The document provides 40 tips for using basic Linux command line commands and tricks. Some key points include: everything in Linux is a file; # and $ denote superuser and normal users respectively; Ctrl+Alt+F1-F6 switch between terminals while Ctrl+Alt+F7 switches to the GUI; tilde ~ denotes the user's home directory; hidden files start with dot; ls -a views hidden files; file permissions use rwx scheme; and variables can store long text for repeated use.
we need to have a good amount of basic or in-depth knowledge on Linux Basics. This will help one's job easy in resolving the issues and supporting the projects.
Are you a system admin or database admin? Or working on any other technology which is deployed or implemented on linux/UNIX machines? Then you should be good with Linux basic concepts and commands. We will cover this section very clearly.
P2Cinfotech is one of the leading, Online IT Training facilities and Job Consultant, spread all over the world. We have successfully conducted online classes on various Software Technologies that are currently in Demand. To name a few, we provide quality online training for QA, QTP, Manual Testing, HP LoadRunner, BA, Java Technologies.
Unique Features of P2Cinfotech:
1. All online software Training Batches will Be handled by Real time working Professionals only.
2. Live online training like Real time face to face, Instructor ? student interaction.
3. Good online training virtual class room environment.
4. Special Exercises and Assignments to make you self-confident on your course subject.
5. Interactive Sessions to update students with latest Developments on the particular course.
6. Flexible Batch Timings and proper timetable.
7. Affordable, decent and Flexible fee structure.
8. Extended Technical assistance even after completion of the course.
9. 100% Job Assistance and Guidance.
Courses What we cover:
Quality Assurance
Business Analsis
QTp
JAVA
Apps Devlepoment Training
Register for Free DEMO:
www.p2cinfotech.com p2cinfotech@gmail.com +1-732-546-3607 (USA)
we need to have a good amount of basic or in-depth knowledge on Linux Basics. This will help one's job easy in resolving the issues and supporting the projects.
Are you a system admin or database admin? Or working on any other technology which is deployed or implemented on linux/UNIX machines? Then you should be good with Linux basic concepts and commands. We will cover this section very clearly.
P2Cinfotech is one of the leading, Online IT Training facilities and Job Consultant, spread all over the world. We have successfully conducted online classes on various Software Technologies that are currently in Demand. To name a few, we provide quality online training for QA, QTP, Manual Testing, HP LoadRunner, BA, Java Technologies.
Unique Features of P2Cinfotech:
1. All online software Training Batches will Be handled by Real time working Professionals only.
2. Live online training like Real time face to face, Instructor ? student interaction.
3. Good online training virtual class room environment.
4. Special Exercises and Assignments to make you self-confident on your course subject.
5. Interactive Sessions to update students with latest Developments on the particular course.
6. Flexible Batch Timings and proper timetable.
7. Affordable, decent and Flexible fee structure.
8. Extended Technical assistance even after completion of the course.
9. 100% Job Assistance and Guidance.
Courses What we cover:
Quality Assurance
Business Analsis
QTp
JAVA
Apps Devlepoment Training
Register for Free DEMO:
www.p2cinfotech.com p2cinfotech@gmail.com +1-732-546-3607 (USA)
This article describes important Linux commands that you must know as a system or database administrator.
Here is the full article link: https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/important-linux-commands
Our lab planned a one-week lecture for bioinformatics beginners. I am right now the system administrator of Linux servers, NAS and Vms, so i want to teach the basics of linux system for new Linux users. And i wish to share my slide with you.
Linux Commands mentioned here includes basic as well advanced linux commands which we use on a daily basis. These commands can also help you to crack interview.
A command is normally entered in a line by typing from the keyboard.
Commands , options and command arguments must be seperated by white space or tabs.
Summary of UNIX commands used in the BTI Plant Bioinformatics Course in 2014. It includes a description of these common commands and some useful options.
Per chi incomincia addentrarsi nel magico mondo dei comandi da terminale la vita può essere dura. In rete esistono diverse guide, ma la “Linux Bash Shell Cheat Sheet for Beginners” di Raphael è qualcosa che i principianti dovrebbero tenere a portata di mano. La segnaliamo un po’ perchè è molto semplice e chiara, e un po’ perchè è stata scritta da un sedicenne canadese. Personalmente è una cosa che mi fa piacere, perchè dimostra che anche i giovanissimi si accostano a linux nel modo migliore, ovvero “imparo e a mia volta diffondo”.
