Wheat Crop ppt slidshare

Communication Series
THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com
BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586
Shiv Singh Yadav
Study – Banda University Of Agriculture and
technology Bnada,
Havenly Miss. Sapna
Study- CSAUAT , Kanpur

WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)
 Wheat , In India it is second important staple food crop, rice being
the first.
 In areas where rice is the staple cereal food it is eaten in the form
of 'chapatis'.In areas where rice is the staple cereal food wheat is
eaten in the form of 'puris' or in the form of 'upma'(cooked from
suji or rawa ). t is the world's most widely cultivated food crops.
 Beside staple food for human beings, wheat straw is good source
of feed for a large population of cattle in our country.

 Wheat compares well with other important cereals in its nutritive
value.
 It contains more protein than other cereals.Wheat has a relatively
high content of niacin and thiamin.
 Wheat proteins are of special significance. Besides, their
significance in nutrition, they are principally concerned in
providing the characteristic substances 'gluten' which is very
essential for bakers.
 In bakery gluten provides the structural and other baked products.
Flours of other cereals lacking gluten are, therefore, not good for
bread making.

ORIGIN AND HISTORY
 Wheat has been grown since pre -historic times, so long ago that the
origin of wheat is still a matter of speculation.
 All available records and evidence reveal its origin from the North East,
where wild forms of wheat were cultivated as early as 10,000 to 15,000
B. C.
 in the modern wheat, the most important cultivated wheat species are
Triticum aestivum (hexaploid) and triticum durum (tetraploid).

 The spread of wheat has also not been clearly established. Ancient
Chinese record indicate its cultivation in China around 2700 B. C.
 In the Indian context, Mohenjodaro excavation show that wheat was
used throughout the Harappan period from 2300 to 1750 B.C.
 This wheat was hexaploid and appears to have originated in the
North-Western sector of the Indian subcontinent.

AREA AND DISTRIBUTION
 Wheat is the world's leading cereal crop, cultivated over an area of
about 215 million hectares with a production of 764.4 million tonnes of
grains(2017-18).
 Maximum area under wheat is in China followed by India, Russian fed
and USA. In production France stands first followed by U.S.A.
 In India wheat is the main cereal crop

CLASSIFICATION
 Wheat is an annual plant of Gramineae Family .It belongs to genus
Triticum.
 Although as many as 18 species of wheat have been described and
recognised by Percival (1921) only a few are of importance in
agriculture.
 The following is the classification on the basis of chromosomal number:

Einkorn series(diploid) chromosome No
 1.Triticumaegiloploids. 7
 2.Triticummonecoccum. 7
Einkorn series(tetraploid)
 1.Triticumdicoccoides. 14
 2.Triticumtimopheevi. 14
 3.Triticumpersicum. 14
 4. Triticumpolonicum. 14
 5.Triticumturgidum. 14
 6.Triticumorientale. 14
 7. Triticum durum. 14
 8.Triticumdicoccum. 14

Dinkale series(hexaploid)
 1.Triticumspelta. 21
 2.Triticummacha. 21
 3.Triticum aestivum or vulgare 21
 In India only three species of wheat namely Triticum aestivum(common
bread wheat), Triticum dicoccum (emmer wheat) are economically
important.
 The bread wheat(Triticum aestivum) is the most important species
accounting to a little over 87 percent of the total wheat production of India
followed by the durum wheat (about 12 %) and dicoccum wheat (about
1%).

 The common wheat(T.aestivum)which is good for chapati making
and bakery products, is grown in whole of North India and also in
Central and South India.
 The durum wheat which is good for 'suji', 'semya', spaghetti and
macaroni' is grown only in Central and South India and that too
under rainfed conditions.
 The dicoccum wheat is grown only on limited acreage in Tamil
Nadu,AndhraPradesh,Maharashtra and Gujarat. It is good for the
South Indian dish 'Uppumav'.

