The document provides an overview of 4G/3G mobile networks, including:
- The evolution of mobile networks from 1G to 5G and the standards organizations.
- The network architecture of 2G, 3G, and 4G networks and the transition to an all-IP infrastructure.
- An explanation of the data and control planes and their associated protocols.
- An example of the signaling process for setting up a data session in a 4G LTE network.
This document outlines an agenda for eight sessions on LTE system overview and operation. Session 1 provides an overview of LTE cellular systems, specifications, and network architecture. Sessions 2-8 cover OFDMA and SCFDMA concepts, LTE transmission schemes, protocol architecture, MIMO, UE operations, cell acquisition procedures, handover, and UE testing. The document lists references on LTE system design books and 3GPP specifications.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and transmission schemes. It describes the simplified LTE network elements including eNB, MME, S-GW and P-GW. It explains the downlink transmission scheme using OFDMA and reference signal structure. It also covers uplink transmission using SC-FDMA, control and data channels as well as frame structure in both FDD and TDD modes.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and technology. It discusses the drivers for LTE including higher data rates and lower latency. It describes the evolution from 3G networks to LTE, which features a simplified all-IP architecture without circuit-switched elements. Key aspects of LTE include OFDMA modulation, support for bandwidths up to 20 MHz, and peak data rates of 100 Mbps downstream and 50 Mbps upstream.
The document discusses the evolution from 3G to 4G mobile networks through LTE. It describes key technologies like OFDMA and SC-FDMA being used in LTE to improve spectral efficiency and support higher data rates. It also summarizes the simplified LTE network architecture with fewer nodes and direct connections between the evolved NodeB and core network elements like the mobility management entity and serving gateway. A timeline is provided showing expected peak data rates increasing from initial 3G networks to over 100 Mbps with LTE and eventually 1 Gbps with continued LTE evolution.
This document provides an overview of 4G wireless systems and LTE architecture. It discusses the purpose and motivation for 4G technology, including providing high-speed wireless access to mobile devices. It describes the LTE architecture, including the evolved NodeB, evolved packet core components, and interfaces. It also covers LTE channel structure, protocols, and the radio access network components of 4G such as OFDMA and frame structure.
The document discusses the evolution of 3G networks to LTE networks. It describes key technologies such as OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and MIMO that improve spectral efficiency and throughput. The LTE network architecture is presented, including elements such as the E-UTRAN, MME, serving gateway, PDN gateway, and HSS. The interfaces between these elements are also outlined.
High performance browser networking ch7,8Seung-Bum Lee
Presentation material including summary of "High Performance Browser Networking" by Ilya Grigorik. This book includes very good summary of computer network not only for internet browsing but also multimedia streaming.
LTE network: How it all comes together architecture technical posterDavid Swift
The document provides an overview of an LTE network including:
1) The key components of an LTE network including the Evolved Packet Core (EPC), radio access network (eNodeB), and user equipment (UE).
2) Protocols and functions used within the LTE network for mobility, authentication, quality of service, charging, and multimedia services.
3) Interworking of the LTE network with external networks including legacy 3G networks, non-3GPP access like WiFi, IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) for voice, and IPX networks for roaming.
This document outlines an agenda for eight sessions on LTE system overview and operation. Session 1 provides an overview of LTE cellular systems, specifications, and network architecture. Sessions 2-8 cover OFDMA and SCFDMA concepts, LTE transmission schemes, protocol architecture, MIMO, UE operations, cell acquisition procedures, handover, and UE testing. The document lists references on LTE system design books and 3GPP specifications.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and transmission schemes. It describes the simplified LTE network elements including eNB, MME, S-GW and P-GW. It explains the downlink transmission scheme using OFDMA and reference signal structure. It also covers uplink transmission using SC-FDMA, control and data channels as well as frame structure in both FDD and TDD modes.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and technology. It discusses the drivers for LTE including higher data rates and lower latency. It describes the evolution from 3G networks to LTE, which features a simplified all-IP architecture without circuit-switched elements. Key aspects of LTE include OFDMA modulation, support for bandwidths up to 20 MHz, and peak data rates of 100 Mbps downstream and 50 Mbps upstream.
The document discusses the evolution from 3G to 4G mobile networks through LTE. It describes key technologies like OFDMA and SC-FDMA being used in LTE to improve spectral efficiency and support higher data rates. It also summarizes the simplified LTE network architecture with fewer nodes and direct connections between the evolved NodeB and core network elements like the mobility management entity and serving gateway. A timeline is provided showing expected peak data rates increasing from initial 3G networks to over 100 Mbps with LTE and eventually 1 Gbps with continued LTE evolution.
This document provides an overview of 4G wireless systems and LTE architecture. It discusses the purpose and motivation for 4G technology, including providing high-speed wireless access to mobile devices. It describes the LTE architecture, including the evolved NodeB, evolved packet core components, and interfaces. It also covers LTE channel structure, protocols, and the radio access network components of 4G such as OFDMA and frame structure.
