PHARMACOGNOSY & PHYTOCHEMISTRY-I (Unit-1) Introduction to Pharmacognosy Classification of drugs Quality Control of Drugs of Natural Origin.

1. INTRODUCTION TO
PHARMACOGNOSY
- CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
- QUALITY CONTROL OF DRUGS OF NATURAL ORIGIN

2. 1. CRUDE DRUGS
Crude Drugs are the natural substances obtained from plant, animals and minerals.
Crude Drugs are of 2 types : Organized and Unorganized Drugs.
A. Organized drugs (Cellular) : It represents the part of the plant and made up of
cells. They are part of plant.
• They possess cellular structure.
• They possess microscopic character.
• Solid in nature
• Ex: Digitalis leaf, Cinchona bark , Ginger Rhizome.
Ginger Rhizome

3. PLANT PARTS WHICH ARE CLASSIFIED AS
ORGANIZED DRUGS
1. Leaves – Digitalis, Datura
2. Fruits – Fennel, Corriander
3. Bark – Cinchona, Ashoka
4. Seed – Nux-Vomica, Isapgol
5. Root – Ipecac, Aconite

4. B. Unorganized Drugs (Acellular):
It does not contain part of plants but it is obtained by extraction procedures. They
are the derivatives from part of plant.
Ex: Gum, resins, latex, extract and juices.
• They possess no cellular structure.
• They show microscopic characteristics, chemical taste
• Obtained by extraction and isolation
• Unorganized Drugs ate solid, semisolid and liquid in nature.
• Ex: Opium latex, Honey, Bees wax, Castor Oil,
Opium latex

5. PLANT PARTS WHICH ARE CLASSIFIED AS
UNORGANIZED DRUGS
1. Dried Juice – Aloe
2. Fats – Lard
3. Gums – Acacia, Tragacanth
4. Resins – Jalap
5. Wax – Bees Wax, Carnuba Wax

6. CLASSIFICATION ON CRUDE DRUGS
1. Alphabetical Classification
2. Taxonomical Classification
3. Morphological Classification
4. Chemical Constituents
5. Therapeutic (Pharmacological)
Classification

7. 1. ALPHABETICAL CLASSIFICATION- IP (Indian Pharmacopoeia), BP
(British Pharmacopoeia), European Pharmacopoeia, United States
Pharmacopoeia, National Formulary, BPC (British Pharmaceutical Codex).
2. TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION-
K – Kingdom – Plantae (Digitalis)
P – Phylum – Spermatophyta
D – Division – Angiosperm
C – Class – Dicotyledons
O – Order – Scrophulariasae
F – Family- Scrophulariasae
G – Genus – Digitalis
S – Species - Purpurea

8. 3. MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION:
• Organized- Leaves, Fruits, Bark, Seed, Root.
• Unorganized- Dried juice, resins, gum, Fats.
4. THERAPEUTIC (PHARMACOLOGICAL) CLASSIFICATION:
Pharmacological Action Drugs
Anti Amoebic Kurchi Bark
Anti Asthmatic Ephedra
Anti Inflammatory Turmeric
Anti Gout Colchium
Analgesic Opium
Expectorant Liquorice

9. 5. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS – Based on active ingredient of crude Drugs. Ex- Lipids,
Carbohydrates, Tannins, Glycosides, Alkaloids etc.
Chemical Nature Drugs
1. Carbohydrates Gums – Acacia, Tragacanth
Mucilage - Plantago (Isapgol)
Others – Starch, Honey
2. Tannins Black Catechu, Pale Catechu, Ashoka, Arjuna
3. Volatile Oils Coriander, Clove Oil, Fennel
4. Protein Gelatin, Caesin
5. Lipids Fixed Oils – Castor Oil, Olive Oil
Fats – Lanolin, Wax – Bees Wax

10. ADULTERATION :
It is intentional substitution with another plant species or intentional addition of a foreign substance
to increase the weight or potency of the product or to decrease its cost.
ADULTERATION is defined as substituting original crude drug partially or wholly with other similar
looking substances. The substance, which is mixed, is free from or inferior in chemical and
therapeutic property. It’s illegal to do ADULTERATION
• Foreign components are added to the original substance (material) which have SAME SHAPE,
SIZE, COLOUR.
• Done to increase the quantity.
• Has no effect on body
• Drugs which are obtained very rarely, so adulterants are added.
• Ex: Black Pepper has seeds of papaya.

11. SUBSTITUENTS
Drug intake in another form I.e If respective drug is if NOT AVAILABLE then
substituents are added.
• Their shape and sizes may vary.
• Chemical Properties remain same.
• Ex : Neem substituted with Aloe Vera (Guar Gum)

12. TYPES OF ADULTERATION
1. Substitution with standard commercial varieties.
2. Substitution with Inferior drugs.
3. Substitution with artificially manufactured substances.
4. Substitution with exhausted drugs.
5. Presence of vegetative matter from same plant.
6. Substitution of harmful substance
7. Adulteration of powder drugs.

