Biologi atau ilmu hayat adalah kajian tentang kehidupan, dan organisme hidup, termasuk struktur, fungsi, pertumbuhan, evolusi, persebaran, dan taksonominya.[1] Ilmu biologi modern membahas pengetahuan yang sangat luas, eklektik, serta terdiri dari berbagai macam cabang dan subdisiplin. Secara umum, seluruh cabang keilmuan biologi disatukan oleh konsep dasar yang mengatur semua penelitian biologi, yaitu konsep tentang sel, gen, dan evolusi.
This document provides an overview of basic principles of animal form and function. It discusses how:
- Animal form and function are correlated at different levels of organization from cells to organ systems. An animal's size and shape affect how it interacts with its environment.
- Physical constraints like size, shape, and environment determine an animal's abilities and influence evolutionary convergence.
- Exchange of energy and materials with the environment depends on surface area and internal structures for diffusion. More complex body plans facilitate exchange through features like folded surfaces.
- Tissues are composed of specialized cells that combine into organs and organ systems through hierarchical organization. The four main tissue types each have distinct structures suited to their functions.
- Coordination and control within
This document provides an overview of basic principles of animal form and function. It discusses how:
- Animal form and function are correlated at different levels of organization from cells to organ systems. An animal's size and shape affect how it interacts with its environment.
- Physical constraints like size, shape, and environment determine an animal's abilities and influence evolutionary convergence.
- More complex body plans in multicellular organisms facilitate material exchange through internal surfaces and transport between cells. Specialized tissues and organ systems further support homeostasis.
- Coordination and control occur through the nervous and endocrine systems, with nerves enabling fast, targeted signaling and hormones facilitating slower, whole-body responses.
The document discusses basic principles of animal form and function at multiple levels of organization. It covers how animal size, shape, and body plans are adapted to their environments and constrained by physical laws. It also summarizes the four main tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous - and how they are structured and classified. Finally, it examines how homeostasis, feedback control mechanisms, and both the endocrine and nervous systems help regulate an animal's internal environment.
The document discusses how the animal body is organized from cells to tissues to organs and organ systems. It focuses on the four main tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve tissue. Epithelial tissue forms sheets that cover surfaces and line cavities. Connective tissue provides structure and binds other tissues. Muscle tissue allows contraction. Nerve tissue transmits electrical signals. Tissues are combined into organs like skin, which contains all four tissue types, and organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
- The document discusses animal form and function, explaining how an animal's shape and size are correlated with and adapted to its physiological functions. It provides examples of how tissues, organs, and organ systems are arranged in animals in a way that allows for efficient energy use, waste removal, and exchange with the environment. Homeostasis and thermoregulation help animals regulate their internal environment to maintain optimal functioning.
Single-celled organisms rely on their plasma membrane surface area to exchange materials with their environment. More complex organisms have internal surfaces that are highly folded, like tissues, to increase their surface area and allow for more efficient exchange of materials despite their larger size. The rate of exchange is directly proportional to surface area while the amount of material exchanged depends on volume.
This document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology concepts related to animal form and function. It discusses the hierarchical organization of animal bodies from cells to tissues to organ systems. The four main tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue - are described. Key organ systems involved in digestion and absorption of nutrients in mammals are also outlined, including the oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas and gallbladder. The roles of these organs and their secretions in mechanical and chemical breakdown of food and uptake of resulting nutrients are summarized.
This document provides information on the four basic tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It describes each tissue type in detail, including their characteristic roles and functions. For epithelial tissue, it discusses the different classifications including simple and stratified epithelium as well as glandular tissues. It also covers the key components and functions of connective, muscle and nervous tissues.
This document provides an overview of basic principles of animal form and function. It discusses how:
- Animal form and function are correlated at different levels of organization from cells to organ systems. An animal's size and shape affect how it interacts with its environment.
