Download to read offline
Uploaded byAbbas Hayat abbaspatho
2nd prof exams
This document provides an outline for a microbiology course covering topics in general microbiology, parasitology, mycology, and virology. The general microbiology section covers cell structure, microbial genetics, cultivation techniques, antimicrobial chemotherapy, and sterilization. The parasitology section addresses the lifecycles and diseases caused by protozoa, helminths, and arthropod vectors. The mycology section classifies medically important fungi and diseases. The virology section discusses viral properties, classification of RNA and DNA viruses, oncogenic viruses, and laboratory diagnosis of viral diseases. The document aims to guide students in their study of microorganisms and infectious diseases.
2nd prof exams
- 1. MICROBIOLOGY COURSE 3rd PROFESSIONALEXAMINATION 3RD YEAR. • General guide lines and course for the examination. • Study objectives. • Basic guidelines. Prof. Abbas Hayat
- 2. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY • Cellstructure – Optical methods. • 1. Light Microscope, Electron Microscope, Dark field illumination, Phase contrast. – Eukaryote and Prokaryote Cell structure. – Staining Methods. Grams stain Zeihl –Nelson, special stains – Differences between Gram positive & Gram negative cell wall. – Protoplasts, Spheroplasts and L forms. – Capsule, Flagella, Pili ( Fimbriaea). Endospores. – Morphologic changes during growth.
- 3. • Microbial genetics. –Mutation, Intracellular Transfer & Genetic recombination, transformation. Transduction by bacteriophage. Plasmid mediated conjugation. •Cultivation of Microorganisms. Culture Medias, culturing techniques, Differential Medias, Selective Medias, Enriched Medias, Co2 incubation, anaerobic methods.
- 4. • Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. –Mechanism of action and clinically used Anti microbial drugs. – Resistance to anti microbial agents. – Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing – Sterilization & Disinfectation. • Anti septic and Disinfectants. • Chemical methods. • Physical methods. Dry heat, Moist heat, Pasteurization, Tyndillization, Flaming, Hot air oven, autoclave, Ethylene Oxide, gamma radiations, UV light, etc.
- 5. Sterilization & Disinfectation. –Anti septic and Disinfectants. – Chemical methods. – Physical methods. Dry heat, Moist heat, Pasteurization, Tyndillization, Flaming, Hot air oven, autoclave, Ethylene Oxide, gamma radiations, UV light, etc.
- 6. Host- Parasite relationship –Infections – Attribute of Microorganism That Enable Them To Cause Disease. – Mechanisms of Non- Specific Host Resistance. – Resistance & Immunity. Natural Immunity. Acquired Immunity. Genetic influences.
- 7. Miscellaneous • Differences between Exotoxinsand Endo toxins, Bacteria producing, and mode of action.
- 8. Immunology: Antigens and Antibodies. –Definitions and cellular basis of Immune Response. – Antibodies: Structure and Formation. – Antigen-Antibodies Reactions. Serology, Precipitation reactions, gel diffusion tests, agglutination Reactions, Coombs test, Toxin- Antitoxin Reactions. Inhibition Reactions, Immunofluorescence
- 9. – Electrophoresis. – Radioimmunoassay. –Enzyme Linked Immunoassays (ELISA). – Complement mediated reactions, and the Compliment fixation Test.
- 10. Immunization: Active and Passive immunization,and Recommended Schedule.
- 11. Antibody –mediated &Cell Mediated Reactions. – Antibody =mediated hypersensitivity. – Anaphylaxis, Arthus Reaction, serum sickness, immune Complex Disease, drug hypersensitivity. – Cell Mediated & Hypersensitivity: Tuberculin Hypersensitivity. – Tests to evaluate cell mediated Hypersensitivity.
- 12. – Role ofLipid waxes & Adjuvant. In development of cell mediated Reactions. – Auto immune Diseases. – Transplant immunity. – Tumor Immunity. – Transplant Immunity.
- 13. SPECIAL MICROBIOLOGY: BACTERIA FUNGIAND VIRUSES OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE • Pyogenic Cocci. – Staphylococci. Morphology Types Diseases, Culturing, Diagnosis Prevention, and Coagulase test. Catalane test. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA. Etc – Streptococci and post streptococcal sequels. A.S.O. titer etc. – Pneumococci. Diseases Optochin Test etc – Neisseria: Morph. Culturing Types Diseases, Biochemical Oxidase test N. gonorrhoeae N. meningitidis. C.S.F. Findings etc.
