3. Integrated Catchment Management - Conceptual understanding
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This presentation was given as part of the EPA-funded Catchment Science and Management Course focusing on Integrated Catchment Management, held in June 2015. This course was delivered by RPS Consultants. If you have any queries or comments, or wish to use the material in this presentation, please contact catchments@epa.ie It is increasingly being recognised internationally that integrated catchment management (ICM) is a useful organising framework for tackling the ongoing challenge of balancing sustainable use and development of our natural resource, against achieving environmental goals. The basic principles of ICM (Williams, 2012) are to: • Take a holistic and integrated approach to the management of land, biodiversity, water and community resources at the water catchment scale; • Involve communities in planning and managing their landscapes; and • Find a balance between resource use and resource conservation ICM is now well established in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. In Europe the ICM approach has been proposed as being required to achieve effective water and catchment management, and is the approach being promoted by DEFRA for the UK, where it is called the “Catchment Based Approach” (CaBA). The principles and methodologies behind ICM sit well within the context of the Water Framework Directive with its aims and objectives for good water quality, sustainable development and public participation in water resource management. In Ireland it is proposed that the ICM approach will underlie the work and philosophy in developing and implementing future River Basin Management Plans.
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3. Integrated Catchment Management - Conceptual understanding
- 2. Learning Outcomes • What is Characterisation • Available Data • The Source – Pathway – Receptor Concept • Principal Pressure Sources in Irish Catchments
- 3. Build Partnership Create an ICM Vision Characterise the Catchment Undertake further characterisation Identify & Evaluate Possible Management Strategies Design an Implementation Programme Implement the River Basin Management Plan Measure Progress and Make Adjustments Steps in the Integrated Catchment Management (ICM) Process (adapted from USEPA (2008) •Gather existing data and create a catchment inventory •Identify data gaps and gather additional data, if needed •Analyse Data •Identify causes and sources of pollution •Estimate pollutant loads •Evaluate hydromorphological pressures •Undertake risk assessments •Collect and evaluate local information •Locate critical source areas (CSAs) •Undertake investigative monitoring •Undertake catchment walks •Estimate load reductions needed
- 4. Lough Guitane, Co Kerry.. Kilmaine Spring, Co. Mayo. Doovilra Strand, Killary Harbour, Co Galway. Pictures Source Donal Daly EPA.
- 5. Lough Guitane, Co Kerry.. Kilmaine Spring, Co. Mayo. Doovilra Strand, Killary Harbour, Co Galway. Pictures Source Donal Daly EPA. Catchment Characterisation (knowing and understanding our catchments) is the foundation of water resources management
- 6. CHARACTERISING THE CATCHMENT •Gather existing data •Identify data gaps •Collect additional data if needed •Analyse data •Estimate pollution loads •Identify causes and sources of pollution. Catchment Physical Setting Function – Interactions / vulnerability Receptors (water bodies) and Related Environmental Standards
- 7. FURTHER CHARACTERISATION Local Information - drilling down Critical source areas (CSAs) - contribute more pollutants than other portions of a catchment Catchment walks focussed on CSAs and investigative monitoring to enable detailed analysis and identification of the causes, sources (including location) of impacts that need to be controlled.
- 9. First – What’s Already Been Done? Monitoring: Licensing & Enforcement information, knowledge and expertise, especially locally (sub-catchment scale) Geoscientific and pathways information Source Donal Daly EPA. Source Donal Daly EPA. Source Donal Daly EPA.
