Midwest Conference #2 adolescent sex offenders out

What Do We Know AboutWhat Do We Know About
Adolescent Sex Offenders?Adolescent Sex Offenders?
Anna C. SalterAnna C. Salter

AgendaAgenda
Adolescents and crimeAdolescents and crime
Normal and abnormal sexual behaviorNormal and abnormal sexual behavior
Budding pedophiles or delinquents?Budding pedophiles or delinquents?
Risk assessmentRisk assessment
Adolescent psychopathsAdolescent psychopaths
TreatmentTreatment
What works?What works?
Multisystemic family therapyMultisystemic family therapy

HandoutsHandouts
www.annasalter.comwww.annasalter.com
acsalter@tds.netacsalter@tds.net

Adult Sex OffendersAdult Sex Offenders
& Age of Onset& Age of Onset
1/3 to 1/2 began offending1/3 to 1/2 began offending
In adolescenceIn adolescence
(Prentky et al., 2000)(Prentky et al., 2000)

Juvenile Sex Offenders:Juvenile Sex Offenders:
Age of OnsetAge of Onset
Begin Offending Under Age 12Begin Offending Under Age 12
46%46%
(Burton, 2000)(Burton, 2000)

Scope of the ProblemScope of the Problem
19941994
Under age 13Under age 13
Arrested for feloniesArrested for felonies
110,000110,000
((Berman, Kurtines, Silverman, & Serafini,Berman, Kurtines, Silverman, & Serafini,
1996)1996)

Rise and Fall of Juvenile CrimeRise and Fall of Juvenile Crime
1983 – 1992 Arrests1983 – 1992 Arrests
 GirlsGirls +85%+85%
 BoysBoys +50%+50%
 Youth in juvenile facilitiesYouth in juvenile facilities +41%+41%
( Children’s Defense Fund, 1997)( Children’s Defense Fund, 1997)

Rise of Juvenile CrimeRise of Juvenile Crime
1980 – 1994 Arrests1980 – 1994 Arrests
Violent crimesViolent crimes +64%+64%
MurderMurder +99%+99%
(Butts & Travis, 2002)(Butts & Travis, 2002)

Fall in Juvenile Violent CrimeFall in Juvenile Violent Crime
Fell 6 years 1994 – 2000Fell 6 years 1994 – 2000

Decline in Juvenile CrimeDecline in Juvenile Crime
Violent CrimeViolent Crime
Murder, rape, robbery aggravated assaultMurder, rape, robbery aggravated assault
-34%-34%

ArrestsArrests
1994 - 20001994 - 2000
MurderMurder -68%-68%
RobberyRobbery -51%-51%
BurglaryBurglary -33%-33%
RapeRape -25%-25%

Decline in Violent CrimeDecline in Violent Crime
2000 Lowest in 20 years2000 Lowest in 20 years

Largest of any age groupLargest of any age group

Increases in Juvenile CrimeIncreases in Juvenile Crime
ArrestsArrests
1994 – 20001994 – 2000
DUIDUI +54%+54%
Liquor Law ViolationsLiquor Law Violations +33%+33%
Drug AbuseDrug Abuse +29%+29%

Decline in Crime 2008Decline in Crime 2008
Violent CrimeViolent Crime
1999-20081999-2008
Decreased 41%Decreased 41%

Property CrimeProperty Crime
1999-20081999-2008
Decreased 32%Decreased 32%

Decline in Rape & Sexual AssaultDecline in Rape & Sexual Assault
1999-20081999-2008
53%53%

Adolescents & Violent/Sexual CrimeAdolescents & Violent/Sexual Crime

Age of Onset of Serious ViolenceAge of Onset of Serious Violence
85% of those involved in serious violence by85% of those involved in serious violence by
age 27 report that their 1age 27 report that their 1stst
act occurredact occurred
between 12 & 20between 12 & 20
Peak age of onset 16Peak age of onset 16
Almost no serious violence startsAlmost no serious violence starts
< age 10 & > age 23< age 10 & > age 23
(Prentky 2002)(Prentky 2002)

Two Onset “Trajectories”Two Onset “Trajectories”
Childhood Onset
strong link between childhood factors
and persistent violence into adulthood
Juvenile Onset:
most violence begins in adolescence,
ends with the transition into adulthood
(Prentky, 2002)

Chronic Juvenile OffendersChronic Juvenile Offenders
% of Offenders% of Offenders % of Crime% of Crime
6.3%6.3% 52%52%
7.5%7.5% 61%61%
(Wolfgang’s 1958)(Wolfgang’s 1958)

Juvenile CrimeJuvenile Crime
OffendersOffenders CrimesCrimes
8%8% 70%70%
(Beuhring, 2002; Howell, 1995;(Beuhring, 2002; Howell, 1995;
Kelley et al., 1997)Kelley et al., 1997)

Onset of Sexual OffendingOnset of Sexual Offending
Incarcerated adolescentsIncarcerated adolescents NN
Onset < 12Onset < 12 4848
Onset> 12Onset> 12 130130
Offending < and > age 12Offending < and > age 12 6565
Seriousness & complexity of sexual actsSeriousness & complexity of sexual acts
more severe for the continuous offendersmore severe for the continuous offenders
(Burton, 2000)(Burton, 2000)

Boundaries ofBoundaries of
Developmentally NormativeDevelopmentally Normative
Sexual BehaviorSexual Behavior

Normal & Deviant AdolescentNormal & Deviant Adolescent
Sexual BehaviorSexual Behavior
(Adapted from Dr. Robert Prentky &(Adapted from Dr. Robert Prentky &
Dr. William Friedrich)Dr. William Friedrich)