- Physical constraints like size, shape, and environment determine an animal's abilities and influence evolutionary convergence.
- Exchange of energy and materials with the environment depends on surface area and internal structures for diffusion. More complex body plans facilitate exchange through features like folded surfaces.
- Tissues are composed of specialized cells that combine into organs and organ systems through hierarchical organization. The four main tissue types each have distinct structures suited to their functions.
- Coordination and control within
This document provides an overview of basic principles of animal form and function. It discusses how:
- Animal form and function are correlated at different levels of organization from cells to organ systems. An animal's size and shape affect how it interacts with its environment.
- Physical constraints like size, shape, and environment determine an animal's abilities and influence evolutionary convergence.
- More complex body plans in multicellular organisms facilitate material exchange through internal surfaces and transport between cells. Specialized tissues and organ systems further support homeostasis.
- Coordination and control occur through the nervous and endocrine systems, with nerves enabling fast, targeted signaling and hormones facilitating slower, whole-body responses.
The document discusses basic principles of animal form and function at multiple levels of organization. It covers how animal size, shape, and body plans are adapted to their environments and constrained by physical laws. It also summarizes the four main tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous - and how they are structured and classified. Finally, it examines how homeostasis, feedback control mechanisms, and both the endocrine and nervous systems help regulate an animal's internal environment.
The document discusses how the animal body is organized from cells to tissues to organs and organ systems. It focuses on the four main tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve tissue. Epithelial tissue forms sheets that cover surfaces and line cavities. Connective tissue provides structure and binds other tissues. Muscle tissue allows contraction. Nerve tissue transmits electrical signals. Tissues are combined into organs like skin, which contains all four tissue types, and organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
- The document discusses animal form and function, explaining how an animal's shape and size are correlated with and adapted to its physiological functions. It provides examples of how tissues, organs, and organ systems are arranged in animals in a way that allows for efficient energy use, waste removal, and exchange with the environment. Homeostasis and thermoregulation help animals regulate their internal environment to maintain optimal functioning.
Single-celled organisms rely on their plasma membrane surface area to exchange materials with their environment. More complex organisms have internal surfaces that are highly folded, like tissues, to increase their surface area and allow for more efficient exchange of materials despite their larger size. The rate of exchange is directly proportional to surface area while the amount of material exchanged depends on volume.
This document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology concepts related to animal form and function. It discusses the hierarchical organization of animal bodies from cells to tissues to organ systems. The four main tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue - are described. Key organ systems involved in digestion and absorption of nutrients in mammals are also outlined, including the oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas and gallbladder. The roles of these organs and their secretions in mechanical and chemical breakdown of food and uptake of resulting nutrients are summarized.
This document provides information on the four basic tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It describes each tissue type in detail, including their characteristic roles and functions. For epithelial tissue, it discusses the different classifications including simple and stratified epithelium as well as glandular tissues. It also covers the key components and functions of connective, muscle and nervous tissues.
The document discusses the four main types of tissues in the body: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. It provides details on the structure and function of each tissue type, and describes some examples of each type, including stratified squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue, skeletal muscle, and neurons that make up nervous tissue. Overall, the document serves to classify and explain the primary tissue groups that combine to form organs and allow the body to function properly.
This document provides an introduction to the structure and function of the human body. It discusses the levels of organization from the chemical level to organ systems. The four main tissue types are described as nervous, muscle, epithelial and connective tissues. Anatomical terminology including body positions, planes, and directional terms are outlined. Homeostasis is introduced as the maintenance of a stable internal environment through feedback control systems that detect changes and trigger responses to correct deviations from normal ranges.
The document provides an overview of animal form and function through a series of lecture slides. It discusses the following key points:
- Animal body plans follow patterns of symmetry like radial, bilateral, or asymmetrical. Bilateral symmetry allows for high mobility in land and aquatic animals.
- The size and shape of an animal's body is adapted to its environment and affects how it interacts with its surroundings.
