The document discusses various studies on deception detection. It finds that most people, including professionals like law enforcement officers, perform only slightly better than chance at detecting lies. Some signs of potential deception include increased speech hesitations, changes in pitch, pupil dilation, negative or irrelevant statements, overgeneralized statements, and less personal details. However, these cues are not definitive and good liars can fake many of them. The document concludes that accurately detecting deception requires considering multiple verbal and nonverbal channels of communication together.

1. Detecting Deception

2. Who Lies? Everybody lies

3. “ Man was given a tongue with which to speak and words to hide his thoughts.” (Hungarian Proverb)

4. Number of college students who admitted lying to a potential sex partner 92% (Knox et al., 1993)

5. Type of Sexual Lies Most frequent lie both sexes? Number of previous sex partners Men I love you Women Sexually gratified

6. Extramarital Affairs American and British married persons 2/3 to ¾

7. Obtaining Jobs Number who “varnish the truth” 1/3 (Underwood, 1993)

8. Obtaining Jobs: Types of Lies College degrees Stretching employment periods to hide unemployment Men Played on college football team Women President of sorority

9. Advertising “ We’re conceived, born, and deceived. By the time someone reaches the age of 10, he’s pretty cynical.” (Jerry Della Femina, advertising executive quoted in McLoughlin et al., 1987, p. 59)

10. Political Lies Lies to get elected Lies to gain support for policy Lies to protect national security Stupid lies

11. Medical Students How many cheated on exams? 10%

12. Patients Number of psychiatrically hospitalized patients who lied about using drugs? 60% (Blumberg et al., 1971)

13. Dodgy Scientists Isaac Newton fudged data Louis Pasteur used another’s vaccine Gregor Mendel fudged data Charles Darwin used others’ theories without credit Robert Millikan only used data that supported his theories Cyril Burt fudged data

14. Question is not do they lie But Why? How much? How well?

15. Sex Offenders: Con Men or Liars?

16. Liars & Con Men Liars Specific lie(s) Con Man Lies Persona Relationship

17. Ferdinand Demara Posed as Physician in Royal Canadian Navy Removed a bullet within half an inch of the heart Removed a lung

18. Ferdinand Demara Posed as Teacher Ph.D. in psychology College dean Assistant warden of a Texas prison Joined and deserted from US army & navy

19. “ I am a superior sort of liar. I don’t tell any truth at all, so then my story has unity of parts, a structural integrity, and this sounds more like the truth than the truth itself.” (Con man Ferdinand Demara quoted in Crichton, 1968, p. 92)

20. Detecting Deception General Principles

21. Good and Bad Lie Detectors Good Lie Detectors More likely to use nonverbal alone or in relation to speech Good at reading micro-expressions Bad Lie Detectors Used speech alone (Ekman & O’Sullivan, 1991)

22. Sex Differences Women Better at reading nonverbal clues Better at telling how people are feeling who are telling the truth No better at detecting deception (DePaulo et al., 1993)

23. Good Liars Practiced Liars Natural Liars Psychopaths

24. Detection Apprehension High Stakes Up Suspicious Target Low Stakes Gullible Target Down

25. Detection Apprehension Greatest Target reputation for being touch to fool Target suspicious Liar little practice and no record of success Stakes high Punishment, not just reward, at stake Punishment is great Target in no way benefits from lie (Ekman, 2009)

26. “ A statement should not whisper deceit; it should shout it.” Avinoam Sapir “ A lie catcher should never rely upon one clue to deceit; there must be many.” (Ekman, 2009, p. 147)

27. Common Error in Detecting Lying Othello error – misinterpreting emotion

28. What Detects Lying? Gaze Aversion? Fidgeting?

29. Fidgeting Viewed as a sign lying

30. Gaze Aversion Sadness Nervousness Embarrassment Guilt Disgust

31. Gaze Aversion “ Even the guilty liar probably won’t avert his gaze much, since liars know that everyone expects to be able to detect deception in this way. . . Amazingly, people continue to be misled by liars skillful enough to not avert their gaze.” (Ekman, 1992, p. 141)

32. “ At times there was a great amount of shame for being deceitful. At times there was a great amount of pride: well, I pulled this one off again. You’re a good one. You’re very capable of doing this. It works for you. There were times when little old ladies would pat me on the back and say, ‘You’re one of the best young men that I ever have known.’ I would think back and think, ‘If you really knew me you wouldn’t say that.’”

33. “ To begin with, how I felt about fooling people is what’s really hard to describe. I felt ashamed. For lack of a better word to describe it. Because I knew these people were trusting me. . . When I would lie to them, to start with I felt a lot of shame. But eventually, I had lied so much to, the shame element was no longer there. It was just a matter of keeping my tail covered. Keeping everything covered up.”