““NormalNormal””
 Sexually explicit conversations with peersSexually explicit conversations with peers
 Obscenities and jokes within cultural normObscenities and jokes within cultural norm
 Sexual innuendo, flirting and courtshipSexual innuendo, flirting and courtship
 Interest in eroticaInterest in erotica
 Solitary masturbationSolitary masturbation
 Hugging, kissing, holding handsHugging, kissing, holding hands
 Foreplay, (petting, making out, fondling)Foreplay, (petting, making out, fondling)
 Mutual masturbationMutual masturbation
 Sexual intercourse with consenting partnerSexual intercourse with consenting partner**

Deviant Behaviors: Level 1Deviant Behaviors: Level 1
 High degree of sexual preoccupation and/or anxietyHigh degree of sexual preoccupation and/or anxiety
 Frequent use of pornography or sex showsFrequent use of pornography or sex shows
 Indiscriminate sexual contact with multiple partnersIndiscriminate sexual contact with multiple partners
 Sexually aggressive remarks/obscenitiesSexually aggressive remarks/obscenities
 Sexual graffiti (especially sexually aggressive images)Sexual graffiti (especially sexually aggressive images)
 Embarrassment of others with sexual remarks orEmbarrassment of others with sexual remarks or
innuendoinnuendo
 Violation of others’ body spaceViolation of others’ body space
 Pulling skirts up / pants downPulling skirts up / pants down
 Peeping, exposing or frottage with known agematesPeeping, exposing or frottage with known agemates
 Obscene gestures or “mooning”Obscene gestures or “mooning”

Deviant Level 1Deviant Level 1
 Red flags - may signal an abnormally highRed flags - may signal an abnormally high
degree of sexual preoccupation and/ordegree of sexual preoccupation and/or
sexually aggressive impulsessexually aggressive impulses
 Some form of intervention may beSome form of intervention may be
desirabledesirable

 Compulsive masturbationCompulsive masturbation (especially public)(especially public)
 Degradation/humiliation of self or othersDegradation/humiliation of self or others
with sexual overtoneswith sexual overtones
 Attempting to expose others’ genitalsAttempting to expose others’ genitals
 Chronic preoccupation with sexually aggressiveChronic preoccupation with sexually aggressive
pornographypornography
 Sexually explicit conversation with young childrenSexually explicit conversation with young children
 Sexualized touching without permissionSexualized touching without permission
(grabbing, goosing)(grabbing, goosing)
 Sexually explicit threatsSexually explicit threats (verbal or written)(verbal or written)
 Obscene phone callsObscene phone calls (voyeurism, exhibitionism, frottage)(voyeurism, exhibitionism, frottage)

 Indicate a high degree of sexualIndicate a high degree of sexual
preoccupation and/or deviant sexualpreoccupation and/or deviant sexual
interests,interests,
 Require interventionRequire intervention

 Genital touching without permissionGenital touching without permission (e.g.(e.g.
fondling)fondling)
 Sexual contact with significant age differenceSexual contact with significant age difference
(sexual abuse of children)(sexual abuse of children)
 Forced sexual contactForced sexual contact (any assault having sexual(any assault having sexual
overtones)overtones)
 Forced penetrationForced penetration (vaginal or anal)(vaginal or anal)
 Sexual contact with animalsSexual contact with animals (bestiality)(bestiality)
 Genital injury to othersGenital injury to others

 Victim-involved sexual assaultVictim-involved sexual assault
 Require interventionRequire intervention

Adolescent Sex OffendersAdolescent Sex Offenders
Deviant ArousalDeviant Arousal
oror
Criminal BehaviorCriminal Behavior

Specialists?Specialists?
50% Prior Arrests Same Crime50% Prior Arrests Same Crime
RapistsRapists 14%14%
Car ThievesCar Thieves 19%19%
BurglarsBurglars 25%25%
Violent OffendersViolent Offenders 34%34%
RobbersRobbers 35%35%
(Cohen, 1986)(Cohen, 1986)

Specialists?Specialists?
50% of prior crimes were sex offenses50% of prior crimes were sex offenses
RapistsRapists 4%4%
Child MolestersChild Molesters 41%41%
(Lussier et al., 2005)(Lussier et al., 2005)

Hanson Meta-AnalysisHanson Meta-Analysis
RecidivismRecidivism
Follow-up = 4 - 5 YearsFollow-up = 4 - 5 Years
 New Sex OffenseNew Sex Offense 13%13%
 Any OffenseAny Offense 37%37%
(Hanson & Bussiere, 1996)(Hanson & Bussiere, 1996)

Adolescent Sex Offenders:Adolescent Sex Offenders:
Sexual vs. General RecidivismSexual vs. General Recidivism
FU up to 6 yearsFU up to 6 years
RecidivateRecidivate
SexualSexual 7.5 to 147.5 to 14
General CriminalGeneral Criminal 40 to 6040 to 60
(Langstrom & Grann, 2000)(Langstrom & Grann, 2000)

 Committed a non-sex offenseCommitted a non-sex offense 86%86%
(Jacobs et al., 1997)(Jacobs et al., 1997)

Deviant Arousal or AntisocialDeviant Arousal or Antisocial
4 variables correctly classified 77% reoffenders4 variables correctly classified 77% reoffenders
Involvement with delinquent peersInvolvement with delinquent peers
Crimes against personsCrimes against persons
Attitudes towards sexual assaultAttitudes towards sexual assault
Family normlessnessFamily normlessness
(Ageton, 1983)(Ageton, 1983)

Deviant Arousal or AntisocialDeviant Arousal or Antisocial
Involvement with delinquent peersInvolvement with delinquent peers
Correctly classified 76% reoffendersCorrectly classified 76% reoffenders
(Ageton, 1983)(Ageton, 1983)

Fluidity of SexualFluidity of Sexual
PreferencePreference

Hunter & Becker, 1994Hunter & Becker, 1994
Hunter, Goodwin, & Becker, 1994Hunter, Goodwin, & Becker, 1994
Hypothesized that “the majority of juvenileHypothesized that “the majority of juvenile
offenders, in contrast to most adultoffenders, in contrast to most adult
offenders, may not have yet developed aoffenders, may not have yet developed a
relatively fixed pattern of sexual arousalrelatively fixed pattern of sexual arousal
and interest which gives direction toand interest which gives direction to
consistent patterns of behaviour,” Hunterconsistent patterns of behaviour,” Hunter
et al., 1994, p. 536.et al., 1994, p. 536.

