The document discusses a proposed 3D password authentication system that aims to improve upon existing authentication methods. It combines elements of multiple authentication factors like passwords, biometrics, tokens into a 3D virtual environment. Users can customize their 3D password by choosing which authentication methods to incorporate like interacting with objects that require passwords, biometrics, or tokens. This makes passwords more secure and customizable to individual user needs and preferences. The system works by presenting users with a 3D virtual environment containing various objects. A user's 3D password is defined by their specific sequence of interactions with different objects in the virtual space.
The document proposes a new 3D password authentication technique that aims to overcome limitations of existing authentication schemes like textual and graphical passwords. A 3D password involves navigating a 3D virtual environment and interacting with virtual objects in a certain sequence. This provides a large password space and allows combining multiple authentication factors like passwords, biometrics and smart cards. The document discusses designing 3D environments, creating 3D passwords, applications and advantages like increased security. Potential limitations include requiring sophisticated technology and being difficult for blind users.
The document proposes a new authentication technique called 3D Password that aims to overcome limitations of existing authentication schemes like textual and graphical passwords. A 3D Password uses a 3D virtual environment containing real-time object scenarios for authentication. It is a multi-factor authentication that combines benefits of different schemes like passwords, biometrics, and tokens. Users can choose the authentication schemes that make up their 3D Password based on their preferences and needs. The 3D Password is described as more advanced and secure than other techniques as it is easy to use but difficult to break given its large possible password combinations from the 3D virtual environment.
The document discusses 3D passwords as a new authentication method. It begins by covering traditional authentication methods like knowledge-based, token-based, and biometrics-based authentication. It then introduces 3D passwords as a multifactor authentication that combines recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics within a 3D virtual environment. The document provides examples of how a 3D password would work and highlights advantages like flexibility, strength from many possible combinations, and ease of memorization through a story-like format. It also discusses attacks against 3D passwords and potential applications where high security is needed.
The document proposes a 3D password authentication system that combines existing authentication methods. It describes designing a 3D virtual environment containing various objects that users can interact with. The sequence and type of interactions construct the user's unique 3D password. This allows passwords to incorporate text, graphics, biometrics, tokens, and more. Guidelines for the virtual environment include making objects distinct and interactions realistic. Critical systems are suggested domains due to the large possible password space. Security depends on password space size and unpredictability of user selections.
This document proposes a novel multi-factor authentication scheme called object password that combines textual passwords, biometric authentication, and graphical passwords. Users navigate a 3D virtual environment and interact with various objects to set their unique password. The object password scheme aims to provide increased security over traditional authentication methods by utilizing human memory and recognition. It allows customization by letting users choose which authentication factors to include in their 3D password. The proposed system is described and guidelines for designing effective 3D environments are provided. Experimental results suggest the approach succeeds in authenticating users.
This document discusses 3D passwords as a new authentication technique that combines existing methods like text passwords, graphical passwords, and biometrics into a single 3D virtual environment. The user interacts with various objects in the virtual world to create their unique 3D password. When logging in, they must recreate the same sequence of interactions. This makes 3D passwords more secure by increasing the number of possible passwords and making them difficult for attackers to guess. The document outlines how a 3D password system would work, including designing the virtual environment, recording the user's interactions as their password, and guidelines for the virtual world design like real-life similarity, unique distinguishable objects, and appropriate size.
The document proposes a new 3D virtual environment authentication method that combines existing authentication approaches like passwords, graphics, biometrics, and tokens. Users navigate a 3D space and interact with virtual objects in a specific sequence and manner to create their unique 3D password. This large password space provides stronger security than traditional methods. The document discusses designing the 3D environment, potential applications, security analysis, and benefits like reflecting user preferences.
For more secure authentication, a 3-D password is proposed that combines multiple authentication factors into a 3D virtual environment. The user navigates and interacts with virtual objects to construct their password. This multi-factor approach includes textual passwords, graphical passwords, and biometrics within a 3D space. The environment design and included objects determine the large key space size, making passwords difficult to crack compared to traditional methods. However, 3D passwords also require more sophisticated technology and programming.
The document proposes a new 3D password authentication technique that aims to overcome limitations of existing authentication schemes like textual and graphical passwords. A 3D password involves navigating a 3D virtual environment and interacting with virtual objects in a certain sequence. This provides a large password space and allows combining multiple authentication factors like passwords, biometrics and smart cards. The document discusses designing 3D environments, creating 3D passwords, applications and advantages like increased security. Potential limitations include requiring sophisticated technology and being difficult for blind users.
The document proposes a new authentication technique called 3D Password that aims to overcome limitations of existing authentication schemes like textual and graphical passwords. A 3D Password uses a 3D virtual environment containing real-time object scenarios for authentication. It is a multi-factor authentication that combines benefits of different schemes like passwords, biometrics, and tokens. Users can choose the authentication schemes that make up their 3D Password based on their preferences and needs. The 3D Password is described as more advanced and secure than other techniques as it is easy to use but difficult to break given its large possible password combinations from the 3D virtual environment.
The document discusses 3D passwords as a new authentication method. It begins by covering traditional authentication methods like knowledge-based, token-based, and biometrics-based authentication. It then introduces 3D passwords as a multifactor authentication that combines recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics within a 3D virtual environment. The document provides examples of how a 3D password would work and highlights advantages like flexibility, strength from many possible combinations, and ease of memorization through a story-like format. It also discusses attacks against 3D passwords and potential applications where high security is needed.
The document proposes a 3D password authentication system that combines existing authentication methods. It describes designing a 3D virtual environment containing various objects that users can interact with. The sequence and type of interactions construct the user's unique 3D password. This allows passwords to incorporate text, graphics, biometrics, tokens, and more. Guidelines for the virtual environment include making objects distinct and interactions realistic. Critical systems are suggested domains due to the large possible password space. Security depends on password space size and unpredictability of user selections.
This document proposes a novel multi-factor authentication scheme called object password that combines textual passwords, biometric authentication, and graphical passwords. Users navigate a 3D virtual environment and interact with various objects to set their unique password. The object password scheme aims to provide increased security over traditional authentication methods by utilizing human memory and recognition. It allows customization by letting users choose which authentication factors to include in their 3D password. The proposed system is described and guidelines for designing effective 3D environments are provided. Experimental results suggest the approach succeeds in authenticating users.