- Animals obtain energy from food and convert nutrients to ATP. Their metabolic rate depends on being endothermic or ectothermic.
- The hierarchical organization of tissues, organs and systems allows for exchange of materials and maintenance of homeostasis. Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissues each have
This document provides an overview of anatomy and its various subdisciplines. It discusses anatomy at different scales from the molecular level up to the organism level. The major organ systems of the body are also introduced, including their main functions. Standard anatomical terminology is emphasized as important for clear communication between medical professionals. Diagrams are included to illustrate key concepts.
This document summarizes different types of plant and animal tissues. It describes tissue as a group of cells that work together to perform a common function. It then discusses the two main types of plant tissues - meristematic and permanent tissues. It provides details on various simple and complex permanent tissues in plants. The document also summarizes the four primary types of animal tissues - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissues - and includes descriptions of their structures and functions.
Tissues, Organs and Systems: The images have big font size and reduced background color. Useful for smartphones, classroom and printouts. The rest is standard stuff.
This document provides an overview of anatomy and the organ systems of the human body. It discusses anatomy at different scales from the molecular level to organs and organ systems. The 11 organ systems are introduced along with their major functions. These include the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Figures are included to illustrate comparative anatomy, levels of organization, and the structures within each organ system.
The document discusses the levels of physiological organization in the human body from cells to organ systems. It describes the four primary tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous. It then focuses on cell differentiation from fertilization through embryonic development into the three germ layers and subsequent tissue differentiation. The role of stem cells in development and tissue regeneration is covered. Homeostasis and its regulation through feedback loops is explained using blood glucose control as an example. The document emphasizes that physiology integrates both the functional and mechanistic aspects of biological systems.
Snowy owls have evolved adaptations for surviving in Arctic conditions, including insulating feathers, keen vision and hearing to locate prey, camouflaging white feathers, and sharp talons and beaks. The chapter discusses the key properties of life, the hierarchical organization of living things from molecules to ecosystems, and how cells are the basic functional units. It also explains evolution as the process that creates the diversity of life through genetic changes over generations, and how natural selection leads to adaptations that increase reproductive success.
This document is a set of PowerPoint slides about anatomy and physiology. It discusses the levels of structural organization in the human body from chemical to organismal. It also summarizes the key functions of the 11 organ systems, including the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. The slides emphasize that organ systems work interdependently to carry out life functions and maintain homeostasis.
This document provides an introduction to medical physiology by defining physiology and describing the levels of structural and functional organization in the human body, from the chemical level to the organismal level. It then provides an overview of the 11 organ systems that make up the human body, describing the components and functions of each system.
Physiology is the study of life from biochemical reactions to coordinated cells in living animals. Animal cells have structures like the cell membrane, mitochondria, nucleus, and organelles that carry out specialized functions. The physiology of domesticated animals involves systems like the muscular, skeletal, digestive, circulatory, respiratory, urinary, nervous, sensory, reproductive, and lymphatic systems. Each system has organs that perform key functions necessary for the animal's life and reproduction. Reproductive hormones regulate sexual characteristics, gamete production, pregnancy, and other reproductive processes.
The document summarizes the organization of nervous systems across different animal phyla. It begins by describing how nervous systems consist of networks of neurons and supporting cells. It then outlines how nervous system organization becomes more complex from simple nerve nets in cnidarians to centralized nervous systems in bilaterally symmetric animals like humans. In vertebrates, the central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system connects to and regulates different body systems and organs. The brain is regionally specialized with the forebrain giving rise to structures like the cerebrum and cerebral cortex.
This document summarizes the main tissue types found in animals: epithelial, connective, supportive, vascular, muscular and nervous tissue. It describes the functions and examples of each tissue type. For epithelial tissue, it distinguishes between simple and stratified epithelia. For connective tissue, it outlines the fibers, inorganic substances and organic substances that make up the matrix. It also lists the main types of connective, supportive and vascular tissues.
Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue in the body and holds organs together. It has more extracellular matrix than cells and is derived from mesoderm. Connective tissue functions include enclosing and separating organs, connecting tissues, supporting and moving structures, and storing substances. It is composed of cells, protein fibers, and ground substance. There are several types of connective tissue including loose connective tissue which surrounds organs and binds skin, dense regular connective tissue which forms strong structures like tendons, and supporting tissues like cartilage and bone.
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of mammalian tissues, with a focus on four primary tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. It describes the classification, location, and functions of different tissue types, such as simple and stratified epithelial tissue, areolar and adipose connective tissue, skeletal and smooth muscle tissue, and neurons and neuroglia in nervous tissue. The goal is to emphasize the relationship between tissue structure and physiological function.
8. Organization of human body - Anatomy - BSc Nursing 1st Semester - by M. T...thiru murugan
Organization of human body, Cavity Cartilage and Muscle
The human body is organized at different levels, starting with the cell.
Cells are organized into tissues, and tissues form organs.
Organs are organized into organ systems such as the skeletal and muscular systems.
CELL is the smallest functional unit of the body - The groups of cells are called TISSUE
The groups of tissues are called ORGANS - The groups of organs are called SYSTEM.
Systems of the human body
Integumentary system - Skin and its structures (hair, nails, sweat glands and oil glands)
Skeletal system - Bones, joints and their associated cartilages.
Muscular system - Muscles.
Nervous system - Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves
Endocrine system - Endocrine glands
Cardiovascular system - Blood, Heart and blood vessels
Lymphatic system and immunity - Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils.
Respiratory system - Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tubes leading into lungs.
Digestive system - Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, anus, and accessory organs such as the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
Urinary system - Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder & urethra
Reproductive system - Gonads (testes/ovaries) and associated organs (uterine tubes, uterus and vagina, epididymis, vas deferens and penis)
Special senses - eye, nose, tongue, skin, ear
Body cavities: Body cavities means Any space in the body of a multicellular organism, containing the viscera or fluid
Two types of body cavities:
Ventral Cavity: Consist of Thoracic Cavity, Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.
Dorsal Cavity: Include Cranial Cavity & Spinal cavity.
Hyaline Cartilage has a smooth surface and is the most common of the three types of cartilage.
Tough but slightly flexible.
It consists of elastic material with many fine collagen fibrils and chondrocytes.
Because of its smooth surfaces, providing flexibility and support
Example: Connection between ribs and sternum, nasal cartilage and articular cartilage (which covers opposing bone surfaces in many joints).
Fibrocartilage:
Fibrocartilage is the toughest cartilage.
It contains collagen fibers embedded with chondrocytes, making it durable and tough. This makes it perfect to provide support and rigidity
Example: Intervertebral disc, Menisci (knee joint), the callus, Pubic Symphysis
Elastic Cartilage:
Elastic cartilage provides support. It has a yellowish colour
Chondrocytes are located between a network of threadlike elastic fibres;
It flexible and resilient.
Example: the auricle of the outer ear.
Skeletal muscles:
Close relationship to the bone or skeleton, Prominent striations - “Striated Muscles”. Also known as “Voluntary Muscles”
The nucleus is located peripherally
It consists of numerous cells called muscle fibers
It has 3 layers: endomysium, perimysium and epimysium
Functions: locomotion, protection & balance
Cardiac muscle:
Also called heart muscle or myocardium.
1. The human body is composed of cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and whole organisms organized from smallest to largest.
2. Cells combine to form tissues like muscle and nerve tissue. Multiple tissues combine to form organs like the heart.
3. Organs work together in organ systems, such as the cardiovascular system composed of the heart and blood vessels.
4. The major organ systems that work cooperatively are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The document discusses the four main types of tissues in the body: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. It provides details on the structure and function of each tissue type, and describes some examples of each type, including stratified squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue, skeletal muscle, and neurons that make up nervous tissue. Overall, the document serves to classify and explain the primary tissue groups that combine to form organs and allow the body to function properly.