34. Psychopaths “ There is agreement that neither guilt about lying nor fear of being caught will cause a psychopath to make mistakes when he lies.” (Ekman, 2009)

35. Feelings of Psychopaths When Lying Excitement Relief at being believed Contempt Pride

36. 20 Years of Research on Lying People rarely get above 60% accuracy Some groups worse than chance (Ekman, 1992)

37. Who Can’t Tell CIA FBI ATF Police DEA Forensic psychiatrists Custom Officials Police Judges Lawyers (Ekman, 1991)

38. Who Can’t Tell? Customs inspectors vs. college students) (Kraut & Poe, 1980) Federal law enforcement officers vs students (DePaulo & Pfeifer, 1986) Police officers no better than chance (Kohnken, 1987)

39. Who Can’t Tell Group % Above Chance Secret Service 29% Psychiatrists 12% (Ekman, 1991)

40. Top Lie Detectors Very few 85% accuracy (Ekman, 2009)

41. Federal law enforcement officers More Confident Than College Students No More Accurate (DePaulo & Pfeifer, 1986)

42. Accuracy What Didn’t Make a Difference Age Sex Years of Job Experience (Ekman, 1991)

43. Accuracy Polygraphers & Secret Service Worse as Got Older (Ekman, 1991)

44. Which Signs of Deception Work? Signs the liar doesn’t know to fake Signs the liar can’t fake

45. What Are You Detecting? Deception? Emotional leakage?

46. “ There is no sign of deceit itself.” (Ekman, 2009,p. 80)

47. Emotions Involved in Lying Fear of being caught Guilt about lying Guilt about behavior Duping delight

48. Fear Fear of not being believed Fear of being caught

49. Channels of Communication Face Words Voice Characteristics Body Language

50. Facial Expressions Automatic Expressions

51. Automatic Expressions Sadness Inner corner of eyebrow raises, not full brow 15% voluntarily (Ekman, 1992)

52. Automatic Expressions Worry, Apprehension, Fear Both eyebrows raise and pull together 10% voluntarily (Ekman, 1992)

53. Emotions and Their Eyebrow/Eyelid Fakeability Hard Fear, worry, apprehension, terror Sadness, grief, distress Easy Anger, surprise

54. Most Reliable Facial Muscles Forehead

55. Anger Reliable: Narrowing of lips

56. Facial Expressions Micro-Expressions - 1/25”

57. Micro Expression Training Tool http://www.mettonline.com/products.aspx

58. Facial Expressions Squelched Expressions

59. Facial Expressions Asymmetry

60. Asymmetry Voluntary Expressions Brow-lowering in anger stronger on left Nose-wrinkling in disgust stronger on right Stretching of lips back towards ears in fear are stronger on right

61. Facial Expressions Timing

62. Which Emotion is Shortest? Surprise 1 second

63. Duration of Emotion 5 seconds Likely Phony 10 seconds Almost Definitely

64. Bad Timing Affect should be on face Before or at start of words

65. Detecting Deception More speech hesitations More changes in pitch More pupil dilation (DePaulo et al., 1985; Zucker & Driver, 1984)

66. Body Language Emblems Illustrators

67. Emblems Wave goodbye Thumbs up Thumbs down Come here Hitchhiking Peace Crazy (circle ear) Praying Sleeping Middle finger

68. Channels of Communication Face Words Voice Characteristics Body Language

69. Detecting Deception: Language Deception statements contain: Negative statements Irrelevant information Over-generalized statements Less personally relevant information

70. Voice Characteristics Upset Pitch Rises Sad Pitch Drops Angry Louder/faster

71. Nurse Study Least Accurate Face Words

72. Nurse Study: Most Accurate Body Correct 65% of time

73. Communication Body Language 65% Verbal content 7% Voice quality 12% Mixture odors, chemical changes, etc. 16% (Walters, 1996)

74. Nurse Study 96% accuracy Voice Characteristics: Rise in Pitch Face: Miserable Smiles

75. Detecting Deception False Smiles No involvement of eyes or eyebrow More asymmetrical Offset not smooth

76. Facial Action Coding System (FACS) 44 Action Units 30 Contraction of Specific Muscles E.g.., Frontalis, pars medialis Inner Corner of Eyebrow Raised 13 Unspecified E.g.., Jaw Thrust 7000 Combinations Observed

77. Comprehensive Coding Systems for Emotional Recognition 10 Hours of Coding Time Per Minute of Behavior (Ekman, 1992)

78. Computerized Analysis of Facial Expressions 96.7% Accurate (Tian et al.,2000)

79. Pitt- CMU Au-Coded Face Expression Database N = 210 69% Female; 31% Male 81% Euro-Americans 13% Afro-American 6% Other Age 18 to 50 (Kanade et al., 2000)

80. Same Behavior – Different Listening Listener Behavior: Hesitation Suspicious Increased suspicion Wants to believe Increased trust (Kraut, 1978)

81. Can People Learn to Detect Lying? Disguised smiling Lack of head movement Increased rate of fidgeting Increased pitch Reduced rate of speech Pause fillers (“uh,” “er”) Less congruent nonverbal behavior from the various communication channels (Zuckerman & Driver, 1984)

82. Role of Training & Experience True Statements All groups more accurate with more experience, particularly with training and feedback Feedback less of a difference than expected