This paper examines how organizational networks change in response to periods of high ambiguity during organizational change, contrary to assumptions of relational inertia. The author develops a theoretical account of how networks defined by formal, informal and semiformal structures shift when change produces ambiguity for employees. Specifically, it is argued that networks temporarily adapt in ways that help employees make sense of and cope with uncertainty.

1. 영어로 논문쓰기
레퍼토리 구축 전략 4가지
2015년 9월 23일
경희대학교 경영학과 대학원
김성우

2. 들어가며
유학생들의 영어 관련 고민
http://slownews.kr/44613

3. “영어 능통자”의 신화
1. “영어를 잘한다”는 말이 모든 영역의 영어를 잘한다는 의
미는 아님.
2. 이중언어 구사자(bilingual)도 통번역을 위해서는 해당 분야
의 전문 지식을 집중학습 필요.
3. 국내 최고의 가수라 하더라도 자기 분야를 벗어난 장르를
소화하기 힘듦.

4. “영어 능통자”의 신화
4. 모국어를 사용하는 사람들도 읽기와 쓰기, 듣기와 말하기
사이에는 간극이 있음. 예를 들어 우리가 한국어 뉴스를
거의 100퍼센트 이해한다고 해도 뉴스 대본을 쓰는 것은
다른 차원의 문제.
5. 외국어의 경우에는 이해 reception 와 산출 production 의 간극이
훨씬 큼.
6. 이 간극을 줄일 수 있는 전략 필요 -> 쓰기학습

5. “영어 쓰기학습”의 함정
1. “많이 읽고 많이 써야 잘 쓰지”라는 말에서 “많이 읽는다”
혹은 “많이 쓴다”는 것은 구체적으로 어떤 활동을 지칭하
는가?
2. 업무 영역에서 “일반적 쓰기”라는 것이 존재하는가?
다시 말해, 직장에서 “일반적인 글”을 통해 의사소통
하는 일이 있는가? 전문 활동 영역에서 우리가 쓰는 글은
특정한 업무와 목적을 위한 것.
3. “쓰기 어떻게 늘려요?”라는 질문에 대한 “많이 읽는 수밖에
없지”라는 대답.

6. 연구자가 된다는 것은
한 분야의 작가가 된다는 뜻이다.

7. 작가(Writer)가 된다는 것은
말을 골라 쓴다는 뜻이다.

8. 표현을 고를 수 있다는 것은
자신만의 레퍼토리(repertoire)가
있다는 뜻이다.

9. 레퍼토리를 만드는 4가지 방법

10. 레퍼토리 키우기
1. 연어(collocations)학습을 통한 ‘종적 쓰기능력’ 배양
2. 학술영어 표현(academic expressions) 숙지
3. 분석적 읽기(analytical reading)를 통한 표현과 구문
길어올리기 e.g. Reporting verbs, move analysis
4. 세밀하게 읽기(close reading) 훈련

11. 연어 (Collocation)
1. Words that frequently co-occur
2. Strong coffee vs. powerful car / strike a balance
3. Facilitates language comprehension
4. Essential for language production

12. Useful Books

13. Collocation Dictionaries

14. Academic Phrases
http://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/

22. Analytical Reading
1. Reporting verbs
2. Grammatical structures
3. Move analysis
Leading question: “Can I remember and use these
expressions in my own writing?”

23. This paper examines how social activist tactics affect the diffusion of
social-responsibility practices. Studying collegiate adoptions of a
controversial supplier-sanction practice championed by anti-sweatshop
activists, we compare how non-targeted organizations are influenced by
different types of practice adoptions in their environment. Drawing on
interorganizational learning theory, we argue and show that disruption-
linked adoptions—those that occur following activists’ disruptive protests
against the adopting organization—appear to be taken under coercive
pressure and therefore provide non-targeted organizations with poor
inferences about the merits of the practice. In contrast, strong inferences
are provided by evidence-linked adoptions—those that occur after
activists use evidence-based tactics with the adopting organization—and
by independent adoptions occurring without any activism. Hence the
contagious effect of independent and evidence-based adoptions is
greater than that of disruption-linked adoptions. We further explore
differences in receptivity to contagious influence, proposing that features
of an organization and its proximal environment that increase issue
salience also increase susceptibility to diffusion. Our findings
demonstrate the importance of including non-targeted organizations in
research on social movements and corporate social responsibility. They
also offer a new vantage for interorganizational diffusion research, based
on how activists and other third parties shape organizational decision
makers’ inferences. http://asq.sagepub.com/content/60/2/300.abstract