This article describes important Linux commands that you must know as a system or database administrator.
Here is the full article link: https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/important-linux-commands
Our lab planned a one-week lecture for bioinformatics beginners. I am right now the system administrator of Linux servers, NAS and Vms, so i want to teach the basics of linux system for new Linux users. And i wish to share my slide with you.
Linux Commands mentioned here includes basic as well advanced linux commands which we use on a daily basis. These commands can also help you to crack interview.
A command is normally entered in a line by typing from the keyboard.
Commands , options and command arguments must be seperated by white space or tabs.
Summary of UNIX commands used in the BTI Plant Bioinformatics Course in 2014. It includes a description of these common commands and some useful options.
Per chi incomincia addentrarsi nel magico mondo dei comandi da terminale la vita può essere dura. In rete esistono diverse guide, ma la “Linux Bash Shell Cheat Sheet for Beginners” di Raphael è qualcosa che i principianti dovrebbero tenere a portata di mano. La segnaliamo un po’ perchè è molto semplice e chiara, e un po’ perchè è stata scritta da un sedicenne canadese. Personalmente è una cosa che mi fa piacere, perchè dimostra che anche i giovanissimi si accostano a linux nel modo migliore, ovvero “imparo e a mia volta diffondo”.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
1. 40 Basic Linux Command-line Tips and Tricks
1. Everything in Linux is a file including the hardware and even the directories.
2. # : Denotes the super(root) user
3. $ : Denotes the normal user
4. /root: Denotes the super user’s directory
/home: Denotes the normal user’s directory.
5. Switching between Terminals
§ Ctrl + Alt + F1-F6: Console login
§ Ctrl + Alt + F7: GUI login
6. The Magic Tab: Instead of typing the whole filename if the unique pattern for a particular file is given
then the remaining characters need not be typed and can be obtained automatically using the Tab button.
7. ~(Tilde): Denotes the current user’s home directory
8. Ctrl + Z: To stop a command that is working interactively without terminating it.
9. Ctrl + C: To stop a command that is not responding. (Cancellation).
10. Ctrl + D: To send the EOF( End of File) signal to a command normally when you see ‘>’.
11. Ctrl + W: To erase the text you have entered a word at a time.
12. Up arrow key: To redisplay the last executed command. The Down arrow key can be used to print
the next command used after using the Up arrow key previously.
13. The history command can be cleared using a simple option –c (clear).
14. cd : The cd command can be used trickily in the following ways:
cd : To switch to the home user
cd * : To change directory to the first file in the directory (only if the first file is a directory)
cd .. : To move back a folder
cd - : To return to the last directory you were in
15. Files starting with a dot (.) are a hidden file.
16. To view hidden files: ls -a
17. ls: The ls command can be use trickily in the following ways:
2. ls -lR : To view a long list of all the files (which includes directories) and their subdirectories recursively .
ls *.* : To view a list of all the files with extensions only.
18. ls -ll: Gives a long list in the following format
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2010-04-29 05:17 bin where
drwxr-xr-x : permission where d stands for directory, rwx stands for owner privilege, r-x stands for the
group privilege and r-x stands for others permission respectively.
Here r stands for read, w for write and x for executable.
2=> link count
root=>owner
root=>group
4096=> directory size
2010-04-29=>date of creation
05:17=> time of creation
bin=>directory file(in blue)
The color code of the files is as follows:
Blue: Directory file
White: Normal file
Green: Executable file
Yellow: Device file
Magenta: Picture file
Cyan: link file
Red: Compressed file
File Symbol
-(Hyphen) : Normal file
d=directory
l=link file
b=Block device file
3. c=character device file
19. Using the rm command: When used without any option the rm command deletes the file or directory
( option -rf) without any warning. A simple mistake like rm / somedir instead of rm /somedir can cause
major chaos and delete the entire content of the /(root) directory. Hence it is always advisable to use rm
command with the -i(which prompts before removal) option. Also there is no undelete option in Linux.
20. Copying hidden files: cp .* (copies hidden files only to a new destination)
21. dpkg -l : To get a list of all the installed packages.
