This document discusses 4G wireless networks and some of the key challenges in developing them. It provides background on the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 3G. The main limitations of 3G that necessitate 4G are difficulty providing high data rates, limited spectrum allocation, and inability to seamlessly roam between different services. Desired features of 4G include high usability, global roaming, multimedia support, personalization, security, and fault tolerance. Main challenges for 4G include developing multimode terminals, wireless system discovery and selection, handling vertical and horizontal handoffs, personalized mobility, improved security, fault tolerance, and dynamic billing systems.
4G (Fourth Generation) Mobile System is an expected system that aims at integrating present wireless networking technologies and to be give support to these different technologies in order to solve the pending challenges facing the present wireless technologies. The 4G mobile system is a vision under research that is proposed to be out in the year 2010, there is news that claims that there are headways made already, and that there are some systems with the expected features of 4G but it is yet to be seen.
This document discusses 5G mobile technology. It begins with an abstract that outlines how mobile technology has advanced from 1G to 5G, bringing improved performance. The document then provides an introduction on the evolution of wireless communication from the 1970s. It proceeds to discuss each generation of mobile technology in more detail (1G to 4G) and their key features. It also compares the generations and discusses the network architecture and need for 5G technology, concluding that 5G will provide high bandwidth and is expected to be released around 2020.
Optimization of Quality of Service in 4G Wireless NetworksIDES Editor
This document summarizes an article that discusses optimization of quality of service (QoS) in 4G wireless networks. It begins with an introduction to QoS and an overview of different QoS approaches in 4G networks, wireless networks, and connectivity networks. It then discusses related work on end-to-end QoS in 4G mobile networks and identifies several issues that need to be addressed to improve migration from current systems to 4G, including mapping between different standards and clear definitions of QoS parameters and thresholds. The document concludes by summarizing the key challenges in providing end-to-end QoS across heterogeneous networks.
This document summarizes the evolution of wireless mobile communication systems from 1G to 5G. It discusses the key technologies and features of each generation. 1G systems used analog signals for voice calls. 2G introduced digital encryption and SMS. 3G enabled faster speeds and services like video calls and internet access. 4G provides further increased speeds up to 1Gbps and is based on LTE. 5G is expected to offer much higher speeds and bandwidth, near unlimited connectivity, low latency, and new applications through convergence of technologies like cloud computing and nanotechnology. It is predicted 5G will revolutionize wireless communications and be a major driver of social and economic development.
This document provides an overview of 5G technology and its applications in telecommunications. It discusses the evolution of mobile technologies from 1G to 5G, with each generation offering faster speeds and new capabilities. 5G will provide bandwidth of 1Gbps or higher and allow for unlimited data and call volumes. It will support new services like radio resource management and high altitude platforms. The architecture of 5G networks is described, including the use of an intelligent control system and tunnels to provide network abstraction and routing based on policies. Key features of 5G include high resolution, large bandwidth, advanced billing interfaces, and high quality services.
Performance comparison of umts and lte on the basis of data ratesIAEME Publication
This document compares the 3G and 4G mobile communication technologies of UMTS and LTE. UMTS (3G) uses WCDMA technology and has a maximum theoretical downlink speed of 42Mbps, while LTE (4G) uses OFDM and more advanced MIMO schemes, providing much higher maximum theoretical downlink speeds of 100Mbps with the ability to reach 1Gbps. The document outlines the network architectures and standards of UMTS and LTE. It also lists the objectives of 4G networks in providing improved quality of service, mobility, bandwidth and a fully IP-based network compared to 3G technologies.
TOWARDS FUTURE 4G MOBILE NETWORKS: A REAL-WORLD IMS TESTBEDijngnjournal
In the near future, current mobile communication networks will converge towards an All-IP network in order to provide richer applications, stronger customer satisfaction, andfurther return on investment for the industry. However, such a convergence induces a strong level of complexity when handling interoperability between different operators and different handset vendors. In this context, the 3GPP consortium is working on the standardization of the convergence, and IMS is emerging as the internationally agreed upon standard that is multi-operator and multi-vendor. In this paper, we shed further light on the subtleties of IMS, and we delineate a blueprint for the implementation of a real-world
IMS testbed. An open source Presence Server is deployed as well. The operation of the IMS testbed and the Presence Server are checked to assess their conformance with 3GPP standards. A simple third party application is developed on top the IMS testbed to further assess its operation.
Third Generation (3G) and Fourth Generation (4G) Mobile Telephony provides a brief review of the development and status of 3G and 4G mobile communications. It discusses that 3G allows higher data rates than 2G but has some limitations that 4G aims to address. The document then discusses key features of 3G including supported data rates and standards. 4G is outlined as supporting further increased data rates up to 20 Mbps through technologies like OFDM and aims to provide improved multimedia, roaming, and lower costs. Technical perspectives on 4G terminals, networks, and applications are also presented.
4G (Fourth Generation) Mobile System is an expected system that aims at integrating present wireless networking technologies and to be give support to these different technologies in order to solve the pending challenges facing the present wireless technologies. The 4G mobile system is a vision under research that is proposed to be out in the year 2010, there is news that claims that there are headways made already, and that there are some systems with the expected features of 4G but it is yet to be seen.
This document discusses 5G mobile technology. It begins with an abstract that outlines how mobile technology has advanced from 1G to 5G, bringing improved performance. The document then provides an introduction on the evolution of wireless communication from the 1970s. It proceeds to discuss each generation of mobile technology in more detail (1G to 4G) and their key features. It also compares the generations and discusses the network architecture and need for 5G technology, concluding that 5G will provide high bandwidth and is expected to be released around 2020.
Optimization of Quality of Service in 4G Wireless NetworksIDES Editor
This document summarizes an article that discusses optimization of quality of service (QoS) in 4G wireless networks. It begins with an introduction to QoS and an overview of different QoS approaches in 4G networks, wireless networks, and connectivity networks. It then discusses related work on end-to-end QoS in 4G mobile networks and identifies several issues that need to be addressed to improve migration from current systems to 4G, including mapping between different standards and clear definitions of QoS parameters and thresholds. The document concludes by summarizing the key challenges in providing end-to-end QoS across heterogeneous networks.
This document summarizes the evolution of wireless mobile communication systems from 1G to 5G. It discusses the key technologies and features of each generation. 1G systems used analog signals for voice calls. 2G introduced digital encryption and SMS. 3G enabled faster speeds and services like video calls and internet access. 4G provides further increased speeds up to 1Gbps and is based on LTE. 5G is expected to offer much higher speeds and bandwidth, near unlimited connectivity, low latency, and new applications through convergence of technologies like cloud computing and nanotechnology. It is predicted 5G will revolutionize wireless communications and be a major driver of social and economic development.