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
 Wheat plant can be divided into two distinct parts viz., root system and
shoot system.
 Root system:-
 PRIMARY ROOT SYSTEM OR TEMPORARY ROOT SYSTEM
 It forms at the time of seed germination and absorbs nutrients for the
young seeding. It arises at the depth where seeds is planted. As plant
growth progresses, the primary root system usually dies and is replaced
by the more permanent secondary root system.

SECONDARY ROOT SYSTEM
 It arises at a point above the primary root system as the principle
organ of absorption as the young wheat seeding progresses to
maturity.
 It is the root system which arises near the soil surface at the time of
crown root initiation stage (usually 21-25 days after sowing in
Mexican dwarf wheat).
 It is a permanent root system.

Shoot System
 Shoot System
Collectively applies to all plants visible above the ground.
It is composed of stems, leaves and inflorescence (flowering and
fruiting clusters). A stem and inflorescence may be called a culm.
STEM
 The stem of wheat plant is round or cylindrical.
 In most varieties of the bread wheat at the stem are hollow , except
at the nodes where they are solid, but in a few varieties of macaroni
wheat the internodes are completely filled with soft pith.

LEAVES
 Leaf consist of four parts:
 Leaf sheath :It is the basal part of the leaf. It encircles the
culm(stem) and protects the growing point and axillary buds from
the weather, and provides some support to stem.
 Leaf blade :The flattened, parallel veined portion of the leaf.
 Ligule: A membranous or cartilaginous fringe at the junction of the
sheath and the blade on the sides of the leas next to culm. The
continuation of the sheath through the collar is known as the ligule.
 Auricle : Lobes of the leaf blade which extend downward on each
side at the junction of the blade and she

INFLORESCENCE
 The flowering portion of the wheat plant is called 'ear' or 'head', but
in botanical language it is a spike.
 Spikelets are systematically arranged and are distributed along a
common axis. The central zigzag axis is the rachis.
 The spikelets are borne on alternate sides of the rachis , which gives
it a zigzag appearance.
 Spikelet: spikelet is composed of flowers called florets. The
number of florets in a spikelet may vary from 1-5.The florets in each
spikelet are enclosed by two glumes.

 Florets: The outer covering of a floret is made up of a lemma and a
palea. The lemma enfolds the palea near their attachment point. If an
awn is present it is attached to the lemma.
 Kernel: wheat has a caryopsis type of fruit. The typical wheat kernel
is from 3-10 millimeter in length and from 3-5 millimeter in
diameter. The composition of a wheat kernel is :

 The germ(the embryo, consisting of plumule,scutellum radicle and
hypocotyl) comprises about 2.5 per cent. It is high in proteins and
fats.
 The bran(pericarp, testa, nucellus, and aleurone layer) comprises as
much as 14 per cent. It is a by-product of milling and is used in dairy
and poultry feeds. Small amounts are used in dairy and poultry feeds.
Small amounts are used in breakfast cereal.
 The starchy endosperm( the storage part of the caryopsis that
develops from the union of polar nuclei with the endosperm nucleus)
comprises from 83 to 87 per cent.

CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS
 Wheat crop has wide adaptability. It can be grown not only in the
tropical and sub-tropical zones but also in the temperate zone and
the cold tracts of the far north, beyond even the 60* north latitude.
 Wheat can tolerate severe cold and snow and resume growth with the
setting in of warm weather is spring.
 It can be cultivated from sea level to as high as 3300 metres. The
bestwheats are produced in areas favoured with cool, moist weather
during the major portion of the growing period followed by dry,
warm weather to enable the grain to ripen properly.

 The optimum temperature range for ideal germination of wheat seed
is 20 to 25*C though the seeds can germinate in the temperature
range 3.5-35*C.
 Rains just after sowing hamper germination and encourage seedling
blight.
 Areas with a warm and damp climates are not suited for wheat
growing
 During the heading and flowering stage excessively high or low
temperature and drought are harmful to wheat.
 Cloudy weather,with high humidity and low temperature is
conductive for rust attack.

 Wheat plants requires about 14-15*C optimum average temperature
at the time of ripening.
 The temperature conditions at the time of grain filling and
development are very crucial for yield. Temperatures above 25*C
during this period tend to depress grain weight.
 When temperatures are high, too much energy is lost through the
process of transpiration by the plants and the reduced residual
energy results in poorer grain formation and lower yields. Wheat is
mainly a Rabi(winter) season crop in India.

