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Metals have properties such as being shiny, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. They are grouped into alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transitional metals based on their positions in the periodic table, with transitional metals further divided into the iron triad and coinage metals. The iron triad elements of iron, cobalt, and nickel are magnetic, while the coinage metals of copper, silver, and gold are commonly used to make coins.
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Relation between reactivity of a metal and the date it was discovered
Relation between reactivity of a metal and the date it was discovered
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Metals
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. They are usually malleable and ductile, allowing them to be hammered into thin sheets or drawn into wires. This is due to their strong metallic bonds and free-flowing electrons. However, pure metals can be too soft or brittle for many applications. Alloys modify the properties of pure metals, making them harder, less brittle, and more corrosion resistant through combining different ratios of metals. Non-metals are generally dull, brittle, poor conductors of heat and electricity, have lower melting points than metals, and are not malleable or ductile.
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Newton's second law of motion states that the net force acting on an object causes it to accelerate in the direction of the force, with the acceleration proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to the object's mass. Gravity causes all falling objects near the Earth's surface to accelerate at 9.8 m/s^2 due to the force of gravity. The force, mass, and acceleration of an object can be calculated using the equation F=ma.
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This document discusses compound machines, efficiency, and power.
1) Compound machines are machines made of two or more simple machines like an axe which is a combination of a wedge and lever. The document asks what simple machines make up common compound machines.
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A chemical reaction involves one or more substances being changed into new substances. It consists of reactants that are transformed into products, as represented by a balanced chemical equation showing the rearrangement of atoms. For a reaction to occur, the reactants must absorb a minimum amount of energy called the activation energy. Reactions can be endothermic, absorbing heat, or exothermic, releasing heat. Catalysts lower the activation energy needed and speed up the reaction without being used up themselves. Enzymes are biological catalysts with an active site that binds to substrate reactants.
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An alloy is a mixture of a metal and one or more other elements that has the properties of a metal but is not pure metal. Common alloys include bronze made of copper and tin, brass made of copper and zinc, sterling silver made of silver and copper, and pewter made of tin, copper and antimony. Gold jewelry is an alloy of gold and copper since real gold is too soft and expensive while copper makes the alloy harder but duller.
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The document summarizes key aspects of cell cycle regulation and cancer. It discusses that cells have regulatory checkpoints to monitor the cell cycle. Cancer occurs when there is a failure of regulation, resulting in uncontrolled growth and division that can crowd out normal cells. Cancer cells also demonstrate a lack of contact inhibition and continue dividing even when touching other cells. Cancer is caused by mutations in DNA that control the cell cycle and proteins regulating division.
Chpt. 15.1
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on his observations as a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle in the 1830s. While visiting the Galapagos Islands, Darwin noticed that related but distinct animal species inhabited different islands. He later concluded that populations on the mainland evolved over generations as they adapted to their local environments, with better adapted traits being passed down. Darwin's theory proposed that natural selection drives evolution, as organisms better suited to their environment will survive and reproduce, passing on their favorable traits.
Chpt. 11.2 complex inheritance leftovers
Sickle-cell anemia is an autosomal recessive trait common in those with African and Mediterranean ancestry. It causes abnormally shaped red blood cells, impaired blood flow, tissue damage, and health issues. Sex is determined by the 23rd pair of chromosomes - females have XX and males have XY. The X chromosome carries many genes needed for development in both sexes. To compensate for having two X chromosomes, females inactivate one randomly. Sex-linked traits are on the X chromosome and are always expressed if recessive in females. Muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive disease. Polygenic traits like skin and eye color are influenced by two or more genes and result in a range of intermediate phenotypes.
4.6 properties of metal and non metals
The document discusses the properties of metals and non-metals and their uses. It lists examples of metals like iron, aluminum and copper and non-metals like carbon, iodine and bromine. It describes the physical properties of metals like shine, ductility, malleability and strength and how they differ from non-metals. Finally, it gives examples of how metals like iron, aluminum and copper and non-metals like carbon, neon and chlorine are used based on their properties in applications like railways, kitchenware, wiring, coins and lighting.