This document provides an overview of 5G technology and its applications in telecommunications. It discusses the evolution of mobile technologies from 1G to 5G, with each generation offering faster speeds and new capabilities. 5G will provide bandwidth of 1Gbps or higher and allow for unlimited data and call volumes. It will support new services like radio resource management and high altitude platforms. The architecture of 5G networks is described, including the use of an intelligent control system and tunnels to provide network abstraction and routing based on policies. Key features of 5G include high resolution, large bandwidth, advanced billing interfaces, and high quality services.
Performance comparison of umts and lte on the basis of data ratesIAEME Publication
This document compares the 3G and 4G mobile communication technologies of UMTS and LTE. UMTS (3G) uses WCDMA technology and has a maximum theoretical downlink speed of 42Mbps, while LTE (4G) uses OFDM and more advanced MIMO schemes, providing much higher maximum theoretical downlink speeds of 100Mbps with the ability to reach 1Gbps. The document outlines the network architectures and standards of UMTS and LTE. It also lists the objectives of 4G networks in providing improved quality of service, mobility, bandwidth and a fully IP-based network compared to 3G technologies.
TOWARDS FUTURE 4G MOBILE NETWORKS: A REAL-WORLD IMS TESTBEDijngnjournal
In the near future, current mobile communication networks will converge towards an All-IP network in order to provide richer applications, stronger customer satisfaction, andfurther return on investment for the industry. However, such a convergence induces a strong level of complexity when handling interoperability between different operators and different handset vendors. In this context, the 3GPP consortium is working on the standardization of the convergence, and IMS is emerging as the internationally agreed upon standard that is multi-operator and multi-vendor. In this paper, we shed further light on the subtleties of IMS, and we delineate a blueprint for the implementation of a real-world
IMS testbed. An open source Presence Server is deployed as well. The operation of the IMS testbed and the Presence Server are checked to assess their conformance with 3GPP standards. A simple third party application is developed on top the IMS testbed to further assess its operation.
Third Generation (3G) and Fourth Generation (4G) Mobile Telephony provides a brief review of the development and status of 3G and 4G mobile communications. It discusses that 3G allows higher data rates than 2G but has some limitations that 4G aims to address. The document then discusses key features of 3G including supported data rates and standards. 4G is outlined as supporting further increased data rates up to 20 Mbps through technologies like OFDM and aims to provide improved multimedia, roaming, and lower costs. Technical perspectives on 4G terminals, networks, and applications are also presented.
SPECIAL SECTION ON RECENT ADVANCES IN SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKING FOR 5G NETW...Rakesh Jha
In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to
be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service.
To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper
presents the results of a detailed survey on the fth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some
of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of
users. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple
input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the
emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing
with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios,
millimeter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks
and software dened networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed,
which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of
5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being
conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies.
The document discusses 5G mobile technologies and the evolution of networks from 1G to 5G. Some key points:
1) 5G will provide significantly higher bandwidth and data transmission rates compared to previous generations. It will allow seamless connectivity globally.
2) Each generation (1G to 5G) provides improved technologies over the last, increasing bandwidth, functionality and connectivity. 5G will be based on an all-IP infrastructure using IPv6 to provide uniform services.
3) 5G aims to use network resources more efficiently through techniques like combining bandwidth from multiple overlapping networks and intelligent distribution of internet access within buildings.
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
5G technologies will change the way most high-bandwidth users access their phones. With 5G pushed over a VOIP-enabled device, people will experience a level of call volume and data transmission never experienced before.5G technology is offering the services in Product Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions) etc. As the customer becomes more and more aware of the mobile phone technology, he or she will look for a decent package all together, including all the advanced features a cellular phone can have. Hence the search for new technology is always the main motive of the leading cell phone giants to out innovate their competitors. Recently apple has produced shivers all around the electronic world by launching its new handset, the I-phone. Features that are getting embedded in such a small piece of electronics are huge.
The following paper tells us about the literature reviewed of 5g technology, its requirements , its Artictecture , QoS , Advantages , Disadvantages and what are the challenges that we are going to face in implementing the technology and focusing on its future scope and implementation.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of mobile network technologies from 2G to 5G, including:
- 2G networks provided limited data and were circuit-switched, while 2.5G networks like GPRS used packet switching. 3G aimed to support higher speeds up to 2Mbps but faced challenges.
- 4G networks are IP-based and aim to provide broadband access and seamless global roaming. Technologies like HSPDA and IMS help support higher data rates and multimedia services.
- 5G is envisioned to fully support wireless internet applications through technologies enabling flexible dynamic ad-hoc networks, with speeds over 100Mbps. It represents both evolutionary improvements and revolutionary capabilities like
1) The document discusses 5G mobile technology and the evolution of cellular networks from 1G to 5G. It describes the key aspects of 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G networks including their data speeds and capabilities.
2) It proposes a new "mix-bandwidth data path" model for 5G that allows multiple wireless networks to provide service simultaneously to mobile nodes as they move between different network coverage areas.
3) The mix-bandwidth model includes bandwidth management and selection components to dynamically monitor available bandwidth on each path and determine optimal transmission rates across multiple networks.
This document provides a comparative study between 3G and 4G mobile technologies. It discusses:
1. The development history and characteristics of 3G and the vision for 4G, which aims to provide broadband speeds over 100Mbps.
2. The key differences between 3G and 4G - 3G technologies are established while 4G is emerging, 4G aims to provide much faster speeds, and 4G will rely entirely on packet switching while 3G uses both packet and circuit switching.
3. Features of 3G including supported technologies like UMTS, HSPA+, and specifications for peak data rates of 200kbps.
4. Key aspects of 4G including expected terminals beyond just
5G Mobile Communication Technology: An OverviewIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of 5G mobile communication technology. It discusses the evolution of mobile technologies from 1G to 5G and the key features of each generation. 5G aims to provide data bandwidth of 1Gbps or higher to support applications requiring high data rates, low latency and reliability. It will enable new applications through its ability to interconnect many devices, including autonomous vehicles and devices with artificial intelligence capabilities. The 5G network architecture is being designed to be cloud-native using network function virtualization and software-defined networking to allow deployment on shared cloud infrastructure.