The assumption of greaterThe assumption of greater
developmental fluidity in JSOs isdevelopmental fluidity in JSOs is
supported by:supported by:
 (1) much higher number of juvenile, as(1) much higher number of juvenile, as
opposed to adult, offenders with mixedopposed to adult, offenders with mixed
gender victims;gender victims;
 (2) relatively high percentage of juveniles(2) relatively high percentage of juveniles
with multiple paraphilias;with multiple paraphilias;
 (3) marked differences between juvenile(3) marked differences between juvenile
and adult incest offendersand adult incest offenders
(Hunter et al., 1994)(Hunter et al., 1994)

Differences in IncestDifferences in Incest
 Adult incest offenders:Adult incest offenders:
Less deviant arousal on the PPGLess deviant arousal on the PPG
Have fewer victimsHave fewer victims
Begin offending at a later age.Begin offending at a later age.
 Juvenile sex offendersJuvenile sex offenders
All less trueAll less true
Considerable cross-over incest and non-incestConsiderable cross-over incest and non-incest
(Hunter et al., 1994)(Hunter et al., 1994)

Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment

Risk Assessment:Risk Assessment:
Impact of Working with OffendersImpact of Working with Offenders
 N = 200 young offenders of all typesN = 200 young offenders of all types
 Sentence = 2 yearsSentence = 2 years
 Data:Data:
PresentencePresentence
Current offenseCurrent offense
Previous convictionsPrevious convictions
One meetingOne meeting
(Williams, unpublished)(Williams, unpublished)

 Data:Data:
Original informationOriginal information
Experience of working with offendersExperience of working with offenders
for previous yearsfor previous years

OutcomeOutcome
 1st Evaluation1st Evaluation
Moderate correlation with recidivismModerate correlation with recidivism
 2nd Evaluation2nd Evaluation
No outcome with recidivismNo outcome with recidivism

JSORRATJSORRAT
Doug EppersonDoug Epperson

Item 1Item 1
Number of Adjudications for SexualNumber of Adjudications for Sexual
Offenses, including the CurrentOffenses, including the Current
 One………………………………………0One………………………………………0
 Two………………………………………1Two………………………………………1
 Three…………………………………….2Three…………………………………….2
 Four or more…………………………….3Four or more…………………………….3

Item 1Item 1
 Count the number of formal adjudicationsCount the number of formal adjudications
for sexual offensesfor sexual offenses
 Include attempted sex offenses andInclude attempted sex offenses and
conspiracyconspiracy
 Record the score and NOT the number ofRecord the score and NOT the number of
adjudicationsadjudications

 Include all adjudications regardless of theInclude all adjudications regardless of the
level of the sex offense (misdemeanor orlevel of the sex offense (misdemeanor or
felony)felony)
 The number of victims or number ofThe number of victims or number of
discrete events does not count – simplydiscrete events does not count – simply
count the number of adjudicationscount the number of adjudications

Number of AdjudicationsNumber of Adjudications
& Recidivism& Recidivism
No.No. NN Sex RecidivismSex Recidivism
11 452452 6.2%6.2%
22 118118 26.3%26.3%
33 3737 35.1%35.1%
4 +4 + 2929 41.441.4
(Epperson, 2005)(Epperson, 2005)

Item 2Item 2
Number of Different Victims in ChargedNumber of Different Victims in Charged
Sex Offenses, Including CurrentSex Offenses, Including Current
 One………………………………………..0One………………………………………..0
 Two………………………………………..1Two………………………………………..1
 Three or more ……………………………2Three or more ……………………………2

Item 2Item 2
 Count the number of different victims inCount the number of different victims in
charged sex offenses including currentcharged sex offenses including current
 Record the score, NOT the number ofRecord the score, NOT the number of
victimsvictims
 For “hands-on” victims, count each distinctFor “hands-on” victims, count each distinct
victim in charged offensesvictim in charged offenses

Item 2Item 2
 For “hands-off” exposure offensesFor “hands-off” exposure offenses
involving groups, count only one victim forinvolving groups, count only one victim for
each offenseeach offense
 The number of events, charges orThe number of events, charges or
adjudications do not count – only theadjudications do not count – only the
number of victims of charged sex offensesnumber of victims of charged sex offenses

Item 2Item 2
 Do not count victims of self-reported orDo not count victims of self-reported or
alleged offenses that were not chargedalleged offenses that were not charged

Number of VictimsNumber of Victims
No.No. NN RecidivismRecidivism
11 442442 6.8%6.8%
22 116116 24.1%24.1%
3 +3 + 7878 33.3%33.3%
(Epperson, 2005)(Epperson, 2005)

