Organization of human body, Cavity Cartilage and Muscle The human body is organized at different levels, starting with the cell. Cells are organized into tissues, and tissues form organs. Organs are organized into organ systems such as the skeletal and muscular systems. CELL is the smallest functional unit of the body - The groups of cells are called TISSUE The groups of tissues are called ORGANS - The groups of organs are called SYSTEM. Systems of the human body Integumentary system - Skin and its structures (hair, nails, sweat glands and oil glands) Skeletal system - Bones, joints and their associated cartilages. Muscular system - Muscles. Nervous system - Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves Endocrine system - Endocrine glands Cardiovascular system - Blood, Heart and blood vessels Lymphatic system and immunity - Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils. Respiratory system - Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tubes leading into lungs. Digestive system - Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, anus, and accessory organs such as the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Urinary system - Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder & urethra Reproductive system - Gonads (testes/ovaries) and associated organs (uterine tubes, uterus and vagina, epididymis, vas deferens and penis) Special senses - eye, nose, tongue, skin, ear Body cavities: Body cavities means Any space in the body of a multicellular organism, containing the viscera or fluid Two types of body cavities: Ventral Cavity: Consist of Thoracic Cavity, Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity. Dorsal Cavity: Include Cranial Cavity & Spinal cavity. Hyaline Cartilage has a smooth surface and is the most common of the three types of cartilage. Tough but slightly flexible. It consists of elastic material with many fine collagen fibrils and chondrocytes. Because of its smooth surfaces, providing flexibility and support Example: Connection between ribs and sternum, nasal cartilage and articular cartilage (which covers opposing bone surfaces in many joints). Fibrocartilage: Fibrocartilage is the toughest cartilage. It contains collagen fibers embedded with chondrocytes, making it durable and tough. This makes it perfect to provide support and rigidity Example: Intervertebral disc, Menisci (knee joint), the callus, Pubic Symphysis  Elastic Cartilage: Elastic cartilage provides support. It has a yellowish colour Chondrocytes are located between a network of threadlike elastic fibres; It flexible and resilient. Example: the auricle of the outer ear.   Skeletal muscles: Close relationship to the bone or skeleton, Prominent striations - “Striated Muscles”. Also known as “Voluntary Muscles” The nucleus is located peripherally It consists of numerous cells called muscle fibers It has 3 layers: endomysium, perimysium and epimysium Functions: locomotion, protection & balance Cardiac muscle: Also called heart muscle or myocardium.

1. Organization of human body, Cavity
Cartilage and Muscle
By,
M. Thiru murugan

2. • The human body is organized at different levels, starting with the cell.
• Cells are organized into tissues, and tissues form organs.
• Organs are organized into organ systems such as the skeletal and muscular
systems.
• CELL is the smallest functional unit of the body - The groups of cells are called
TISSUE
• The groups of tissues are called ORGANS - The groups of organs are called
SYSTEM.
Organization of human body

3. Systems of the human body
 Integumentary system - Skin and its structures (hair, nails, sweat
glands and oil glands)
 Skeletal system - Bones, joints and their associated cartilages.
 Muscular system - Muscles.
 Nervous system - Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves
 Endocrine system - Endocrine glands
 Cardiovascular system - Blood, Heart and blood vessels
 Lymphatic system and immunity - Lymphatic fluid and vessels;
spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils.

4.  Respiratory system - Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea and
bronchial tubes leading into lungs.
 Digestive system - Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small
and large intestine, anus, and accessory organs such as the salivary
glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
 Urinary system - Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder & urethra
 Reproductive system - Gonads (testes/ovaries) and associated
organs (uterine tubes, uterus and vagina, epididymis, vas deferens
and penis)
 Special senses - eye, nose, tongue, skin, ear

5. • Body cavities: Body cavities means Any space in the body of a
multicellular organism, containing the viscera or fluid
Two types of body cavities:
1. Ventral Cavity: Consist of Thoracic Cavity, Abdominal cavity
and pelvic cavity.
2. Dorsal Cavity: Include Cranial Cavity & Spinal cavity.

6. • Hyaline Cartilage has a smooth surface and is the
most common of the three types of cartilage.
• Tough but slightly flexible.
• It consists of elastic material with many fine
collagen fibrils and chondrocytes.
• Because of its smooth surfaces, providing
flexibility and support
• Example: Connection between ribs and
sternum, nasal cartilage and articular
cartilage (which covers opposing bone surfaces
in many joints).
Hyaline Cartilage

7. • Fibrocartilage:
• Fibrocartilage is the toughest cartilage.
• It contains collagen fibers embedded with chondrocytes, making it durable and
tough. This makes it perfect to provide support and rigidity
• Example: Intervertebral disc, Menisci (knee joint), the callus, Pubic
Symphysis

8. • Elastic Cartilage:
• Elastic cartilage provides support. It has a yellowish colour
• Chondrocytes are located between a network of threadlike elastic fibres;
• It flexible and resilient.
• Example: the auricle of the outer ear.

9. • Skeletal muscles:
• Close relationship to the bone or skeleton, Prominent striations - “Striated
Muscles”. Also known as “Voluntary Muscles”
• The nucleus is located peripherally
• It consists of numerous cells called muscle fibers
• It has 3 layers: endomysium, perimysium and epimysium
• Functions: locomotion, protection & balance
Features of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle

10. • Cardiac muscle:
• Also called heart muscle or myocardium. The cells known as
cardiomyocytes. “striated” muscles
• Movements are not in our control so it is called “involuntary” muscle
• Single centrally located nucleus.
• Individual cardiac muscle cells joined by intercalated discs.
• Cardiac muscle is responsible for the heart to pump blood

11. • Smooth muscle:
• Smooth muscle is an involuntary, non-striated muscle
• Spindle shaped cells, Single nucleus and no visible striations
• Smooth muscle is found in stomach, intestine, bladder, uterus, blood & lymph
vessels, respiratory, urinary & reproductive tracts and skin.
• Functions: propulsion of the food, regulation of blood flow, urine flow, regulation of
breathing & contractions during pregnancy,

12. • A working knowledge of anatomy is essential for the patient
care
• Learning of anatomical terms, planes & movements are
important to communicate easily with health care professional
without confusion.
• Understanding of cells & tissue helps to identify the abnormal
problems or diseases.
• Specific cells may be affected by specific disease process.
• When epithelial tissue are damaged, the functioning of organ
system can be affected severely.
Application & Implication in nursing or Applied anatomy

13. • Epithelial tissue are a common site for tumours.
• Certain diseases particularly affect glands ex.. Mumps –
salivary glands
• Edema swelling of tissue
• In obesity, excessive fat stored in adipose tissue
• Lipoma common benign tumour that affect adipocytes.
• Knowledge of muscle tissue useful to know about muscles
problems and easy to give IM injections and other
procedures.
Application & Implication in nursing or Applied anatomy