- 10. What information is available? Waterbodies - identified, described and their status classified Land use and risks to waters were assessed, the pressures and potential measures outlined Priority areas have been proposed (PAs, High Status Areas) Monitoring programmes are in place –surveillance and routine Regulatory instruments are largely in place for evaluation of results and control Tools/Models developed to inform / support management decisions (GIS, Sensitivity Maps) Stakeholders and their roles broadly defined
- 11. Data Topic Dataset common name WFD Article 3 River Basin District Boundaries WFD Register of Protected Areas Birds Directive WFD Register of Protected Areas Ecomonic Species Protection WFD Register of Protected Areas Habitats Directive WFD Register of Protected Areas Nutrient Sensitive Areas WFD Register of Protected Areas Nutrient Sensitive Rivers WFD Register of Protected Areas Recreational Waters (beaches) WFD Register of Protected Areas Recreational Waters (lakes) WFD Register of Protected Areas Drinking Water WFD Base Layers River Segment Lines WFD Base Layers River Segment Attributes WFD Base Layers Lake Segment Lines WFD Base Layers Lake Segment Attributes WFD Base Layers Hydrological DTM WFD Base Layers Catchments WFD Base Layers Sub-Catchments WFD Base Layers Hydrometric Areas WFD Base Layers Water Management Units WFD Article 5 - Risk Risk Scores (as reported 2005) WFD Article 5 - Risk Risk Test Details (as reported 2005) WFD Article 5 - Risk Risk Scores (most current) WFD Article 5 - Risk Risk Test Details (most current) WFD Article 5 - Diffuse Pressures Corine 2000 WFD Article 5 - Diffuse Pressures Corine 2006 WFD Article 5 - Diffuse Pressures Forestry WFD Article 5 - Diffuse Pressures Unsewered Areas WFD Article 5 - Point Pressures IPPC Licenses WFD Article 5 - Point Pressures EPA Waste Licenses WFD Article 5 - Point Pressures Abstractions WFD Article 5 - Point Pressures Combined Sewer Overflows WFD Article 5 - Point Pressures Non-EPA Landfills WFD Article 5 - Point Pressures Mines WFD Article 5 - Point Pressures Quarries WFD Article 5 - Point Pressures Section 4 Licenses WFD Article 5 - Point Pressures Towns WFD Article 5 - Point Pressures Water Treatment Plants WFD Article 5 - Point Pressures Waste Water Treatment Plants
- 12. WFD Article 8 - Monitoring Surface Water Monitoring Stations WFD Article 8 - Monitoring Groundwater Monitoring Stations WFD Article 8 - Monitoring Groundwater Parameters WFD Article 8 - Monitoring Groundwater Programmes WFD Article 8 - Monitoring Groundwater Station Details WFD Article 8 - Monitoring Surface Water Parameters WFD Article 8 - Monitoring Surface Water Programmes WFD Article 8 - Monitoring Surface Water Station Details WFD Status River Water Body Status (as per RBMP) WFD Status Lake Water Body Status (as per RBMP) WFD Status Groundwater Body Status (as per RBMP) WFD Status Transitional Water Body Status (as per RBMP) WFD Status Coastal Water Body Status (as per RBMP) WFD Status River Water Body Status (most current) WFD Status Lake Water Body Status (most current) WFD Status Groundwater Body Status (most current) WFD Status Transitional Water Body Status (most current) WFD Status Coastal Water Body Status (most current) WFD Programmes of Measures Surface Water Measures Details WFD Programmes of Measures Surface Water Measures by Water Body WFD Programmes of Measures Ground Water Measures Details WFD Programmes of Measures Ground Water Measures by waterbody WFD Exemptions Surface Water Exemption Types WFD Exemptions Exempted Surface Water Bodies WFD Exemptions Surface Water - reasons for Exemptions WFD Exemptions Ground Water Exemption Types WFD Exemptions Exempted Ground Water Bodies WFD Exemptions Ground Water - reasons for Exemptions Other Monitoring EPA Biological Stations (Q Stations) Other Monitoring Biological Monitoring Records Other Monitoring Hydrometric Gauges Register Other WFD relevant layers Groundwater Protection Schemes Other WFD relevant layers RockUnits Other WFD relevant layers Soils Other WFD relevant layers Subsoils Other WFD relevant layers Aquifer vulnerability
- 18. https://www.gsi.ie/Mapping.htm Groundwater Recharge GW Wells and Springs Karst Landforms Traced Underground Connections
- 22. Build Partnership Create an ICM Vision Characterise the Catchment Undertake further characterisation Identify & Evaluate Possible Management Strategies Design an Implementation Programme Implement the River Basin Management Plan Measure Progress and Make Adjustments Other Useful Data Sources GIS Datasets –RBD / EPA / NPWS / DEHLG / GSI / DAFM / LA Agriculture: DAFM LPIS - Number and location of farms / Principle farm enterprises / Organic loading / Previous DAFF compliance inspections. LA Farm Inspections. UWWTS: EPA Register / LA Monitoring Data DWWTS: An Post Geodirectory combined with non-sewered areas. LA Registration and Inspections. EPA Risk of Inadequate Percolation Forestry: DAFM FIPS->IFORIS (+private estate)->Forest07
- 23. Build Partnership Create an ICM Vision Characterise the Catchment Undertake further characterisation Identify & Evaluate Possible Management Strategies Design an Implementation Programme Implement the River Basin Management Plan Measure Progress and Make Adjustments
- 24. Build Partnership Create an ICM Vision Characterise the Catchment Undertake further characterisation Identify & Evaluate Possible Management Strategies Design an Implementation Programme Implement the River Basin Management Plan Measure Progress and Make Adjustments
- 25. Build Partnership Create an ICM Vision Characterise the Catchment Undertake further characterisation Identify & Evaluate Possible Management Strategies Design an Implementation Programme Implement the River Basin Management Plan Measure Progress and Make Adjustments
- 28. Build Partnership Create an ICM Vision Characterise the Catchment Undertake further characterisation Identify & Evaluate Possible Management Strategies Design an Implementation Programme Implement the River Basin Management Plan Measure Progress and Make Adjustments In order to manage the water resources in a catchment, we must: UNDERSTAND (characterise) the pressures at work, the movement and attenuation (where relevant) of water and pollutants along the pathways from the pressure to the receptor, UNDERSTAND the impacts, and UNDERSTAND the role of mitigation measures
- 29. Build Partnership Create an ICM Vision Characterise the Catchment Undertake further characterisation Identify & Evaluate Possible Management Strategies Design an Implementation Programme Implement the River Basin Management Plan Measure Progress and Make Adjustments Significant pressure sources in Irish catchments •Agriculture •UWWTS •DWWTS •Forestry •Physical / Flow Modifications Source:EPAWaterQualityinIreland2007-2009.