Item 3Item 3
Length of Charged Sex OffendingLength of Charged Sex Offending
History, Including the Current ChargeHistory, Including the Current Charge
 Zero time (only one charge).……………..0Zero time (only one charge).……………..0
 0.01 to 5.99 months.………………………10.01 to 5.99 months.………………………1
 6.00 to 11.99 months.……………………..26.00 to 11.99 months.……………………..2
 12 months or longer.………………………312 months or longer.………………………3

Item 3Item 3
 Length of time in months between theLength of time in months between the
date of the first sexual offense CHARGEdate of the first sexual offense CHARGE
and the date of the most recent sexualand the date of the most recent sexual
offense CHARGEoffense CHARGE
 8 months & 10 days = 8 months8 months & 10 days = 8 months
 Count the number of full months betweenCount the number of full months between
the two chargesthe two charges

Duration of Sex Offense HistoryDuration of Sex Offense History
DurationDuration NN RecidivismRecidivism
0 months(1 charge)0 months(1 charge) 416416 5.3%5.3%
Up to 6 monthsUp to 6 months 144144 17.4%17.4%
6 to 12 months6 to 12 months 2727 37%37%
12 +12 + 4949 55.1%55.1%

J-SORRAT ResultsJ-SORRAT Results
Risk Level Score Juvenile
Recidivists
Percent
Recidivism
Low 0 – 2 3/305 1%
Mod/Low 3 – 4 9/137 6.6%
Moderate 5 – 7 26/107 24.3%
Mod/High 8 – 11 28/65 43.1%
High 12+ 18/22 81.1%

Results for Juvenile ReoffendingResults for Juvenile Reoffending
Nearly ½ adolescent sex offendersNearly ½ adolescent sex offenders
1% reoffense rate1% reoffense rate
30%30%
Significant riskSignificant risk

Results for Anytime OffendingResults for Anytime Offending
Risk Level Score Anytime
Recidivists
Percent
Recidivism
Low 0 – 2 21/305 6.9
Moderate/Low 3 – 4 17/137 12.4
Moderate 5 – 7 33/107 30.8
Moderate/High 8 – 11 37/65 56.9
High 12+ 18/22 81.8

Utah Validation StudyUtah Validation Study
Risk Level Score Range Recidivists/
Selected
Recidivism Rate
%
1 0 1/56 1.8
2 1-3 27/214 11.2
3 4-7 25/108 18.8
4 8+ 16/47 25.4

Iowa Validation SampleIowa Validation Sample
Risk Level Score Recidivism 24 mos.
1 0-1 0
2 2-6 14.8
3 7+ 42.6

Juvenile Sex OffenderJuvenile Sex Offender
Assessment ProtocolAssessment Protocol
Robert Prentky, Ph.D.Robert Prentky, Ph.D.
Sue Righthand, Ph.D.Sue Righthand, Ph.D.

J-SOAPJ-SOAP
CriteriaCriteria
BoysBoys
12 – 1812 – 18
Nonadjudicated & AdjudicatedNonadjudicated & Adjudicated
(Prentky and Righthand, 2003)(Prentky and Righthand, 2003)

Overview Original J-SOAPOverview Original J-SOAP
23 items23 items
4 subscales4 subscales
I. Sexual Drive/Sexual PreoccupationI. Sexual Drive/Sexual Preoccupation
(5)(5)
II. Impulsive, Antisocial BehaviorII. Impulsive, Antisocial Behavior
III. Clinical/TreatmentIII. Clinical/Treatment
IV. Community AdjustmentIV. Community Adjustment

Norming SampleNorming Sample
 96 juvenile sexual offenders96 juvenile sexual offenders
 Age 9 – 20Age 9 – 20
 Low socio-economic statusLow socio-economic status
 2/3 adjudicated; 1/3 adjudicated2/3 adjudicated; 1/3 adjudicated
 Average age 14Average age 14

Validation StudyValidation Study
12 month follow-up12 month follow-up
75 of 9675 of 96
11% recidivism total11% recidivism total
3 sexual offense3 sexual offense
4 nonsexual, victim-oriented4 nonsexual, victim-oriented
1 nonsexual, nonvictim offense1 nonsexual, nonvictim offense

Recidivism DataRecidivism Data
Average ScoreAverage Score
 ReoffendersReoffenders 3030
 Non ReoffendersNon Reoffenders 2121

9- Year Follow-up9- Year Follow-up
N = 253N = 253
New sexual offenseNew sexual offense 4.3%4.3%
New offenseNew offense 60%60%
(Waite, Pinkerton, Wieckowski, McGarvey,(Waite, Pinkerton, Wieckowski, McGarvey,
& Brown, 2002)& Brown, 2002)

High Versus Low ScorersHigh Versus Low Scorers
Any NewAny New SexualSexual
OffenseOffense OffenseOffense
 High ScorersHigh Scorers 74,8%74,8% 9.8%9.8%
 Low ScorersLow Scorers 52.6%52.6% 2.9%2.9%
(Waite, Pinkerton, Wieckowski, McGarvey, &(Waite, Pinkerton, Wieckowski, McGarvey, &
Brown, 2002)Brown, 2002)

ScoringScoring
00 Absence of factorAbsence of factor
1 Some info that suggests factor1 Some info that suggests factor
2 Clear Presence2 Clear Presence

Scale 1:SexualScale 1:Sexual
Drive/Preoccupation ItemsDrive/Preoccupation Items
Item 1: Prior legallyItem 1: Prior legally chargedcharged sex offensessex offenses
 Total number of prior charged sexTotal number of prior charged sex
offenses that involved physical contactoffenses that involved physical contact
 Do not count indexDo not count index
0 = None0 = None
1 = 1 Offense1 = 1 Offense
2 = More than one2 = More than one

