial with the
shaft 19 and encircling the shaft 11. A drum 49 is secured to the
shaft 19 and sleeve l9a.
The cylindrical wall of the drum 49 has spindles 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d
extending there
through, a plurality of blades subdivided into four sets l3a, I3b,
13c, 13d being fast with
these spindles; the axes of the blades of each set are situated in the
same plane orthogonal to the shaft 19 and are staggered through the
same angle. The blades of sets l3a, 13b are arranged to provide an
approximately axial air flow directed oppositely to the air flow set

up by the blades 13c, 13d.
According to the sense of rotation of the shaft 19, the axial flows
set up by the four blade sets converge towards the brake centre or
diverge. Assuming the shaft 19 is rotated in a direction to provide
converging flows, the air flows set up collect in a central annular
chamber 50, flow in the direction denoted by the arrow a (Fig. 1) to
the foundation 41, then travel outwardly in opposite directions to the
ends of the casing, whence they ascend in the direction denoted by the
arrows b and back to the suction side of the four blade sets.
Discs 14cm, 14b, 14c, 14d (Figs. 3, 5 and 6) are keyed to the end of
spindles 12a and
12b, 12c, and 12d remote from the blades and carry concentric pins
51a, 51b, 51c, 51d which fit into annular grooves formed in the end of
arms 15a, 15b, 15c, 15d The arms 15a and 15b are fast with a sleeve
52, and the arms 15c and 15d are fast with a sleeve 53. The sleeves 52
and 53 are connected together by means of rods 16 arranged
approximately parallel with the shaft 19 and guided in holes bored in
the arms 15b, 15c.
The sleeves 52 and 53 are concurrently displaceable in an axial
direction by means to be described hereafter.
The pins 51a, 51b, Slc and 51d are seated in annular grooves formed in
the end of arms
15a, 15b, 15c and 15d so that the concurrent axial displacement of the
sleeves 52 and 53 rotates the spindles 12a and 12b carrying the blades
13a and 13b in one direction and the spindles 12c and 12d carrying the
blades 13c and 13d in the opposite direction.
Sjr adjusting the angular setting of the blades the delivery of the
air flows set up by the blades, is varied, thereby adjusting the
braking toroue applied to the motor the power of which is to be
measured.
Flow deflectors 27a, 27b, respectively are interposed between each
pair of blade sets 13a, 135 and 13c, 13d and comprise flat discs (see
Figs. 5 and 6) in which slots are provided to deflect the flow from
a set of blades, for instance the blades 1 3a, in order to oppose
through the said flow rotation of the other blade set, such as 13b;
more particularly, the slots have their axes radially arranged with
respect to the disc, their sides lying in planes inclined with respect
to the disc axis. The slots are formed at each end and on their
opposite sides with an inturned arcuated projection. For instance, the
arcuate projection 27c in Fig. 5 is arranged to deflect the flow
travelling through the slot along the arrow c in the direction d, when
the blades 13a and 13b rotate in the direction denoted by the arrow c.
When the blades 13a, 13b rotate in the direction denoted by the arrows
f, the air flow set up by the blade set 13b directed along the arrow g

is deflected by arcuate projections 27a in the direction of the arrow
h thereby opposing rotation of the blade set 13a. Similar
considerations apply to the blades 13c and 13d.
Axial displacement of the sleeves 52 and 53 is obtained by means of a
peg 20 (Fig. 3) arranged with its axis perpendicular to the axis of
the shaft 19 and extending through a slot 19b cut in that shaft. The
peg 20 has fast therewith a rod 21 axially displaceable through the
hollow shaft 19 and having a peg 54 extending therethrough
perpendicular to the shaft, the peg 54 extending through a further
slot l9c cut in the shaft 19. The peg 54 engages a sleeve 22 coupled
by means of a thrust bearing 25 with an external sleeve 24 carrying a
rack 24a engaged by a toothed wheel 23 keyed to a shaft 23a. The shaft
23a has keyed thereto a handwheel 26 (Fig.
2) and is carried by a boss on the fonvard wall of the shell.
Operation of the handwheel 26 results, through the toothed wheel 23
and rack 24a, in an axial displacement of the sleeve 24 which is
transmitted, through the thrust bearing 25, to the sleeve 22 and,
through the peg 54, to the shaft 21 which axially displaces the sleeve
52, through the peg 20, and the sleeve 53, through the rods 16.
The invention futher provides means for detecting the torque
transmitted by the engine shaft to the shaft 6 and by the latter to
the shaft 11. This means comprises the arm 9 fast with the plates 9a,
9b and acting on a measuring device shown in detail in Figs. 7 to 10.
The end 9c of the arm 9 is of spherical shape and acts on a piston 31
slidable in a sleeve 65 which in turn is slidable in a sleeve 66. The
sleeve 66 moves in a cylinder 32 fast with the shell 40.
The cylinder 32 is provided with an end flange 32b connected by bolts
60 and nuts therefor to a top plate 63 provided with a cylindrical
boss 63a movable in a hole 61b bored in a plate 61; the latter is
provided with a tab 61a for attachment to the shell 40.
A hole is bored in the cylindrical boss 63a in the plate 63, a small
tube 64 being welded in this hole for the outlet of fluid contained in
the top chamber 35 in the cylinder 32 to a pressure gauge 42.
A peg 67 extends through the piston 31 and has its ends seated in
shaped notches in the lower end of the sleeves 65 and 66.
The piston 31 is formed with a reduced portion 311 having keyed
thereto an arm 33 provided with an operating knob 33a resting on a
bracket 2. The peg 67 bears in the in- operative condition of the
piston on projections 32a extending inwardly from the wall of the
cylinder 32. The notches in the sleeves 65, 66 have substantially
vertical end edges and a top edge comprising two portions arranged at
different levels merging into each other.
More particularly, the top edge of the notch in the sleeve 65
comprises a portion 65ce at a higher level and a portion 65b at a