- 14. Gram Positive bacilli. –Aerobic spore forming: Bacillus Anthrax. – Anaerobic spore forming: Clostridium tetani, botulinum, perfringens difficile, Pseudomembraneous colitis, Gas gangrene etc. • Corynaebacterium. Morphology Types Diseases, Culturing, and Diagnosis Prevention: special stains, culturing, and Elks test. Shick test, effects of Exotoxins etc.
- 15. • Mycobacteria Mycobacteriumtuberculosis’s, other Mycobacteria or atypical mycobacterium, Koch’s phenomenon. Mantoux test. Primary and reactivation disease, Diagnostic methods, MDRT. Treatment, D.O.T.`s etc. • Enteric gram negative bacteria Coli forms, lactose fermenters and non fermenters, diseases produced, e. coli Klebseilla Enterbacter Proteus , Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Shigella. TSI medium reactions • Vibrio cholera.
- 16. Small gram negativerods. Brucella, Hemophilus influenzae and others, Bordetella pertussis. Campylobacter and Helicobacter species Morphology Types Diseases, Culturing , Diagnosis and prevention.
- 17. • Spirochetes &Other Spiral organisms. – Treponema, Borrelia Leptospira. – Fusobacterium (Vincent’s angina).
- 18. • Rickettsial diseases,classify, vectors involved Q fever, Weil Felix test, Morphology Types Diseases, Culturing ,Diagnosis Prevention etc. • Chlamydia. C. trachomitis, psittacosis, Genital tract infections, Respiratory Tract involvement (TWAR). Lymphogranuloma venereum, other agents.
- 19. Mycoplasma species Non Gonococcalurethritis, Legionella pneumophilia, Listeria monocytogens.
- 20. SOME IMPORTANT ORGANISMS ANDDISEASES. • Actinomyces Nocardia and Streptomyces. • Diagnostic techniques used in microbiology. Specimen collection, Processing of specimens, Staining, Urine, faces urine cultures etc. , Serology. • Causes of food poisoning prevention and diagnosis. • Causes of meningitis and C.S.F. findings in different types.
- 21. • Causes UrinaryTract Infection and diagnosis and treatment. • Typhoid fever, classification of salmonella and diseases produced. Diagnosis, specimens during different stages of Disease, Widal test, Culture mediums, Typhi dot test, etc. • S.T.I`s and lab. diagnosis. esp. Serological Tests For Syphilis. • Hospital acquired infections and prevention.
- 22. • Upper andlower Respiratory infections, and their diagnosis. • Pyogenic infections. • Zoonosis. • Urogenital tract infections. • Food borne infections. • Brain abscess and meningitis. • Intrauterine infections. • Routes of transmission of infections.
- 23. • Infection ControlMethods. • Hepatitis.ABCD&E. • HIV and opportunist infections. • Emerging infections. Re emerging infections • Specimen collection and lab. Methods. • Sterilization techniques
- 24. PARASITOLOGY • Life Cycles,Intermediate hosts, definitive hosts, vectors, diseases produced, diagnosis and treatment.
- 25. Protozoa. • . Entamoebahistolytica other free Living Amoeba, Naeglaria, acanthamoeba. • Differences between Ent. Histolytica and Ent. coli. Species, differences between bacillary and amoebic dysentery, Intestinal and extra intestinal lesions of E. histolytica & E. coli • Giardia, Trichomonas, Balantidium coli.
- 26. Haemoflagellates • Trypanosomiasis,I. sleepingsickness transmitted by Tse Tse fly trypansoma rhodesiense and Trypanosoma gambiense ii. American causing Chagas disease, transmitted by Tiresome Bug, Xeno diagnosis. • Leishmania amastigote and promastigote forms Leishmania donovani (visceral leishmania) L. tropica: Cutaneous leishmaniasis baziliensis (Mucocutaneous).
- 27. • Plasmodium: Vivax,Malariae, Falciparum Ovale, Life cycle shizogony sporogony, Diagnosis, • Thick and Thin Film. Stains used cerebral malaria, malignant tertian fever, Black water fever, Exo erythrocytic cycle. Etc. • Pnumocystis Carinii, • Cryptosporidium etc.
