The document describes measurements of the female pelvis, including the transverse and anteroposterior diameters of the inlet, mid-pelvis, and outlet. It notes that the most useful clinical measurement is the diagonal conjugate from the pubic symphysis to the sacrum. Variations in pelvic shape include the gynaecoid, android, platypelloid, and anthropoid types. Common abnormalities that affect the pelvic inlet include symmetrical contraction, rickets-induced flattening, and asymmetry from various causes.
This document discusses hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia. It defines the conditions and describes their typical symptoms of hypertension, edema, and protein in the urine. The pathophysiology involves vasoconstriction, endothelial damage, and increased capillary permeability. Management involves medications to lower blood pressure like magnesium sulfate and antihypertensives. Close monitoring of the mother and fetus is needed to watch for complications that could require early delivery.
This document discusses various menstrual disorders including amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, dysfunctional bleeding, premenstrual syndrome, pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, pelvic relaxation disorders, cystitis, urinary incontinence, and perimenopause. It defines each condition, discusses etiology and pathophysiology, assessment findings, diagnosis, and treatment. Nursing considerations are provided for educating women on prevention and management of these common gynecological issues.
11.infectious disease of genitalia & sexual transmitted infectionsHishgeeubuns
This document discusses several common sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, yeast infections, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, human papillomavirus, and HIV/AIDS. For each STI, the causative agent, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment are described. Prevention strategies are also covered, such as perineal hygiene, safe sex practices, and STI screening during pregnancy.
This document discusses women's health topics including screening tests for early detection of diseases of the reproductive system. It covers Pap smear tests, which are recommended annually or every 3 years for women ages 21 to 65 as the best way to detect cervical cancer early. Breast self-exams are also discussed as a way for women to check their own breasts for lumps or other changes on a monthly basis. The importance of early detection of breast cancer through clinical exams and mammography is emphasized, as treatment is most successful when cancer is found early.
Postpartum hemorrhage and other complications are described. Uterine atony is a common cause of early postpartum hemorrhage. Retained placental fragments can also cause hemorrhage. Clinical manifestations of hemorrhage include hypotension and vaginal bleeding. Management involves oxytocics, IV fluids, blood transfusion, and curettage if needed. Nursing focuses on monitoring for shock, administering treatments, and educating on postpartum care and warning signs. Puerperal infections and hematomas are also risks and are managed with antibiotics, analgesics, and hygiene education. Amniotic fluid embolism is a rare but often fatal complication from amniotic debris entering the mother's
1. Cesarean delivery is a surgical procedure to deliver babies through incisions in the mother's abdomen and uterus.
2. The most common type of cesarean incision is a low transverse incision in the lower uterine segment.
3. Indications for cesarean delivery include cephalopelvic disproportion, fetal distress, breech presentation, and previous uterine surgeries.
This document discusses complications that can arise during labor and delivery. It defines dystocia, or difficult labor, as being caused by abnormalities in uterine contractions (power), the pelvis or birth canal (passageway), fetal position or size (passenger), maternal psychology, or maternal position. Specific issues that can contribute to dystocia are then outlined such as ineffective contractions, pelvic abnormalities, breech or shoulder presentations of the baby, maternal fear or anxiety, and supine positions of the mother. Diagnosis, management, complications, and nursing care are also reviewed.
This document discusses placental abnormalities including placenta previa and abruption placentae. It provides information on pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, management, nursing assessment, nursing diagnoses, interventions, patient education, and evaluation for each condition. Placenta previa is when the placenta covers all or part of the cervical os, which can cause painless bleeding late in pregnancy. Abruptio placentae is premature separation of the placenta from the uterus, which causes bleeding and can lead to shock. Ultrasound is used for diagnosis and treatment involves bed rest, monitoring, and delivery by c-section if needed to stabilize the mother and baby.
1. Hemorrhagic disorders in pregnancy can occur early or late term and include conditions like spontaneous or induced abortion, ectopic pregnancy, molar pregnancy, and placental abnormalities.
2. Spontaneous abortion, also called miscarriage, is the unintentional termination of pregnancy before 20 weeks gestation. Risk factors include chromosomal abnormalities, infections, or lifestyle factors. Ectopic pregnancy occurs when the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes.
3. Molar pregnancy results from abnormal placenta formation causing a cluster of cysts instead of a normal placenta and baby. It carries risks for hemorrhage and later development of gestational troph
This document discusses hyperemesis gravidarum and diabetes in pregnancy. Hyperemesis gravidarum is severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy persisting past the first trimester, affecting 0.3-1% of pregnancies. It can cause dehydration, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalances. Treatment involves IV fluids, antiemetics, and nutritional support. Diabetes in pregnancy occurs in 7% of pregnancies and increases risks for mothers and babies. Good management through glucose monitoring, identifying complications, and maintaining normal levels can help mitigate these risks. The goals are healthy glucose levels and identifying/managing any issues that arise.
The document discusses hypertensive disorders of pregnancy including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia. It describes the pathophysiology as involving vasoconstriction, endothelial damage, and increased capillary permeability. Symptoms include hypertension, proteinuria, edema, headaches and visual changes. Management involves medications to lower blood pressure like magnesium sulfate and delivery if symptoms cannot be controlled. Complications for mother and baby include abruption, HELLP syndrome, prematurity and growth restriction.