SOIL
 Wheat is grown in a variety of soils in India.
 Soils with a clay loam or loam texture, good structure and moderate
water holding capacity are ideal for wheat cultivation.
 Heavy soils with good drainage are suitable for wheat cultivation
under dry conditions. These soils absorb and retain rain water well.
 Heavy soils with poor structure and poor drainage are not suitable as
wheat is sensitive to water logging .
 wheat can be successfully grown on lighter soils provided their water
and nutrient holding capacities are improved.

 In India the wheat growing areas can be mainly divided into five soil
divisions, viz;
(1) The gangetic alluvium of Uttar pradesh and Bihar.
(2) The indus alluvium of the Punjab and Haryana.
(3) The black soil regions of central and southern India comprising
Madhya pradesh and parts of Maharashtra and karnataka .
(4) The hilly regions of the Himalaya and elsewhere, and
(5) The desert soils of Rajasthan.

VARIETIES

Variety Year of Yield Area of Characteristics
release (q/ha) adoption
HD 2733 2001 5 t/ha NEPZ resistant to all three rusts
VSM
HW 2045 2002 4.1 t/ha NEPZ heat tolerant
Kaushambi
HD 2824 2004 4.6 t/ha NEPZ resistant to rust and leaf blight
Poorva
HD 2864 2004 4.6 t/ha Central zone resistant to brown and black rust
Urja

HD 2851 2005 5.6 t/ha NCR Resistant to all three rusts
Pusa Vishesh
WR 544 2005 3.73 t/ha NCR Suitable for late sown conditions
Pusa Gold
HD 2888 2006 2.25 t/ha NEPZ Resistant to leaf and stem rust
Pusa wheat 107
HD 2833 2006 3.89 t/ha Peninsular zone Suitable for late sown Pusa
Tripti conditions

HD 2932 2006 3.89 t/ha Central zone suitable for late sown
Pusa Wheat 111 conditions
HD 2984 2008 5.2 t/ha NCR Resistant to leaf rust
Pusa Wheat 109
HD 4713 2008 4.71 t/ha NCR Resistant to brown rust
Pusa wheat 110

HD 2987 2010 3-3.2 t/ha peninsular zone suitable for restricted
Pusa Bahar irrigated and rainfed areas
HW 5207 2010 5.2 t/ha southern hill zone suitable for restricted
Pusa Navagiri irrigated, timely sown
conditions
HI 1563 2011 3.8 t/ha NEPZ suitable for late sown
conditions
HD 3043 2012 4.28 t/ha NWPZ resistant to stripe and leaf
rust

HD 2967 2010 5.04 t/ha NWPZ & NEPZ resistant to leaf & yellow
rust
HD 2985 2010 3.5-4 t/ha NEPZ resistant to major diseases
Pusa Basant
HD 4728 2015 5.42 t/ha Central zone semi-dwarf, resistant to
Pusa Malvi stem and leaf rust
HS 562 2015 5.2 t/ha Northern hill zone resistant to stripe & leaf
rust

HS 542 2015 3.3 t/ha NE hills Semi-dwarf, resistant to
Pusa Kiran stripe and leaf rust
HW 1098 2015 4.55 t/ha Dicoccum growing resistant to stem, leaf &
Nilgiri Khapli regions yellow rust
HDCSW 18 2015 6.28 t/ha NCR resistant to high
temperature
brown rust and karnal bunt
HD 3117 2015 4.7 t/ha NCR free from brown &
yellow rust

Recommended varieties for Bundelkhand region:
 Pusa Bahar (HD-2987)
 Pusa Wheat-107 (HD-2888)
 Harshita (HI-1531)
 Pusa Aditya (HD-2781)

CROPPING SYSTEM –
In India many rotations of crops involving wheat are feasible.
 Rotation Duration
 Rice-wheat
 Maize -wheat
 Pigeon pea-wheat
 Maize-wheat-cotton-barseem
 Maize-wheat- sugarcane-ratoon
 Maize-toria -wheat- moong