The document discusses the evolution of 3G networks to LTE networks. It describes key technologies such as OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and MIMO that improve spectral efficiency and throughput. The LTE network architecture is presented, including elements such as the E-UTRAN, MME, serving gateway, PDN gateway, and HSS. The interfaces between these elements are also outlined.
High performance browser networking ch7,8Seung-Bum Lee
Presentation material including summary of "High Performance Browser Networking" by Ilya Grigorik. This book includes very good summary of computer network not only for internet browsing but also multimedia streaming.
LTE network: How it all comes together architecture technical posterDavid Swift
The document provides an overview of an LTE network including:
1) The key components of an LTE network including the Evolved Packet Core (EPC), radio access network (eNodeB), and user equipment (UE).
2) Protocols and functions used within the LTE network for mobility, authentication, quality of service, charging, and multimedia services.
3) Interworking of the LTE network with external networks including legacy 3G networks, non-3GPP access like WiFi, IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) for voice, and IPX networks for roaming.
LTE and Beyond discusses the evolution of mobile technology and the motivation, birth, and key aspects of LTE and LTE-Advanced. The document outlines the system architecture of LTE including E-UTRAN and EPC components. It describes LTE protocol stack and key aspects such as duplexing, access techniques, and link adaptation. The document also discusses NFV and SDN in LTE networks and the evolution of LTE-Advanced through technologies like carrier aggregation, MIMO, CoMP, and heterogeneous networks. It provides a comparison of LTE and LTE-A and looks ahead to the challenges of 5G networks.
This document provides an overview of LTE drive testing, including:
- The objectives and types of drive testing such as single site verification, cluster, and benchmark tests
- The key parameters measured in 4G drive testing like RSSI, SINR, RSRP, and RSRQ
- An overview of the 4G LTE network architecture including components like the eNB, MME, S-GW, and P-GW
- A description of the different logical, transport, and physical channels used for communication in LTE networks
- A review of the post-processing of drive test logs and analysis using the Actix software
This document provides an overview of LTE basics including:
- The LTE network architecture uses a flat design with eNodeBs and an Evolved Packet Core consisting of the MME, S-GW, and P-GW.
- Key LTE technologies include OFDMA in the downlink, SC-FDMA in the uplink, and MIMO. The radio protocol stack separates user and control planes.
- LTE aims to provide high peak data rates up to 100Mbps downlink and 50Mbps uplink, low latency under 10ms, improved spectrum efficiency, and support for bandwidths up to 20MHz.
- LTE-Advanced further improves on LTE with data
This document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) including its evolution from previous 3GPP standards like UMTS, key drivers and requirements for LTE, LTE technology basics, frequency bands, and features introduced in subsequent releases up to Release 11. It discusses technologies like OFDMA, SC-FDMA and the LTE network protocol. It also outlines the spectrum used for LTE FDD and TDD modes.
3GPP Standardisation & Evolution for Digital Infrastucture.pdf21stMilestoneResiden
The document discusses 3GPP, which is the 3rd Generation Partnership Project. 3GPP is a standards organization that develops protocols for mobile telecommunications. It has over 400 individual members including operators, vendors, and regulators. The document outlines 3GPP's history and evolution, including developing standards for 2G networks like GSM, 3G networks like UMTS, and 4G networks like LTE. It also discusses 3GPP's focus on increasing data throughput, lowering latency, improving spectrum flexibility and efficiency for operators.
- To support CS services like voice in LTE networks, different phases of evolution have been proposed including CSFB and VoLTE.
- CSFB allows CS services to work by falling back to legacy 2G/3G networks, while VoLTE supports native voice over IP capabilities in LTE.
- SRVCC allows seamless handover of VoLTE calls between LTE and legacy networks by transferring sessions between the core networks.
This document contains questions and answers about LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology. Some key points covered include:
- OFDMA is used for downlink and SC-FDMA is used for uplink to overcome high PAPR issues.
- CDS dynamically schedules radio resources, modulation, coding and power control based on channel quality and traffic load.
- MIMO uses multiple antennas to increase data rates up to a maximum of 8x8 MIMO.
- The LTE network architecture includes the eNB, MME, S-GW and P-GW connected by various interfaces like S1, S6a, S5 etc.
- Security in LTE is based on
LTE and DPI technologies are essential for managing mobile broadband networks due to increasing bandwidth demands outpacing supply growth. DPI allows for prioritization of real-time traffic like voice and video, security measures, and new revenue opportunities through traffic analysis and service differentiation. It provides a "smart pipe" for optimized network efficiency and subscriber services. Rapid adoption of smartphones, internet video, and mobile applications is driving network traffic growth that LTE and DPI solutions can help address.
The 3GPP maintains and evolves radio technologies like GSM, GPRS, W-CDMA, UMTS, EDGE, HSPA and LTE as well as their related core networks and systems architecture. Over 350 companies participate through regional and national standards bodies that are organizational partners of 3GPP. 3GPP has specified radio interfaces for 2G, 3G and 4G networks and continues to work on advancing technologies through releases that improve aspects like throughput, latency, spectrum flexibility and more.