This document provides an introduction to the structure and function of the human body. It discusses the levels of organization from the chemical level to organ systems. The four main tissue types are described as nervous, muscle, epithelial and connective tissues. Anatomical terminology including body positions, planes, and directional terms are outlined. Homeostasis is introduced as the maintenance of a stable internal environment through feedback control systems that detect changes and trigger responses to correct deviations from normal ranges.
The document provides an overview of animal form and function through a series of lecture slides. It discusses the following key points:
- Animal body plans follow patterns of symmetry like radial, bilateral, or asymmetrical. Bilateral symmetry allows for high mobility in land and aquatic animals.
- The size and shape of an animal's body is adapted to its environment and affects how it interacts with its surroundings.
- Animals obtain energy from food and convert nutrients to ATP. Their metabolic rate depends on being endothermic or ectothermic.
- The hierarchical organization of tissues, organs and systems allows for exchange of materials and maintenance of homeostasis. Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissues each have
This document provides an overview of anatomy and its various subdisciplines. It discusses anatomy at different scales from the molecular level up to the organism level. The major organ systems of the body are also introduced, including their main functions. Standard anatomical terminology is emphasized as important for clear communication between medical professionals. Diagrams are included to illustrate key concepts.
This document summarizes different types of plant and animal tissues. It describes tissue as a group of cells that work together to perform a common function. It then discusses the two main types of plant tissues - meristematic and permanent tissues. It provides details on various simple and complex permanent tissues in plants. The document also summarizes the four primary types of animal tissues - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissues - and includes descriptions of their structures and functions.
Tissues, Organs and Systems: The images have big font size and reduced background color. Useful for smartphones, classroom and printouts. The rest is standard stuff.
This document provides an overview of anatomy and the organ systems of the human body. It discusses anatomy at different scales from the molecular level to organs and organ systems. The 11 organ systems are introduced along with their major functions. These include the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Figures are included to illustrate comparative anatomy, levels of organization, and the structures within each organ system.
The document discusses the levels of physiological organization in the human body from cells to organ systems. It describes the four primary tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous. It then focuses on cell differentiation from fertilization through embryonic development into the three germ layers and subsequent tissue differentiation. The role of stem cells in development and tissue regeneration is covered. Homeostasis and its regulation through feedback loops is explained using blood glucose control as an example. The document emphasizes that physiology integrates both the functional and mechanistic aspects of biological systems.
Snowy owls have evolved adaptations for surviving in Arctic conditions, including insulating feathers, keen vision and hearing to locate prey, camouflaging white feathers, and sharp talons and beaks. The chapter discusses the key properties of life, the hierarchical organization of living things from molecules to ecosystems, and how cells are the basic functional units. It also explains evolution as the process that creates the diversity of life through genetic changes over generations, and how natural selection leads to adaptations that increase reproductive success.
This document is a set of PowerPoint slides about anatomy and physiology. It discusses the levels of structural organization in the human body from chemical to organismal. It also summarizes the key functions of the 11 organ systems, including the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. The slides emphasize that organ systems work interdependently to carry out life functions and maintain homeostasis.
This document provides an introduction to medical physiology by defining physiology and describing the levels of structural and functional organization in the human body, from the chemical level to the organismal level. It then provides an overview of the 11 organ systems that make up the human body, describing the components and functions of each system.
Physiology is the study of life from biochemical reactions to coordinated cells in living animals. Animal cells have structures like the cell membrane, mitochondria, nucleus, and organelles that carry out specialized functions. The physiology of domesticated animals involves systems like the muscular, skeletal, digestive, circulatory, respiratory, urinary, nervous, sensory, reproductive, and lymphatic systems. Each system has organs that perform key functions necessary for the animal's life and reproduction. Reproductive hormones regulate sexual characteristics, gamete production, pregnancy, and other reproductive processes.