24. This paper examines how social activist tactics affect the diffusion of
social-responsibility practices. Studying collegiate adoptions of a
controversial supplier-sanction practice championed by anti-sweatshop
activists, we compare how non-targeted organizations are influenced by
different types of practice adoptions in their environment. Drawing on
interorganizational learning theory, we argue and show that disruption-
linked adoptions—those that occur following activists’ disruptive protests
against the adopting organization—appear to be taken under coercive
pressure and therefore provide non-targeted organizations with poor
inferences about the merits of the practice. In contrast, strong inferences
are provided by evidence-linked adoptions—those that occur after
activists use evidence-based tactics with the adopting organization—and
by independent adoptions occurring without any activism. Hence the
contagious effect of independent and evidence-based adoptions is
greater than that of disruption-linked adoptions. We further explore
differences in receptivity to contagious influence, proposing that features
of an organization and its proximal environment that increase issue
salience also increase susceptibility to diffusion. Our findings
demonstrate the importance of including non-targeted organizations in
research on social movements and corporate social responsibility. They
also offer a new vantage for interorganizational diffusion research, based
on how activists and other third parties shape organizational decision
makers’ inferences.

25. This paper examines how social activist tactics affect the diffusion of
social-responsibility practices. Studying collegiate adoptions of a
controversial supplier-sanction practice championed by anti-sweatshop
activists, we compare how non-targeted organizations are influenced by
different types of practice adoptions in their environment. Drawing on
interorganizational learning theory, we argue and show that disruption-
linked adoptions—those that occur following activists’ disruptive protests
against the adopting organization—appear to be taken under coercive
pressure and therefore provide non-targeted organizations with poor
inferences about the merits of the practice. In contrast, strong inferences
are provided by evidence-linked adoptions—those that occur after
activists use evidence-based tactics with the adopting organization—and
by independent adoptions occurring without any activism. Hence the
contagious effect of independent and evidence-based adoptions is
greater than that of disruption-linked adoptions. We further explore
differences in receptivity to contagious influence, proposing that features
of an organization and its proximal environment that increase issue
salience also increase susceptibility to diffusion. Our findings
demonstrate the importance of including non-targeted organizations in
research on social movements and corporate social responsibility. They
also offer a new vantage for interorganizational diffusion research, based
on how activists and other third parties shape organizational decision
makers’ inferences.

26. The places in which organizational life occurs can have profound
impacts on actors, actions, and outcomes but are largely ignored in
organizational research. Drawing on ideas from social geography, we
explore the roles that places play in institutional work. The context for
our study is the domain of housing for the hard-to-house, within which
we conducted two qualitative case studies: the establishment of
Canada’s first residential and day-care facility for people living with
HIV/AIDS, and the creation of a municipal program to provide
temporary overnight accommodation for homeless people in local
churches. In examining these cases, we found that places played three
key roles: places contained, mediated, and complicated institutional
work. Each of these roles was associated with a distinct ontology of
place: places as social enclosures, as signifiers, and as practical objects.
Our findings have significant implications for how we understand the
relationship between location and organizations and allow us to
develop a process model of places, institutions, and institutional work.
http://asq.sagepub.com/content/60/3/371.abstract

27. The places in which organizational life occurs can have profound
impacts on actors, actions, and outcomes but are largely ignored in
organizational research. Drawing on ideas from social geography, we
explore the roles that places play in institutional work. The context for
our study is the domain of housing for the hard-to-house, within which
we conducted two qualitative case studies: the establishment of
Canada’s first residential and day-care facility for people living with
HIV/AIDS, and the creation of a municipal program to provide
temporary overnight accommodation for homeless people in local
churches. In examining these cases, we found that places played three
key roles: places contained, mediated, and complicated institutional
work. Each of these roles was associated with a distinct ontology of
place: places as social enclosures, as signifiers, and as practical
objects. Our findings have significant implications for how we
understand the relationship between location and organizations and
allow us to develop a process model of places, institutions, and
institutional work.

28. The places in which organizational life occurs can have profound impacts on
actors, actions, and outcomes but are largely ignored in organizational
research. Drawing on ideas from social geography, we explore the roles that
places play in institutional work. The context for our study is the domain of
housing for the hard-to-house, within which we conducted two qualitative
case studies: the establishment of Canada’s first residential and day-care
facility for people living with HIV/AIDS, and the creation of a municipal
program to provide temporary overnight accommodation for homeless
people in local churches. In examining these cases, we found that places
played three key roles: places contained, mediated, and complicated
institutional work. Each of these roles was associated with a distinct ontology
of place: places as social enclosures, as signifiers, and as practical objects. Our
findings have significant implications for how we understand the relationship
between location and organizations and allow us to develop a process model
of places, institutions, and institutional work.