This document summarizes a research paper on 5G technology for mobile communication. It discusses how 5G will integrate various wireless technologies to provide high bandwidth connectivity. 5G networks will use an all-IP architecture and allow seamless handovers between different wireless technologies. Key aspects of 5G include advanced features like virtual/augmented reality and download speeds of up to 25Mbps. It is expected that 5G standards will be developed around 2020.
This document summarizes a research paper on implementing heterogeneous interface mobile nodes in the NS2 network simulator. The paper discusses adding multiple WiFi and WiMAX interfaces to a mobile node individually, and then a heterogeneous interface combining both WiFi and WiMAX. It reviews related work on 4G networks and multiple interfaces. Implementation details are provided on creating homogeneous WiFi and WiMAX interfaces in NS2, including trace file and network animator outputs. Challenges are noted in implementing a heterogeneous interface on a single node due to NS2 limitations. An alternative approach of using separate nodes for each interface is proposed to simulate a mobile node with multiple heterogeneous interfaces.
The document summarizes concepts related to the development of 5G mobile networks. It discusses how 5G will build upon 4G technologies to provide ubiquitous wireless connectivity with very high data rates. Key aspects of 5G mentioned include enabling "any rate, anytime, anywhere, affordable" connectivity through integrated cross-layer and cross-network design. A mixed bandwidth data path model is proposed to efficiently utilize resources from multiple wireless networks simultaneously.
This document discusses two technologies for fixed-to-mobile convergence: Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) and femtocells. UMA allows seamless handover between cellular and WiFi networks using dual-mode phones and a UMA network controller. Femtocells extend cellular coverage indoors using small base stations connected to the core network via broadband. Both aim to improve indoor coverage but take different approaches - UMA leverages existing WiFi networks while femtocells use small cellular base stations. The document compares their benefits and challenges for improving quality of service and enabling new business models for mobile operators.
This document discusses the role of cognitive radio technology in 4G communications. It begins with an abstract that introduces cognitive radio as the key enabling technology for next generation networks. It then reviews research being done on cognitive radio and 4G technologies. The main possibilities of implementing cognitive radios in 4G communication systems are surveyed, including how networks like IEEE 802.22 and WiMAX extensions can enhance 4G performance using cognitive technologies.
This document summarizes a presentation on 5G mobile technology. It discusses how 5G will change how people access their phones by offering higher bandwidth and data transmission rates. It provides an overview of the evolution of mobile networks from 1G to 5G, describing the key technologies of each generation. It also discusses some of the architectural aspects of 5G networks, including using IPv6 to support seamless connectivity across different networks and technologies.
An Overview of 5G Wireless Cellular TechnologiesEditor IJCATR
This document provides an overview of 5G wireless cellular technologies. It discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G, comparing key aspects like data bandwidth, switching, and core networks. 5G is expected to offer speeds over 1Gbps, fully packetized networks, and be based on an all-IP platform. 5G architecture will utilize cloud computing and allow access to applications from any internet-connected device. 5G will provide improved quality of service for applications like video and offer globally accessible high-speed connectivity and services.
This document discusses cost-effective deployment of relay stations in WiMAX networks. It first outlines the costs associated with base stations and relay stations, including capital expenditures and operational expenditures. It then discusses challenges in planning relay station placement to both improve quality of service and reduce costs. Specifically, it examines dividing the network into zones based on signal strength and using different modulation and coding schemes in each zone. The goal is to determine optimal relay station locations and configurations to enhance network performance while minimizing overall deployment costs.
The document discusses concepts for 5G networks, including:
1. 5G aims to provide a unified system to support a wide range of use cases with enhanced connectivity, capacity, and low latency. It will build on LTE and introduce a new 5G radio and core network.
2. 5G will support enhanced mobile broadband, massive IoT connectivity, and ultra-reliable low latency communications. Initial deployments may use LTE and 5G networks together before standalone 5G is available.
3. The 5G new radio will provide flexible design to support different use cases and improve efficiency over LTE. It will integrate with existing LTE networks during early deployments.
04 ID card info, information questions, addresses and phone numbersToni Rod
The document requests basic personal information including name, student number, address, zip code, phone number, age, sex, occupation, major, marital status, and date of birth.
thanks buat sugeng, novi, n winda juga daniel
teman2 kelompokq di gpmii,
berkat presentasi neh...kita dapat makan-makan pizza hut :) ditunggu yah 04 maret ini
SPECIAL SECTION ON RECENT ADVANCES IN SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKING FOR 5G NETW...Rakesh Jha
In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to
be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service.
To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper
presents the results of a detailed survey on the fth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some
of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of
users. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple
input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the
emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing
with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios,
millimeter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks
and software dened networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed,
which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of
5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being
conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies.
The document discusses 5G mobile technologies and the evolution of networks from 1G to 5G. Some key points:
1) 5G will provide significantly higher bandwidth and data transmission rates compared to previous generations. It will allow seamless connectivity globally.
2) Each generation (1G to 5G) provides improved technologies over the last, increasing bandwidth, functionality and connectivity. 5G will be based on an all-IP infrastructure using IPv6 to provide uniform services.
3) 5G aims to use network resources more efficiently through techniques like combining bandwidth from multiple overlapping networks and intelligent distribution of internet access within buildings.
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
5G technologies will change the way most high-bandwidth users access their phones. With 5G pushed over a VOIP-enabled device, people will experience a level of call volume and data transmission never experienced before.5G technology is offering the services in Product Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions) etc. As the customer becomes more and more aware of the mobile phone technology, he or she will look for a decent package all together, including all the advanced features a cellular phone can have. Hence the search for new technology is always the main motive of the leading cell phone giants to out innovate their competitors. Recently apple has produced shivers all around the electronic world by launching its new handset, the I-phone. Features that are getting embedded in such a small piece of electronics are huge.
The following paper tells us about the literature reviewed of 5g technology, its requirements , its Artictecture , QoS , Advantages , Disadvantages and what are the challenges that we are going to face in implementing the technology and focusing on its future scope and implementation.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of mobile network technologies from 2G to 5G, including:
- 2G networks provided limited data and were circuit-switched, while 2.5G networks like GPRS used packet switching. 3G aimed to support higher speeds up to 2Mbps but faced challenges.
- 4G networks are IP-based and aim to provide broadband access and seamless global roaming. Technologies like HSPDA and IMS help support higher data rates and multimedia services.
- 5G is envisioned to fully support wireless internet applications through technologies enabling flexible dynamic ad-hoc networks, with speeds over 100Mbps. It represents both evolutionary improvements and revolutionary capabilities like
1) The document discusses 5G mobile technology and the evolution of cellular networks from 1G to 5G. It describes the key aspects of 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G networks including their data speeds and capabilities.