Here is the link to the complete report on "Wireless Communication Generations"
"https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0BxLQQCpBqGHiaHlvLW1xeEtja2c&usp=sharing"
LTE is a cellular wireless system standard that uses OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink. Key LTE technologies include bandwidth flexibility, advanced antenna techniques like MIMO, link adaptation, inter-cell interference coordination, and a two-layered HARQ protocol to provide low latency and high reliability data transmission. LTE aims to improve spectral efficiency, reduce costs, support new services, and provide higher data rates and lower latencies compared to previous cellular standards.
The document discusses the evolution of 3G networks to 4G LTE networks. It describes the key aspects of LTE including the LTE architecture, air interface technologies like OFDMA and SC-FDMA, and the Evolved Packet Core. The goals of LTE were to provide higher data rates, improve spectrum efficiency, reduce latency and simplify the network architecture. LTE adopted an all-IP flat architecture with reduced network elements in the core to help lower costs and complexity.
The document provides an overview of 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology. Key points include:
- LTE is designed to provide high-speed data and media transport with high-capacity voice support through the next decade.
- It enables high-performance mobile broadband services using high bitrates and system throughput in both uplink and downlink with low latency.
- The LTE infrastructure is designed to be simple to deploy and operate across flexible frequency bands from less than 5MHz to 20MHz.
- The LTE-SAE architecture reduces network nodes and supports flexible configurations for high service availability across multiple standards.
The document discusses the growth of mobile broadband and need for LTE solutions. It outlines challenges like saturated voice revenues and increasing video usage straining networks. LTE is presented as essential for meeting demands like high data rates, low latency and compatibility. The evolution of 3G and 4G standards over time is shown along with LTE performance goals and network architecture. Deployment challenges and the role of technologies like DPI and femtocells are also covered.
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 4G wireless technology designed to support higher data speeds and capacities. It uses OFDMA for the downlink and SC-FDMA for the uplink. LTE supports MIMO to increase data rates through multiple antennas. The LTE network architecture consists of the eNodeB base stations, Mobility Management Entity (MME) for control plane functions, Serving Gateway (SGW) for user plane functions, and Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW) connecting to external networks. Voice can be supported in LTE through Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) to legacy networks or using Voice over LTE (VoLTE) with IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS
A fundamental problem before carriers today is to optimize network cost
and performance by better resource allocation to traffic demands. This is especially
important with the packet infrastructure becoming a critical business resource.
The key to achieving this is traffic engineering (TE), the process of
systematically putting traffic where there is capacity, and backbone
capacity management, the process of ensuring that there is enough network
capacity to meet demand, even at peak times and under failure conditions,
without significant queue buildups.
In this talk, we first focus on the TE techniques and approaches used
in the networks of two large carriers: Global Crossing and
Sprint, which represent the two ends of the traffic engineering spectrum.
We do so by presenting a snapshot of their TE philosophy, deployment strategy,
and network design principles and operation.
We then present the results of an empirical study of backbone traffic
characteristics that suggests that Internet traffic is not self-similar at
timescales relevant to QoS. Our non-parametric approach requires minimal
assumptions (unlike much of the previous work), and allows
us to formulate a practical process for ensuring QoS using backbone
capacity management.
(This latter work is joint with Thomas Telkamp, Global Crossing Ltd. and Arman
Maghbouleh, Cariden Technologies, Inc.)
This document summarizes an LTE workshop held in September 2015. The workshop agenda included 5 sessions on introducing LTE features and objectives, LTE architecture and components, technical aspects of LTE, the continual evolution of LTE, and new services and experiences. Session 1 introduced the evolution of mobile technologies and growing mobile data traffic. It also covered LTE features, objectives, frequency bands, and device availability.
MPLS is increasingly being used for mobile backhaul networks to support evolving 4G LTE and beyond networks. MPLS provides a unified transport solution for 2G, 3G and 4G networks through proven scalability, resiliency, manageability and quality of service. The Broadband Forum's MPLS in Mobile Backhaul Initiative (MMBI) specifies requirements and architectures for using MPLS in mobile backhaul networks, including support for small cell deployments. Upcoming work will address additional 3GPP releases and further optimize MPLS mobile backhaul networks.
UNIT 1 Web Application Develpoment HTTP and CSSNilamHonmane
This document discusses the contents of a course on web application development. The course covers HTML, CSS, Bootstrap, and the W3C. For HTML, it will cover tags, elements, attributes, headings, links, tables, images, forms, and semantic elements. CSS will be discussed including properties, classes, colors, text formatting, positioning, animation, and transitions. Bootstrap will teach the grid system, responsive design, common classes, and components. The role of the W3C in supporting web technologies is also mentioned. The overall goal is to teach skills for building web applications and preparing students for careers in IT.
SQL is a standard language used to create, access, and manipulate databases. It allows users to define, manipulate, and control access to data and structures within a database. Some key SQL elements include commands to create and delete tables, retrieve and modify data, and control user access privileges. Common SQL commands are used for data definition (DDL), data manipulation (DML), and transaction control. Constraints like primary keys, foreign keys, unique keys and check constraints are used to define rules to maintain data integrity in SQL tables.