Chpt.3.1
1) Arthropods undergo either complete or incomplete metamorphosis. Complete metamorphosis involves four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Incomplete metamorphosis involves hatching from eggs as nymphs and molting into winged adults after several molts.
2) Animals exhibit one of three types of symmetry: asymmetry, radial symmetry, or bilateral symmetry. Radial and bilateral symmetry involve dividing the animal into mirror halves, while asymmetry does not.
3) Succession describes the process of ecological community change over time. There are two types: primary succession colonizes new bare rock and soilless sites, while secondary succession occurs on existing soil after a disturbance like
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Frog review
This document provides a diagram labeling various anatomical features of an animal's internal organs and systems, including the location of the vomerine teeth, gullet, internal nares, glottis, maxillary teeth, vocal sacs, eye sockets, tympanic membrane, nictitating membrane, external naris, liver, fat bodies, small intestine, heart, gall bladder, lungs, kidneys, spleen, cloaca, mesentery, stomach, testis, urinary bladder, ovaries, oviduct, and their relative positions.
Chpt.2.3
This document summarizes the cycling of important materials like water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus through ecosystems. It explains that while energy is lost at each trophic level, the sun replenishes it, and matter is recycled as nutrients move through organisms. The atoms that make up living things today have been on Earth since life began. It then provides more detailed explanations of the water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles.
Chpt.2.2
The flow of energy in an ecosystem begins with autotrophs, such as plants, which use energy from the sun to produce their own food through photosynthesis. Heterotrophs, including herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and decomposers then obtain energy by consuming autotrophs and other organisms. This energy is transferred between trophic levels in a food chain and food web, with less energy being available at higher trophic levels due to energy being lost as heat at each transfer.
Chpt.2.1
Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environments. It reveals the interrelationships between living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) parts of the world. Key concepts in ecology include the biosphere, biotic factors, abiotic factors, levels of organization (organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere), habitats, niches, and symbiosis (commensalism, mutualism, parasitism). Ecology combines information from various sciences to understand these relationships.
Chpt. 17.3- Domains and Kingdoms
The document discusses different systems for classifying life into kingdoms and domains. It describes the three domain system of Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. It also outlines the six kingdom system of Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia. Finally, it mentions the traditional five kingdom system of Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia. It provides details about the defining characteristics of each domain and kingdom.
Chpt. 17.2 Modern Classification
Cladograms are branching diagrams that represent the proposed evolutionary history of a species or group, with closer branches indicating that organisms have more traits in common. They are a modern method of classification that shows evolutionary relationships rather than just taxonomic rankings.
Chpt. 17.1-History of Classification
Aristotle first classified organisms as either animals or plants, with plants grouped by size and animals by whether they had blood. Linnaeus broadened Aristotle's system and created the first formal taxonomy, grouping organisms into a binominal nomenclature with a genus and species name. The taxonomic categories from most specific to broad are species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain.
Chpt.15.2-Evidence of Change
There are several ways that scientists provide evidence of evolution, including comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, and fossils. Comparative anatomy looks at homologous and analogous structures between species, while comparative embryology examines similarities in development. Fossils provide direct evidence of extinct species and how they changed over time. Scientists use both relative dating of fossils layers and radioactive dating to determine the age of fossils and track changes in species. Adaptations like camouflage and mimicry help organisms survive and reproduce more successfully.
Chapter 11.3 notes
A karyotype is a micrograph that arranges homologous chromosome pairs in decreasing size order. It is used to study chromosomes stained during cell metaphase. Nondisjunction is a cell division error where sister chromatids do not separate properly, which can cause conditions like Down syndrome.