2. mongolia(high risk maternity care overview)Hishgeeubuns
This document discusses high risk pregnancies and maternal mortality. It defines high risk pregnancy as any pregnancy with complications that could threaten the health of the mother or baby. The document then shows maps and charts detailing the leading causes of maternal mortality worldwide, including hemorrhage, infections, unsafe abortions, eclampsia, and obstructed labor. It also discusses reasons for delays in women seeking and receiving adequate medical care during pregnancy and childbirth. The rest of the document outlines various medical and obstetric risk factors that can contribute to a high risk pregnancy, and describes a prenatal risk indicator form used to assess risk levels throughout a woman's pregnancy.
The document provides information on nursing care of the mother during the postpartum period. Key points include:
- The postpartum period lasts approximately 6 weeks as the body returns to its pre-pregnant state.
- Physiologic changes include uterine involution over 10 days and lochia discharge over 3 weeks. Engorgement may occur between days 3-5.
- Nursing assessments include monitoring vital signs, bleeding, breast engorgement, and bonding with the infant. Interventions focus on preventing infection, reducing pain and fatigue, and promoting breastfeeding and self-care.
This document discusses several types of benign and malignant tumors of the female reproductive system. It provides information on uterine fibroids, endometrial hyperplasia, benign cervical polyps, benign ovarian cysts, and various cancers of the uterus, cervix, ovaries, and vulva. For each condition, it outlines etiology, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and survival rates. Nursing care focuses on pre/post-operative support, education, counseling and symptom management.
6. The Ovaries
Өндгөвч
•Өндгөн эс гадагшлахад хүүдий бий
болно.
•LH and FSH даавартай холбоотой.
•Эстроген болон прогестерон нь LH
and FSH-ийн үйл ажиллагааг дэмждэг.
7. The Vagina
Үтрээ
•Цусны судас нэмэгдсэн учир
өнгө хөх болдог
•Хучуур эс болон уян эд
нэмэгддэг
•Салсархаг шүүрэл их ялгарна.
mucus(pH is 3.5 to хүчилшил)
8. The Vulva
Гадна бэлэг эрхтэн
•Цусны судас
нэмэгдсэний улмаас
хөх өнгөтэй болно
•Гадна тал нь томорно
1. Enlargement during pregnancy involves stretching and marked hypertrophy of existing muscle cells.2. In addition to an increase in the size of the uterine muscle cells, there is an increase in fibrous tissue, elastic tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatics.3. Enlargement and thickening of the uterine wall is most marked in the fundus.
Pronounces softening and cyanosis – due to increased vascularity, edema, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia of the cervical glands.2. Clot of very thick mucus obstructs the cervical canal (cervical plug).3. Erosions of cervix, common during pregnancy, represent an extension of proliferating endocervical glands and columnar endocervical epithelium.
1. Ovulation ceases during pregnancy; maturation of new follicles is suspended.2. One corpus luteum functions during early pregnancy (first 8 weeks), producing mainly progesterone.After 12weeks placenta produce estrogen and progesterone, these hormone suppress pituitary grand release FSH, LH.
1. Increased vascularity, hyperemia, and softening of connective tissue in skin and muscles of perineum and vulva.2. Chadwick’s sign notes – characteristic violet color due to increased vascularity and hyperemia.3. Vaginal walls prepare for labor: mucosa increases in thickness, connective tissue loosens, and small-muscle cells hypertrophy.4. Vaginal secretions increase; pH is 3.5 t0 6 – because of increased production of lactic acid from glycogen in the vaginal epithelium by Lactobacillus acidophilus. (Acid pH probably aids in keeping vagina relatively free of pathogenic bacteria).
Vulva area skin color is darkness due to melanin hormone, and purple color due to increased blood vessels.
1. Tenderness and tingling occur in early weeks of pregnancy. 2. Increase in size by 2nd month – hypertrophy of mammary alveoli.3. Nipples become larger, more deeply pigmented, and more erectile early in pregnancy.4. Colostrum may be expressed by second trimester.5. Areolae become broader and more deeply pigmented. The depth of pigmentation varies with the individual’s complexion.6. Scattered through the areola are a number of small elevations (glands of Montgomery), which are hypertrophic sebaceous glands.
Maternal hypotension cause to fetal distress
Tone and motility of gastrointestinal tract decrease, leading to prolongation of gastric Stomach and intestines are displaced upward and laterally by the enlarging uterus. Heartburn is common, caused by reflux of acid secretions in the lower esophagus.
Hemorrhoids are common because of elevated pressure in veins below the level of the large uterus and constipation. Liver function tests yield significantly different results during pregnancy. Distention of the gallbladder is common along with a decrease in emptying time and thickening of bile.
The increasing mobility of sacroiliac, sacrococcygeal, and pelvic joints during pregnancy is a result of hormonal changes.2. This mobility contributes to alteration of maternal posture and to back pain. 3. Late in pregnancy, aching, numbness, and weakness in the upper extremities may occur because of lordosis, which ultimately produces traction on the ulnar and median nerves.4. Separation of the rectus muscles due to pressure of the growing uterus creates a diastasisrecti. If this is severe, a portion of the anterior uterine wall is covered by only a layer of skin, fascia, and peritoneum.