This document discusses 3D passwords as a new authentication technique that combines existing methods like text passwords, graphical passwords, and biometrics into a single 3D virtual environment. The user interacts with various objects in the virtual world to create their unique 3D password. When logging in, they must recreate the same sequence of interactions. This makes 3D passwords more secure by increasing the number of possible passwords and making them difficult for attackers to guess. The document outlines how a 3D password system would work, including designing the virtual environment, recording the user's interactions as their password, and guidelines for the virtual world design like real-life similarity, unique distinguishable objects, and appropriate size.
The document proposes a new 3D virtual environment authentication method that combines existing authentication approaches like passwords, graphics, biometrics, and tokens. Users navigate a 3D space and interact with virtual objects in a specific sequence and manner to create their unique 3D password. This large password space provides stronger security than traditional methods. The document discusses designing the 3D environment, potential applications, security analysis, and benefits like reflecting user preferences.
For more secure authentication, a 3-D password is proposed that combines multiple authentication factors into a 3D virtual environment. The user navigates and interacts with virtual objects to construct their password. This multi-factor approach includes textual passwords, graphical passwords, and biometrics within a 3D space. The environment design and included objects determine the large key space size, making passwords difficult to crack compared to traditional methods. However, 3D passwords also require more sophisticated technology and programming.
The document proposes a 3D password authentication scheme. It involves a virtual 3D environment with various interactive objects. A user's authentication is based on the combination and sequence of their interactions with objects as they navigate the environment. The 3D password aims to combine recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics for strong authentication that is difficult to crack through brute force or shoulder surfing attacks.
The document proposes a 3D password authentication scheme. It discusses drawbacks of existing authentication methods like textual and graphical passwords. The 3D password scheme combines recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics in a 3D virtual environment. Users interact with virtual objects in the environment to create a password. This provides a large password space and flexibility. The document outlines guidelines for designing the 3D environment and applications like critical servers, airplanes, and nuclear facilities that could benefit from the strong authentication of 3D passwords.
Authentication is the process of validating a user's identity. Common authentication methods include knowledge-based (passwords), possession-based (tokens), and biometric-based (fingerprints, iris scans). Passwords are vulnerable to guessing and cracking, while biometrics have privacy issues. Passphrases are longer passwords but can be difficult to remember. 3D passwords combine multiple authentication factors by requiring users to interact with virtual objects in a specific sequence, making them more difficult for attackers to guess than traditional passwords.
The document proposes a 3D password scheme that combines recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics for more secure authentication. A virtual 3D environment contains objects the user interacts with in a specific sequence to form their password. This provides a large password space and allows for multifactor authentication in a format that is easy to remember. Some example uses are nuclear facilities, airplanes, ATMs, and desktop logins. The scheme aims to improve security over text and graphical passwords alone while respecting user privacy in selection of authentication methods.
This document introduces 3D passwords as a multifactor authentication scheme. It discusses how 3D passwords combine recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics by having users navigate a virtual 3D environment and interact with virtual objects. The sequence and types of interactions form the user's unique 3D password. Examples of virtual objects include computers, fingerprint scanners, whiteboards, and more. The document outlines the design of 3D environments and passwords to make them memorable yet difficult to guess or crack. It also discusses potential applications and attacks against 3D passwords.
3D passwords combine multiple authentication factors by using a 3D virtual environment. Users authenticate by interacting with virtual objects in a specific sequence based on their location. This addresses limitations of traditional passwords that can be cracked or stolen. The 3D password is constructed through a user's interactions in the virtual world, combining what they know, have, and do for strong multi-factor authentication. While providing increased security, 3D passwords also have drawbacks such as increased storage needs and vulnerability to timing attacks if the virtual environment is not carefully designed.
3-D PASSWORD is a way of more secured authentication in which password is created in 3d environment.
3d password is a combination of recognition, recall, token, and biometrics based systems.
3D password is a multifactor authentication scheme in which we require a 3D virtual environment for authentication.
Users have choice to select the type of authentication technique.This freedom of selection is necessary because users are different and they have different requirements.
The 3D password presents a virtual environment containing various virtual objects. The user walks through the environment and interacts with the objects .
3D Password have authentication than other system.
This document describes 3D passwords as a multifactor authentication method that combines knowledge-based, token-based, and biometric authentication in a virtual 3D environment. A 3D password records a user's interactions with virtual objects in the environment, such as opening a door or typing on a computer, creating a unique sequence. Implementation requires programming languages like C++ and OpenGL to create the 3D virtual world. Attacks are difficult due to the complexity of reproducing all factors, but 3D passwords provide very high security and flexibility compared to traditional passwords.
This ppt gives a perfect description about 3d passwords.There is not much known about it ,but i have tried my best to bring the most of the concepts to the front regarding this topic
This document proposes a 3D password authentication scheme that combines existing schemes like knowledge-based, token-based, and biometric-based authentication. It involves users navigating a 3D virtual environment using inputs to perform a sequence of actions and interactions that form their unique 3D password. Guidelines for designing the virtual environment emphasize real-life similarity, object uniqueness, three-dimensional space, and system importance. Potential applications include critical servers, military facilities, and computers. Security analysis covers the password space size and distribution knowledge, while attacks and countermeasures address brute force, shoulder surfing, and timing attacks.
The 3-D password is a multifactor authentication scheme that combines these various authentication schemes into a single 3-D virtual environment. The virtual environment can contain any existing authentication scheme or even any upcoming authentication schemes by adding it as a response to actions performed on an object. Therefore, the resulted password space becomes very large compared to any existing authentication schemes.
The 3D password is a proposed multifactor authentication system that combines recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics. Users authenticate by navigating a virtual 3D environment and interacting with virtual objects at specific locations in a defined sequence. This provides a very large password space that is difficult to crack through brute force attacks or by observing the user. The system has potential applications where strong authentication is needed, such as for critical systems, military facilities, and personal devices.
This document proposes a new 3D password authentication scheme that combines recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics. It aims to provide more secure authentication than existing textual and graphical passwords by offering flexibility through embedding multiple authentication factors in a 3D virtual environment. The 3D password is constructed from a user's interactions with virtual objects like typing on a computer, providing fingerprints, using an ATM, etc. It has advantages like increased security, privacy, and the ability to easily change passwords. The scheme is proposed for critical systems and is difficult to attack through brute force or observation due to its variability.
This document proposes a 3D password authentication scheme that combines recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics. The scheme uses a 3D virtual environment containing various interactive objects. A user's 3D password is the combination and sequence of interactions they perform with objects in the environment, such as opening a door, typing on a keyboard, drawing on a whiteboard. The scheme aims to provide stronger authentication through multi-factor authentication in a 3D space while being easier for users to remember. Some advantages include flexibility, strength from many possible passwords, and ease of memory through forming a story. Disadvantages include difficulty for blind users and needing sophisticated technology.
