This document provides an outline for a microbiology course covering topics in general microbiology, parasitology, mycology, and virology. The general microbiology section covers cell structure, microbial genetics, cultivation techniques, antimicrobial chemotherapy, and sterilization. The parasitology section addresses the lifecycles and diseases caused by protozoa, helminths, and arthropod vectors. The mycology section classifies medically important fungi and diseases. The virology section discusses viral properties, classification of RNA and DNA viruses, oncogenic viruses, and laboratory diagnosis of viral diseases. The document aims to guide students in their study of microorganisms and infectious diseases.

1. MICROBIOLOGY COURSE 3rd
PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION
3RD YEAR.
• General guide lines and course for the
examination.
• Study objectives.
• Basic guidelines.
Prof. Abbas Hayat

2. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
• Cell structure
– Optical methods.
• 1. Light Microscope, Electron Microscope,
Dark field illumination, Phase contrast.
– Eukaryote and Prokaryote Cell structure.
– Staining Methods. Grams stain Zeihl –Nelson,
special stains
– Differences between Gram positive & Gram
negative cell wall.
– Protoplasts, Spheroplasts and L forms.
– Capsule, Flagella, Pili ( Fimbriaea). Endospores.
– Morphologic changes during growth.

3. • Microbial genetics.
– Mutation, Intracellular Transfer & Genetic
recombination, transformation.
Transduction by bacteriophage. Plasmid
mediated conjugation.
•Cultivation of Microorganisms.
Culture Medias, culturing techniques,
Differential Medias, Selective Medias,
Enriched Medias, Co2 incubation,
anaerobic methods.

4. • Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.
– Mechanism of action and clinically used Anti
microbial drugs.
– Resistance to anti microbial agents.
– Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing
– Sterilization & Disinfectation.
• Anti septic and Disinfectants.
• Chemical methods.
• Physical methods. Dry heat, Moist heat,
Pasteurization, Tyndillization, Flaming, Hot air
oven, autoclave, Ethylene Oxide, gamma
radiations, UV light, etc.

5. Sterilization & Disinfectation.
– Anti septic and
Disinfectants.
– Chemical methods.
– Physical methods. Dry heat,
Moist heat, Pasteurization,
Tyndillization, Flaming, Hot
air oven, autoclave, Ethylene
Oxide, gamma radiations, UV
light, etc.

6. Host- Parasite relationship
– Infections
– Attribute of Microorganism That
Enable Them To Cause Disease.
– Mechanisms of Non- Specific Host
Resistance.
– Resistance & Immunity. Natural
Immunity. Acquired Immunity.
Genetic influences.

7. Miscellaneous
• Differences between
Exotoxins and Endo toxins,
Bacteria producing, and
mode of action.

8. Immunology: Antigens and
Antibodies.
– Definitions and cellular basis of
Immune Response.
– Antibodies: Structure and
Formation.
– Antigen-Antibodies Reactions.
Serology, Precipitation reactions,
gel diffusion tests, agglutination
Reactions, Coombs test, Toxin-
Antitoxin Reactions. Inhibition
Reactions, Immunofluorescence

9. – Electrophoresis.
– Radioimmunoassay.
– Enzyme Linked
Immunoassays (ELISA).
– Complement mediated
reactions, and the
Compliment fixation Test.

10. Immunization:
Active and Passive
immunization, and
Recommended
Schedule.

11. Antibody –mediated & Cell
Mediated Reactions.
– Antibody =mediated
hypersensitivity.
– Anaphylaxis, Arthus Reaction,
serum sickness, immune Complex
Disease, drug hypersensitivity.
– Cell Mediated & Hypersensitivity:
Tuberculin Hypersensitivity.
– Tests to evaluate cell mediated
Hypersensitivity.

12. – Role of Lipid waxes &
Adjuvant. In development of
cell mediated Reactions.
– Auto immune Diseases.
– Transplant immunity.
– Tumor Immunity.
– Transplant Immunity.

13. SPECIAL MICROBIOLOGY: BACTERIA
FUNGI AND VIRUSES OF MEDICAL
IMPORTANCE
• Pyogenic Cocci.
– Staphylococci. Morphology Types Diseases,
Culturing, Diagnosis Prevention, and Coagulase
test. Catalane test. Methicillin Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus MRSA. Etc
– Streptococci and post streptococcal sequels.
A.S.O. titer etc.
– Pneumococci. Diseases Optochin Test etc
– Neisseria: Morph. Culturing Types Diseases,
Biochemical Oxidase test N. gonorrhoeae N.
meningitidis. C.S.F. Findings etc.