- 30. Build Partnership Create an ICM Vision Characterise the Catchment Undertake further characterisation Identify & Evaluate Possible Management Strategies Design an Implementation Programme Implement the River Basin Management Plan Measure Progress and Make Adjustments Significant pressure sources in Irish catchments Agriculture: Agriculture is indicated as exerting a significant pressure on the water resource in all Irish RBDs. EU Commission review of WFD Implementation. About 4.2million hectares used for agriculture or about 64% of total land area (6.9M ha) Source:CSOCensusofAgriculture2010
- 31. Build Partnership Create an ICM Vision Characterise the Catchment Undertake further characterisation Identify & Evaluate Possible Management Strategies Design an Implementation Programme Implement the River Basin Management Plan Measure Progress and Make Adjustments Significant pressure sources in Irish catchments Agriculture: Agriculture is indicated as exerting a significant pressure on the water resource in all Irish RBDs. EU Commission review of WFD Implementation. About 4.2million hectares used for agriculture or about 64% of total land area (6.9M ha) Source:CSOCensusofAgriculture2010 Food Harvest 2020 50% increase in milk output (an extra 2.75 billion litre of milk per annum) by 2020
- 32. Build Partnership Create an ICM Vision Characterise the Catchment Undertake further characterisation Identify & Evaluate Possible Management Strategies Design an Implementation Programme Implement the River Basin Management Plan Measure Progress and Make Adjustments Significant pressure sources in Irish catchments UWWTS: 529 WWDLs / 515 Certs of Authorisation 93% receive secondary treatment or higher (2009) 11 agglomerations insufficient for UWWTD (2nd treatment) / 8 require nutrient reduction (2011) Many are coastal 57% compliance large plants 42% all plants (including 500 – 2000 p.e.) Source:EPAFocusonUrbanWastewaterDischargesinIreland.
- 33. Build Partnership Create an ICM Vision Characterise the Catchment Undertake further characterisation Identify & Evaluate Possible Management Strategies Design an Implementation Programme Implement the River Basin Management Plan Measure Progress and Make Adjustments DWWTS: Estimated 500,000 properties – 1.3M people (30% Population) without sewerage 230M L wastewater per day (150 litres per person) Single dwellings / clusters / guest houses / light industry Over 33% defective – many unsuitably sited. Significant Pressure on headwater streams at times of low flow Risk to DW Sources Significant pressure sources in Irish catchments
- 34. Build Partnership Create an ICM Vision Characterise the Catchment Undertake further characterisation Identify & Evaluate Possible Management Strategies Design an Implementation Programme Implement the River Basin Management Plan Measure Progress and Make Adjustments Forestry: 750,000 hectares forestry (2011) (~11% of total land surface) Conifer 80% / Broadleaf 20% Ownership: Public 53%/ Private 47% (Land use / Management implications) iFORIS - environmental control re grants - 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 1922 1927 1932 1937 1942 1947 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 Hectares Afforestation 1920 - 2013 Total Private Public Significant pressure sources in Irish catchments
- 35. Build Partnership Create an ICM Vision Characterise the Catchment Undertake further characterisation Identify & Evaluate Possible Management Strategies Design an Implementation Programme Implement the River Basin Management Plan Measure Progress and Make Adjustments DIFFUSE vs POINT SOURCES POINT SOURCES Easier to control and regulate large point sources – UWWTS / IPPC / LA Licensing Significant investment and extensive regulation and enforcement. (>€7 bn on WSIP since 2000) DIFFUSE SOURCES Ag/Forestry - More difficult to manage (mitigate) and regulate diffuse (and small point - DWWTS) sources. Location, multiplicity, source resolution, pathways identification. Managing diffuse and small point sources is critical to achieving catchment water quality objectives