The document describes a 3D password authentication system. It begins with an introduction that outlines the need for more secure passwords beyond simple text passwords due to weaknesses in memorability. It then discusses existing security systems like text, graphical and biometric passwords. The document proposes a 3D password that combines recognition, recall, tokens and biometrics for multifactor authentication in an interactive 3D virtual environment containing various objects. It provides guidelines for implementation, examples of applications, and advantages of the 3D password system being difficult to crack without knowing the specific object interaction sequence.
Authentication validates a user's identity by using something they know, have, or are. Common authentication methods include passwords which are something known, tokens like keys which are something had, and biometrics like fingerprints which are something a user is. A 3D password aims to improve authentication security by combining recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics within a virtual 3D environment that requires users to interact with objects in a specific sequence.
The document discusses a proposed 3D password authentication scheme. It combines existing authentication methods like passwords, graphical passwords, and biometrics by having users navigate and interact with objects in a 3D virtual environment. This creates a secret that is difficult to guess but easy for the user to remember. Guidelines for designing the virtual environment and examples of applications for critical systems are provided. Security analysis and potential attacks on the scheme are also examined.
The document describes a 3D password authentication system. A 3D password combines knowledge-based, token-based, and biometric authentication by requiring a user to navigate a virtual 3D environment and interact with virtual objects in a specific sequenced manner. This creates a highly customizable and secure password that is difficult for attackers to crack through brute force or observational attacks. The 3D environment and object interactions construct the user's unique 3D password.
The document proposes a 3D password authentication system that combines multiple existing authentication factors. Users can select whether their password is based on recall, biometrics, recognition, tokens, or a combination. In the system, users navigate a virtual 3D environment and interact with virtual objects, with their interactions forming their unique password. The system aims to provide strong, flexible authentication while respecting user privacy. Some example interactions include typing on a virtual keyboard, using a fingerprint scanner, or drawing on a whiteboard. The system has advantages like password strength and ease of memorization but also challenges like cost and accessibility for blind users.
Microsoft Surface is a touchscreen tablet developed by Microsoft that combines the functionality of a tablet and PC. It comes in two models - the Surface RT which runs Windows RT and the Surface Pro which runs Windows 8 Pro. The Surface has a multi-touch screen that allows for natural gestures without the need for a mouse or keyboard. It is being used commercially by several companies and provides advantages like easier design, time savings, and improved learning compared to traditional touchscreen devices.
Pies en polvorosa - escritura creativa- curso 15-16cepermotril1
Este documento presenta una actividad para componer un pie de foto original con el objetivo de expresar sentimientos e ideas a través de asociaciones y valorar la comunicación no verbal. Explica que una imagen puede transmitir más que mil palabras debido a que diferentes personas pueden interpretar la misma imagen de maneras distintas basadas en sus experiencias y estado de ánimo. Luego, presenta varios ejemplos de pies de foto compuestos por estudiantes con diferentes temas como la soledad, el mar y la serenidad.
The document proposes a 3D password authentication scheme. It involves a virtual 3D environment with various interactive objects. A user's authentication is based on the combination and sequence of their interactions with objects as they navigate the environment. The 3D password aims to combine recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics for strong authentication that is difficult to crack through brute force or shoulder surfing attacks.
The document proposes a 3D password authentication scheme. It discusses drawbacks of existing authentication methods like textual and graphical passwords. The 3D password scheme combines recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics in a 3D virtual environment. Users interact with virtual objects in the environment to create a password. This provides a large password space and flexibility. The document outlines guidelines for designing the 3D environment and applications like critical servers, airplanes, and nuclear facilities that could benefit from the strong authentication of 3D passwords.
Authentication is the process of validating a user's identity. Common authentication methods include knowledge-based (passwords), possession-based (tokens), and biometric-based (fingerprints, iris scans). Passwords are vulnerable to guessing and cracking, while biometrics have privacy issues. Passphrases are longer passwords but can be difficult to remember. 3D passwords combine multiple authentication factors by requiring users to interact with virtual objects in a specific sequence, making them more difficult for attackers to guess than traditional passwords.
The document proposes a 3D password scheme that combines recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics for more secure authentication. A virtual 3D environment contains objects the user interacts with in a specific sequence to form their password. This provides a large password space and allows for multifactor authentication in a format that is easy to remember. Some example uses are nuclear facilities, airplanes, ATMs, and desktop logins. The scheme aims to improve security over text and graphical passwords alone while respecting user privacy in selection of authentication methods.
This document introduces 3D passwords as a multifactor authentication scheme. It discusses how 3D passwords combine recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics by having users navigate a virtual 3D environment and interact with virtual objects. The sequence and types of interactions form the user's unique 3D password. Examples of virtual objects include computers, fingerprint scanners, whiteboards, and more. The document outlines the design of 3D environments and passwords to make them memorable yet difficult to guess or crack. It also discusses potential applications and attacks against 3D passwords.
3D passwords combine multiple authentication factors by using a 3D virtual environment. Users authenticate by interacting with virtual objects in a specific sequence based on their location. This addresses limitations of traditional passwords that can be cracked or stolen. The 3D password is constructed through a user's interactions in the virtual world, combining what they know, have, and do for strong multi-factor authentication. While providing increased security, 3D passwords also have drawbacks such as increased storage needs and vulnerability to timing attacks if the virtual environment is not carefully designed.
3-D PASSWORD is a way of more secured authentication in which password is created in 3d environment.
3d password is a combination of recognition, recall, token, and biometrics based systems.
3D password is a multifactor authentication scheme in which we require a 3D virtual environment for authentication.
Users have choice to select the type of authentication technique.This freedom of selection is necessary because users are different and they have different requirements.
The 3D password presents a virtual environment containing various virtual objects. The user walks through the environment and interacts with the objects .
3D Password have authentication than other system.
This document describes 3D passwords as a multifactor authentication method that combines knowledge-based, token-based, and biometric authentication in a virtual 3D environment. A 3D password records a user's interactions with virtual objects in the environment, such as opening a door or typing on a computer, creating a unique sequence. Implementation requires programming languages like C++ and OpenGL to create the 3D virtual world. Attacks are difficult due to the complexity of reproducing all factors, but 3D passwords provide very high security and flexibility compared to traditional passwords.