Field preparation-
 Wheat crop requires a well pulverised but compact seed-bed for good
and uniform germination. In irrigated areas wheat is usually sown
after kharif crops like maize, paddy, sorghum, Blackgram,
Greengram etc. After the harvest of previous crop, the field should be
ploughed with disc or mouldboard plough, where tractor is available
 One deep ploughing followed by two to three harrowings with disc or
tines and 2-3 planking should be given to prepare a well pulverised
seed bed.
 Harrowing or four to five inter cross ploughing with local plough
should be done. Planking should be done after each ploughing with
local ploughing.One pre-sowing irrigation 7-10 days before seeding is
necessary to ensure good germination.

Seed and sowing-
 Selection of seed – only healthy seeds of right variety suitable for a
particular locality should be selected for sowing. Always use certified
seed. If seed is not treated, treat with Vitavex, Thiram or Agrosan
G.N. at the rate of 2.5 g per kg seed.
 Time of sowing- The optimum time of sowing varieties depends upon
following factors:
1. Type of variety[duration]
2. Weather condition
3. Soil temperature
4. Irrigation facilities
5. Land preparation
6. Availability of inputs.

Seed rate and spacing:
 Seed rate varies with variety used depending upon its seed size and
germination percentage, tillering ability, time of sowing, and method
of sowing.
 In favourable condition- 100kg per hec
 In late sowing condition- 125 kg per hec
 In dibbler method- 25-3o kg per hec
 Spacing- For normal sown crop a spacing of 20 to 22.5 cm b/w rows
in recommended. When sowing is delayed a closer spacing of 15 to 18
cm should be adopted.

Depth of sowing-
 The coleoptile length is shorter in case of mexican wheat as compared
to tall varieties . The coleoptile length of high yielding variety is about
5 cm. Therefore seeds of these varieties should be covered not by
more than 5 cm soil.
 Seeds of semi dwarf varieties could be sown at the depth of 5-6 cm .
 In late sown crop seeds should be sown shallow about 4 cm deep.

Methods of sowing-
Wheat is sown by four methods:
Broadcasting:
 In this methods the seeds are broadcast and then worked in by harrowing in
order to cover them. However, the seeds are not uniformly distributed in the
field. This method of sowing is very in sufficient and should not be
encouraged. Germination of broadcast seed is relatively poor and The plant
stand is often irregular. Wastage of seed also results because most of the
seed is left on the surface where they can't germinate and may, therefore, be
picked up and eaten by birds.
 Behind local plough- A majority of farmers use this method. This method
consists of dropping the seeds by hand into the furrows. That have been
opened with local plough when seed is dropped in furrows by hand, it is
called 'Kera' method.

 when it is dropped through a Pora or Nai or Hazara a special attachment
with local plough it is called 'Pora' method. In this method seeds are
dropped at a depth of 5-6cm and germination is satisfactory.
Drilling-
 In this method seed is sown by seed Drill or ferti seed drill. With the help
of this implement seeds drop at uniform depth and results in uniform
germination and regular stand. Seed bed should be fine and well levelled
free from clods and weeds for the use of seed drill or ferti-seed drill. They
may be either bullock driven or tractor driven. Ferti- seed drill should be
used where ever possible to ensure uniform depth of sowing, proper
placement of fertilizers and good germination.

Dibbling method:
 This method is used in case where supply of seed is limited.
 Sowing is done with the help of a small implement known as Dibbler.
 It is a wooden or iron frame with pegs.
 The frame is released in the field and lifted and then one or two seeds
are dropped by hand in each of the hole.
 It is not common a method because it is a very time consuming
process.

Zero tillage technique-
 This new method is used in rice- wheat cropping system where
sowing of wheat is delayed beyond 25 November.
 Sowing is delayed due to multiple reason, viz, preparation of field,
uncertain rainfall and rice harvesting with traditional method.
 Out of these , the field preparation is one of the most important
reasons, which causes delay in wheat sowing.
 After harvesting of rice crop, field requires at least 6-8 tillage
operations in ploughing and harrowing for sowing of wheat, in
which generally 10 -15 days are required for proper field
preparation.