Scale 2: Impulsive/AntisocialScale 2: Impulsive/Antisocial
Behavior ItemsBehavior Items
Item 10. Pervasive AngerItem 10. Pervasive Anger
 Verbal aggression, angry outbursts, threatening &Verbal aggression, angry outbursts, threatening &
intimidating behavior, nonsexual physical assaultsintimidating behavior, nonsexual physical assaults
 Must be multiple targets across multiple settingsMust be multiple targets across multiple settings
 Destroying property only if angerDestroying property only if anger
0 = No evidence0 = No evidence
1 = Occasional outbursts or narrow range of1 = Occasional outbursts or narrow range of
targetstargets
2 = Moderate/Strong Long-standing pattern with2 = Moderate/Strong Long-standing pattern with
multiple targetsmultiple targets

Scale 3 Intervention ItemsScale 3 Intervention Items
Item 19 Understands Risk Factors and AppliesItem 19 Understands Risk Factors and Applies
Risk Management StrategiesRisk Management Strategies
 0 = Good understanding. Knows triggers,0 = Good understanding. Knows triggers,
thinking errors, and high risk situations.thinking errors, and high risk situations.
Uses management strategiesUses management strategies
 1 = Incomplete understanding or inconsistent1 = Incomplete understanding or inconsistent
 2 = Poor understanding of risk factors and2 = Poor understanding of risk factors and
strategies. Cannot identify triggers, thinkingstrategies. Cannot identify triggers, thinking
errors. Offense justifying attitudes.errors. Offense justifying attitudes.

Scale 4 CommunityScale 4 Community
Stability/Adjustment FactorStability/Adjustment Factor
Item 24 Management of Sexual Urges and DesireItem 24 Management of Sexual Urges and Desire
 0 = Well managed expression of sexual urges;0 = Well managed expression of sexual urges;
all intimate relationships are age appropriateall intimate relationships are age appropriate
and non-coerciveand non-coercive
 1 = No more than 2 instances of inappropriate1 = No more than 2 instances of inappropriate
behaviorbehavior
 2 = Frequently gratifies urges in deviant ways on2 = Frequently gratifies urges in deviant ways on
3 or more occasions. E. g., chronic masturbation3 or more occasions. E. g., chronic masturbation
or compulsive pornography. 2 for sexualor compulsive pornography. 2 for sexual
promiscuity. Coercive behavior a 2 unless indexpromiscuity. Coercive behavior a 2 unless index

Item 26 Stability ofItem 26 Stability of CurrentCurrent Living SituationLiving Situation
 Current household members engaging inCurrent household members engaging in
substance abuse, frequent changes in sexsubstance abuse, frequent changes in sex
partners, poor boundaries, use of pornography,partners, poor boundaries, use of pornography,
family violence/child neglect, known criminalfamily violence/child neglect, known criminal
history or frequently relocating homehistory or frequently relocating home
 Frequent changes in juvenile’s living situationFrequent changes in juvenile’s living situation
 High-risk living situation, such as a shelter orHigh-risk living situation, such as a shelter or
high-risk location (near bar or playground)high-risk location (near bar or playground)
 Score for stressfulness of living situationScore for stressfulness of living situation

Item 26 Stability ofItem 26 Stability of CurrentCurrent Living SituationLiving Situation
0 = Stable; no significant disruption0 = Stable; no significant disruption
1 = Moderate; Instability intermittent or1 = Moderate; Instability intermittent or
anyany serious; sexual abuse a “2”serious; sexual abuse a “2”
2 = Severe; Instability frequent and2 = Severe; Instability frequent and
chronic occurring at least one or twochronic occurring at least one or two
times a weektimes a week

Adult PsychopathyAdult Psychopathy
Best Predictor of ViolenceBest Predictor of Violence
(Harris, Rice & Cormier, 1991)(Harris, Rice & Cormier, 1991)

Adolescent Psychopathy &Adolescent Psychopathy &
ViolenceViolence
Age RangeAge Range HighHigh LowLow
Younger (13 - 15.5)Younger (13 - 15.5) 52%52% 12%12%
Mid (15.5 - 18)Mid (15.5 - 18) 64%64% 54%54%
Older (18 - 20.5)Older (18 - 20.5) 48%48% 33%33%
(Forth, 1995)(Forth, 1995)

High Vs Low PsychopathyHigh Vs Low Psychopathy
AdolescentsAdolescents
10 or More10 or More
Violent ActsViolent Acts
 High PsychopathyHigh Psychopathy 64%64%
 Low PsychopathyLow Psychopathy 37%37%
(Forth, 1995)(Forth, 1995)

Earlier OnsetEarlier Onset
of Criminal Activityof Criminal Activity

Psychopathy & Age of OnsetPsychopathy & Age of Onset
NonviolentNonviolent ViolentViolent
 Low PCLLow PCL 1212 1515
 High PCLHigh PCL 99 1212
(Forth, A. E., 1995)(Forth, A. E., 1995)

Psychopathy ChecklistPsychopathy Checklist
Youth Version: PC:YVYouth Version: PC:YV
No correlation with ageNo correlation with age
(Forth & Burke, 1998)(Forth & Burke, 1998)

Psychopathic AdolescentsPsychopathic Adolescents
 More criminal actsMore criminal acts
 More types of criminal actsMore types of criminal acts
 Earlier age of onset for violent & nonviolentEarlier age of onset for violent & nonviolent
offensesoffenses
 More likely to have threatened with a weaponMore likely to have threatened with a weapon
 More likely to commit robbery & arsonMore likely to commit robbery & arson
 More likely to commit a sexual offenseMore likely to commit a sexual offense
(Forth & Burke, 1998)(Forth & Burke, 1998)