2) It proposes a new "mix-bandwidth data path" model for 5G that allows multiple wireless networks to provide service simultaneously to mobile nodes as they move between different network coverage areas.
3) The mix-bandwidth model includes bandwidth management and selection components to dynamically monitor available bandwidth on each path and determine optimal transmission rates across multiple networks.
This document provides a comparative study between 3G and 4G mobile technologies. It discusses:
1. The development history and characteristics of 3G and the vision for 4G, which aims to provide broadband speeds over 100Mbps.
2. The key differences between 3G and 4G - 3G technologies are established while 4G is emerging, 4G aims to provide much faster speeds, and 4G will rely entirely on packet switching while 3G uses both packet and circuit switching.
3. Features of 3G including supported technologies like UMTS, HSPA+, and specifications for peak data rates of 200kbps.
4. Key aspects of 4G including expected terminals beyond just
5G Mobile Communication Technology: An OverviewIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of 5G mobile communication technology. It discusses the evolution of mobile technologies from 1G to 5G and the key features of each generation. 5G aims to provide data bandwidth of 1Gbps or higher to support applications requiring high data rates, low latency and reliability. It will enable new applications through its ability to interconnect many devices, including autonomous vehicles and devices with artificial intelligence capabilities. The 5G network architecture is being designed to be cloud-native using network function virtualization and software-defined networking to allow deployment on shared cloud infrastructure.
This document summarizes a research paper on 5G technology for mobile communication. It discusses how 5G will integrate various wireless technologies to provide high bandwidth connectivity. 5G networks will use an all-IP architecture and allow seamless handovers between different wireless technologies. Key aspects of 5G include advanced features like virtual/augmented reality and download speeds of up to 25Mbps. It is expected that 5G standards will be developed around 2020.
This document summarizes a research paper on implementing heterogeneous interface mobile nodes in the NS2 network simulator. The paper discusses adding multiple WiFi and WiMAX interfaces to a mobile node individually, and then a heterogeneous interface combining both WiFi and WiMAX. It reviews related work on 4G networks and multiple interfaces. Implementation details are provided on creating homogeneous WiFi and WiMAX interfaces in NS2, including trace file and network animator outputs. Challenges are noted in implementing a heterogeneous interface on a single node due to NS2 limitations. An alternative approach of using separate nodes for each interface is proposed to simulate a mobile node with multiple heterogeneous interfaces.
The document summarizes concepts related to the development of 5G mobile networks. It discusses how 5G will build upon 4G technologies to provide ubiquitous wireless connectivity with very high data rates. Key aspects of 5G mentioned include enabling "any rate, anytime, anywhere, affordable" connectivity through integrated cross-layer and cross-network design. A mixed bandwidth data path model is proposed to efficiently utilize resources from multiple wireless networks simultaneously.
This document discusses two technologies for fixed-to-mobile convergence: Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) and femtocells. UMA allows seamless handover between cellular and WiFi networks using dual-mode phones and a UMA network controller. Femtocells extend cellular coverage indoors using small base stations connected to the core network via broadband. Both aim to improve indoor coverage but take different approaches - UMA leverages existing WiFi networks while femtocells use small cellular base stations. The document compares their benefits and challenges for improving quality of service and enabling new business models for mobile operators.
This document discusses the role of cognitive radio technology in 4G communications. It begins with an abstract that introduces cognitive radio as the key enabling technology for next generation networks. It then reviews research being done on cognitive radio and 4G technologies. The main possibilities of implementing cognitive radios in 4G communication systems are surveyed, including how networks like IEEE 802.22 and WiMAX extensions can enhance 4G performance using cognitive technologies.
This document summarizes a presentation on 5G mobile technology. It discusses how 5G will change how people access their phones by offering higher bandwidth and data transmission rates. It provides an overview of the evolution of mobile networks from 1G to 5G, describing the key technologies of each generation. It also discusses some of the architectural aspects of 5G networks, including using IPv6 to support seamless connectivity across different networks and technologies.
An Overview of 5G Wireless Cellular TechnologiesEditor IJCATR
This document provides an overview of 5G wireless cellular technologies. It discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G, comparing key aspects like data bandwidth, switching, and core networks. 5G is expected to offer speeds over 1Gbps, fully packetized networks, and be based on an all-IP platform. 5G architecture will utilize cloud computing and allow access to applications from any internet-connected device. 5G will provide improved quality of service for applications like video and offer globally accessible high-speed connectivity and services.
This document discusses cost-effective deployment of relay stations in WiMAX networks. It first outlines the costs associated with base stations and relay stations, including capital expenditures and operational expenditures. It then discusses challenges in planning relay station placement to both improve quality of service and reduce costs. Specifically, it examines dividing the network into zones based on signal strength and using different modulation and coding schemes in each zone. The goal is to determine optimal relay station locations and configurations to enhance network performance while minimizing overall deployment costs.
The document discusses concepts for 5G networks, including:
1. 5G aims to provide a unified system to support a wide range of use cases with enhanced connectivity, capacity, and low latency. It will build on LTE and introduce a new 5G radio and core network.
2. 5G will support enhanced mobile broadband, massive IoT connectivity, and ultra-reliable low latency communications. Initial deployments may use LTE and 5G networks together before standalone 5G is available.
3. The 5G new radio will provide flexible design to support different use cases and improve efficiency over LTE. It will integrate with existing LTE networks during early deployments.
04 ID card info, information questions, addresses and phone numbersToni Rod
The document requests basic personal information including name, student number, address, zip code, phone number, age, sex, occupation, major, marital status, and date of birth.
thanks buat sugeng, novi, n winda juga daniel
teman2 kelompokq di gpmii,
berkat presentasi neh...kita dapat makan-makan pizza hut :) ditunggu yah 04 maret ini
El documento describe los problemas de los jóvenes sin empleo ni educación, conocidos como "nini", que pasan el tiempo en casas abandonadas y dan una mala impresión a la comunidad.
The document provides information about units of time including seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months and years. It also lists the days of the week and their abbreviations. Months of the year are listed as well. The document includes information about how to write out dates in numeric (4/5/2023) and word (April fifth twenty twenty-three) format. It provides examples of writing out historic dates. Finally, it includes a sample birthday song.
El documento describe los pronombres personales en inglés, incluyendo I, you, he, she, it, we, you, y they. Explica que estos pronombres se refieren a las personas gramaticales y se usan para reemplazar nombres. También incluye tablas que muestran las formas de ser y estar para cada pronombre personal.
