Ancient Greece consisted of city-states located around the Mediterranean Sea. Greek civilization flourished during three main periods: the Archaic period saw the development of the polis system and colonial expansion, the Classical period was marked by the flourishing of democracy, arts, sciences and humanities in Athens, and the Hellenistic period began with Alexander the Great's conquests which spread Greek culture throughout his empire. Greek society was divided between citizen men and non-citizen groups like foreigners, slaves, and women who had limited rights.

1. 1 ESO. UNIT 10. ANCIENT GREECE. ANSWER KEY
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1. The map of Ancient Greece shows the territory occupied by modern Greece, Albania,
Macedonia, Cyprus and parts of Turkey.
2. Ancient Greece was surrounded by the Ionian, Aegean, and Mediterranean Seas.
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4. Greek colonies founded during the first period of expansion included Apollonia, Taras,
Syracuse, Rhodes, and Saguntum. Colonies founded during the second period of expansion
included Byzantium, Sinope, Tanais and Odessos.
6 • Aristocracy refers to the ruling minority of a city-state.
• Polis means a city-state, a local region with its own laws, government, and army.
• Coloniesare settlements established in regions away from the home country, usually for
trade or exploitation of resources.
7. Encouraged by overpopulationandthe desire to trade with other peoples,Greek expansion
resultedininteractionswithmanydifferentculturessuchasthe Phoenicians,Etruscans,Iberians
and Egyptians.
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1. Followingthe political reformsinAthensthatmade the polisademocracy,citizens(Athenian
men) participatedinpolitical life while women,slavesandmetics(foreigners)were notcitizens
and remained outside the democratic system.
2. a) The Athenian polis was ruled as a democracy, while Sparta was an oligarchy.
b) The most important Athenian leaders were the magistrates: archons were the chief
magistrates, and the strategoi led the army. In Sparta, two kings had military and religious
authority.
c) The Boule,or Atheniancouncil,wasmade up of 500 citizenschosenby ballotwhoprepared
the debates in the assembly. The Spartan Gerousia was a council formed by prestigious, older
citizens who drew up laws and were responsible for justice.

2. d) The Ekklesia, or Athenian assembly, was where all citizens met to vote laws, decide foreign
policy,andelectmagistrates.InSparta, on the other hand,the Apellaconsistedof all free men
over 30 years old but it had only limited powers.
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1. Both the First and Second Persian Wars were between the Greeks and the Persians.
2. The PeloponnesianWarwasastruggle fordominance betweentwoopposingleaguesof Greek
city-states, led by Sparta and by Athens. As a consequence of Sparta’s victory, it became the
leading polis. However, the war was so long and disastrous that all the Greek city-states were
left poorer and weaker than before.
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5. Modern countries now located in the areas conquered by Alexander the Great’s empire
include Turkey,Iran,Iraq, Syria,Greece, Jordan, Israel,Pakistan,Afghanistan,Tajikistan,Egypt,
and Greece.
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1. Citizens could participate in politics and could own land, while non-citizens could not.
2. Greeksocietyconsistedof citizensandnon-citizens.Citizens,whocouldonlybe adultmales,
paidtaxesandhadfull rights.The non-citizengroupswere foreigners,ormetics,whopaidtaxes
and fought in the army but could not own land; slaves; and women, who were either free or
slaves but enjoyed no rights in either case. Like other slaves, female slaves belonged to their
owners, while free women were under the control of the men of their families.
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2 a) • In mathematics,Pythagorasinventedthe Pythagoreantheoremingeometryinthe 6th
century BC. • In history, Herodotus was called the "Father of History". He lived in the 5th
century BC. • In philosophy, Socrates was the founder of ethics and moral philosophy in the
5th centuryBC. • In philosophy,Platosaidthatpeople followedreasoninsearchof truth and
beauty. He lived in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. • In medicine, Hippocrates developed
scientificmedicine.He livedinthe 5thand4thcenturiesBC.• Inphilosophy,Aristotleexamined
all fieldsof humanknowledge inthe4thcenturyB.• Inastronomy,Aristarchusarguedthatthe
Sun, not Earth, was at the centre of the solar system in the 3rd century BC. • In physics and
mathematics, Archimedes inventedhigher mathematics and many early machines in the 3rd
centuryBC. • Ingeography,Eratosthenesdemonstratedthatthe Earthisround.He livedinthe
3rd and 2nd centuries BC.

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1. A Greektemple wascomposedof the pronaosor entrance,the naosor mainhall,where the
statue of the god stood, and the opisthodomos, where offerings to the god were presented.
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2. a) The Parthenon was constructed with Doric columns.
b) The neoclassicstyle of architecture,featuredinmanygovernmentbuildingsof the 19th and
20th centuries, attempted to recapture the grace and perfection of classical Greek buildings.
This was a homage to Greece’s importance as the ‘cradle of democracy’.
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1. Archaic period –Showsverylittle movement.Classicalperiod –Representsbalance andideal
beauty. Hellenistic period – Dynamic, expressive, and emotional.
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1. Greece had historical periodsknownas:• the Archaic period,a time in whichthe poliswas
developed, and colonial expansion occurred. • the Classical period, when democracy
flourished, as did the arts, sciences, and humanities. • the Hellenistic period, in which
Alexander expanded his empire and spread Greek custom and culture.
Greece developed forms of government including: • Democracy, with different institutions:
Ekklesia, Boule, archons, strategoi. • Oligarchy, with different institutions: kings, Gerousia,
ephors, Apella.
Greece had a society formed of: • Citizens. • Non-citizens: metics, slaves, women.
Greece created architecture based on the orders: Doric, Corinthian and Ionic.