- 28. Trematodes; tape wormsor Liver flukes. – Clonorchiasis sinensis Chinese Liver fluke, Fasicoliasis , fasicola hepatica, buski. – Paragonium westermani. Lung flukes. Fish tape worm. – Shistosomiasis, S. haematobium blood flukes Liver intestinal bladder plexus , S. japonicum blood fluke, small intestine liver, S. mansoni colon rectum liver vessels
- 29. Cestodes, Tape worms. –Taenia solium, – T. saginata, – Echinococcus granulosis: Life Cycle Hydatid cyst. – Hymenolepsis nana. – Diphylobrothrum latum: Fish tape worm.
- 30. Nematodes; Intestinal andTissue , life cycles intermediate and definitive hosts Nematodes. • INTESTINAL NEMATODES • Ascaris lumbricoides round worm. • Ancylostoma duodenale hook worm. • Nectar americanus: cousin of A. duodenale, difference between the two • Srrongyloides stercoralis. • Trichuris trichuris. Whip worm. • Trichenella spiralis. • Larva migrans: Cutaneous creeping eruptions. • Entrobius vermicularis: Cecum colon& anal region. Scotch tape test.
- 31. TISSUE NEMATODES • Wuscheriabancrofti: lymph nodes, Microfilaria in blood. Mosquito bite , nocturnal. • Brugia malayi: lymph nodes same habitat. • Loa Loa: S.C. tissue migratory, eye microfilaria in blood. Chrysops bite. • Onchocerca volvulus: blinding worm, S.C. tissue microfilaria in blood skin and eyes, black fly. • Dracunculus medinensis: S.C. tissue leg, foot. • Toxocara species: cat and dog round worm : Liver Lungs Eye Brain.
- 32. Some Important Questionsin Parasitology: Name protozoa of medical importance, differences between Entamoeba histolytica and Ent. coli. – Differences between amoebic and bacillary dysentery. – Intestinal and extra intestinal lesions of amoeba. – List Trematodes and give the life cycle of……..
- 33. – List Cestodesand give the Life Cycle of E. granulosis, how will you diagnose a case of Hydatid cyst? – Name hemoparasites, and describe life cycle of plasmodium falciparum, lab. Diagnosis and complications. – Name Haemoflagellates and give life cycle of…..
- 34. – List intestinalnematodes or tissue nematodes and give the life cycle, pathogenicity, diagnosis etc of…………………… – Write short notes on a. Acanthamoeba, Casoni test, Toxoplasma gondi etc. – Name Microfilaria and give the vectors disease and diagnosis of ………
- 35. MYCOLOGY • Classify fungiof medical importance. • Superficial mycosis or Dermatophytes their classification and diagnosis. • S.C. fungi: Sporothrix Schenckii , Chromomycosis, Mycetoma. • Deep seated fungal infections. Coccidioides immitis , Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomycosis dermatidis, • Opportunist Mycosis a. Candida albicans b. Cryptococcus neoformans c. Aspergillosis d. Zygomycosis ( Mucormycosis).
- 36. • Actinomycetes. • Nocardiaand related species. • Lab. Diagnosis of fungal diseases. • Short notes on Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Germ tube test, etc. • How do fungi cause disease, 1. . Hypersensitivity, 2. Mycotoxicosis 3. Mycetismus 4. Infection.
- 37. VIROLOGY • General Propertiesof Viruses; definition, symmetry, type of disease, RNA & DNA viruses. • Differences between viruses and bacteria. • Classify RNA and DNA viruses and mention some of the diseases they produce. • Oncogenic viruses.
- 38. • Lab. Diagnosisof Viral diseases. • Virus isolation techniques. • Arbo viruses. • Name Hepatitis viruses ,and the serological tests used to see the patient status in Hep B infection during different stages.. • Give the lab. Diagnosis of Hep c infection: ELISA PCR VIRAL LOAD, DNA PROBES, RIBA, WESTERN BLOT etc.
- 39. • Latent viralinfections. • H.I.V. infection. • EB virus, Cytomegalovirus Mumps, Measles, Rubella virus. • Short notes on Negri bodies, inclusion bodies, Shingles, Chicken pox…etc.
- 40. Any thing notincluded is also in course.