14. Gram Positive bacilli.
– Aerobic spore forming: Bacillus Anthrax.
– Anaerobic spore forming: Clostridium tetani,
botulinum, perfringens difficile,
Pseudomembraneous colitis, Gas gangrene
etc.
• Corynaebacterium. Morphology Types
Diseases, Culturing, and Diagnosis
Prevention: special stains, culturing, and
Elks test. Shick test, effects of Exotoxins
etc.

15. • Mycobacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis’s,
other Mycobacteria or atypical mycobacterium,
Koch’s phenomenon. Mantoux test. Primary
and reactivation disease, Diagnostic methods,
MDRT. Treatment, D.O.T.`s etc.
• Enteric gram negative bacteria Coli forms,
lactose fermenters and non fermenters,
diseases produced, e. coli Klebseilla
Enterbacter Proteus , Pseudomonas,
Salmonella, Shigella. TSI medium reactions
• Vibrio cholera.

16. Small gram negative rods.
Brucella, Hemophilus
influenzae and others,
Bordetella pertussis.
Campylobacter and
Helicobacter species
Morphology Types Diseases,
Culturing , Diagnosis and
prevention.

17. • Spirochetes & Other Spiral
organisms.
– Treponema, Borrelia
Leptospira.
– Fusobacterium (Vincent’s
angina).

18. • Rickettsial diseases, classify, vectors
involved Q fever, Weil Felix test,
Morphology Types Diseases,
Culturing ,Diagnosis Prevention etc.
• Chlamydia. C. trachomitis,
psittacosis, Genital tract infections,
Respiratory Tract involvement
(TWAR). Lymphogranuloma
venereum, other agents.

19. Mycoplasma species
Non Gonococcal urethritis,
Legionella pneumophilia,
Listeria monocytogens.

20. SOME IMPORTANT ORGANISMS
AND DISEASES.
• Actinomyces Nocardia and Streptomyces.
• Diagnostic techniques used in
microbiology. Specimen collection,
Processing of specimens, Staining, Urine,
faces urine cultures etc. , Serology.
• Causes of food poisoning prevention and
diagnosis.
• Causes of meningitis and C.S.F. findings in
different types.

21. • Causes Urinary Tract Infection and
diagnosis and treatment.
• Typhoid fever, classification of salmonella
and diseases produced. Diagnosis,
specimens during different stages of
Disease, Widal test, Culture mediums,
Typhi dot test, etc.
• S.T.I`s and lab. diagnosis. esp. Serological
Tests For Syphilis.
• Hospital acquired infections and
prevention.

22. • Upper and lower Respiratory infections,
and their diagnosis.
• Pyogenic infections.
• Zoonosis.
• Urogenital tract infections.
• Food borne infections.
• Brain abscess and meningitis.
• Intrauterine infections.
• Routes of transmission of infections.

23. • Infection Control Methods.
• Hepatitis.ABCD&E.
• HIV and opportunist infections.
• Emerging infections. Re emerging
infections
• Specimen collection and lab.
Methods.
• Sterilization techniques

24. PARASITOLOGY
• Life Cycles, Intermediate
hosts, definitive hosts, vectors,
diseases produced, diagnosis
and treatment.

25. Protozoa.
• . Entamoeba histolytica other free Living
Amoeba, Naeglaria, acanthamoeba.
• Differences between Ent. Histolytica and
Ent. coli. Species, differences between
bacillary and amoebic dysentery, Intestinal
and extra intestinal lesions of E. histolytica
& E. coli
• Giardia, Trichomonas, Balantidium coli.

26. Haemoflagellates
• Trypanosomiasis,I. sleeping sickness
transmitted by Tse Tse fly trypansoma
rhodesiense and Trypanosoma
gambiense ii. American causing Chagas
disease, transmitted by Tiresome Bug,
Xeno diagnosis.
• Leishmania amastigote and promastigote
forms Leishmania donovani (visceral
leishmania) L. tropica: Cutaneous
leishmaniasis baziliensis
(Mucocutaneous).

27. • Plasmodium: Vivax, Malariae,
Falciparum Ovale, Life cycle shizogony
sporogony, Diagnosis,
• Thick and Thin Film. Stains used
cerebral malaria, malignant tertian fever,
Black water fever, Exo erythrocytic cycle.
Etc.
• Pnumocystis Carinii,
• Cryptosporidium etc.