This three page document contains copyright notices for Portal Japan Inc. on each page, indicating the company holds the copyright for the content on the respective pages numbered test1, test2 and test3. The copyright notice is identical on all three pages and attributes the rights to Portal Japan Inc. for 2012.
This three page document contains copyright notices for Portal Japan Inc. on each page, indicating the company holds the copyright for the content on the respective pages numbered test1, test2 and test3. The copyright notice is identical on each page and attributes the rights to Portal Japan Inc. for 2012.
This short document does not contain any substantive information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It only includes a title and subtitle with no other text provided.
The document shows various occupations listed in a grid format, including teacher, analyst, carpenter, electrician, firefighter, vet, writer, student, doctor, nurse, dentist, engineer, actor, actress, secretary, employee, housewife, auto mechanic, pilot, and police officer. It also includes short descriptions of individuals and their occupations.
This document discusses using electronic mail (email) feedback between instructors and students. It provides suggestions for using email feedback, such as using it regularly and before problems surface. Some advantages are that email allows for communication, sharing of information, and feedback without being restricted to a specific time or place. Limitations include potential lengthy or lack of responses from students, as well as private feedback being read by the wrong people or rude comments. The purpose of email feedback is to provide a simple and immediate channel for faculty to ask questions and students to respond about the class.
5G Technology stands for the 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G is a next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the 4G standards. 5G is expected to provide speed upto 10Gbit/s, wider frequency band,
high increased peak bit rate, high system spectral efficiency, ubiquitous connectivity and a significant increase in QoS as
compared to current 4G technology. Evolution of mobile communication technology to 5G is discussed in this review, followed by protocol stack and 5G architecture. A wide comparison is given between the various generations so as to compare why 5G technology is better and needed.
Mobile communication has undergone several generations of technology. First generation used analog FM technology, while second generation used GMSK modulation. 3G systems aimed for higher bandwidth and efficiency using TDD and no backward compatibility. 4G focuses on universal access through wireless and wireline networks using highly efficient spectrum. Key challenges for 4G include supporting diverse services, terminal mobility, security flexibility for heterogeneous networks, and providing enhanced capabilities like ground guidance for military applications.
Mobility management issues in 3 g & 4g network1Editor Jacotech
This document summarizes mobility management issues in 3G and 4G networks. It discusses the evolution from 0G to 4G networks and highlights key differences between generations. The main mobility issues covered for 4G networks include connectivity triggering, handover, location management, routing group formation, seamless mobility, and context management. The article concludes that future research will need to address these challenges to integrate new services and provide connectivity anywhere, anytime in 4G networks.
This document discusses key technologies for 4G mobile communication systems, including OFDMA, software defined radio, MIMO, and handover techniques. It emphasizes that 4G will provide seamless integration of various wireless networks and access to information anywhere through fully IP-based systems. Maintaining quality of service during mobility, especially seamless handovers, is a major challenge for 4G given increasing multimedia traffic with different QoS requirements.
This document provides an overview and comparison of 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G mobile network technologies. It describes the key features and limitations of each generation of technology. 4G is highlighted as providing significantly higher data speeds and capacity over 3G, as well as always-on internet access. However, 4G also faces limitations around supporting large numbers of users and battery life. 5G is introduced as aiming to support speeds over 1Gbps, provide global accessibility, and be more cost-effective than 4G. The document concludes that 5G will fulfill increasing user demands and lead to a fully wireless world.
Customer needs more from the innovation. The innovation which are use resemble TV, Clothes washer, cooler, Mobile Phones. The most needed element of web is acceptable execution and quicker access. The Cellular Subscriber pay extra for the moment include and the entrance of web on their telephones. To help such ground breaking framework we need fast remote network. A remote innovation is bow quick nowadays. An as of late wired system was expected to get on the web. These days, Mobile systems are progressed in last four decades. The cell idea which was present with 1G where G represents age organize. It has increments quicker from age to age, which are 1G,2G,3G, lastly come to 4G. Pradnya Pramod Mohite "5G System-Trends & Development" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30411.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/30411/5g-systemtrends-and-development/pradnya-pramod-mohite
4G mobile networks will provide significantly higher data rates and support new services beyond traditional voice calls. Key technologies enabling 4G include OFDMA, MIMO, and software defined radio. 4G networks will use a combination of high-capacity small cells and legacy technologies to provide coverage both outdoors and indoors. The goal is an integrated network that seamlessly connects users to a broadband wireless service everywhere.
This document is a seminar report on 4G broadband technology presented by P. Satya. It includes an introduction to 4G and the evolution of mobile radio standards from 1G to 3G. Key aspects of 4G technology discussed include standards, benefits over 3G including higher data rates, hardware components like OFDM and advanced antenna systems, and software components like software defined radio. The report provides details on technologies enabling 4G like orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, ultra-wideband networks, and adaptive modulation and power control.
The modern communication system is aimed to reach the real world one environment from virtual world via connecting resources of one with another through social network system. The communication process is aggravated various infrastructural development to reach in this current level such as 3G and 4G communication system.
The term 4G is used by several types of broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems. One of the terms used to describe 4G is MAGIC—Mobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service. As a promise for the future, 4G
systems, that is, cellular broadband wireless access systems have been attracting much interest in the mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not only will support the next generation of mobile service, but also will support the fixed wireless networks. This article presents an overall vision of the 4G features, framework, and integration of mobile communication.
Mobile computing allows users to access network services from anywhere at any time using portable devices. It involves using computers while on the move, enabling connectivity and new applications anywhere infrastructure exists. Key challenges include disconnections, low bandwidth, security risks, and supporting a variety of devices. Future advances may include artificial intelligence, smaller devices through integrated circuitry, and faster processors. Open areas remain around interference, regulations, bandwidth limitations, and security in shared environments. Mobile generations have progressed from 1G analog cellular to 2G digital cellular to 3G supporting high-speed data and 4G aims for all-IP networks with speeds over 100Mbps.
Mobile computing allows users to access network services and computational resources from anywhere using portable devices like laptops, smartphones, and tablets. It is defined as computing using portable devices that maintain network connectivity while on the move. Mobile computing faces challenges like low bandwidth, disconnection, and security risks compared to wired networks. Future advancements may include increased use of artificial intelligence and integrated circuits to develop more compact devices with faster processors. Mobile computing has transitioned through generations from 1G analog cellular to 2G digital cellular to 3G broadband cellular and beyond to 4G and 5G.