This ppt gives a perfect description about 3d passwords.There is not much known about it ,but i have tried my best to bring the most of the concepts to the front regarding this topic
This document proposes a 3D password authentication scheme that combines existing schemes like knowledge-based, token-based, and biometric-based authentication. It involves users navigating a 3D virtual environment using inputs to perform a sequence of actions and interactions that form their unique 3D password. Guidelines for designing the virtual environment emphasize real-life similarity, object uniqueness, three-dimensional space, and system importance. Potential applications include critical servers, military facilities, and computers. Security analysis covers the password space size and distribution knowledge, while attacks and countermeasures address brute force, shoulder surfing, and timing attacks.
The 3-D password is a multifactor authentication scheme that combines these various authentication schemes into a single 3-D virtual environment. The virtual environment can contain any existing authentication scheme or even any upcoming authentication schemes by adding it as a response to actions performed on an object. Therefore, the resulted password space becomes very large compared to any existing authentication schemes.
The 3D password is a proposed multifactor authentication system that combines recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics. Users authenticate by navigating a virtual 3D environment and interacting with virtual objects at specific locations in a defined sequence. This provides a very large password space that is difficult to crack through brute force attacks or by observing the user. The system has potential applications where strong authentication is needed, such as for critical systems, military facilities, and personal devices.
This document proposes a new 3D password authentication scheme that combines recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics. It aims to provide more secure authentication than existing textual and graphical passwords by offering flexibility through embedding multiple authentication factors in a 3D virtual environment. The 3D password is constructed from a user's interactions with virtual objects like typing on a computer, providing fingerprints, using an ATM, etc. It has advantages like increased security, privacy, and the ability to easily change passwords. The scheme is proposed for critical systems and is difficult to attack through brute force or observation due to its variability.
This document proposes a 3D password authentication scheme that combines recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics. The scheme uses a 3D virtual environment containing various interactive objects. A user's 3D password is the combination and sequence of interactions they perform with objects in the environment, such as opening a door, typing on a keyboard, drawing on a whiteboard. The scheme aims to provide stronger authentication through multi-factor authentication in a 3D space while being easier for users to remember. Some advantages include flexibility, strength from many possible passwords, and ease of memory through forming a story. Disadvantages include difficulty for blind users and needing sophisticated technology.
The document describes a 3D password authentication system. It begins with an introduction that outlines the need for more secure passwords beyond simple text passwords due to weaknesses in memorability. It then discusses existing security systems like text, graphical and biometric passwords. The document proposes a 3D password that combines recognition, recall, tokens and biometrics for multifactor authentication in an interactive 3D virtual environment containing various objects. It provides guidelines for implementation, examples of applications, and advantages of the 3D password system being difficult to crack without knowing the specific object interaction sequence.
Authentication validates a user's identity by using something they know, have, or are. Common authentication methods include passwords which are something known, tokens like keys which are something had, and biometrics like fingerprints which are something a user is. A 3D password aims to improve authentication security by combining recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics within a virtual 3D environment that requires users to interact with objects in a specific sequence.
The document discusses a proposed 3D password authentication scheme. It combines existing authentication methods like passwords, graphical passwords, and biometrics by having users navigate and interact with objects in a 3D virtual environment. This creates a secret that is difficult to guess but easy for the user to remember. Guidelines for designing the virtual environment and examples of applications for critical systems are provided. Security analysis and potential attacks on the scheme are also examined.
The document describes a 3D password authentication system. A 3D password combines knowledge-based, token-based, and biometric authentication by requiring a user to navigate a virtual 3D environment and interact with virtual objects in a specific sequenced manner. This creates a highly customizable and secure password that is difficult for attackers to crack through brute force or observational attacks. The 3D environment and object interactions construct the user's unique 3D password.
The document proposes a 3D password authentication system that combines multiple existing authentication factors. Users can select whether their password is based on recall, biometrics, recognition, tokens, or a combination. In the system, users navigate a virtual 3D environment and interact with virtual objects, with their interactions forming their unique password. The system aims to provide strong, flexible authentication while respecting user privacy. Some example interactions include typing on a virtual keyboard, using a fingerprint scanner, or drawing on a whiteboard. The system has advantages like password strength and ease of memorization but also challenges like cost and accessibility for blind users.
Microsoft Surface is a touchscreen tablet developed by Microsoft that combines the functionality of a tablet and PC. It comes in two models - the Surface RT which runs Windows RT and the Surface Pro which runs Windows 8 Pro. The Surface has a multi-touch screen that allows for natural gestures without the need for a mouse or keyboard. It is being used commercially by several companies and provides advantages like easier design, time savings, and improved learning compared to traditional touchscreen devices.
Pies en polvorosa - escritura creativa- curso 15-16cepermotril1
Este documento presenta una actividad para componer un pie de foto original con el objetivo de expresar sentimientos e ideas a través de asociaciones y valorar la comunicación no verbal. Explica que una imagen puede transmitir más que mil palabras debido a que diferentes personas pueden interpretar la misma imagen de maneras distintas basadas en sus experiencias y estado de ánimo. Luego, presenta varios ejemplos de pies de foto compuestos por estudiantes con diferentes temas como la soledad, el mar y la serenidad.
Este documento contiene una colección de haikus escritos por estudiantes de inglés como segundo idioma. Los haikus exploran temas como la naturaleza, las estaciones, y la soledad. Cada haiku está compuesto por tres oraciones que siguen la estructura tradicional de 5, 7, 5 sílabas. Los estudiantes describen escenas como ríos, flores, lunas y estrellas.
El documento presenta un resumen del impuesto sobre la renta en Guatemala. Explica que grava los ingresos obtenidos por personas individuales, con excepciones como indemnizaciones e indemnizaciones por tiempo de servicio. Detalla cómo calcular la base imponible aplicando deducciones a la renta bruta y aplicando tasas del 5% al 7% dependiendo del monto. También cubre sujetos pasivos, responsabilidad solidaria de empleadores, y ejemplos prácticos de cálculos anuales para el sector público.
Este documento contiene 12 autorretratos literarios realizados por estudiantes describiendo sus características físicas y de personalidad. Cada autorretrato ofrece detalles sobre el aspecto, edad, familia y rasgos definitorios de cada persona desde su propia perspectiva subjetiva.
The Param Vir Chakra is India's highest military decoration awarded for bravery in battle. Established in 1950, it replaced the British Victoria Cross and can be awarded posthumously. The medal is made of bronze with the state emblem in the center surrounded by symbols of Indra's weapon. It is suspended from a purple ribbon. A total of 21 soldiers have received the award, with 14 being posthumous. Major Somnath Sharma was the first recipient in 1947 and Captain Vikram Batra was the last in 1999. The Sikh Regiment has received the most Param Vir Chakras of any Indian regiment.