Chapter 11.1 notes
This document summarizes several human genetic disorders including their inheritance patterns, symptoms, prevalence, and treatment options. Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant neurological disorder with onset between 30-50 years of age that is always fatal. Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal genetic disorder among white Americans, affecting the lungs and digestive system due to thick mucus production, with current treatments improving life expectancy. Tay-Sachs disease causes neurological deterioration and death by age 5 due to fatty acid accumulation in the brain.
Incomplete codominance multiple_alleles
The document discusses different patterns of inheritance beyond simple dominance:
1) Incomplete dominance, where the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the homozygous phenotypes. Examples include snapdragons and carnations.
2) Codominance, where both alleles are expressed in the heterozygote rather than blending. Examples include checkered chickens, roan horses, and variegated clover.
3) Multiple alleles, where more than two alleles control a trait. Examples include human blood types and coat colors in rabbits.
10.2 mendelian genetics
Gregor Mendel conducted the first scientific studies of heredity by breeding pea plants. He found that traits are transmitted from parents to offspring through discrete units called alleles. Through his experiments with monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, Mendel established the laws of segregation, dominance, and independent assortment. These laws describe the basic principles of genetic inheritance and provided the foundation for the modern science of genetics.
Chapter 12.4 gene regulation & mutation
This document summarizes gene regulation and mutation. It explains that gene regulation allows organisms to control which genes are transcribed in response to the environment, using operons in prokaryotes. Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can cause changes in proteins. There are two main types of mutations: point mutations which substitute a single nucleotide, and frameshift mutations which insert or delete nucleotides, affecting all subsequent amino acids. Mutations can be caused by environmental factors like radiation or chemicals and may be passed to offspring.
Chapter 12.2 dna replication
DNA replication is a semiconservative process where the parental DNA strands separate and each serves as a template to produce two new DNA molecules, each with one original and one new strand. It occurs in three stages: unwinding, base pairing, and joining. During unwinding, enzymes separate the double helix and add RNA primers. Then, DNA polymerase adds complementary bases to each new strand by matching A-T and C-G. The lagging strand replicates in fragments that are later joined.
Chapter 12.1 molecular genetics
The document summarizes early discoveries about DNA and its structure. Frederick Griffith discovered transformation could occur between bacterial strains. Avery, MacLeod and McCarty showed that DNA was the transforming molecule. Hershey and Chase provided evidence that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material of viruses. Chargaff discovered base pairing rules for DNA. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins used X-ray crystallography to study DNA structure. Watson and Crick then proposed the double helix model of DNA structure based on Chargaff's rules and Franklin and Wilkins' research.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the normal number of chromosomes. It involves two cell divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with a single set of chromosomes. This ensures genetic variation and allows for sexual reproduction where gametes from two individuals combine to form a diploid zygote.
Chpt9.1 cellular growth
The document discusses cell size and growth. It notes that as cell size increases, volume increases much faster than surface area. This causes issues because diffusion of nutrients and waste becomes inefficient over large distances. The surface area to volume ratio decreases as cell size doubles, so the plasma membrane cannot absorb enough oxygen and nutrients. To prevent starvation or toxicity from waste buildup, cells divide when their size limits efficient diffusion. The document also provides examples of chromosome numbers in different organisms.
Chpt9.2 mitosis
The document summarizes the stages of the cell cycle including interphase and mitosis. Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and replicates its DNA. Mitosis is then described in five stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. During these stages, the chromosomes condense and separate with nuclear and cell division occurring to form two daughter cells each with a full set of chromosomes.
Chapter 8 3
This document summarizes cellular respiration. It describes that cellular respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis and occurs in both plant and animal cells using mitochondria. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and has three stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen through fermentation. Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration. The overall equation shows that glucose breakdown produces ATP through the process of cellular respiration.
Chapter 8 3
This document summarizes cellular respiration. It describes that cellular respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis and occurs in both plant and animal cells using mitochondria. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and has three stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen through fermentation. Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration. The overall equation shows that glucose breakdown produces ATP through the process of cellular respiration.
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