Fourth generation (4G) mobile communication systems aim to offer high-quality multimedia services anywhere, anytime by resolving issues with heterogeneous networks, interoperability between networks, and supporting new technologies like OFDM, software-defined radio, and MIMO. 4G will converge cellular networks with WiFi and digital broadcasting, allowing users access to broadband multimedia services at lower cost while providing operators with higher bandwidth and revenue. It is expected to launch by 2010 and fundamentally change wireless communications.
A survey on multiple access technologies beyond fourth generation wireless co...ijceronline
The future of mobile wireless communication networks will include existing 3rd generation, 4th generation 5th generation,6th generation (with very high data rates Quality of Service (QoS) and service applications) and 7th generation (with space roaming). Mobile and wireless networks have made tremendous growth in the last fifteen years. The rapid improvement of the mobile generations was for the purpose of supporting as many mobile devices as possible that could benefit the users at anytime and anywhere in terms of common practical applications such as internet access, video-ondemand, video conferencing system and many more applications. This paper is focused on the specifications of future generations and latest technologies to be used in future wireless mobile communication networks like MIMO, OFDM, OFDMA, Massive MIMO, LTE, LTE-A.
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The document provides an overview of 4G technology and discusses challenges in billing for 4G networks. It covers the evolution of mobile generations from 1G to 4G and highlights key features of 4G such as higher data speeds between 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps. The document also discusses proposed solutions to billing issues in converged 4G architectures and provides a SWOT analysis of 4G.
4G is the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards that will provide extremely high bandwidth for mobile internet use. It aims to offer significantly higher maximum data speeds and capacity compared to 3G networks, allowing uninterrupted high-quality video calls and multimedia messaging. Key attributes of 4G include support for multiple applications and services simultaneously, high quality of service, seamless handover between networks, and technology and topology independence. 4G will integrate capabilities with existing 2G and 3G systems and digital broadcasting to achieve "Always Best Connected" connectivity.
The document discusses 4G technology and its key components. 4G aims to provide high data rates of 100 Mbps for high mobility users and 1 Gbps for low mobility users. It will offer services like video streaming at high quality. Key technologies enabling 4G include OFDMA modulation, MIMO, smart antennas, SDR, and IPv6 mobility. Groups like 3GPP, 3GPP2 and WiMAX are working to develop 4G standards and targets are to deploy it by 2011 with data rates and services beyond those of 3G networks.
4g mobile-communication-system-1219761984973028-8jitendra k Singh
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1. WIRELESS NETWORK (3G & 4G)
Arti Rana1, Kamaljeet Kaur2, Anuj Aggarwal3
Department of Computer Science,
AIMT,Ambala,(Kurukshetra University).
artirana@yahoo.com1
lotus_msgill@yahoo.com2
anuj_gupta108@rediffmail.com3
Abstract—Due to the increase in demand for speed,
multimedia support and other resources, the wireless II. 4G VISION
world is looking forward for a new generation
technology to replace the third generation. This is A. Brief History of Generations
where the fourth generation wireless communication
First Generation: 1G was based on analog technology and
comes into play. 4G wireless communication is
basically intended for analog phones. It was launched
expected to provide better speed, high capacity, lower cost
in the early 1980s. It introduced the first basic framework
and IP based services. The main aim of 4G wireless is
for mobile communications like the basic architecture,
to replace the current core technology with a single
frequency multiplexing, roaming concept etc. Access
universal technology based on IP. Yet there are several
technology used was AMPS (Advances Mobile Phone
challenges that inhibhit the progress of 4G and
Service).
reasearchers throughout the world are contributing
their ideas to solve these challenges. This project
deals with understanding the features and challenges, Second Generation: 2G was a revolution that marked
the proposed architectural frameworks, multimedia the switching of mobile communication technology from
support and multiple access schemes for 4G. analog to digital. It was introduced in the late 1980s and
it adopted digital signal processing techniques. GSM was one
I. INTRODUCTION of the main attractive sides of 2G and it introduced the
concept of SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) cards. Main
access technologies were CDMA (Code Division Multiple
The wireless communication filed is a very fast growing
Access) and GSM (Global System for Mobile
area with the number of users and their demand for
Communication).
better resources increasing day by day. The R&D
departments of many companies are working on a future
technology that can meet these demands at a lower cost. 2.5 Generation: 2.5 G was basically an extension of
3G is necessary but not sufficient for the demands today. So 2G with packet switching incorporated to 2G. It
the world is taking its leap towards the fourth generation implemented hybrid communication which connected
wireless communication that promises to bring an end to the internet to mobile communications.
most of the problems faced. 4G wireless is expected to
be launched by 2010, but there are numerous challenges Third Generation: The basic idea of 3G is to deploy
faced by researchers in achieving the desired features. Most new systems with new services instead of just provide
of the ongoing researches are in the area of distributed higher bandwidth and data rate. Support for multimedia
computing, mobile agents, multimedia support etc. Some transmission is another striking feature of 3G. It employs
other research area is to improve the Quality of Service both circuit switching and packet switching strategies. The
from the viewpoint of both the user and service main access technologies are CDMA (Code Division
providers. 4G wireless infrastructures are expected to be
Multiple Access), WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), and TS-
deployed in an environment where many other types of
SDMA (Time division Synchronous CDMA).
wireless and wired communication systems already exist.
This paper is organized as follows. Section II provides a
brief review of the previous generations, desired features and B. Limitations of 3G
research challenges faced by 4G. Section III describes the core
architectural framework and some architectural models
proposed for 4G. Section IV provides some proposed solution Why do we need 4G? To answer this question we need to
for hand off mechanism for 4G. In Section V, the understand some of the major limitations of 3G. Some
multiple access schemes for 4G are discussed. Section VI deal of the
with multimedia support for 4G. Section VII gives some
applications of 4G and finally section VIII gives the
conclusion.
2. reasons for a new generation of mobile communication are where as in 4G systems both horizontal and vertical hand off
listed below should be performed. As shown in figure 1, horizontal hand off
is performed when a mobile movies from on cell to another and
• Difficulty of CDMA to provide higher data rates vertical handoff is performed when a mobile moves between
• Need for continuously increasing data rate and two wireless systems. Some solutions for achieving vertical
bandwidth to meet the multimedia requirements hand off have been discussed in section IV.
• Limitation of spectrum and it’s allocation
• Inability to roam between different services
• To provide a seamless transport end-to-end
mechanism
• To introduce a better system with reduces cost
C. Some main desired Features of 4G:
High usability and global roaming: The end user terminals
should be compatible with any technology, at any time,
anywhere in the world. The basic idea is that the user should be
able to take his mobile to any place, for example, from a place
that uses CDMA to another place that employs GSM.