International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules the main aim of this journal is to create awareness in the scientific community and to provide a platform for discussion in the field of biochemistry and biomolecules. Precisely, journal deals with recent advancement in protein folding, purification, bio-separation and other related fields of biochemistry.
All contributions to the journal are rigorously refereed and are selected on the basis of quality and originality of the work. The journal publishes the most significant new research papers or any other original contribution in the form of reviews and reports on new concepts in all areas pertaining to its scope and research being done in the world, thus ensuring its scientific priority and significance.
La ingeniería económica estudia la estimación, formulación y evaluación de los resultados económicos de alternativas para alcanzar un objetivo lucrativo. Se desarrolló en la década de 1930 y sus principios fueron establecidos por pioneros como Arthur Wellington y Eugene Grant. Las técnicas de ingeniería económica ayudan a tomar decisiones evaluando factores como los costos, beneficios y riesgos a corto y largo plazo.
"Die Revoluzzer aus Zug" in BILANZ by Harry BuesserOlga Feldmeier
Blockchain Technologie: Im Kanton Zug sind Firmen daran, nicht nur Papiergeld überflüssig zu machen, sondern auch Banken, Buchhalter und Notare. BILANZ hat drei Firmen besucht.
This document outlines a plan to restructure a company's operations. It discusses consolidating multiple offices into one central location to reduce costs and improve coordination. This will involve closing three regional offices and moving all staff to a new larger headquarters. The transition will take place over the next year and aims to cut yearly expenses by 15% through greater efficiencies and management oversight in one main facility.
Abacavir is an antiretroviral used to treat HIV infection. It is administered orally in combination with other antiretrovirals. The dosage is 16 mg/kg/day divided into two doses for children under 25 kg and 600 mg/day divided into two doses for children over 25 kg and adults. Abacavir can cause severe hypersensitivity reactions and lactic acidosis, so should be permanently discontinued if any related symptoms occur. It is also generally avoided during pregnancy except if no alternative treatment is available.
This document discusses how many current global issues are interrelated and cannot be solved by traditional approaches. It argues that agriculture is a central science that can help address problems like poverty, health, food prices, climate change, and soil degradation. As societies have become more artificial over time, moving away from natural systems, this has led to global challenges. However, agronomy incorporates many disciplines and has trained scientists to manage complex, interconnected issues. The author believes agronomy is well-positioned to help develop holistic solutions to problems facing the planet.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the Book of Enoch, an ancient Jewish religious work, not included in the biblical canon, that was highly influential among some early Jewish and Christian groups. It discusses how the Book of Enoch was widely known and quoted in the New Testament and early Christianity. The document outlines evidence that it existed before Jesus and influenced New Testament authors rather than the reverse. It also provides background on the discovery of copies among the Dead Sea Scrolls and the various versions that exist today, while acknowledging uncertainties around its original date and authorship.
The document proposes a 3D password authentication system that combines recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics. Users navigate a virtual 3D environment and authenticate by interacting with virtual objects in a specific sequence. This provides a highly secure authentication method that is difficult to crack through brute force or shoulder surfing attacks. The 3D password system offers flexibility to include different authentication factors and a vast password space that is easy for users to remember.
The document proposes a 3-D graphical authentication system as an alternative to traditional textual passwords. It describes users having difficulty with passwords that are hard to remember but easy to crack. The proposed system uses a 3-D virtual environment where the password is a sequence of interactions with objects. This combines elements of recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics. Guidelines for designing the virtual environment include making it similar to real life and ensuring objects are unique and distinguishable. The system could protect critical systems by offering a very large password space through its multi-factor approach.
A Novel Revolutionary highly secured Object authentication schemaIOSR Journals
This document proposes a novel 3D object authentication scheme that aims to improve password security. The proposed scheme combines multiple authentication factors like textual passwords, biometrics, and graphical passwords within a 3D virtual environment. Users can navigate and interact with virtual objects to set customized passwords. This increases the password space and makes passwords difficult for attackers to guess. An experimental 3D environment was created with objects accepting textual or graphical passwords. Initial user tests showed over 90% success rate. The proposed 3D object password scheme provides a multi-factor authentication approach that could make passwords more secure and customizable compared to existing single-factor schemes.
3D passwords are a knowledge-based authentication system that uses a virtual 3D environment where the user interacts with objects by moving them around in different positions and planes. The specific interactions and order they are performed in act as the password. The system aims to provide a more customizable and interesting authentication method by leveraging human memory and recognition abilities compared to traditional passwords.
The document describes a 3D password authentication system that combines knowledge-based, token-based, and biometric authentication. The system presents a virtual 3D environment containing objects the user must interact with in a specific sequence. This provides stronger security than typical passwords by requiring the user to navigate the virtual space and interact with objects at particular locations. The 3D password scheme is difficult to crack as it has no fixed procedure and incorporates multiple authentication factors.
This document proposes a new 3D password authentication scheme that combines multiple existing authentication methods into a 3D virtual environment to provide stronger security. It describes how a 3D password would be composed of a sequence of actions and interactions with various objects in the virtual world. This increases the complexity of guessing passwords compared to traditional text-based passwords. The document also analyzes the potential password key space, security advantages, and applications of the 3D password scheme for critical systems that require strong authentication.
This document proposes a 3D password authentication system that combines recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics. It discusses drawbacks of existing password and graphical password systems. The proposed 3D password system uses a virtual 3D environment where the password is a sequence of interactions with virtual objects. This provides a large password space and makes passwords easier to remember. The system records the object locations, actions, and sequence to authenticate users. It has applications for critical systems and offers advantages like flexibility, strength, ease of use, and privacy. Potential attacks and countermeasures are also discussed.
A biometric technology is use full for authentication process in nowadays.In this presentation i have explained the use of 3d finger authentication, face recognisation,tokens authentication and knowledge authentication.
This document discusses 3D passwords as an authentication method. It begins by describing traditional authentication methods like knowledge-based, token-based, and biometric authentication. It then introduces the concept of 3D passwords, which combine recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics within a 3D virtual environment. The document outlines the advantages of 3D passwords and potential applications. It also discusses threats like brute force, shoulder surfing, and timing attacks along with countermeasures. In conclusion, the document argues that 3D passwords can improve authentication by making passwords difficult to crack.