 A zero-till-ferti-seed-drill machine has been developed at G.B.
Pant university of agriculture and technology, Pant Nagar by
which direct sowing of wheat is done in rice field without
ploughing.
 This helps advancing the sowing of wheat as the time required for
field preparation is saved.
 Zero tillage can be adopted with following precautions-
1. At the time of sowing there should be proper moisture in the
field.
2. Rice should be harvested near the ground and the leftover
stubble should not be more than 15 cm in height and field should be
free from weeds .

3. At the time of sowing the seed drill should be lifted up or
lower down very slowly to avoid chocking of furrow opener by
soil, otherwise seeds and fertilizer will not drill in the furrow.
4. Seed should be treated with Vitavax or Bavistin at the rate of
2.5 g/kg of wheat seed, Seed rate should be 140-150 kg/ha.
5. Sowing depth should be maintained about 5 -6cm.
6. After, sowing by zero tillage drill, other package of practices
remains the same as in other methods.

MANURES AND FERTILIZER
 Manures and fertilizers both play important role in wheat cultivation.
use of manure improve the general physical condition and structure
of the soil and it capacity to hold water .
 About 10 to 15 tonnes of the rotted farm yard manure or compost
should be applied 4 to 6 week before showing and work well into the
soil.
 The high yielding dwarf variety of the wheat fully exhibits their yield
potential only when supply with adequate quantity of nutrient at
proper time.
 The crop of wheat yielding 50 quintal of grain per hectares remove
100 to 150 kg Nitrogen,70- 80 kg phosphorus and 125 to 150 kg
potash from the soil.

Fertilizer recommendations
 Recommend dose – 120 kg N, 60 kg P2O5, 40 kg K2O,
 Irrigate timely sown crop in all zone.
 And half of N full quality of P2O5 and K2O should be drilled about
5 cm below the seeds at the time of sowing .
 The remaining half N should be top dressed at the first irrigation.
 Rainfed conditions peninsular and central zone recommend dose
60 kg N, 30 kg P2O5, 20 kg K2O,
 Rainfed condition total quantity of N and P2O5 and K2O should
be applied 8-10 cm deep in soil at or before sowing

Nutrients and time of application
Nitrogen.
 The wheat plant absorb much of nitrogen by the time of
flowering, but absorb of nitrogen continue till maturity.
 Critical concentration of nitrogen in wheat leaves is reported
to be 2.5 per cent below which deficiency symptoms appear.
 In the absence of adequate supply of nitrogen, wheat plant
and turn yellow and growth becomes stunted.
 There’s poor tailoring and few tillers bear small ear heads.
Grains are also not fully developed. All of these results in
poor yield.
 Indian soils are universally deficiency of nitrogen and call for
adequate nitrogen application.

Phosphorus
 Phosphorus is a critical nutrient for wheat growth,
particularly for dwarf wheat; about 25% increase in response
to NPK application is attributed to Phosphorus.
 Phosphorus deficiency also reduce the number and size of
grains.
 The crops yield response have been observed up to 60 kg
phosphorus per hectares.
 Water soluble phosphorus fertilizer such as diaamonium
phosphate and super phosphate are more efficient .

Potassium
 Wheat respond to potassium up to 40-50 kg K2O per hectares
in the soil having low to medium levels of potassium.
 Most of the potassium in the wheat is absorbed by seven
weeks before the maturity of crops.
 Potassium difference adversely affects the grains productivity
as well as quality.
 Potash fertilizer should be applied at the time of sowing ; it
can also be top-dressed at the time of first irrigation.
 Example: Murate of potash, potassium sulphate.

Sulphur
 In most crops the younger leaves turn yellow due to S
deficiency.
 In contract it is the older leafs than turn yellow due to N
deficiency.
 Source, ammonium sulphate (21% N, 24% S) & SSP (12% S).
 Most of S applied to soil at sowing.
 Quantity of sulphur should be added at sowing time ,will be
10-15 kg/ha.