Psychopathic Adolescent SexPsychopathic Adolescent Sex
OffendersOffenders
 Threatened moreThreatened more
 Used more severe violenceUsed more severe violence
(Gretton et al., 1994)(Gretton et al., 1994)

N = 189N = 189
HighHigh LowLow
NonviolentNonviolent 66%66% 27%27%
ViolentViolent 31%31% 12%12%

N = 189N = 189
HighHigh LowLow
Months toMonths to
RecidivismRecidivism 1616 2727

Psychopathy & Quality of ParentingPsychopathy & Quality of Parenting
Ordinary PersonalitiesOrdinary Personalities
Poor Parenting = More ConductPoor Parenting = More Conduct
ProblemsProblems
High Factor 1 PersonalitiesHigh Factor 1 Personalities
Parenting Not RelatedParenting Not Related
(Wooton et al., 1997)(Wooton et al., 1997)

Recidivism in Adolescent Sex OffendersRecidivism in Adolescent Sex Offenders
• N = 220 admissions to Sex Offender
Treatment Program, Youth Court
Services, Burnaby, B.C., 1985-1993
• Age at Intake: 14.7
• Mean PCL:YV score = 21.7
• Five-year follow-up
(Gretton et al., 1999)

Recidivism in Adolescent Sex Offenders:Recidivism in Adolescent Sex Offenders:
Type of Crime (Gretton et al, 1999)Type of Crime (Gretton et al, 1999)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Low (n=80) Med (n=111) High (n=29)
PCL:YV Group
Percent
Non-Violent
Violent
Sex
Offence Type

Recidivism in Adolescent Sex Offenders:Recidivism in Adolescent Sex Offenders:
Mean Time to First OffenceMean Time to First Offence
(Gretton et al, 1999)(Gretton et al, 1999)
0
10
20
30
40
Low (n=80) Med (n=111) High (n=29)
PCL:YV Group
Months

Recidivism in Adolescent Sex OffendersRecidivism in Adolescent Sex Offenders
Mean Number of OffencesMean Number of Offences
(Gretton et al, 1999)(Gretton et al, 1999)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Low (n=80) Med (n=111) High (n=29)
PCL:YV GROUP
MeanNumberof
Offences

Psychopathy & TreatmentPsychopathy & Treatment
NonNon
PsychopathsPsychopaths
TreatedTreated 22%22%
UntreatedUntreated 39%39%
(Harris, Rice et al., 1994)(Harris, Rice et al., 1994)

Psychopathy & TreatmentPsychopathy & Treatment
PsychopathsPsychopaths
TreatedTreated 77%77%
UntreatedUntreated 55%55%
(Harris, Rice et al., 1994)(Harris, Rice et al., 1994)

10-Year Follow-Up of Adolescent10-Year Follow-Up of Adolescent
Court Referrals (Gretton, 1998)Court Referrals (Gretton, 1998)
 157 male adolescents referred by the courts to Youth157 male adolescents referred by the courts to Youth
Court Services Inpatient Unit in 1986 for psychiatric orCourt Services Inpatient Unit in 1986 for psychiatric or
psychological evaluationpsychological evaluation
 Age 12 to 18Age 12 to 18
 Had confessed or had been convicted on one or moreHad confessed or had been convicted on one or more
violations of the penal codeviolations of the penal code
 Awaiting sentencingAwaiting sentencing
 Mean PCL:YV score = 22.9 (SD = 7.0)Mean PCL:YV score = 22.9 (SD = 7.0)
 Reliability: ICC for average of 2 ratings = .88Reliability: ICC for average of 2 ratings = .88

Recidivism Rates for SampleRecidivism Rates for Sample
(Gretton, 1998)(Gretton, 1998)
96
15
68
97
0
20
40
60
80
100
Any Nonviolent Sexual Violent
Percent

Age Related Changes in Violent Offending
(Gretton, 1998)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Early
Adolescence
Late
Adolescence
Early
Adulthood
Age Period
Mean
NP (n=42)
M (n=77)
P (n=38)
NP: Nonpsychopathic Group, M: Mixed Group, P: Psychopathic Group

Denial in AdolescentDenial in Adolescent
Sex OffendersSex Offenders
N = 204 malesN = 204 males
Community-based treatmentCommunity-based treatment
Tx ComplianceTx Compliance Denial (%)Denial (%)
NoneNone SomeSome
CompleteComplete
NoNo 2727 4949 7171
YesYes 7373 5252 2929
(Hunter & Figuerdo,1999)(Hunter & Figuerdo,1999)

Polygraph and Adolescent SexPolygraph and Adolescent Sex
OffendersOffenders
NN CollateralCollateral IntakeIntake PolygraphPolygraph
ChildChild 6060 1.521.52 1.871.87 2.852.85
OffensesOffenses 5151 27.1827.18 20.6520.65 76.5976.59
(Emerick & Dutton, 1993)(Emerick & Dutton, 1993)

Polygraph and Adolescent SexPolygraph and Adolescent Sex
OffendersOffenders
IntakeIntake PolygraphPolygraph
PornographyPornography 27%27% 78%78%
VoyeurismVoyeurism 2929 4949
RapeRape 1515 2929
FetishFetish 1212 2424
(Emerick & Dutton, 1997)(Emerick & Dutton, 1997)

Treatment Versus SanctionsTreatment Versus Sanctions

Impact of Treatment Vs. SanctionsImpact of Treatment Vs. Sanctions
(Andrews, 1998)(Andrews, 1998)
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
Treatment
Sanctions

Impact of Treatment Vs. SanctionsImpact of Treatment Vs. Sanctions
Young OffendersYoung Offenders
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
Criminal
Sanctions
Treatment
Dowden & Andrews, 1999