The document proposes a 3D password authentication system as an improvement over traditional textual passwords. A 3D password requires a user to navigate a virtual 3D environment and interact with various virtual objects in a specific sequence. This combines multiple authentication factors like recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics. The document describes examples of virtual objects, implementation details, advantages of the 3D system, and potential applications.
This document proposes a 3D password authentication scheme. It combines knowledge-based, token-based, and biometric authentication by having users navigate a 3D virtual environment and interact with various objects in a specific sequence. This constructs their unique 3D password. The document outlines how the system would work, advantages like improved security and usability, potential applications, and considerations for design and addressing attacks.
The document proposes a 3D password authentication system that combines recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics by having users navigate a virtual 3D environment and interact with virtual objects in a specific sequence. This addresses weaknesses in traditional text passwords that are vulnerable to dictionary attacks. The 3D password would be more secure and customizable than existing authentication methods.
The document proposes a 3D password authentication system that combines recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics by having users navigate a virtual 3D environment and interact with virtual objects in a specific sequence. This addresses weaknesses in traditional text passwords that are vulnerable to dictionary attacks. The 3D password would be more secure and customizable than existing authentication methods.
3-D passwords combine multiple authentication methods like passwords, biometrics, and tokens into a 3-D virtual environment. To log in, a user navigates the environment and interacts with virtual objects in a specific sequence. This creates a large number of possible passwords that are difficult for attackers to guess. The document provides guidelines for designing effective 3-D virtual environments, such as making objects unique and scaling the environment based on the system's security needs. 3-D passwords could protect critical systems and are more secure than traditional text passwords.
The document describes a proposed 3D password authentication scheme. It begins with an overview of current authentication methods like passwords, graphical passwords, and biometrics. It then introduces the 3D password concept, which combines recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics within a 3D virtual environment. Users could perform actions like selecting images, using devices, and providing fingerprints to create a unique 3D password. The document discusses advantages like improved security over text passwords and outlines some potential applications, attacks to counter, disadvantages, and ideas for future enhancements like making the system accessible on mobile devices.
Authentication validates a user's identity by using something they know, have, or are. Common methods include passwords, tokens, and biometrics. A 3D password improves security by combining recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics in a virtual environment. The user authenticates by interacting with objects in a specific sequence. This makes 3D passwords difficult to guess, crack, or steal through observation. They provide flexible, strong authentication suitable for critical systems.
The document describes a proposed 3D password authentication scheme. The scheme would present users with a 3D virtual environment containing various objects that they could interact with. A user's 3D password would be the specific sequence of interactions with different objects in the environment, such as typing on a virtual keyboard, providing fingerprint authentication at a device, or selecting radio channels in a virtual car. The scheme aims to combine elements of textual passwords, graphical passwords, biometrics, and tokens into a single 3D environment. Designing the virtual environment and selecting distinct object types and locations would determine the size of the possible password space. The scheme is presented as an alternative to traditional authentication methods that aims to be more secure, usable and flexible.
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2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
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Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
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GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
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3dpassword.doc
1. 1
INTRODUCTION
Normally the authentication scheme the user undergoes is particularly very lenient or
very strict. Throughout the years authentication has been a very interesting approach. With all
the means of technology developing, it can be very easy for 'others' to fabricate or to steal
identity or to hack someone’s password. Therefore many algorithms have come up each with an
interesting approach toward calculation of a secret key. The algorithms are such based to pick a
random number in the range of 10^6 and therefore the possibilities of the sane number coming is
rare.
Users nowadays are provided with major password stereotypes such as textual passwords,
biometric scanning, tokens or cards (such as an ATM) etc .Mostly textual passwords follow an
encryption algorithm as mentioned above. Biometric scanning is your "natural" signature and
Cards or Tokens prove your validity. But some people hate the fact to carry around their cards,
some refuse to undergo strong IR exposure to their retinas(Biometric scanning).Mostly textual
passwords, nowadays, are kept very simple say a word from the dictionary or their pet names,
girlfriends etc. Years back Klein performed such tests and he could crack 10-15 passwords per
day. Now with the technology change, fast processors and many tools on the Internet this has
become a Child's Play.
Therefore we present our idea, the 3D passwords which are more customizable and very
interesting way of authentication. Now the passwords are based on the fact of Human memory.
Generally simple passwords are set so as to quickly recall them. The human memory, in our
scheme has to undergo the facts of Recognition, Recalling, Biometrics or Token based
authentication. Once implemented and you log in to a secure site, the 3D password GUI opens
up. This is an additional textual password which the user can simply put. Once he goes through
the first authentication, a 3D virtual room will open on the screen. In our case, let’s say a virtual
garage. Now in a day to day garage one will find all sorts of tools, equipments, etc.each of them
having unique properties. The user will then interact with these properties accordingly. Each
2. 1
object in the 3D space, can be moved around in an (x,y,z) plane. That’s the moving attribute of
each object. This property is common to all the objects in the space. Suppose a user logs in and
enters the garage. He sees and picks a screw-driver (initial position in xyz coordinates (5, 5, 5))
and moves it 5 places to his right (in XY plane i.e. (10, 5, 5).That can be identified as an
authentication. Only the true user understands and recognizes the object which he has to choose
among many. This is the Recall and Recognition part of human memory coming into play.
Interestingly, a password can be set as approaching a radio and setting its frequency to number
only the user knows. Security can be enhanced by the fact of including Cards and Biometric
scanner as input. There can be levels of authentication a user can undergo.
EXISTING SYSTEM
3. 1
Current authentication systems suffer from many weaknesses. Textual passwords are
commonly used. Users tend to choose meaningful words from dictionaries, which make textual
passwords easy to break and vulnerable to dictionary or brute force attacks. Many available
graphical passwords have a password space that is less than or equal to the textual password
space. Smart cards or tokens can be stolen. Many biometric authentications have been proposed.
However, users tend to resist using biometrics because of their intrusiveness and the effect on
their privacy. Moreover, biometrics cannot be revoked. The 3Dpassword is a multi factor
authentication scheme. The design of the 3D virtual environment and the type of objects selected
determine the 3D password key space. User have freedom to select whether the 3D password
will be solely recall, recognition, or token based, or combination of two schemes or more.
PROPOSED SYSTEM
4. 1
The proposed system is a multi factor authentication scheme that combines the benefits
of various authentication schemes. Users have the freedom to select whether the 3D password
will be solely recall, biometrics, recognition, or token based, or a combination of two schemes or
more. This freedom of selection is necessary because users are different and they have different
requirements. Therefore, to ensure high user acceptability, the user’s freedom of selection is
important.