Integrated nutrients management (INM)
 Farmyard manure and green manure are generally applied to
kharif crops in crops rotation
 When wheat is the succeeding crops. In Long – term experiment,
where 10-15 tonnes FYM/ ha year was applied in kharif season,
 Its impact on wheat yield range from 2-27% and there was a clear
tendency that it increased with time.
 Biofertilizers also constitute an important components of the INM
or IPNS.
 Azotobacter inoculation increase wheat yield by 10-30% .

Water management
 Wheat is required about 300-400 mm of irrigation water, depending upon
climate factor , soils characteristics and the duration of variety.
 About 90% of area under wheat in India is irrigated Scheduling of
irrigation.
 With the introduction of high-yielding dwarf wheat in India, irrigation at
critical stage of wheat growth received considerable attention.
1. Crown roots initiation-21 DAS;
2. Late Tillering -42 DAS;
3. Late jointing-60 DAS;
4. Flowering stage -80 DAS;
5. Milking stage-95 DAS;
6. Dough stage-115 DAS;

Methods of irrigation
 Furrow irrigation has become possible in wheat with the
introduction of FIRB ( furrow-irrigated raised bed) of wheat
cultivation.
 It certainly increased water use efficiency. In FIRB system, first
irrigation apply immediately after sowing for proper germination.
 Border strip is most common adopted method of irrigation,
followed by check basin method.
 Spring irrigation is also finding its way in wheat crops,
 specially on light soils having sand dunes, where border strip or
even check basin is not possible.

Weed control
 Weed emerge with the emerging crops seeding and if not controlled
in the early stages of crops growth
 these May cause reduction in yield varying from 10-40% depending
upon the intensity and kind of weed present in an area.
 Grassy weed: Phalaris minor ( little canary grass, mandusi, kanaki,
guli danda) , Avena tatha.
 Ludivociana(wildoat, jangli jaee), cynodon dactylon (bermuda grass,
doob), poa annua (annual meadow, poa ghas), polypogon
Monospliensis ( foxtail grass, lomari ghas).

List of herbicides:
Herbicide Dosage(kg a.i./ha) Time of application
2,4-D 0.40 5 weeks after
sowing (3-5 leaf
stage)
Avadex 1.00 Pre-planting mixing
to top 2-3 cm soil.
Nitrofen (TOK-E-
25)
1.5 Pre-emergence or
post-emergence 10
days after first
irrigation
Asulam 1.5 Post-emergence 25
DAS
Isoproturon 1.0 30-35 DAS
Source:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3195266
02_Weed_Management_in_Wheat

Diseases
Rust. Rust are caused by three different species
of the fungus Puccinia.
 Brown rust. Caused by Puccinia recondita tritici
 It’s develop on mainly the leaves but in severe
attack, these appear on sheath and stem as well.
 It is also leaf rust.
 This rust is most widespread in the country and
generally the most damaging in several area.

Yellow rust: Caused by Puccinia striiformis.
 In the mild attack of this rust, uredia are formed chiefly on the leaves,
 but in case of severe attack, these appear on leafs sheath, stalks and glumes as
well.
Black rust: Caused by puccinia graminis tritici.
 Also known as stem rust. The stem is often most severely affected.
 The pustules of black rust are reddish brown in colour and elongated in shape.

Control measures
 Grow rust residents variety of wheat recommendation for particular area
HD-2733, HD-2189, HD-2428, U. P. 2425
 Late sown crops is more exposed to rust damage.
 Damage by wheat rust may be minimised by spraying zineb or Mancozeb
75 wp. Spray 0.2% Zineb or Mancozeb 75 WP
 Give first spray when rust pustules are seen. This normally occurs during
the last week of January first week of February.
 Give second spray 10 day after the first, use 750 litres solution per
hectares
 Give third and forth spray at an interval 13 day ,use 1000 litre solution
per hectare.