13. DRUG EVALUATION
1. Morphology Evaluation- Colour, Odour, shape, size, taste
2. Microscopic Evaluation (In Leaf) – Peristaltic Ratio, Vein Islet
no., Vein Termination, Stomatal no., Stomatal Index.
3. Chemical Evaluation- Phytochemical Screening, Chemical
Investigation.
4. Physical Evaluation- Moisture Contents, Viscosity, Melting Point,
Solubility, Optical Rotation, Ash Value, UV, IR, Mass
Spectroscopy, NMR, HPLC, X-Ray Differentiation.
5. Biological Testing – Induced tests, Clinical Trials, Marketed

14. CULTIVATION, COLLECTION, DRYING &
STORAGE
CULTIVATION – Cultivation requires intensive care & management. Cultivation is
defined as growing plant by providing all forms of required nutrition.
METHODS OF CULTIVATION
1. Asexual Propagation (for seedless plants) – involves cutting, Layering and
grafting.
2. Seeding Method – for seeding plants.
3. Aseptic Method – In this method artificial medium is provided.

15. COLLECTION
Collection involves the act of procuring a crude drug from its natural habitat or
natural source, depends on drug and type of drug. It is important fo4 effective
manufacturing of drug.
Packing is done to identify the drug.
Collection is done in clean baskets, mesh bags, well aerated containers OR drop
clothes which are free from foreign matter.
Ex: Stramonium Leaves are gathered in morning (day time) due to increased
proportion of alkaloid than in evening.

16. DRYING & STORAGE
Drying is of 2 types :
1. Natural Drying – Direct Sunlight OR In Shed
2. Artificial Drying – Tray dryer, Vacuum dryer, Spray dryer
STORAGE :
Fresh Medicinal plants are stored at LOW TEMP. (2°-8°)
Frozen Products are stored at LESS THAN 20°C.
Drying and storage of crude drugs

17. PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
Plant Growth Regulators affect morphological structure. They affect physiological
process in plant at LOW CONCENTRATION.
1. AUXIN –
• stimulate cell enlargement & cell division
• Stimulate seed germination.
• Growth of Root At Low Concentration
• Growth of Shoot at High Concentration

18. AUXINS : Auxins are powerful growth hormone produced naturally by plants. They are
found in shoot and root tips and promote cell division, stem and root growth.
1. Natural Auxins-
• IndoIe 3-Acetic Acid (IAA)
• Indole 3 Aceto Nitrile (IAN)
• Phenyl Acetic Acid
2. Synthetic Auxins-
• Indole 3- Butyric Acid (IBA) used to accelerate the routine of woody
• Alpha Napthyl Acetic Acid (NAA) and herbaceous cutting
• 1 Napthyl acetaminophen (NAD)

19. 2. GIBBERLINS – Erichi Kurusova (1926), observed Gibberellins effect on rice.
GA 3 most commonly called as GIBBERELIC ACID.
• Cause cell elongation of stem
• Cause cell division.
• Has little effect on growth of Root.
• Helps in development of seedless fruits.
3. CYTOKININS – Cytokinins help in expansion of foliage leaf.
• Enhance protein synthesis & decreased degradation of proteins Cytokinine
• Overcomes aging of leaf.

20. CYTOKININs are of 2 types:
• KINETIN – In young leaf kinetin stimulates growth & at old age, prevent aging.
• ZEATIN - It promotes growth of lateral buds and when sprayed on meristems stimulates cell
division to produce bushier plants.
4. ABSCISIC ACID – Fredrich Addicott observed abscisic acid in 1953.
• Promotes closure of stomata.
• Inhibit shoot growth, no effect on root.
• Abscisic acid Natural Compound is obtained from
Mavlonic Pathway.
Commercially synthesized Abscisic Acid Compounds are-
• Chloroflurecol Methyl
• TIBA (2,3,5 Triiodo Benzoic Acid)
• Furecol Butyl

21. 5. ETHYLENE
Ethylene is present in steams, roots of ripening fruits.
Ethylene is regarded as a multifunctional phytohormone that regulates both
growth and senescence. It promotes or inhibits growth and senescence
upon its concentration, timing of application and the plant species.
• It acts at trace levels throughout the life of the plant by stimulating or regulating
the ripening of fruit the opening of flowers, the abscission (or shredding) of
leaves.
• It is present in very LESS QUANTITY about 0.1 ppm.
• It stimulates dormancy and root formation.

22. THANK YOU
BY- VASTAVI GORE
IPS ACADEMY COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, INDORE (MP)
vastavigore@gmail.com