The following requirements are satisfied in the proposed scheme
1. The new scheme provide secrets that are easy to remember and very difficult for intruders to
guess.
2. The new scheme provides secrets that are not easy to write down on paper. Moreover, the
scheme secrets should be difficult to share with others.
3. The new scheme provides secrets that can be easily revoked or changed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM
5. 1
The proposed system is a multi factor authentication scheme. It can combine all existing
authentication schemes into a single 3D virtual environment .This 3D virtual environment
contains several objects or items with which the user can interact. The user is presented with this
3D virtual environment where the user navigates and interacts with various objects. The
sequence of actions and interactions toward the objects inside the 3D environment constructs the
user’s 3D password. The 3D password can combine most existing authentication schemes such
as textual passwords, graphical passwords, and various types of biometrics into a 3D virtual
environment. The choice of what authentication schemes will be part of the user's 3D password
reflects the user's preferences and requirements. A user who prefers to remember and recall a
password might choose textual and graphical password as part of their 3D password. On the
other hand users who have more difficulty with memory or recall might prefer to choose smart
cards or biometrics as part of their 3D password. Moreover user who prefers to keep any kind of
biometric data private might not interact with object that requires biometric information.
Therefore it is the user's choice and decision to construct the desired and preferred 3D password.
SYSTEM IMPLIMENTATION
6. 1
The 3D password is a multi factor authentication scheme. The 3D password presents a
3D virtual environment containing various virtual objects. The user navigates through this
environment and interacts with the objects. The 3D password is simply the combination and the
sequence of user interactions that occur in the 3D virtual environment. The 3D password can
combine recognition, recall, token, and biometrics based systems into one authentication scheme.
This can be done by designing a 3D virtual environment that contains objects that request
information to be recalled, information to be recognized, tokens to be presented, and biometric
data to be verified.
For example, the user can enter the virtual environment and type something on a
computer that exists in (x1 , y1 , z1 ) position, then enter a room that has a fingerprint
recognition device that exists in a position (x2 , y2 , z2 ) and provide his/her fingerprint. Then,
the user can go to the virtual garage, open the car door, and turn on the radio to a specific
channel. The combination and the sequence of the previous actions toward the specific objects
construct the user’s 3D password.
Virtual objects can be any object that we encounter in real life. Any obvious actions and
interactions toward the real life objects can be done in the virtual 3D environment toward the
virtual objects. Moreover, any user input (such as speaking in a specific location) in the virtual
3D environment can be considered as a part of the 3D password.
We can have the following objects:
1) A computer with which the user can type;
2) A fingerprint reader that requires the user’s fingerprint;
3) A biometric recognition device;
4) A paper or a white board that a user can write, sign, or draw on;
5) An automated teller machine (ATM) that requests a token;
6) A light that can be switched on/off;
7. 1
7) A television or radio where channels can be selected;
8) A staple that can be punched;
9) A car that can be driven;
10) A book that can be moved from one place to another;
11) Any graphical password scheme;
12) Any real life object;
13) Any upcoming authentication scheme.
The action toward an object (assume a fingerprint recognition device) that exists in
location (x1, y1 , z1 ) is different from the actions toward a similar object (another fingerprint
recognition device) that exists in location (x2 , y2 , z2 ), where x1 = x2 , y1 = y2 , and z1 = z2 .
Therefore, to perform the legitimate 3D password, the user must follow the same scenario
performed by the legitimate user. This means interacting with the same objects that reside at the
exact locations and perform the exact actions in the proper sequence.
3D PASSWORD SELECTION AND INPUT
8. 1
Let us consider a 3D virtual environment space of size G ×G × G. The 3D environment
space is represented by the coordinates (x, y, z) ∈ [1, . . . , G] ×[1, . . . , G] ×[1, . . . , G]. The
objects are distributed in the 3D virtual environment with unique (x, y, z) coordinates. We
assume that the user can navigate into the 3D virtual environment and interact with the objects
using any input device such as a mouse, key board, fingerprint scanner, iris scanner, stylus, card
reader, and microphone. We consider the sequence of those actions and interactions using the
previous input devices as the user’s 3D password.
For example, consider a user who navigates through the 3D virtual environment that
consists of an office and a meeting room. Let us assume that the user is in the virtual office and
the user turns around to the door located in (10, 24, 91) and opens it. Then, the user closes the
door. The user then finds a computer to the left, which exists in the position (4, 34, 18), and the
user types “FALCON.” Then, the user walks to the meeting room and picks up a pen located at
(10, 24, 80) and draws only one dot in a paper located in (1, 18, 30), which is the dot (x, y)
coordinate relative to the paper space is (330, 130). The user then presses the login button. The
initial representation of user actions in the 3Dvirtual environment can be recorded as follows:
(10, 24, 91) Action = Open the office door;
(10, 24, 91) Action = Close the office door;
(4, 34, 18) Action = Typing, “F”;
(4, 34, 18) Action = Typing, “A”;
(4, 34, 18) Action = Typing, “L”;
(4, 34, 18) Action = Typing, “C”;
(4, 34, 18) Action = Typing, “O”;
(4, 34, 18) Action = Typing, “N”;
3D VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT DESIGN GUIDELINES
9. 1
The design of the 3 D virtual environments affects the usability, effectiveness,
acceptability of 3D password. The first step in building a 3D password system is to design a 3D
environment that reflects the administration needs and the security requirements. The design of
3D virtual environments should follow these guidelines.
1. Real Life Similarity The prospective 3D virtual environment should reflect what people
are used to seeing in real life. Objects used in virtual environments should be relatively
similar in size to real objects (sized to scale). Possible actions and interactions toward
virtual objects should reflect real life situations. Object responses should be realistic. The
target should have a 3D virtual environment that users can interact
2. Object uniqueness and distinction every virtual object or item in the 3D virtual
environment is different from any other virtual object. The uniqueness comes from the
fact that every virtual object has its own attributes such as position. Thus, the prospective
interaction with object 1 is not equal to the interaction with object 2. How ever, having
similar objects such as 20 computers in one place might confuse the user. Therefore, the
design of the 3D virtual environment should consider that every object should be
distinguishable from other objects. Similarly, in designing a 3D virtual environment, it
should be easy for users to navigate through and to distinguish between objects. The
distinguishing factor increases the user’s recognition of objects. Therefore, it improves
the system usability.
