Palliative Care āļāļđāđāļĄāļ·āļ āļāļēāļĢāļāļđāđāļĨāļāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļŠāļļāļāļāđāļēāļĒāđāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļąāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļ
Palliative Care āļāļđāđāļĄāļ·āļ āļāļēāļĢāļāļđāđāļĨāļāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļŠāļļāļāļāđāļēāļĒāđāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļąāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļ
DEFINITION
The act ofrearranging element following
one or more rule.
āļāļĢāļ°āļāļ§āļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļāļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāļļāļāļāļĨ āļāļķāđāļāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĻāļąāļĒ
āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļāļąāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāđāļēāļāļēāļāđāļāļāļēāļ°āļāđāļēāļ āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļ
āļ§āļēāļāđāļāļĢāļāļŠāļĢāđāļēāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļāļąāļāļāđāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđāļēāļāļāļļāļāļāļĨ
āļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļ
āļāļĨāļāļāļāļāļāđāļēāļŦāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļēāļāļŦāļāđāļēāļāļĩāđ āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļąāļāļāļīāļāļāļāļ
āļĨāļāļŦāļĨāļąāđāļāļāļąāļāđāļāļāļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĒāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļāļē āđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļŦāđāļāļļāļāļāļ
āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāļāļāļīāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļāđāļŦāđāļāļĢāļĢāļĨāļļāļāļĨāļŠāđāļēāđāļĢāđāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļĩāđ
āļāļāļāđāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļēāļŦāļāļāđāļ§āđ
3
THE ORGANIZING PROCESS
STEP1
STEP 2
ReïŽect on plans
and objectives
Establish major
task
STEP 3
Divide major task
into subtasks
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60.
THE ORGANIZING PROCESS
STEP1
STEP 2
ReïŽect on plans
and objectives
Establish major
task
STEP 3
Divide major task
into subtasks
17
61.
THE ORGANIZING PROCESS
STEP1
STEP 2
ReïŽect on plans
and objectives
Establish major
task
STEP 3
STEP 4
Divide major task
into subtasks
Allocate
resources and
directives for
subtasks
17
62.
THE ORGANIZING PROCESS
STEP1
STEP 2
ReïŽect on plans
and objectives
Establish major
task
STEP 3
STEP 4
Divide major task
into subtasks
Allocate
resources and
directives for
subtasks
17
63.
THE ORGANIZING PROCESS
STEP1
STEP 2
ReïŽect on plans
and objectives
Establish major
task
STEP 3
STEP 5
Evaluate result of
organizing strategy
STEP 4
Divide major task
into subtasks
Allocate
resources and
directives for
subtasks
17
64.
THE ORGANIZING PROCESS
STEP1
STEP 2
ReïŽect on plans
and objectives
Establish major
task
STEP 3
STEP 5
Evaluate result of
organizing strategy
STEP 4
Divide major task
into subtasks
Allocate
resources and
directives for
subtasks
17
SPAN OF MANAGEMENT
Top
manager
A
B
C
D
Height
Top
manager
E
F
Manager1
A
B
C
Manager 2
D
Factor
1.Similarity of function
2. Geographic contiguity
3.Complexity of function
4.Coordinating
5.Planning
E
F
Factor has tendency to
increase span of
management when-
1.Subordinates have similar function
2.Subordinates are physically close
3..Subordinates have simple tasks
4. Work of subordinates needs little
coordination
5. Manager spends little time planning
Factor has tendency to
decrease span of
management when1.Subordinates have different functions
2.Subordinates are physically distant
3.Subordinates have complex tasks
4. Work of subordinates needs much
coordination
5. Manager spends much time planning
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CENTRALIZATION VS DECENTALIZATION
Morecentralization
More decentralization
Environment is stable
Environment is complex, uncertain.
Lower-level managers are not as capable or experienced at
making decision as upper-level managers
Lower-level managers are capable and experienced at making
decision.
Lower-level managers do not want to have a say in decisions.
Lower-level managers want a voice in decisions.
Decisions are signiïŽcant.
Decisions are relatively minor
Organization is facing a crisis or the risk of company failure.
Corporate culture is open to allowing managers to have say
what happens
Company is large
Company is geographically dispersed
Effective implementary of company strategies depends on
manager retaining say over what happens.
Effective implementation of company strategies depends on
manager having involvement and ïŽexibility to make decisions.
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79.
āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĒāļāđāļēāļāļēāļ
âĒ
Decentralization is theprocess of dispersing decision-making governance
closer to the people and/or citizens. It includes the dispersal of administration
or governance in sectors or areas like engineering, management science ,
political science, political economy, sociology and economics. Decentralization is
also possible in the dispersal of population and employment.
23
Administrative decentralization
Deconcentration
Deconcentration isthe weakest form of decentralization and is used most frequently in unitary
statesâredistributes decision making authority and ïŽnancial and management responsibilities
among different levels of the national government. It can merely shift responsibilities from
central government ofïŽcials in the capital city to those working in regions, provinces or
districts, or it can create strong ïŽeld administration or local administrative capacity under the
supervision of central government ministries.