lower level, and the top edge of the notch in the sleeve 66 comprises
a portion 66a at a higher level and a portion 66b at a lower level,
the end vertical edges of the two notches being angularly in register,
the portion 66a of the sleeve 66 being considerably longer than the
portion 65a in the sleeve 65.
In the position shown in Fig. 9 the piston 31 can rise to a limited
extent denoted by a without carrying along either the sleeve 65 or the
sleeve 66. When the peg 67 is moved to the position shown in Fig. 8
however the piston 31 on rising carries along the sleeve 65, and when
the peg 67 is moved to the position shown in Fig. 10, the piston 31 on
rising carries along both the sleeve 65 and the sleeve 66.
Consequently, the same displacement of the piston 31 sets up different
compressions in the chamber 35 depending upon whether the piston 31 is
free or is coupled with the sleeve 65 or with both sleeves 65 and 66.
With this device the measuring range of the dynamometer is varied to
suit the power of engines varying very considerably in size.
Moreover, the device is adapted to effect measurement on engines
rotatable in either direction. In fact, on rotation in one direction
to which there corresponds, for instance, rising of the arm 9, the
piston 31 and any sleeve coupled therewith likewise tend to rise, the
reaction being taken up by the plate 61. When the engine rotates in
the opposite direction, the spherical portion 9c of the arm 9 tends to
sink and abuts the bottom 32 of the cylinder, which is thereby lowered
together with the cylinder, this being permitted by the slip coupling
between the cylindrical boss 63a and hole in the plate 61. Reaction is
then taken up by the bracket 2 fast with the brake shell, abutted by
the piston through the arm 33.
A further factor contributing in considerably reducing the size of the
dynamometer resides in the possibility of replacing the toothed wheels
7 and 8 by other wheels differing in transmission ratio. Even with
slow-speed engines the blades can then be rotated always approximately
at their maximum rate, thereby constantly delivering the maximum
braking effect.
What we claim is : -
1. A dynamometer for measuring engine power output, characterised in
that it comprises a multi-stage axial flow air compressor operating in
a closed cycle.
2. A dynamometer as claimed in Claim 1, characterised in that flow
deflectors (27a, 27b) are interposed between the various blade sets or
stages (13a, 13b and 13c, 13d) of the axial compressor and are
oppositely oriented to the flow deflectors in conventional air
compressors, thereby impeding the air flow and lowering the efficiency
of the compressors.
3. A dynamometer as claimed in Claim 1, characterised in that it

comprises means for varying the blade pitch.
4. A dynamometer as claimed in Claim 1, characterised in that the
plurality of blades of the air compressor are subdivided into two sets
at least in order to set up two oppositely directed air flows, these
air flows being circulated through conduits in the machine shell (40).
5. A dynamometer as claimed in Claim 4, characterised in that the two
blade sets are arranged to provide air flows directed from the shell
ends towards the centre thereof, the air conduits in the shell
comprising a pair of chambers arranged at the shell ends, a chamber
(50) arranged at the shell middle between the two blade sets and a
lower chamber in the brake foundation (41) connecting with the central
chamber and end chambers.
6. A dynamometer as claimed in Claims 1 and 3, characterised in that
the blades are secured to spindles (12a, 12b, 12c, 12d) radially
arranged through the cylindrical wall of a drum (49) coaxial with the
brake shaft (19) and rotatable therein, the means for varying the
blade pitch comprising eccentric pins (51a, 51b, 51c, 51d) fast with
the spindles, at least one sleeve (52, 53) slidable but nonrotatable
on the shaft, radial arms (15a, 15b, 15c, 15a) carried by the sleeve,
annular groove lengths coaxial with the sleeve cut in the ends of the
arms and receiving the eccentric pins, and means for axially
displacing the sleeve in order to vary the angular setting of the
blades.
7. A dynamometer as claimed in Claim 6, characterised in that the pins
(51a, 51b, 51c, 51d) are fitted into the grooves so as to set
angularly the blades of one blade set in one direction and the blades
of the other blade
* GB784677 (A)
Description: GB784677 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Improvements in or relating to heating boilers
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: May 14, 1956.