LTE and Beyond discusses the evolution of mobile technology and the motivation, birth, and key aspects of LTE and LTE-Advanced. The document outlines the system architecture of LTE including E-UTRAN and EPC components. It describes LTE protocol stack and key aspects such as duplexing, access techniques, and link adaptation. The document also discusses NFV and SDN in LTE networks and the evolution of LTE-Advanced through technologies like carrier aggregation, MIMO, CoMP, and heterogeneous networks. It provides a comparison of LTE and LTE-A and looks ahead to the challenges of 5G networks.
This document provides an overview of LTE drive testing, including:
- The objectives and types of drive testing such as single site verification, cluster, and benchmark tests
- The key parameters measured in 4G drive testing like RSSI, SINR, RSRP, and RSRQ
- An overview of the 4G LTE network architecture including components like the eNB, MME, S-GW, and P-GW
- A description of the different logical, transport, and physical channels used for communication in LTE networks
- A review of the post-processing of drive test logs and analysis using the Actix software
This document provides an overview of LTE basics including:
- The LTE network architecture uses a flat design with eNodeBs and an Evolved Packet Core consisting of the MME, S-GW, and P-GW.
- Key LTE technologies include OFDMA in the downlink, SC-FDMA in the uplink, and MIMO. The radio protocol stack separates user and control planes.
- LTE aims to provide high peak data rates up to 100Mbps downlink and 50Mbps uplink, low latency under 10ms, improved spectrum efficiency, and support for bandwidths up to 20MHz.
- LTE-Advanced further improves on LTE with data
This document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) including its evolution from previous 3GPP standards like UMTS, key drivers and requirements for LTE, LTE technology basics, frequency bands, and features introduced in subsequent releases up to Release 11. It discusses technologies like OFDMA, SC-FDMA and the LTE network protocol. It also outlines the spectrum used for LTE FDD and TDD modes.
3GPP Standardisation & Evolution for Digital Infrastucture.pdf21stMilestoneResiden
The document discusses 3GPP, which is the 3rd Generation Partnership Project. 3GPP is a standards organization that develops protocols for mobile telecommunications. It has over 400 individual members including operators, vendors, and regulators. The document outlines 3GPP's history and evolution, including developing standards for 2G networks like GSM, 3G networks like UMTS, and 4G networks like LTE. It also discusses 3GPP's focus on increasing data throughput, lowering latency, improving spectrum flexibility and efficiency for operators.
- To support CS services like voice in LTE networks, different phases of evolution have been proposed including CSFB and VoLTE.
- CSFB allows CS services to work by falling back to legacy 2G/3G networks, while VoLTE supports native voice over IP capabilities in LTE.
- SRVCC allows seamless handover of VoLTE calls between LTE and legacy networks by transferring sessions between the core networks.
This document contains questions and answers about LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology. Some key points covered include:
- OFDMA is used for downlink and SC-FDMA is used for uplink to overcome high PAPR issues.
- CDS dynamically schedules radio resources, modulation, coding and power control based on channel quality and traffic load.
- MIMO uses multiple antennas to increase data rates up to a maximum of 8x8 MIMO.
- The LTE network architecture includes the eNB, MME, S-GW and P-GW connected by various interfaces like S1, S6a, S5 etc.
- Security in LTE is based on
LTE and DPI technologies are essential for managing mobile broadband networks due to increasing bandwidth demands outpacing supply growth. DPI allows for prioritization of real-time traffic like voice and video, security measures, and new revenue opportunities through traffic analysis and service differentiation. It provides a "smart pipe" for optimized network efficiency and subscriber services. Rapid adoption of smartphones, internet video, and mobile applications is driving network traffic growth that LTE and DPI solutions can help address.
The 3GPP maintains and evolves radio technologies like GSM, GPRS, W-CDMA, UMTS, EDGE, HSPA and LTE as well as their related core networks and systems architecture. Over 350 companies participate through regional and national standards bodies that are organizational partners of 3GPP. 3GPP has specified radio interfaces for 2G, 3G and 4G networks and continues to work on advancing technologies through releases that improve aspects like throughput, latency, spectrum flexibility and more.
Here is the link to the complete report on "Wireless Communication Generations"
"https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0BxLQQCpBqGHiaHlvLW1xeEtja2c&usp=sharing"
LTE is a cellular wireless system standard that uses OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink. Key LTE technologies include bandwidth flexibility, advanced antenna techniques like MIMO, link adaptation, inter-cell interference coordination, and a two-layered HARQ protocol to provide low latency and high reliability data transmission. LTE aims to improve spectral efficiency, reduce costs, support new services, and provide higher data rates and lower latencies compared to previous cellular standards.
The document discusses the evolution of 3G networks to 4G LTE networks. It describes the key aspects of LTE including the LTE architecture, air interface technologies like OFDMA and SC-FDMA, and the Evolved Packet Core. The goals of LTE were to provide higher data rates, improve spectrum efficiency, reduce latency and simplify the network architecture. LTE adopted an all-IP flat architecture with reduced network elements in the core to help lower costs and complexity.