3. Three Dimensional Virtual Environment Size A 3D virtual environment can depict a city
or even the world. On the other hand, it can depict a space as focused as a single room or
office. A large 3D virtual environment will increase the time required by the user to
perform a 3D password. Moreover, a large 3D virtual environment can contain a large
number of virtual objects. Therefore, the probable 3D password space broadens.
However, a small 3D virtual environment usually contains only a few objects, and thus,
performing a 3D password will take less time.
4. Number of objects and their types Part of designing a 3D virtual environment is
determining the types of objects and how many objects should be placed in the
10. 1
environment. The types of objects reflect what kind of responses the object will have.
For simplicity, we can consider requesting a textual password or a fingerprint as an object
response type. Selecting the right object response types and the number of objects affects
the probable password space of a 3D password.
5. System Importance The 3D virtual environment should consider what systems will be
protected by a 3D password The number of objects and the types of objects that Have
been used in the 3D virtual environment should reflect the importance of the protected
system.
3D PASSWORD APPLICATION
11. 1
The 3D password can have a password space that is very large compared to other
authentication schemes, so the 3D password’s main application domains are protecting critical
systems and resources.
1. Critical server many large organizations have critical servers that are usually protected
by a textual password. A 3D password authentication proposes a sound replacement for a
textual password.
2. Nuclear and military facilities such facilities should be protected by the most
Powerful authentication systems. The 3D password has a very large probable password
space, and since it can contain token, biometrics, recognition and knowledge based
Authentications in a single authentication system, it is a sound choice for high level
security locations.
3. Airplanes and jet fighters Because of the possible threat of misusing airplanes
and jet fighters for religion, political agendas, usage of such airplanes should be protected
by a powerful authentication system.
In addition, 3D passwords can be used in less critical systems because the
3D virtual environment can be designed to fit to any system needs. A small virtual environment
can be used in the following systems like
1. ATM
2. Personal Digital Assistance
3. Desktop Computers & laptop logins
4. Web Authentication
5. Security Analysis
12. 1
To analyze and study how secure a system is, we have to consider,
• How hard it is for the attacker to break such a system
▪ A possible measurement is based on the information content of a password space. It is
important to have a scheme that has a very large possible password space which
increases the work required by the attacker to break the authentication system.
▪ Find a scheme that has no previous or existing knowledge of the most probable user
password selection.
14. 1
SECURITY ANALYSIS
3D Password space size
To determine the password space, we have to count all possible 3D passwords that have a
certain number of actions, interactions, and inputs towards all objects that exist in the 3D virtual
environments.
3D password distribution knowledge
Users tend to use meaningful words for textual passwords. Therefore finding these
different words from dictionary is a relatively simple task which yields a high success rate for
breaking textual passwords. Pass faces users tend to choose faces that reflect their own taste on
facial attractiveness, race, and gender.
Every user has different requirements and preferences when selecting the appropriate 3D
Password. This fact will increase the effort required to find a pattern of user’s highly selected 3D
password. In addition, since the 3D password combines several authentication schemes into a
single authentication environment, the attacker has to study every single authentication scheme
and has to discover what the most probable selected secrets are. Since every 3D password system
can be designed according to the protected system requirements, the attacker has to separately
study every 3D password system. Therefore, more effort is required to build the knowledge of
most probable 3D passwords.
Attacks and Countermeasures
To realize and understand how far an authentication scheme is secure, we have to
consider all possible attack methods. We have to study whether the authentication scheme
proposed is immune against such attacks or not. Moreover, if the proposed authentication
scheme is not immune, we then have to find the countermeasures that prevent such attacks. In
this section, we try to cover most possible attacks and whether the attack is valid or not.
Moreover, we try to propose countermeasures for such attacks.
15. 1
1)Brute Force Attack: The attacker has to try all possible 3D passwords. This kind of attack is
very difficult for the following reasons.
a. Time required to login The total time needed for a legitimate user
to login may vary depending on the number of interactions and
actions, the size of the 3D virtual environment, and the type of
actions and interactions. Therefore, a brute force attack on a 3D
password is very difficult and time consuming
b. Cost of attacks the 3D virtual environment contains biometric
recognition objects and token based objects. The attacker has to
forge all possible biometric information and forge all the required
tokens. The cost of forging such information is very high, therefore
cracking the 3D password is more challenging. The high number
of possible 3D password spaces leaves the attacker with almost no
chance of breaking the 3D password.
2)Well-Studied Attack : The attacker tries to find the highest probable distribution of 3D
passwords. In order to launch such an attack, the attacker has to acquire knowledge of the most
probable 3D password distributions. This is very difficult because the attacker has to study all the
existing authentication schemes that are used in the 3D environment. It requires a study of the
user’s selection of objects for the 3D password. Moreover, a well studied attack is very hard to
accomplish since the attacker has to perform a customized attack for every different 3D virtual
environment design. This environment has a number of objects and types of object responses that
differ from any other 3D virtual environment. Therefore, a carefully customized study is required
to initialize an effective attack.
3)Shoulder Surfing Attack :An attacker uses a camera to record the user’s 3D password or tries
to watch the legitimate user while the 3D password is being performed. This attack is the most
successful type of attack against 3D passwords and some other graphical passwords. However,
the user’s 3D password may contain biometric data or textual passwords that cannot be seen
from behind. Therefore, we assume that the 3D password should be performed in a secure place
where a shoulder surfing attack cannot be performed.
16. 1
4)Timing Attack: In this attack, the attacker observes how long it takes the legitimate user to
perform a correct sign in using the 3D password. This observation gives the attacker an
indication of the legitimate user’s 3D password length. However, this kind of attack alone cannot
be very successful since it gives the attacker mere hints. Therefore, it would probably be
launched as part of a well studied or brute force attack. Timing attacks can be very effective if
the 3D virtual environment is poorly designed.
17. 1
CONCLUSION
The 3D password is a multi factor authentication scheme that combines the various
authentication schemes into a single 3D virtual environment. The virtual environment can
contain any existing authentication scheme or even any upcoming authentication scheme or even
any upcoming authentication schemes by adding it as a response to actions performed on an
object. Therefore the resulting password space becomes very large compared to any existing
authentication schemes. The design of the 3D virtual environment the selection of objects inside
the environment and the object's type reflect the resulted password space. It is the task of the
system administrator to design the environment and to select the appropriate object that reflects
the protected system requirements. Designing a simple and easy to use 3D virtual environment is
a factor that leads to a higher user acceptability of a 3D password system. The choice of what
authentication scheme will be part of user's 3D password reflects the user's preferences and
requirements.
18. 1
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