The document summarizes the organization of nervous systems across different animal phyla. It begins by describing how nervous systems consist of networks of neurons and supporting cells. It then outlines how nervous system organization becomes more complex from simple nerve nets in cnidarians to centralized nervous systems in bilaterally symmetric animals like humans. In vertebrates, the central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system connects to and regulates different body systems and organs. The brain is regionally specialized with the forebrain giving rise to structures like the cerebrum and cerebral cortex.
This document summarizes the main tissue types found in animals: epithelial, connective, supportive, vascular, muscular and nervous tissue. It describes the functions and examples of each tissue type. For epithelial tissue, it distinguishes between simple and stratified epithelia. For connective tissue, it outlines the fibers, inorganic substances and organic substances that make up the matrix. It also lists the main types of connective, supportive and vascular tissues.
Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue in the body and holds organs together. It has more extracellular matrix than cells and is derived from mesoderm. Connective tissue functions include enclosing and separating organs, connecting tissues, supporting and moving structures, and storing substances. It is composed of cells, protein fibers, and ground substance. There are several types of connective tissue including loose connective tissue which surrounds organs and binds skin, dense regular connective tissue which forms strong structures like tendons, and supporting tissues like cartilage and bone.
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of mammalian tissues, with a focus on four primary tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. It describes the classification, location, and functions of different tissue types, such as simple and stratified epithelial tissue, areolar and adipose connective tissue, skeletal and smooth muscle tissue, and neurons and neuroglia in nervous tissue. The goal is to emphasize the relationship between tissue structure and physiological function.
8. Organization of human body - Anatomy - BSc Nursing 1st Semester - by M. T...thiru murugan
Organization of human body, Cavity Cartilage and Muscle
The human body is organized at different levels, starting with the cell.
Cells are organized into tissues, and tissues form organs.
Organs are organized into organ systems such as the skeletal and muscular systems.
CELL is the smallest functional unit of the body - The groups of cells are called TISSUE
The groups of tissues are called ORGANS - The groups of organs are called SYSTEM.
Systems of the human body
Integumentary system - Skin and its structures (hair, nails, sweat glands and oil glands)
Skeletal system - Bones, joints and their associated cartilages.
Muscular system - Muscles.
Nervous system - Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves
Endocrine system - Endocrine glands
Cardiovascular system - Blood, Heart and blood vessels
Lymphatic system and immunity - Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils.
Respiratory system - Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tubes leading into lungs.
Digestive system - Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, anus, and accessory organs such as the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
Urinary system - Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder & urethra
Reproductive system - Gonads (testes/ovaries) and associated organs (uterine tubes, uterus and vagina, epididymis, vas deferens and penis)
Special senses - eye, nose, tongue, skin, ear
Body cavities: Body cavities means Any space in the body of a multicellular organism, containing the viscera or fluid
Two types of body cavities:
Ventral Cavity: Consist of Thoracic Cavity, Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.
Dorsal Cavity: Include Cranial Cavity & Spinal cavity.
Hyaline Cartilage has a smooth surface and is the most common of the three types of cartilage.
Tough but slightly flexible.
It consists of elastic material with many fine collagen fibrils and chondrocytes.
Because of its smooth surfaces, providing flexibility and support
Example: Connection between ribs and sternum, nasal cartilage and articular cartilage (which covers opposing bone surfaces in many joints).
Fibrocartilage:
Fibrocartilage is the toughest cartilage.
It contains collagen fibers embedded with chondrocytes, making it durable and tough. This makes it perfect to provide support and rigidity
Example: Intervertebral disc, Menisci (knee joint), the callus, Pubic Symphysis
Elastic Cartilage:
Elastic cartilage provides support. It has a yellowish colour
Chondrocytes are located between a network of threadlike elastic fibres;
It flexible and resilient.