The document provides an overview of 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology. Key points include:
- LTE is designed to provide high-speed data and media transport with high-capacity voice support through the next decade.
- It enables high-performance mobile broadband services using high bitrates and system throughput in both uplink and downlink with low latency.
- The LTE infrastructure is designed to be simple to deploy and operate across flexible frequency bands from less than 5MHz to 20MHz.
- The LTE-SAE architecture reduces network nodes and supports flexible configurations for high service availability across multiple standards.
The document discusses the growth of mobile broadband and need for LTE solutions. It outlines challenges like saturated voice revenues and increasing video usage straining networks. LTE is presented as essential for meeting demands like high data rates, low latency and compatibility. The evolution of 3G and 4G standards over time is shown along with LTE performance goals and network architecture. Deployment challenges and the role of technologies like DPI and femtocells are also covered.
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 4G wireless technology designed to support higher data speeds and capacities. It uses OFDMA for the downlink and SC-FDMA for the uplink. LTE supports MIMO to increase data rates through multiple antennas. The LTE network architecture consists of the eNodeB base stations, Mobility Management Entity (MME) for control plane functions, Serving Gateway (SGW) for user plane functions, and Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW) connecting to external networks. Voice can be supported in LTE through Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) to legacy networks or using Voice over LTE (VoLTE) with IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS
A fundamental problem before carriers today is to optimize network cost
and performance by better resource allocation to traffic demands. This is especially
important with the packet infrastructure becoming a critical business resource.
The key to achieving this is traffic engineering (TE), the process of
systematically putting traffic where there is capacity, and backbone
capacity management, the process of ensuring that there is enough network
capacity to meet demand, even at peak times and under failure conditions,
without significant queue buildups.
In this talk, we first focus on the TE techniques and approaches used
in the networks of two large carriers: Global Crossing and
Sprint, which represent the two ends of the traffic engineering spectrum.
We do so by presenting a snapshot of their TE philosophy, deployment strategy,
and network design principles and operation.
We then present the results of an empirical study of backbone traffic
characteristics that suggests that Internet traffic is not self-similar at
timescales relevant to QoS. Our non-parametric approach requires minimal
assumptions (unlike much of the previous work), and allows
us to formulate a practical process for ensuring QoS using backbone
capacity management.
(This latter work is joint with Thomas Telkamp, Global Crossing Ltd. and Arman
Maghbouleh, Cariden Technologies, Inc.)
This document summarizes an LTE workshop held in September 2015. The workshop agenda included 5 sessions on introducing LTE features and objectives, LTE architecture and components, technical aspects of LTE, the continual evolution of LTE, and new services and experiences. Session 1 introduced the evolution of mobile technologies and growing mobile data traffic. It also covered LTE features, objectives, frequency bands, and device availability.
MPLS is increasingly being used for mobile backhaul networks to support evolving 4G LTE and beyond networks. MPLS provides a unified transport solution for 2G, 3G and 4G networks through proven scalability, resiliency, manageability and quality of service. The Broadband Forum's MPLS in Mobile Backhaul Initiative (MMBI) specifies requirements and architectures for using MPLS in mobile backhaul networks, including support for small cell deployments. Upcoming work will address additional 3GPP releases and further optimize MPLS mobile backhaul networks.
UNIT 1 Web Application Develpoment HTTP and CSSNilamHonmane
This document discusses the contents of a course on web application development. The course covers HTML, CSS, Bootstrap, and the W3C. For HTML, it will cover tags, elements, attributes, headings, links, tables, images, forms, and semantic elements. CSS will be discussed including properties, classes, colors, text formatting, positioning, animation, and transitions. Bootstrap will teach the grid system, responsive design, common classes, and components. The role of the W3C in supporting web technologies is also mentioned. The overall goal is to teach skills for building web applications and preparing students for careers in IT.
SQL is a standard language used to create, access, and manipulate databases. It allows users to define, manipulate, and control access to data and structures within a database. Some key SQL elements include commands to create and delete tables, retrieve and modify data, and control user access privileges. Common SQL commands are used for data definition (DDL), data manipulation (DML), and transaction control. Constraints like primary keys, foreign keys, unique keys and check constraints are used to define rules to maintain data integrity in SQL tables.
1. Random access protocols like ALOHA and slotted ALOHA allow wireless stations to transmit randomly, which can cause collisions and reduce throughput. Carrier sensing multiple access (CSMA) protocols reduce collisions by having stations sense the channel before transmitting. (2 sentences)
2. Scheduling-based medium access control protocols like reservation and polling systems organize transmissions to avoid collisions. Reservation systems use reservation intervals for stations to request transmission slots, while polling systems have a central controller or passing permit poll stations in a set order. Both approaches can provide more efficient channel utilization than random access. (3 sentences)
1. The document discusses common standards and cloud platforms used in cloud computing. It covers standards for common goals like portability and migration, as well as standards for application developers, data formats, messaging, and security.
2. Major cloud platforms discussed include Amazon Web Services, Google AppEngine, and Microsoft Azure. It also outlines common standards organizations like the Open Cloud Consortium and Distributed Management Task Force.