23. Use of ‘ > ‘ and ‘ >> ‘ : The ‘ > ‘ symbol ( input redirector sign) can be used to add content to a file
when used with the cat command. Whereas ‘ >> ‘ can be used to append to a file. If the ‘ >> ‘ symbol is
not used and content is added to a file using only the ‘>’ symbol the previous content of the file is deleted
and replaced with the new content.
e.g: $ touch text (creates an empty file)
$ cat >text
This is text’s text. ( Save the changes to the file using Ctrl +D)
$cat >> text
This is a new text. (Ctrl + D)
Output of the file:
This is text’s text.
This is a new text.
23. To count the number of users logged in : who |wc –l
24. cat: The cat command can be used to trickly in the following way:
- To count no. of lines from a file : cat <filename> |wc -l
- To count no. of words from a file : cat <filename> |wc -w
- To count no. of characters from a file : cat <filename> |wc –c
25. To search a term that returns a pattern: cat <filename> |grep [pattern]
26. The ‘tr’ command: Used to translate the characters of a file.
tr ‘a-z’ ‘A-Z’ <text >text1 : The command for example is used to translate all the characters from lower
case to upper case of the ‘text’ file and save the changes to a new file ‘text1′.
4. 27. File permission using chmod: ‘chmod’ can be used directly to change the file permission of files in
a simple way by giving the permission for root, user and others in a numeric form where the numeric
value are as follows:
r(read-only)=>4
w(write)=>2
x(executable)=>1
e.g. chmod 754 text will change the ownership of owner to read, write and executable, that of group to
read and executable and that of others to read only of the text file.
28. more: It is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time.
Use it with any of the commands after the pipe symbol to increase readability.
e.g. ls -ll |more
29. cron : Daemon to execute scheduled commands. Cron enables users to schedule jobs (commands
or shell scripts) to run periodically at certain times or dates.
1 * * * * echo “hi” >/dev/tty1 displays the text “hi” after every 1 minute in tty1
.—————- minute (0 – 59)
| .————- hour (0 – 23)
| | .———- day of month (1 – 31)
| | | .——- month (1 – 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr …
| | | | .—– day of week (0 – 7) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat
* * * * * command to be executed
Source of example: Wikipedia
30. fsck: Used for file system checking. On a non-journaling file system the fsck command can take a
very long time to complete. Using it with the option -c displays a progress bar which doesn’t increase the
speed but lets you know how long you still have to wait for the process to complete.
e.g. fsck -C
31. To find the path of the command: which command
e.g. which clear
32. Setting up alias: Enables a replacement of a word with another string. It is mainly used for
abbreviating a system command, or for adding default arguments to a regularly used command
5. e.g. alias cls=’clear’ => For buffer alias of clear
33. The du (disk usage) command can be used with the option -h to print the space occupied in human
readable form. More specifically it can be used with the summation option (-s).
e.g. du -sh /home summarizes the total disk usage by the home directory in human readable form.
34. Two or more commands can be combined with the && operator. However the succeeding command
is executed if and only if the previous one is true.
e.g. ls && date lists the contents of the directory first and then gives the system date.
35. Surfing the net in text only mode from the terminal: elinks [URL]
e.g: elinks www.google.com
Note that the elinks package has to be installed in the system.
36. The ps command displays a great more deal of information than the kill command does.
37. To extract a no. of lines from a file:
e.g head -n 4 abc.c is used to extract the first 4 lines of the file abc.c
e.g tail -n 4 abc.c is used to extract the last 4 lines of the file abc.c
38. Any changes to a file might cause loss of important data unknowingly. Hence Linux creates a file
with the same name followed by ~ (Tilde) sign without the recent changes. This comes in really handy
when playing with the configuration files as some sort of a backup is created.
39. A variable can be defined with an ‘=’ operator. Now a long block of text can be assigned to the
variable and brought into use repeatedly by just typing the variable name preceded by a $ sign instead of
writing the whole chunk of text again and again.
e.g ldir=/home/my/Desktop/abc
cp abcd $ldir copies the file abcd to /home/my/Desktop/abc.
40. To find all the files in your home directory modified or created today:
e.g. find ~ -type f -mtime 0
http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/LinuxTutorialSysAdmin.html