Application made in Switzerland on March 28, 1956.
Index at acceptance:-Class 64 ( 1), N 1 DII(A:C 2 C).
International Classification:-F 24 g.
Improvements in or relating to Heating Boilers We, STUCKLIN & C 1 E, a
Swiss Company, of Breisacherstrasse 43, Basle, Switzerland, do hereby
declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted
to us, and the method by which it is to be performed to be
particularly described in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to a heating boiler comprising a front
combustion chamber, a 1-0 rear heat exchange chamber having a flue gas
inlet to receive flue gases from said combustion chamber and a flue
gas outlet, and a plurality of pockets arranged in said heat exchange
chamber and exposed to said flue gases and having closed lower and
open upper ends to permit of a circulation of a liquid within the
pockets by convection, said pockets being of wedge-shaped horizontal
section and facing the combustion chamber with their larger ends, to
form a pocket bank converging from said combustion chamber.
An illustrative embodiment of the invention is shown on the
accompanying drawing, in which:Fig 1 is a mainly sectional side view
of a heating boiler; and Fig 2 is a horizontal sectional view taken on
line II-II of Fig 1.
The heating boiler shown in Figs 1 and 2 has a front combustion
chamber 1 having a refractory brick lining and into which the flame
tube of an oil burner 2 extends, and a heat exchange chamber 3 which
lies behind the combustion chamber and has an oval outline together
with the latter A partition 4 of refractory bricks is provided between
these two chambers and is formed in its upper part with a flue gas
opening 4 a The heat exchange chamber 3 contains pockets 5, which may
be provided at their lower end with discharge taps and form a pocket
bank converging from the partition 4 These pockets are wedge-shaped in
horizontal section and face the combustion chamber with their rounded
larger ends The spaces between lPrice 3/6 l adj acent pockets are of
uniform width from the front to the rear The two chambers 1 and 3 are
covered at the top by a cover plate 7, which is formed in its rear
half with slots 7 a, registering with the pockets 5 in arrangement 50
and cross-sectional shape The pockets are welded at their upper edge
portion into said slots Thus the cover plate and pockets form a single
body, which is arranged so that the pockets 5 depend in the heat
exchange cham 55 ber 3 and extend almost to the bottom of the same A
closing wall 8 provided at the end of the pocket bank adjacent to the
partition 4 is formed with slots corresponding to the large ends of
the pockets 5 and is welded to 60 said pockets Arcuate lateral

external walls 9 and 10 and the side walls of the combustion and heat
exchange chambers form crescentshaped water chambers 9 a and la, which
communicate with a top water chamber 65 formed by the cover plate 7
and the coverlike top 11 of the boiler and extending throughout the
area included by the two external walls 9 and 10 Outlet and inlet pipe
connections 12 and 13, respectively are 70 provided at the rear end of
the top 11 of the boiler The inlet pipe connection 13 is disposed
somewhat below the outlet pipe connection and is continued at its
inner end by a pipe 13 a, which extends through a transverse 75 wall I
4 a extending above the combustion chamber 1 throughout the width
thereof.
This transverse wall 14 a divides the top water chamber into a front
part communicating with the front parts of the crescent-shaped 80
water chambers 9 a and 10 a and a rear part communicating with the
rear parts of the crescent-shaped water chambers 9 a and la and with
the upper ends of the pockets 5.
The rear end of the heat exchange chamber 85 3 is formed by a rear
wall 14, which is detachably arranged so that its removal provides a
cleaning hole through which the pockets 5 can be conveniently cleaned
on the outside owing to their special shape and 90 784,677 No
14883156.
784,677 arrangement.
When the boiler is to be coal-fired and a door is replaced for the oil
burner 2, the refractory brick lining of the combustion chamber 1 as
well as the partition 4 are eliminated.
In the operation of the boiler the returning colder water flows over
that part of the cover plate 7 which forms the heating surface exposed
to the highest radiation temperature.
Thus condensation in the combustion chamber side by the cooled
returning water is avoided From there the water flows to the
crescent-shaped water chambers 9 a and 10 a, where it subsides and
mixes with the hotter water therein From these chambers the water
flows to the rear part of the pockets 5, subsides in the same and
rises in the front part of the pockets, near the combustion chamber It
is thus apparent that the cooled returning water is preheated before
it enters the pockets, whose external heating surfaces are contacted
by the cooled flue gases, whereby condensation is prevented The heated
water flows then in the usual manner to the outlet pipe connection 12.
Forming a converging pocket bank the pockets 5 of wedge-shaped
cross-section provide an optimum overall heating surface within an
extremely small space After the rear wall 14 has been removed they can
be cleaned on the outside through a relatively narrow cleaning hole
The streamlined shape of the pockets provides for an aerodynamical
flow of the flue gases without impact and turbulence, whereby

pulsation at the beginning of the operation of the oil burner is
avoided The flue gases entering the heat exchange chamber at the upper
part of the pockets impinge on heating surfaces on which lime and mud
will not deposit Finally, the manufacturing costs of the boiler are
less than those of some boilers of the same capacity and of different
design.
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p

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