Multimedia support: The user should be able to receive Figure 1: Hand off mechanisms [2]
high data rate multimedia services. This demands higher
bandwidth and higher data rate.
Personal mobility: Personal mobility deals with the
Personalization: This means that any type of person should mobility of the user rather than the user terminals. The idea
be able to access the service. The service providers should be behind this is, no matter where the user is located and what
able to provide customized services to different type of users. device he is using, he should be able to access his messages.
Security and privacy: The existing security measures for
D. Main Challenges wireless systems are inadequate for 4G systems. The existing
security systems are designed for specific services. This does
To achieve the desired features listed above researches have not provide flexibility for the users and as flexibility is one of
to solve some of the main challenges that 4G is facing. The the main concerns for 4G, new security systems has to be
main challenges are described below introduced.
Multimode user terminals: In order to access different kinds Fault tolerance: As we all know, fault tolerant systems are
of services and technologies, the user terminals should be able becoming more popular throughout the world. The existing
to configure themselves in different modes. This eliminates the wireless system structure has a tree like topology and hence if
need of multiple terminals. Adaptive techniques like smart one of the components suffers damage the whole system goes
antennas and software radio have been proposed for achieving down. This is not desirable in case of 4G. Hence one of the
terminal mobility. main issues is to design a fault tolerant system for 4G.
Wireless system discovery and selection: The main idea Billing System: 3G mostly follows a flat rate billing system
behind this is the user terminal should be able to select the based where the user is charged just by a single operator for his
desired wireless system. The system could be LAN, GPS, GSM usage according to call duration, transferred data etc. But in 4G
etc. One proposed solution for this is to use software radio wireless systems, the user might switch between different
approach where the terminal scans for the best available service providers and may use different services. In this case, it
network and then it downloads the required software and is hard for both the users and service providers to deal with
configure themselves o access the particular network. separate bills. Hence the operators have to design a billing
Terminal Mobility: This is one of the biggest issues the architecture that provides a single bill to the user for all the
researchers are facing. Terminal mobility allows the user to services he has used. Moreover the bill should be fair to all
roam across different geographical areas that uses different kinds of users.
technologies. There are two important issues related to terminal
mobility. One is location management where the system has to
locate the position of the mobile for providing service. Another
important issue is hand off management. In the traditional
mobile systems only horizontal hand off has to be performed
3. III. ARCHITECTURES Overlay network: In this type of architecture, a user
can access an overlay network which consists of several UAP
A. Architectural Core (universal access points). The architectural model for this is
4G wireless system is expected to be built on an IP- based shown in figure 3(b). The UAP selects an access point
core network for global routing along with more customized depending on user choice, availability and desired QoS. In
local area network that supports dynamic hand off mechanism this case the overlay network performs the major operations
and Ad-Hoc routing. Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is the standardized such as hand off, frequency translation, content adaptation etc,
IP- based mobility protocol for IPv6. In 4G LANs will be instead of the terminal performing it. So the overlay network
installed everywhere like in trains, vehicles etc or might be will suffer an increase in complexity.
formed in an Ad-Hoc basis by random collection of devices
that happens to come in a specific radio range. New routing
protocols have to be designed for such systems.
Figure 2: Core Architectural Model
In 4G mobile systems, each terminal is assigned a home agent,
which has a permanent home IP address. When terminal moves
to another location it obtains a new temporary address called
the care-of address. The user terminal regularly updates the
home agent with its current care-of address. If the user is at
home, another device can communicate with the user using its
home IP address. When the user moves to some other location
communication is carried out using another procedure. If a host
wants to communicate with the user, it first sends a setup
message to the user’s home agent (which the host knows). The
home agent knows the care-of address of the user and it
forwards the setup message to the user terminal. The home
agent also forwards the care-of address of the user to the host
so that future messages can be sent directly to the user.
B. Proposed Architectures
Multimode Devices: In this configuration, a single
terminal employs multiple interfaces to access different
wireless system. Figure 3(a) shows the framework of this
architecture. The requirement for this scheme is that the device
should incorporate the required hardware necessary to access
the different technologies. The flaw with this is that it increases
the complexity of the user device which might make it more
expensive to the common user. One advantage of this
architecture is that it does not require any network modification Figure 3: Different architectural models [4]
or internetworking devices. The QoS handling for this type of
architecture still remains an open issue.
Common Access Protocol: This architecture can be
used if a wireless network can support one or two different
protocols. Figure 3(c) shows the framework for this
4. architectural model. One solution to this is to use wireless perform the DAD operation in parallel with its
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), which might need communication.
internetworking between different networks. To implement
this all wireless networks must be capable of transmitting ATM
cells with additional headers. This allows the user to
communicate with different wireless networks using the same
protocol.
IV. HAND OFF MECHANISMS
As cited in section II, performing vertical hand off is one of
the most challenges faced by researchers working on 4G.
Vertical hand off is the hand off performed when a user
switches from one network to a totally different network. This
section discusses some of the proposed schemes for performing
vertical hand offs. One major issue in hand off is reducing the
handover latency. Whenever a mobile node moves to a new
location it takes some time to establish a care-of address and to
inform the home agent it’s new care of address. This accounts Figure 5: Hand off mechanism
for the handover latency which is undesirable.
B. Hierarchical Mobile IPv6
A. Mobile IPv6
The main idea behind this scheme is to reduce the
When a mobile moves from its home to another location, it signaling load between the mobile and the home agent there
obtains a new care-of address by contacting the subnet of that by reducing the hand off latency. The global internet is
particular network. When a mobile node moves from one divided into regions defining local area mobility. These
network to another, it detects the new subnet by analyzing the domains are generally managed by a unique administrative
router advertisement that is periodically sent out by the access authority. Each domain is connected to the internet through a
router. By using the subnet of the new network, which the mobility anchor point. When a mobile first enters a domain it
mobile gets from the router advertisement, the mobile node has to regionally register with that domain to advertise to its
configures itself a new care-of address. The mobile then needs home agent its new localization. When the mobile moves
to verify if there is any duplicate address in the same radio across different access routers in the domain, it has to send a
range. So it performs the DAD (Duplicate Address Detection) local registration to the mobility anchor point to update its
process and it scans the neighborhood for any duplicate localization. So the communication load between the mobile
addresses. If the mobile duplicate address, it has to reconfigure and the home agent is reduces since the mobility anchor point
itself a new care-of address. Once a new care-of address is acts as the home agent.
obtained, the mobile updates the home agent with its new
care-of address.