3. The document provides details on specific standards like XML, JSON, LAMP, LAPP, SMTP, and security standards like ISO and HIPAA.
Distributed information retrieval involves searching text databases that are distributed across networked computers. It allows users to access and share information across multiple machines. There are two main approaches to distributed information retrieval - processing can be done either on individual computers or in a centralized manner using a broker. The key steps involve selecting relevant data sources, distributing queries, processing searches in parallel, and merging results from different sources.
373_23865_CR315_2011_1__2_1_CH09 Mobile Computing.pptNilamHonmane
The document discusses mobile computing, mobile commerce (m-commerce), and pervasive computing. It defines key terms like mobile devices, wireless networks, mobile applications, and location-based services. It also covers security issues, technological barriers, and managerial challenges of mobile and pervasive computing. The overall focus is on the mobile environment, wireless infrastructure, m-commerce applications and their benefits, and emerging technologies like pervasive/ubiquitous computing.
The document provides an overview of a 4th year mobile communication course for students. It outlines the course strategy, including joining the Google Classroom, accessing homework and materials. It discusses attendance policies and grading breakdown. It then defines mobile computing as systems that can be easily moved and used while in motion, such as laptops and phones. Finally, it discusses the key concepts of mobile computing including mobile communication networks, hardware like phones and tablets, and software applications.
R3 Stem Cell Therapy: A New Hope for Women with Ovarian FailureR3 Stem Cell
Discover the groundbreaking advancements in stem cell therapy by R3 Stem Cell, offering new hope for women with ovarian failure. This innovative treatment aims to restore ovarian function, improve fertility, and enhance overall well-being, revolutionizing reproductive health for women worldwide.
Unlocking the Secrets to Safe Patient Handling.pdfLift Ability
Furthermore, the time constraints and workload in healthcare settings can make it challenging for caregivers to prioritise safe patient handling Australia practices, leading to shortcuts and increased risks.
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
DECODING THE RISKS - ALCOHOL, TOBACCO & DRUGS.pdfDr Rachana Gujar
Introduction: Substance use education is crucial due to its prevalence and societal impact.
Alcohol Use: Immediate and long-term risks include impaired judgment, health issues, and social consequences.
Tobacco Use: Immediate effects include increased heart rate, while long-term risks encompass cancer and heart disease.
Drug Use: Risks vary depending on the drug type, including health and psychological implications.
Prevention Strategies: Education, healthy coping mechanisms, community support, and policies are vital in preventing substance use.
Harm Reduction Strategies: Safe use practices, medication-assisted treatment, and naloxone availability aim to reduce harm.
Seeking Help for Addiction: Recognizing signs, available treatments, support systems, and resources are essential for recovery.
Personal Stories: Real stories of recovery emphasize hope and resilience.
Interactive Q&A: Engage the audience and encourage discussion.
Conclusion: Recap key points and emphasize the importance of awareness, prevention, and seeking help.
Resources: Provide contact information and links for further support.
Gemma Wean- Nutritional solution for Artemiasmuskaan0008
GEMMA Wean is a high end larval co-feeding and weaning diet aimed at Artemia optimisation and is fortified with a high level of proteins and phospholipids. GEMMA Wean provides the early weaned juveniles with dedicated fish nutrition and is an ideal follow on from GEMMA Micro or Artemia.
GEMMA Wean has an optimised nutritional balance and physical quality so that it flows more freely and spreads readily on the water surface. The balance of phospholipid classes to- gether with the production technology based on a low temperature extrusion process improve the physical aspect of the pellets while still retaining the high phospholipid content.
GEMMA Wean is available in 0.1mm, 0.2mm and 0.3mm. There is also a 0.5mm micro-pellet, GEMMA Wean Diamond, which covers the early nursery stage from post-weaning to pre-growing.
Letter to MREC - application to conduct studyAzreen Aj
Application to conduct study on research title 'Awareness and knowledge of oral cancer and precancer among dental outpatient in Klinik Pergigian Merlimau, Melaka'
PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
- Primary pleural tumors and pleural metastases.
- Distinguishing between MPM and Talc Pleurodesis.
- Urological tumors.
- The role of FDG PET in NET.
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2. Jargons
• Mobile networks use many jargon and
abbreviations
– LTE, EPS, Node B, eNodeB
– Nested acronyms are common
– GERAN = GPRS Evolution Radio Access Network
– LTE is often referred to as Evolved Packet System (EPS)
in technical situations
• Learn the jargon and acronyms gradually
– There is an associated glossary and cheat-sheet
– I do not remember many
2
CS590 (Peng)
3. Outline
• Evolution of mobile networks
• Network architecture
• Network operations and protocol stack
3
CS590 (Peng)
5. Ubiquitous Mobile Network Services
• Global Mobile Data Traffic
– 7.2 exabytes/month in 2016 (63% growth)
– 18 fold growth in the past five years
– 7 fold growth by 2021 (49 exabytes/month)
5
5
Source: Cisco Visual Networking Index, 2017: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2016–
2021 White Paper
CS590 (Peng)
6. Ubiquitous Mobile Network Services
• Smartphones: primary internet access points
– By 2021, 98% traffic and 75% connections from
“smart” devices
– 4G: 75% traffic and 53% connections
– 5G: 1.5% traffic and 0.2% connections
CS590 (Peng) 6
7. Empowered by Mobile Networks
Internet
Network
Infrastructure
Mobile
Client
7
… ...