Impact of Appropriate Vs.Impact of Appropriate Vs.
Inappropriate TreatmentInappropriate Treatment
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Combined Tx
Appropriate
Inappropriate
Sanctions

Type of Treatment & Young OffendersType of Treatment & Young Offenders
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Non Behavioral
Cognitive
Behavioral
Dowden & Andrews, 1999

Appropriate TreatmentAppropriate Treatment
 Higher Risk More IntensiveHigher Risk More Intensive
 Targets Criminogenic NeedsTargets Criminogenic Needs
 Uses Cognitive-Behavioral TreatmentUses Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment
 Implement Treatment As DesignedImplement Treatment As Designed

Criminogenic NeedsCriminogenic Needs
CriminogenicCriminogenic Non CriminogenicNon Criminogenic
Antisocial AttitudesAntisocial Attitudes Self-EsteemSelf-Esteem
Antisocial FriendsAntisocial Friends AnxietyAnxiety
Substance AbuseSubstance Abuse DepressionDepression
ImpulsivityImpulsivity

Targeting Criminogenic NeedsTargeting Criminogenic Needs
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Targets 1 - 3
Noncriminogen
ic Needs
Targets 4 - 6
Criminogenic
Needs
Gendreau, French & Taylor, 2002

Self Esteem Vs. Criminogenic NeedsSelf Esteem Vs. Criminogenic Needs
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Self Esteem
Criminogenic
Needs

What WorksWhat Works
 Higher Risk OffendersHigher Risk Offenders
 At least 2 sessions per weekAt least 2 sessions per week
 Smaller groupsSmaller groups
 Implementation MonitoredImplementation Monitored
 Staff Trained on Cognitive-Behavioral TxStaff Trained on Cognitive-Behavioral Tx
 Higher Proportion of Treatment CompletersHigher Proportion of Treatment Completers

Programming That Doesn’t WorkProgramming That Doesn’t Work
PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
Non-directive/Client-centeredNon-directive/Client-centered
Disease ModelDisease Model

Cost of RecidivismCost of Recidivism
 To TaxpayersTo Taxpayers
 To VictimsTo Victims

Computing Cost of RecidivismComputing Cost of Recidivism
Police InvestigationPolice Investigation
AdjudicationAdjudication
CorrectionsCorrections
Medical Care of VictimsMedical Care of Victims
Mental Health Care of VictimsMental Health Care of Victims
Property DamageProperty Damage
Reduced Future EarningsReduced Future Earnings
(Aos, 1999)(Aos, 1999)

Computing Victim Cost of RecidivismComputing Victim Cost of Recidivism
Medical CareMedical Care
Mental Health CareMental Health Care
Property DamageProperty Damage
Reduced Future EarningsReduced Future Earnings
Pain and SufferingPain and Suffering
Loss of LifeLoss of Life
(Aos, 1999)(Aos, 1999)

Cost Effectiveness of CorrectionalCost Effectiveness of Correctional
ProgrammingProgramming
Every $1 Spent on Correctional ProgrammingEvery $1 Spent on Correctional Programming
Taxpayers Save $5Taxpayers Save $5
Victims Save $7Victims Save $7
(Aos, 1999)(Aos, 1999)

““We found the largest and most consistentWe found the largest and most consistent
returns are for programs designed forreturns are for programs designed for
juvenile offenders.”juvenile offenders.”
(Aos et al., 1999, p. 6)(Aos et al., 1999, p. 6)

Cost Effectiveness of Programming forCost Effectiveness of Programming for
JuvenilesJuveniles
For Every $1 Spent on Juvenile ProgramsFor Every $1 Spent on Juvenile Programs
Tax Payers Save Between $7.62 & $31.4Tax Payers Save Between $7.62 & $31.4
(Aos, 1999)(Aos, 1999)

Cost/Benefit of Adolescent NonCost/Benefit of Adolescent Non
Offender ProgramsOffender Programs
ProgramProgram TaxpayersTaxpayers Taxpayers &Taxpayers &
AloneAlone VictimsVictims
QuantumQuantum $.09$.09 $.13$.13
Big BrothersBig Brothers $1.30$1.30 $2.12$2.12
(Aos, 1999)(Aos, 1999)

Cost/Benefit of Adolescent NonCost/Benefit of Adolescent Non
Offender ProgramsOffender Programs
ProgramProgram Cost/Cost/ EffectEffect
ParticipantParticipant SizeSize
QuantumQuantum $18,292$18,292 -.42-.42
Big BrothersBig Brothers $1,009$1,009 -.05-.05
(Aos, 1999)(Aos, 1999)

Cost/Benefit of Adolescent SupervisionCost/Benefit of Adolescent Supervision
ProgramsPrograms
 DiversionDiversion $7.62$7.62 $13.61$13.61
 IntensiveIntensive
ProbationProbation .90.90 1.491.49
 Boot CampBoot Camp .42.42 .26.26
(Aos, 1999)(Aos, 1999)

Cost/Benefit of Adolescent TreatmentCost/Benefit of Adolescent Treatment
ProgramsPrograms
ARPARP $19.57$19.57 $31.40$31.40
Multi-SystemicMulti-Systemic 8.388.38 13.4513.45
Functional FamFunctional Fam 6.856.85 10.9910.99
Multi Tx FosterMulti Tx Foster 14.0714.07 22.5822.58

Cost/Benefit of Adolescent TreatmentCost/Benefit of Adolescent Treatment
ProgramsPrograms
ProgramProgram Cost/Cost/ EffectEffect
ParticipantParticipant SizeSize
AggressionAggression
ReplacementReplacement
TrainingTraining $404$404 -.26-.26
Multi-SysMulti-Sys
Family TxFamily Tx $4,540$4,540 -.68-.68
(Aos, 1999)(Aos, 1999)

