This document discusses gas exchange and the different systems animals use to obtain oxygen and release carbon dioxide. It describes five main ways animals exchange gases: through their skin/body surface, gills, tracheal system, lungs, and others. It then provides more detail on the skin, gills, tracheal, and lungs systems. The document concludes by listing some diseases related to gas exchange like emphysema, cystic fibrosis, and pneumonia.

1. GAS
EXCHANGE

2. Breathing
It is the physical
process of taking
in Oxygen and
releasing Carbon
dioxide

3. Respiration
This is the
exchange
(inhalation and
exhalation) of
gases

4. ANIMALS
OBTAIN
OXYGEN IN
DIFFERENT
WAYS:

5. 1. From the air or
water through
the moist
surface directly
into the body.
(e.g., amoeba,
flatworm)

6. 2. From the air
or water through
a thin, moist
body wall of
blood vessels
(e.g., earthworm)

7. 3. From the air
through spiracles
(openings on the
thorax) or a
tracheal system to
a system of ducts
to the tissue
(e.g., insects)

8. 4. From water
through moist
gill surfaces to
blood vessels
(e.g., fishes,
amphibians)

9. 5. From the air
through moist
lungs surface to
blood vessels
(e.g., land snail,
land vertebrate)

10. TYPES OF
GAS
EXCHANGE

11. Skin System
Animals that live in moist
environments, such as amphibians
and worms, breathe in oxygen
through their moist body
surface. The skin of frogs, for
instance, is made up of very thin
tissues that allow for the smooth
exchange of gases.
The skin or body surface system
is also known as the
integumentary system.

12. Gills System
Aquatic animals use body parts called
gills to promote the exchange of
gases.
These are extensions of the outside
membranes in most aquatic animals;
although in some, these may also be
found inside the body. Because the
gills of an aquatic animal have very
thin membranes, these are able to
get oxygen that has been dissolved in
the water into the animal’s
bloodstream also goes out through its
gills.

13. Tracheal System
Gas exchange is some animals like
insects takes place in their
tracheae, which are several air
tubes that form a network in
their bodies. These tubes have
holes called spiracles that open
to the outside surface of the
animals’ bodies. Among the
animals with this gas exchange
system are grasshoppers and
spiders.
With the tracheal system, oxygen enters the
animal's body through its tracheae, while carbon
dioxide leaves the body through the spiracles. The
tracheal tubes deliver the oxygen directly to the
cells of the animal's body and take away the carbon
dioxide from the cells, so there is no need for the
bloodstream to circulate these gases throughout the
body.

14. Lungs System
Inside the body cavity of land
animals including humans are the
lungs, a pair of organs divided
into small chambers filled with
capillaries. In humans, the chest
cavity is bisected by the
trachea, a tube that connects
the nose and mouth to the lungs.
One lung lies to the right side of
the trachea while the other lies
to the left side.
Under the lungs is a dome-
shaped muscle called the
diaphragm. The lungs are
enclosed in the rib cage, which
serves to protect the respiratory
organs and the heart.

15. SOME DISEASES RELATED
TO GAS EXCHANGE
1. Emphysema - It is a progressive
destruction of the air sacs in the
lungs and loss of membrane in the
respiratory system responsible for
oxygen exchange. This is known as
chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD).

17. SOME DISEASES RELATED
TO GAS EXCHANGE
2. Cystic fibrosis - It occurs when
there is increased scarring (fibrosis)
of the lungs due to hard-to-treat
lung infections because of the
presence of thick mucus. This
inheritable disease affects both the
lungs and other body systems,
including the digestive system.

19. SOME DISEASES RELATED
TO GAS EXCHANGE
3. Pneumonia - It is an
inflammation of the lung
especially the alveoli or air
sacs. It is caused by
bacterial and viral
infections.