• the only large-scale, wide-area wireless network
system in par with the Internet
CS590 (Peng)
8. Empowered by Mobile Networks
8
Network
Infrastructure
Mobile
Client
… ...
Wireless
(radio access
technology)
CS590 (Peng)
9. Mobile Network Evolution
CS590 (Peng) 9
1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
Mid 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
analog
voice
Digital voice
+ Simple data
Mobile
broadband
Mobile Internet
More & faster
3G
WCDMA/HSPA+
CDMA2000/EVDO
TD-SCDMA
1G
AMPS, NMT
TACS
2G
GSM/GPRS/
EDGE
cdmaOne
4G
LTE
LTE-A
10. Standards Body: 3GPP
• An international standards body
• Evolves and standardizes GSM, UMTS, LTE
among others
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) unites
[Six] telecommunications standard development
organizations (ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TTA, TTC), known as
“Organizational Partners” and provides their members
with a stable environment to produce the highly
successful Reports and Specifications that define 3GPP
technologies
• We will primarily discuss 3GPP standards
CS590 (Peng) 10
12. What is LTE?
• LTE stands for “Long Term Evolution”
• Fourth-generation (4G) cellular technology
from 3GPP
• Deployed worldwide
• 4G LTE: First global standard
– Increased speed
– IP-based network (All circuits are gone/fried!)
– New air interface: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency-
Division Multiple Access), MIMO (multiple antennas)
• Also includes duplexing, timing, carrier spacing, coding...
– New service paradigm (e.g., VoLTE)
CS590 (Peng) 12
13. What is LTE?
• LTE is always evolving and 3GPP often has new
“releases”
– First release: Rel-8
– Current: Rel-11, Rel-12
– Toward LTE-Advanced (4.5G)
CS590 (Peng) 13
15. Inter-Generation Technologies
• CS networks need to be able to connect with PS
networks and other distinct cellular networks
– The internet is a good example of PS network
• GPRS (General packet radio service)
– 2.5G packet switched technology
• EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution)
– 2.75G packet switched technology
• HSPA (High Speed Packet Access)
– 3.5/3.75 packet switched data technology
– There were a few quick iterations on this technology,
thus “variants”
CS590 (Peng) 16
16. 2G Network Architecture (GSM)
17
UE
BTS
BSC
MSC
Base Station
Subsystem
Network
Subsystem
Operations and Support
Subsystem
HLR/AuC
17
CS590 (Peng)
17. 2G Based on Circuit Switching (CS)
End-end resources
reserved for “call”
• link bandwidth, switch
capacity
• dedicated resources: no
sharing
• circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
• call setup required CS590 (Peng) 18
18. CS Signaling
• used to setup, maintain teardown VC
• used in 2G, as well as in 3G
• not used in today’s Internet
CS590 (Peng) 19
application
transport
network
data link
physical
application
transport
network
data link
physical
1. Initiate call 2. incoming call
3. Accept call
4. Call connected
5. Data flow begins 6. Receive data
19. 4G Network Architecture (LTE)
Signaling path
Data path
MME 4G Core Network
4G BS
Internet
Phone
4G PS Gateways
MME: Mobility Management Entity
BS: Base Station (4G: eNodeB)
4G Packet-Switched
CS590 (Peng) 20
20. Packet Switching (PS)
• Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed
pattern, bandwidth shared on demand statistical
multiplexing
• Store-and-forward at intermediate routers
• Used by the Internet CS590 (Peng) 21
A
B
C
D E
statistical multiplexing
queue of packets
waiting for output link
21. PS Signaling
• no call setup at network layer
• routers: no state about end-to-end connections
– no network-level concept of “connection”
• packets forwarded using destination host address
– packets btw same source-dest pair may take different paths
CS590 (Peng) 22
application
transport
network
data link
physical
application
transport
network
data link
physical
1. Send data 2. Receive data
23. So far, Our Focus
• We mainly focus on current 3G/4G systems,
particularly 4G LTE network
CS590 (Peng) 24
Network
Infrastructure
Mobile
Client
… ...