What Does It Take to Break EvenWhat Does It Take to Break Even
Depends on the CostDepends on the Cost
Percent Reduction toPercent Reduction to
Break EvenBreak Even
AggressionAggression
ReplacementReplacement
TrainingTraining 1.4%1.4%
Multi-SystemicMulti-Systemic
Family TherapyFamily Therapy 10.2%10.2%

Differences in IncestDifferences in Incest
 Adult incest offenders:Adult incest offenders:
Less deviant arousal on the PPGLess deviant arousal on the PPG
Have fewer victimsHave fewer victims
Begin offending at a later age.Begin offending at a later age.
 Juvenile sex offendersJuvenile sex offenders
All less trueAll less true
Considerable cross-over incest and non-Considerable cross-over incest and non-
incestincest

Sibling vs Parental IncestSibling vs Parental Incest
No DifferenceNo Difference
Self-abusive behaviorsSelf-abusive behaviors
Physical problemsPhysical problems
Sexual problemsSexual problems
Level of guiltLevel of guilt
ShameShame
(Cole, 1990)(Cole, 1990)

N = 170N = 170
MalesMales
Mean Age = 15Mean Age = 15
(O’Brien, 1991)(O’Brien, 1991)

SampleSample Average ActsAverage Acts
IncestIncest 1818
Extrafamilial MolesterExtrafamilial Molester 44
Nonchild offenderNonchild offender 7.47.4
MixedMixed 8.58.5

Length of AbuseLength of Abuse
> 1 Year> 1 Year
 Incest GroupIncest Group 45%45%
 Extrafamilial MolestersExtrafamilial Molesters 23%23%
 Nonchild OffendersNonchild Offenders 24%24%

IntercourseIntercourse
 IncestIncest 46%46%
 Extrafamilial ChildExtrafamilial Child 28%28%
 Nonchild OffendersNonchild Offenders 13%13%

Age of VictimsAge of Victims
< 9 Years-Old< 9 Years-Old
76%76%

Other Criminal ActsOther Criminal Acts
IncestIncest 11%11%
ExtrafamilialExtrafamilial 18%18%
NonchildNonchild 26%26%

Prior Sexual VictimizationPrior Sexual Victimization
IncestIncest 42%42%
ExtrafamilialExtrafamilial 40%40%
NonchildNonchild 29%29%

2 or More Victims2 or More Victims
 IncestIncest 53%53%
 ExtrafamilialExtrafamilial 42%42%

 30 to 50% of child molestations30 to 50% of child molestations
 20% of rapes20% of rapes
(Murphy & Page, 2000)(Murphy & Page, 2000)

Adult Sex Offenders with No JuvenileAdult Sex Offenders with No Juvenile
ChargesCharges
33%33%
Committed undetected sex offensesCommitted undetected sex offenses
(Knight and Prentky, 1993)(Knight and Prentky, 1993)

Interaction of Genes andInteraction of Genes and
EnvironmentEnvironment
Males with low MAOA activity alleleMales with low MAOA activity allele
(specific gene)(specific gene)
++
Childhood maltreatmentChildhood maltreatment
Increased antisocial behaviorIncreased antisocial behavior
(Beaver, 2008)(Beaver, 2008)

Genetic Contribution to ViolentGenetic Contribution to Violent
BehaviorBehavior
½ Variance in antisocial behavior½ Variance in antisocial behavior
Due to genetic factorsDue to genetic factors
( Beaver, 2008; Mason & Frick, 1994; Miles( Beaver, 2008; Mason & Frick, 1994; Miles
& Carey, 1997; Rhee & Wald, 2002)& Carey, 1997; Rhee & Wald, 2002)

Genetics & EnvironmentGenetics & Environment
InteractiveInteractive
(Rowe, 2002; Rutter, 2006; Walsh, 2002)(Rowe, 2002; Rutter, 2006; Walsh, 2002)

Violence Delinquency ScaleViolence Delinquency Scale
 How many times past 12 months hurt someoneHow many times past 12 months hurt someone
badly enough to require medical attentionbadly enough to require medical attention
 Used a weapon to get something fromUsed a weapon to get something from
someonesomeone
 Took part in a group fightTook part in a group fight
(Beaver, 2008)(Beaver, 2008)

Violent AdolescentsViolent Adolescents
3 samples3 samples
Pretrial AssessmentPretrial Assessment
Institutional AssessmentInstitutional Assessment
Assessment Before ReleaseAssessment Before Release
(Lodewijks et al., 2010)(Lodewijks et al., 2010)

Protective FactorsProtective Factors
Adolescent Violent OffendersAdolescent Violent Offenders
 Prosocial involvementProsocial involvement
 Strong social supportStrong social support
 Strong attachments & bondsStrong attachments & bonds
 Positive attitude towards interventionPositive attitude towards intervention
and authorityand authority
 Strong commitment to school & workStrong commitment to school & work
 Resilient personalityResilient personality

Impact of Protective FactorsImpact of Protective Factors
00 1 or more1 or more
Pretrial AssessmentPretrial Assessment
High riskHigh risk 40%40% 6%6%
Low riskLow risk 1212 66

Impact of Protective FactorsImpact of Protective Factors
Institutional AssessmentInstitutional Assessment
High riskHigh risk 8686 5454
Pre-ReleasePre-Release
High riskHigh risk 7878 3333

Which Factors?Which Factors?
 Strong social supportStrong social support
 Strong attachments to prosocial adultsStrong attachments to prosocial adults

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