28. Trematodes; tape worms or Liver
flukes.
– Clonorchiasis sinensis Chinese Liver
fluke, Fasicoliasis , fasicola hepatica,
buski.
– Paragonium westermani. Lung flukes.
Fish tape worm.
– Shistosomiasis, S. haematobium blood
flukes Liver intestinal bladder plexus ,
S. japonicum blood fluke, small
intestine liver, S. mansoni colon rectum
liver vessels

29. Cestodes, Tape worms.
– Taenia solium,
– T. saginata,
– Echinococcus granulosis: Life
Cycle Hydatid cyst.
– Hymenolepsis nana.
– Diphylobrothrum latum: Fish
tape worm.

30. Nematodes; Intestinal and Tissue , life cycles
intermediate and definitive hosts Nematodes.
• INTESTINAL NEMATODES
• Ascaris lumbricoides round worm.
• Ancylostoma duodenale hook worm.
• Nectar americanus: cousin of A. duodenale,
difference between the two
• Srrongyloides stercoralis.
• Trichuris trichuris. Whip worm.
• Trichenella spiralis.
• Larva migrans: Cutaneous creeping eruptions.
• Entrobius vermicularis: Cecum colon& anal
region. Scotch tape test.

31. TISSUE NEMATODES
• Wuscheria bancrofti: lymph nodes, Microfilaria
in blood. Mosquito bite , nocturnal.
• Brugia malayi: lymph nodes same habitat.
• Loa Loa: S.C. tissue migratory, eye microfilaria
in blood. Chrysops bite.
• Onchocerca volvulus: blinding worm, S.C.
tissue microfilaria in blood skin and eyes, black
fly.
• Dracunculus medinensis: S.C. tissue leg, foot.
• Toxocara species: cat and dog round worm :
Liver Lungs Eye Brain.

32. Some Important Questions in
Parasitology:
Name protozoa of medical importance,
differences between Entamoeba histolytica
and Ent. coli.
– Differences between amoebic and bacillary
dysentery.
– Intestinal and extra intestinal lesions of
amoeba.
– List Trematodes and give the life cycle
of……..

33. – List Cestodes and give the Life
Cycle of E. granulosis, how will you
diagnose a case of Hydatid cyst?
– Name hemoparasites, and describe
life cycle of plasmodium falciparum,
lab. Diagnosis and complications.
– Name Haemoflagellates and give life
cycle of…..

34. – List intestinal nematodes or tissue
nematodes and give the life cycle,
pathogenicity, diagnosis etc
of……………………
– Write short notes on a.
Acanthamoeba, Casoni test,
Toxoplasma gondi etc.
– Name Microfilaria and give the
vectors disease and diagnosis of
………

35. MYCOLOGY
• Classify fungi of medical importance.
• Superficial mycosis or Dermatophytes their
classification and diagnosis.
• S.C. fungi: Sporothrix Schenckii ,
Chromomycosis, Mycetoma.
• Deep seated fungal infections. Coccidioides
immitis , Histoplasma capsulatum,
Blastomycosis dermatidis,
• Opportunist Mycosis a. Candida albicans b.
Cryptococcus neoformans c. Aspergillosis d.
Zygomycosis ( Mucormycosis).

36. • Actinomycetes.
• Nocardia and related species.
• Lab. Diagnosis of fungal diseases.
• Short notes on Candida albicans,
Cryptococcus neoformans, Germ
tube test, etc.
• How do fungi cause disease, 1. .
Hypersensitivity, 2. Mycotoxicosis
3. Mycetismus 4. Infection.

37. VIROLOGY
• General Properties of Viruses; definition,
symmetry, type of disease, RNA & DNA
viruses.
• Differences between viruses and
bacteria.
• Classify RNA and DNA viruses and
mention some of the diseases they
produce.
• Oncogenic viruses.

38. • Lab. Diagnosis of Viral diseases.
• Virus isolation techniques.
• Arbo viruses.
• Name Hepatitis viruses ,and the
serological tests used to see the patient
status in Hep B infection during different
stages..
• Give the lab. Diagnosis of Hep c
infection: ELISA PCR VIRAL LOAD,
DNA PROBES, RIBA, WESTERN BLOT
etc.

39. • Latent viral infections.
• H.I.V. infection.
• EB virus, Cytomegalovirus
Mumps, Measles, Rubella virus.
• Short notes on Negri bodies,
inclusion bodies, Shingles,
Chicken pox…etc.

40. Any thing not included is also in
course.