Loose smut:
 This destructive disease of wheat is caused by a smut fungus,
Ustilago nuda tritici.
 Terminal symptoms in all the variety is the production of black
powder in place of wheat grain in the ears.
 Almost every ear of the disease plants is concerted in to black
powder
Control:
 Grow resistance variety like VL-719, 646,.
 Since loose smut fungus totally depends on wheat seed for its
survival and carry -over from one season to another,
 Chemical control fungicide vitavax 75WP 2g/ Kg seed

Karnal bunt
 First observed in experimental seed plot at karnal ( Haryana) in 1930,was
regarded as a very minor disease of wheat till recently.
 But now this disease has become a problem in many places in northern
India, mainly in the Himalayan foot -hill and tarai region.
 This disease is caused by the fungus called Neovossia indica.
 A portion of the grains along its groove is converted in to black powder
mass.
Control:- Avoid planting highly susceptible wheat variety. Seed treating seed
with vitavax at the rate of 2.5 g/ kg seed.
 Avoid excessive irrigation particularly during flowering of wheat crops.
 Avoid continuous cropping of wheat in the same field.

Karnal bunt

Alternaria leaf blight
 Caused by Alternaria triticina.
 The disease first make it appears as small, oval,
discoloured lesions, irregular scattered on the leaves.
 The spot become irregular in shape as these enlarge and
take up dark brown to grey colour.
Control measure.
 Apply adequate fertilizer and irrigation.
 0.2% zineb Or mancozeb 75 WP Spray .
 yellow marginal zone is some time seen around the spot
.
 The disease spread very fast under warm and humid
conditions.

Powdery Mildew
 Caused by: Erysiphe graminis tritici.
 This disease is characterised by formation of white, powdery growth
of the fungus on the upper surface of leaves.
 The white growth contains mycelium and spores of fungus.
 Later on, the colour of the powdery growth becomes grey or brown.
Control measure. Grow residents variety like WH-283, 542.
 Burn crops refused in the field after harvesting is over.
 Spraying with a mixture of Mancozeb 75 WP and Karathane has been
found beneficial.
 Prepare mixture by mixing 16 part of Mancozeb 75 WP and 4 part of
Karathane 25 wettable powder. Spray mixture at the rate of two kg in
1000 litre water per hectares.

INSECT PESTS
 Wheat is attacked by number of insect-pests and rodents both in the field and
in storage. Some of the most important and common ones are giving below.
 Termites –
 Termites damage the crop soon after sowing and sometimes near maturity .
 The damaged plants dry up completely and are easily pulled out. The plants
damaged at later stages give rise to white ears.
 Infestation is heavy under un irrigated condition and in the fields where un
decomposed farm yard manure(FYM) is applied before sowing.
 For the control of this insect 2% methyl parathion dust @ of20 – 25 kg per
hectare and mix it well in the soil at the time of last ploughing before sowing.

INSECT PESTS
Army Worms –
 Caterpillers of this insect feed on plants particularly tender parts during
the night and hide during the day time.
 They damaged leaves and earhead also .
 They May be controlled by dusting of 2% Methyl parathion dust @ of 25
kg per hectare .
 A spray of Carbaryl(sevin 50 WP) @of 2.5 kg per hectare in 800 liters
of water per hectare will also control this insect.

INSECT PESTS
 Brown wheat mite, Aphids and jassids
 These leaf sucking insects also damage the wheat crop
resulting in discolouration of leaves.
 To control these pests spray Quinalphos 25 EC @ of 1.25
litres per hectare is 1000 litres of water.
Gujhia weevil -
 It attacks germinating seedlings. As a result of heavy
infestation plants die out .
 Control measure for this insect 2% methyl parathion
dust @of 20 – 25 kg per hectare and mix well in the soil
at the time of last ploughing before sowing .

RODENT
Field Rats
 They cause heavy loss to what crop and do considerable damage to
the harvested crops lying in stacks in the field.
 For the control of field rats close all burrows in the evening and
fumigate the reopened burrows of rates in the morning time with
aluminium phosphide @ of 1 tablet of 0.5g per Small burrows and
3.0 g per large burrow.
 In case or reappearance in the same field, bait with cumarin(ratafin)
@ of 1kg of prepared bait ( 1 part cumarin: 19 part wheat or maize
flour, 1 part molasses and 1 part mustard oil).