Example: the auricle of the outer ear.
Skeletal muscles:
Close relationship to the bone or skeleton, Prominent striations - “Striated Muscles”. Also known as “Voluntary Muscles”
The nucleus is located peripherally
It consists of numerous cells called muscle fibers
It has 3 layers: endomysium, perimysium and epimysium
Functions: locomotion, protection & balance
Cardiac muscle:
Also called heart muscle or myocardium.
1. The human body is composed of cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and whole organisms organized from smallest to largest.
2. Cells combine to form tissues like muscle and nerve tissue. Multiple tissues combine to form organs like the heart.
3. Organs work together in organ systems, such as the cardiovascular system composed of the heart and blood vessels.
4. The major organ systems that work cooperatively are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
10. Internal
exchange
surfaces of
complex animals
0.5 cm
Nutrients
Digestive
system
Lining of small intestine
Mouth
Food
External environment
Animal
body
CO2 O2
Circulatory
system
Heart
Respiratory
system
Cells
Interstitial
fluid
Excretory
system
Anus
Unabsorbed
matter (feces)
Metabolic waste products
(nitrogenous waste)
Kidney tubules
10 µm
50
µm
Lung tissue
53. Hypothalamus:
thermoregulation
Sweat glands secrete
sweat, which evaporates,
cooling the body.
Thermostat in hypothalamus
activates cooling mechanisms.
Blood vessels
in skin dilate:
capillaries fill;
heat radiates
from skin.
Increased body
temperature
Decreased body
temperature
Thermostat in hypothalamus
activates warming mechanisms.
Blood vessels in skin
constrict, reducing
heat loss.
Skeletal muscles contract;
shivering generates heat.
Body temperature
increases; thermostat
shuts off warming
mechanisms.
Homeostasis:
Internal temperature
of 36–38°C
Body temperature
decreases;
thermostat
shuts off cooling
mechanisms.
56. Bioenergetics of an animal
Organic molecules
in food
External
environment
Animal
body Digestion and
absorption
Nutrient molecules
in body cells
Carbon
skeletons
Cellular
respiration
ATP
Heat
Energy lost
in feces
Energy lost in
nitrogenous
waste
Heat
Biosynthesis
Heat
Heat
Cellular
work
60. Relationship
of
Metabolic Rate
to
Body Size
Elephant
Horse
Human
Sheep
Dog
Cat
Rat
Ground squirrel
Mouse
Harvest mouse
Shrew
Body mass (kg) (log scale)
BMR
(L
O
2
/hr)
(Iog
scale)
10–3 10–2
10–2
10–1
10–1
10
10
1
1 102
102
103
103
(a) Relationship of BMR to body size
Shrew
Mouse
Harvest mouse
Sheep
Rat Cat
Dog
Human
Horse
Elephant
BMR
(L
O
2
/hr)
(per
kg)
Ground squirrel
Body mass (kg) (log scale)
10–3 10–2 10–1 1 10 102 103
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
7
(b) Relationship of BMR per kilogram of body mass to body size
62. Energy budgets for four animals
Annual
energy
expenditure
(kcal/hr)
60-kg female human
from temperate climate
800,000
Basal
(standard)
metabolism
Reproduction
Thermoregulation
Growth
Activity
340,000
4-kg male Adélie penguin
from Antarctica (brooding)
4,000
0.025-kg female deer mouse
from temperate
North America
8,000
4-kg female eastern
indigo snake
Endotherms Ectotherm
64. Body temperature and metabolism during hibernation in ground
squirrels
Additional metabolism that would be
necessary to stay active in winter
Actual
metabolism
Arousals
Body
temperature
Outside
temperature
Burrow
temperature
Metabolic
rate
(kcal
per
day)
Temperature
(°C)
June August October December February April
–15
–10
–5
0
5
15
10
25
20
35
30
0
100
200