29. Drawing on fairness heuristic theory and literature on negative group
schemas, we develop and empirically test the idea that, given the exact
same decision outcome, people perceive groups to be less fair than
individuals when they receive a decision outcome that is unfavorable,
but not when they receive one that is favorable or neutral (Studies 1
and 2). To account for this difference in fairness perceptions following
an unfavorable outcome, we show that the mere presence of a group
as a decision-making body serves as a cue that increases the
accessibility of negative group-related associations in a perceiver’s
mind (Study 3). Moreover, in a sample of recently laid-off workers—
representing a broad range of organizations and demographic
characteristics—we demonstrate that those who received a layoff
decision made by a group of decision makers (versus an individual) are
marginally more likely to perceive the decision as unfair and are
marginally less likely to endorse the organization (Study 4). Taken
together, the results of all four studies suggest that, in response to the
same unfavorable decision outcome, a group of decision makers is
often perceived to be less fair than an individual.
http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/orsc.2015.0992

30. Drawing on fairness heuristic theory and literature on negative group
schemas, we develop and empirically test the idea that, given the exact
same decision outcome, people perceive groups to be less fair than
individuals when they receive a decision outcome that is unfavorable,
but not when they receive one that is favorable or neutral (Studies 1
and 2). To account for this difference in fairness perceptions following
an unfavorable outcome, we show that the mere presence of a group
as a decision-making body serves as a cue that increases the
accessibility of negative group-related associations in a perceiver’s
mind (Study 3). Moreover, in a sample of recently laid-off workers—
representing a broad range of organizations and demographic
characteristics—we demonstrate that those who received a layoff
decision made by a group of decision makers (versus an individual) are
marginally more likely to perceive the decision as unfair and are
marginally less likely to endorse the organization (Study 4). Taken
together, the results of all four studies suggest that, in response to the
same unfavorable decision outcome, a group of decision makers is
often perceived to be less fair than an individual.

31. Drawing on fairness heuristic theory and literature on negative group
schemas, we develop and empirically test the idea that, given the exact
same decision outcome, people perceive groups to be less fair than
individuals when they receive a decision outcome that is unfavorable,
but not when they receive one that is favorable or neutral (Studies 1
and 2). To account for this difference in fairness perceptions following
an unfavorable outcome, we show that the mere presence of a group
as a decision-making body serves as a cue that increases the
accessibility of negative group-related associations in a perceiver’s
mind (Study 3). Moreover, in a sample of recently laid-off workers—
representing a broad range of organizations and demographic
characteristics—we demonstrate that those who received a layoff
decision made by a group of decision makers (versus an individual) are
marginally more likely to perceive the decision as unfair and are
marginally less likely to endorse the organization (Study 4). Taken
together, the results of all four studies suggest that, in response to the
same unfavorable decision outcome, a group of decision makers is
often perceived to be less fair than an individual.

32. 연어를 공략하라
1. 연어 사전 참조의 생활화
2. 동사+명사, 형용사+명사, 명사+명사 등의 패턴에 주의
하면서 읽기
3. 그냥 ‘써내려가는 것’이 아니라 한 자리에 올 수 있는
다양한 표현에 주목할 것
4. ‘횡적 쓰기’와 ‘종적 쓰기’의 결합

34. 학술표현: 4단계 접근법
1. 개념화 Conceptualize.
2. 표현 숙지 Memorize generic phrases
3. 전공 예문 쓰기 Adapt to one’s own field of study
4. 논문 작성시 사용 Use in your own research paper.

35. 분석적 읽기
1. 보고 동사 Reporting Verbs
http://eslcomposition.osu.edu/index.html
2. Grammatical structure detection
3. Move analysis

36. 세밀하게 읽기
Close reading while paying close attention to
structural/collocational/rhetorical aspects
1. 소리내어 생각하기(Think aloud)를 활용한
‘세밀하게 읽기’
2. 읽으면서 스스로 질문을 던지고 해설
3. 생각나는 대로 개념화-발화
4. 필기 및 하이라이트

37. Contrary to the assumption of relational inertia that is
prevalent in much of the research on organizational change, I
propose that intraorganizational networks are instead subject
to transitory shifts when organizational change produces high
levels of ambiguity for employees. I develop a theoretical
account of how networks defined by formal, semiformal, and
informal organizational structure change in response to
heightened ambiguity. I argue that, when ambiguity increases,
people will tend to (1) decrease communication with formal
network ties that do not have a significant semiformal
component, (2) increase communication with semiformal
network ties that do not have a significant formal component,
and (3) increase communication with informal network ties.
http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/orsc.2015.0999

38. 연구 커뮤니티를 위한 제언
표현 모으기 협업
1. Collocations
2. Academic phrases
3. Technical terms in management, marketing, OB, and
other related fields
4. Close reading sessions (Think aloud)
-> Compilation of useful expressions via online
collaboration tools such as Google Docs

39. 결론

40. 연구자가 된다는 것은
한 분야의 작가가 된다는 뜻이다.

41. 작가(Writer)가 된다는 것은
말을 골라 쓴다는 뜻이다.

42. 표현을 고를 수 있다는 것은
자신만의 레퍼토리(repertoire)가
있다는 뜻이다.

43. Develop your identity
as a writer.

44. Build your repertoire
every day.

45. Make a habit of writing,
whether academic or personal.

46. Never
give up.

47. 질의응답

49. 감사합니다.