Delegation
Delegation is a more extensive form of decentralization. Through delegation central governments transfer
responsibility for decision-making and administration of public functions to semi-autonomous organizations
not wholly controlled by the central government, but ultimately accountable to it. Governments delegate
responsibilities when they create public enterprises or corporations, housing authorities, transportation
authorities, special service districts, semi-autonomous school districts, regional development corporations,
or special project implementation units. Usually these organizations have a great deal of discretion in
decision-making. They may be exempted from constraints on regular civil service personnel and may be able
to charge users directly for services.
Devolution
Devolution is an administrative type of decentralisation. When governments devolve functions, they
transfer authority for decision-making, ïŽnance, and management to quasi-autonomous units of local
government with corporate status. Devolution usually transfers responsibilities for services to local
governments that elect their own elected functionaries and councils, raise their own revenues, and have
independent authority to make investment decisions. In a devolved system, local governments have clear and
legally recognized geographical boundaries over which they exercise authority and within which they
perform public functions. Administrative decentralization always underlies most cases of political
decentralization.
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TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATION
Simple structure
âĒLow departmentalization
âĒ Wide span of control
âĒ Authority centralized in a single person
âĒ Low formalization
Strength: Fast, ïŽexible, inexpensive to maintain; clear
accountability
Weakness: Not appropriate as organization glow; reliance
on one person is risky
Functional structure
âĒ Specialization
âĒ Increasingly bureaucratic
âĒ Functional departmentalization
Strength: Cost-saving advantage from specialization and
employees are group with other who have similar tasks
Weakness: Pursuit of functional goals can cause managers
to loss sight of whatâs best for overall organization
Divisional structure
âĒ Independent
âĒ Product/customer/geographical/process
departmentalization
Strength: Focuses on result- division managers are
responsible for what happens to their products and services
Weakness: Duplication of activities and resources
increases costs and reduces efïŽciency
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85.
CONTEMPORARY ORGANIZATION
Team-based structure
Learningorganization
Matrix structure
Project structure
Autonomous internal unit
Organization design
âĒ Boundaryless
âĒ Teams
âĒ Empowerment
Organization culture
âĒ Strong mutual relationship
âĒ Sense of community
âĒ Caring
âĒ Trust
Learning
organization
Information sharing
âĒ Open
âĒ Timely
âĒ Accurate
Leadership
âĒ Shared vision
âĒCollaboration
Boundaryless organization
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RESPONSIBILITY
Dividing job activities
âĒThefunctional similarity method
âĒExamine objectives
âĒDesignate activities necessary to reach
objectives
âĒDesign jobs by grouping similar activities
âĒMake individuals responsible for performing
jobs
âĒFunctional similarity and responsibility
Clarifying job activities
âĒGeneral responsibility
âĒOperating responsibility
âĒSpeciïŽc responsibility
âĒMust be consulted
âĒMay be consulted
âĒMust be notiïŽed
âĒMust approve
Responsible manager
Behavior with subordinates
âĒ Take complete charge of their work
groups
âĒ Pass praise and credit along to
subordinates
âĒ Stay close to problems and activities
âĒ Take actions to maintain productivity
and are willing to terminate poor
performers if necessary
Behavior with other groups
âĒ Make sure that any gaps between their
areas and those of other managers are
surely ïŽlled
Behavior with upper management
âĒ Accept criticism for mistakes and buffer
their groups from excessive criticism
âĒ Ensure that their groups meet
management expectations and objectives
Personal attitudes and values
âĒ Identity with the group
âĒ Put organizational goals ahead of
personal desires or activities
âĒ Perform tasks for which there is no
immediate reward but that help
subordinates, the company and both
âĒ Conserve corporate resources as if the
resources were their own
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88.
AUTHORITY
Type of authority
Hospitalboard
âĒ Line authority
âĒ Staff authority
âĒ Functional authority
Medical staff
Chief of staff
Medical staff
Executive committee
Medical
Surgical
Clinical
Pediatrics
department
Ob. Gyn.
Dental
CEO
Unit management team
Director
of nursing
services
Chief clinical nurse
Unit medical advisor
Services
departments
(Indirect)
Administrator assistant
hospital
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89.
DELEGATION
âĒGive employee freedomto pursue tasks in their own
way
âĒEstablish mutually agreed-upon results and performance
standards for delegated tasks
âĒEncourage employees to take an active role in deïŽning,
implementing, and communicating progress on tasks
âĒEntrust employees with completion for whole projects
or tasks whenever possible
âĒExplain the relevance of delegated tasks to larger
projects or to department or organization goals
âĒGive employees the authority necessary to accomplish
tasks
âĒAllow employees access to all information, people, and
departments necessary to perform delegated tasks
âĒProvide training and guidance necessary for employees
to complete delegated tasks satisfactorily
âĒWhen possible, delegate task on the basis of employee
interests
Centralization VS Decentralization
Maximum
delegation in
organization
Degree of
delegation
No
delegation in
organization
Decentralization
Centralization
Degree of
organization
organization
centralization
and
decentralization
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