HARVESTING AND THRESHING
 High yielding dwarf varieties of wheat should be harvested when the
leaves and stems turn yellow and become fairly dry .
 To avoid loss in yield crop should be harvested before it is dead ripe .
 When harvesting is not done in time, grain may be lost due to damage by
rats , birds , insects , shattering and consumer acceptance . The right stage
for harvesting is when there is abo25 -30% moisture in grains .
 Harvesting is normally done with serrate edged sickles by hand .
 Bullock-driven reapers are also used occasionally .
 Combines are also available which can do harvesting, threshing and
winnowing what crop in single operation

 After harvesting the crop by hand , it is dried for
three to four days on the threshing floor and then
threshing is done by trampling bullocks or thresher
attached to bullocks.
 Now-a-days power driven stationary threshers are
becoming more popular because these are easy in
operation and hasten the process.

YIELD
 When cultivation of high yielding dwarf varieties of wheat is done
with improved scientific method, they produce about 45 – 55
quintals of grain per hectare under irrigated condition.
 And 20 – 25 quintals per hectare under rainfed condition.
 For safe storage, grain should be cleaned and dried well in sun for a
few days so that moisture content of the grain comes down to 10 –
12% .

Post Harvest Technology
 Wheat is usually ground into flour before used as food.
 Earlier days stone grinding was done.
 Nowadays steel roller mills are available for grinding.

Process of milling
• Before milling wheat is tempered by adding water about 24 to 48 hours earlier to
milling so that the moisture of grains comes around 14%.
 This allows better separation of bran from the endosperm.
 Wheat is eaten as atta in the north and west, in the south and east as
maida and suji.
 Rava is consumed mainly in the south. Pasta is a mixture of flour and
salt.
 Pasta products comprise vermicelli, noodles, macaroni and spaghetti.

Storage
 If the moisture content of grain is more than 12% they are eaten up by
storage pests.
 There is marked deterioration in weight, taste, nutrients or nutritive
value and germination of wheat grains when they are stored.
 Safe storage means ensuring that the stored grains retain their original
weight, taste, nutritive value and germination.

Important points:
Botanical name of wheat Triticum aestivum
Macroni wheat is known as Triticum durum
Most critical stage for sowing CRI (21DAS)
Gene responsible for dwarfness in wheat Norin-10
Important mimicry of weed Phalaris minor
Test weight of wheat seed 40g
Drift hazard in to adjoining pulse crop is due
to spray of
2,4 D
Triple Gene dwarf varities of wheat Heera, Moti, Arjun
First man made cereal Triticale

Cont…
Wheat protein is essential for good
bread quality
Gluten
Export quality of wheat is influenced by Karnal bunt
Dwarfing agent for wheat crop Cyocel
Objectionable weed of wheat Convolves arvensis
In wheat the most common
hybridization method is
Goojo method
Absolute weed of wheat is Chenopodium album
Recommend Ratio for wheat + mustard
intercropping
9:1
Biofertilizer for wheat Azotobacter
Multi lines in wheat is produced by Back crossing method
Indian wheat varieties contain gene Rht-1 and Rht-2

HARVEST INDEX
 H.I = Economic yield/Biological yield *100
= Sink/source *100
 H.I of whet 30 percent in old cultivars .
 50 percent in new caltivars .

YIELD ATTRIBUTING CHARACTER OF WHEAT
 1. No of effective tiller per unit area .
 2. No of fertile spike per penicle .
 3. No of grains per spiklets .
 4. No of grains per penicle .
 5. Weight of 1000 grains .

Yield estimation of wheat crop
 Y= a X b X c /1000 x 1000
 Y= yield kg /ha
 a= plant population/ha
 b= no of grains /plant
 c= test weight

GROWTH H PARAMETERS OF WHEAT
• Total dry matter .
• Leaf area index .
• Crop growth ratio and net assimilation leaf area ratio .
• Relative leaf growth rate .
• Specific leaf area and leaf weight ratio.

THANK YOU

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