Figure 5: Hierarchical MIPv6 architecture
Figure 4: Network model for MIPv6 [8]
Hierarchical MIPv6 operates in two modes. When a
The problem with this hand off scheme is that, to perform mobile enters a visited domain it must perform a home
DAD the mobile take a lot of time. This increase she handover registration in which the mobile informs the mobility anchor
latency. One solution to this problem is the mobile should point its home address. Then when the mobile moves within
the cell, it switches between two modes, the basic mode and
the extended mode. In basic mode, the mobile station has two
5. addresses, a regional care of address based on the mobility orthogonal codes can increase MAI since the spreading codes
anchor point prefix and an on-link care-of address based on are not fully orthogonal.
the current access router prefix. Here the mobility anchor point
acts as the home agent. It takes the packets destined for the
regional care of address and tunnels them to the on-link care-
of address. These operations are totally transparent to the
home agent. But not every mobile may be able to obtain a
regional care-of address. In this case, it works in extended
mode where the regional address may any one of the mobility
anchor point addresses. The mobility anchor point stores a
table of the current care-of address and the home address of
the mobiles. When it receives a packet destined to a mobile, it
de-tunnels and then re-tunnels it to the current care-of address.
V. MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES
3G wireless multiple access techniques were widely
based on CDMA and WCDMA. But 4G demands a better
multiple access technique for reducing the MAI (Multiple
Access Interference) and ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) and Figure 6: MC-CDMA Transmitter
thus improve the bit error rate performance. MC-CDMA is the
best candidate that would satisfy the demands of 4G wireless
systems. Moreover adaptive modulation techniques have been Figure 6 shows the configuration of an MC-CDMA
proposed for 4G, where the modulation scheme is changed transmitter for user j. It takes the input data stream and
dynamically based on the current channel estimates. MC- converts in to parallel data sequences each parallel data
CDMA is the hybrid combination of OFDM (Orthogonal sequence is multiplied with the spreading code. A guard
Frequency Division Multiplexing) and CDMA. MC-CDMA interval in inserted between the symbols to eliminate ISI
with adaptive modulation promises to meet the demands of 4G caused by multi-path fading.
regarding high data rate with a lower BER (Bit Error Rate).
OFDM has the capability to cancel multi-path
distortion in a spectrally efficient manner. Rapid variation in
channel characteristics are caused by multi-path and Doppler
spread (due to the different speeds of mobile). Sometimes
these time varying channels are characterized by very good
SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), but worse SNR at other times.
So a fixed modulation technique cannot achieve the best
spectral efficiency as the system has to be built with a
modulation scheme considering the worst case scenario.
Hence during good channel conditions the system would not
be able to obtain the best possible spectral efficiency. This is
where adaptive modulation shows its role. Adaptive
modulation techniques takes advantage of the time varying
channel characteristics and adjust the transmission power, data
rate, coding and modulation scheme for the best spectral
efficiency.
Figure 7: MC-CDMA receiver
A. MC-CDMA
In MC-CDMA receiver the received data is first
coherently detected and then multiplied with the gain to
The basic idea of CDMA is to maintain a sense of
combine the energy of the received signal scattered in the
orthogonality among the users in order to eliminate the MAI.
frequency domain.
This is done by employing orthogonal spreading codes to
spread the data sequence. In MC-CDMA these spreading The system model for adaptive MC-CDMA is shown in
codes are defined in the frequency domain. Pseudo orthogonal figure 8. There is a channel estimator which estimates the
codes can be used instead of orthogonal codes, thus increasing characteristics of the channel using pilot symbols (QPSK
the number of users that can be accommodated. But pseudo symbols) and updates the modulation selector which in turn
selects the optimal modulation scheme.
6. Generation Technology Features
1G •Advanced Mobile •Analog voice service
wireless Phone Service •No data service
AMPS
2G •Code Division •Digital voice service
wireless Multiple Access 9.6K to 14.4K bit/sec.
(CDMA) •CDMA, TDMA and
•Global System PDC offer one-way
for Mobile data transmissions
Communication
(GSM) only
• Personal digita •Enhanced calling
cellular Features like caller ID
(PDC) •No always-on data
• Wide-band connection.
Code
Division
Multiple
Access
Figure 8: System model for adaptive MC-CDMA [9] (WCDMA)
• Based on the
3G Interim •Superior voice quality
wireless Standard-95 and data always add
VI. MULTIMEDIA – VIDEO SERVICES CDMA on
4G wireless systems are expected to deliver efficient standard •Up to 2M bit/sec.
(CDMA 2000) always-on data
multimedia services at very high data rates. Basically there are • Time-division •Broadband data
two types of video services: bursting and streaming video synchronous services like video and
services. Streaming is performed when a user requires real code division multimedia
time video services, in which the server delivers data multiple •Enhanced roaming
access •Circuit and packet
continuously at a playback rate. Streaming has little memory (TD-SDM) switched networks
requirement as compared to bursting. The drawback of
streaming video is that it does not take advantage of available
bandwidth. Even if the entire system bandwidth is available
for the user, streaming video service will transmit data only at 4G • Orthogonal • Converged data and
wireless Frequency voice over IP
a particular playback rate. Bursting is basically file Division • Entirely packet
downloading using a buffer and this is done at the highest data Multiplexing switched Networks.
rate taking advantage of the whole available bandwidth. The (OFDM) & •All network elements
flaw with this type of transmission is that it demands a large (WOFDM) are digital.
memory requirement. So work is being done to come up with • Multi Carrier • Higher bandwidth to
CDMA provide multimedia
a new scheme that limits the memory requirements and can (MC-CDMA) services at lower cost
exploit the available bandwidth of the system. The simulation • LAS-CDMA (up to 100Mbits/sec).
details and comparison of streaming and bursting video
transmission have been discussed in [11].
Table 1: Comparison of different generations
VII. APPLICATIONS OF 4G Tele-Medicine: 4G will support remote health monitoring of
Virtual Presence: This means that 4G provides user services atpatients. A user need not go to the hospital and can get
all times, even if the user is off-site. videoconference assistance for a doctor at anytime and
Virtual navigation: 4G provides users with virtual navigation anywhere.
through which a user can access a database of the streets, Tele-geoprocessing applications: This is a combination of GIS
buildings etc of large cities. This requires high speed data (Geographical Information System) and GPS (Global
transmission. Positioning System) in which a user can get the location by
querying.
Crisis management: Natural disasters can cause break down in
communication systems. In today’s world it might take days or
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