Wireless
(radio access
technology)
24. Outline
Evolution of mobile networks
Network architecture
• Network operations and protocol stack
25
CS590 (Peng)
25. Operations
Two main planes in operation in parallel:
• Data plane (also called User plane): content
delivery
• Control plane: signaling functions
There is an additional plane that works with the
above two planes:
• Management plane: configurations,
monitoring
CS590 (Peng) 26
26. Illustration of Data and Control Planes
CS590 (Peng) 27
Network
Infrastructure
Data-plane
Control-
Plane
IP
Application
Transport
Data-plane
Control-
Plane
IP
27. Illustration of Data and Control Planes
CS590 (Peng) 28
PHY
MAC
PDCP
IP
L1
L2
L3
4G-PHY
4G-MAC
4G-RLC
IP
PDCP
Data
Plane
3G 4G LTE
RLC
Control
Plane
Data
Plane
Radio Resource Contol
Mobility Management
Connectivity Mangement
Connectivity
Management
Mobility
Management
Radio
Resource
Control
Session
Management
(SM)
EPS Session
Management
(ESM)
Mobility
Management
(GMM)
Radio Resource Control
(3G-RRC)
4G LTE
3G
Call Control
(CM/CC)
Mobility
Management
(MM)
Radio
Resource
Control
(4G-RRC)
Mobility
Management
(EMM)
PS Domain
PS Domain
CS Domain
28
28
EPS: Evolved Packet System
PDCP: Packet Data Convergence Protocol
RLC: Radio Link Control
MAC: Medium Access Control
28. Data-Plane Protocols: IP + lower layers
• Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) – header
compression, radio encryption
• Radio Link Control (RLC) – Readies packets to be transferred
over the air interface
• Medium Access Control (MAC) – Multiplexing, QoS
CS590 (Peng) 29
PDCP
RLC
@eNB (IP)
PDCP
RLC
@UE (IP)
MAC
PHY
MAC
PHY
29. 30
Control-Plane Protocols
Internet
Data-plane
Control-plane
P1: Radio conn. setup
P2: Location
update
P3: Conn.
context
(QoS)
Radio Resource Control (RRC)
Mobility Management (MM)
Connectivity Management
• Control utilities: mobile network specific
– Different from Internet counterparts
30. Control-Plane Protocols in 4G/3G
• Variants for same/similar control functions
– Hybrid 4G/3G systems
– Domains separated for voice (CS) and data (PS)
CS590 (Peng) 31
PHY
MAC
PDCP
IP
L1
L2
L3
4G-PHY
4G-MAC
4G-RLC
IP
PDCP
Data
Plane
3G 4G LTE
RLC
Control
Plane
Data
Plane
Radio Resource Contol
Mobility Management
Connectivity Mangement
Connectivity
Management
Mobility
Management
Radio
Resource
Control
Session
Management
(SM)
EPS Session
Management
(ESM)
Mobility
Management
(GMM)
Radio Resource Control
(3G-RRC)
4G LTE
3G
Call Control
(CM/CC)
Mobility
Management
(MM)
Radio
Resource
Control
(4G-RRC)
Mobility
Management
(EMM)
PS Domain
PS Domain
CS Domain
31. Distributed Operations: Device, base
station, core networks
3G CS Gateway
MME
3G PS Gateway
3G 4G
Core
Network
User
Device
PS CS
Base
Station 3G-RRC
MM
MM
CM
CM
4G-RRC
MM
CM
CS590 (Peng)
32
32. Put Them Together
• Setting up data service in 4G
CS590 (Peng) 33
Internet
Data-plane
Control-plane
33. Data and Control Planes in LTE
34
• eNodeB, S-GW
and P-GW are
involved in
session setup,
handoff, routing
User
Equipment
(UE)
Gateway
(S-GW)
Mobility
Management
Entity (MME)
Network
Gateway
(P-GW)
Home
Subscriber
Server (HSS)
Station
(eNodeB)
Base
Station
Serving Packet Data
Control Plane
Data Plane
34. Setting Up Data Service in 4G
35
User
Equipment
4G BS MME
RRC Connection Request
RRC Connection Setup
RRC Connection Complete
4G-
RRC
4G-
RRC
4G-
MM
Attach Request
Authentication Request
Authentication Response
Attach Accept
Attach Complete
4G-
MM
Public Data Network Connectivity Request
Activate Bearer Context Request (192.168.0.199)
Activate Bearer Context Accept
4G-
CM
4G-
CM
PDN: Public Data Network EPS: Evolved Packet System
(1) Setup radio connection
(2) Registration (attach)
(3) Authentication
(4) Setup Connectivity Context
(e.g., IP, routing path, QoS)
Others
(HSS, GWs)
HSS
P-Gw
35. Setting Up Data Service in 4G
36
User
Equipment
4G BS MME
4G-
RRC
4G-
RRC
4G-
MM
4G-
MM
4G-
CM
4G-
CM
(1) Setup radio
connection
(2) Registration (attach)
(3) Authentication
(4) Setup Connectivity Context
(e.g., IP, routing path, QoS)
Others
(HSS, GWs)
HSS
P-Gw
(5) data-plane delivery
Control-Plane Functions
36. Summary and Discussion
• Primer on mobile network: architecture,
protocols, operations
– And its evolution
– And its complexity
• Difference from wired Internet and WiFi
– What?
– Why?
CS590 (Peng) 37
37. After-class Reading (Optional)
• Learn more about control plane protocols and
their interactions: SIGCOMM’14
• Learn more about radio connection setup:
check RRC papers
• LTE tutorial and reference:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/lte/
CS590 (Peng) 38
38. Action Items
• Work on your course project early
– Topic and team
• Check the reference and reading list
– Updates shortly
• Next Chapter: 5G apps
CS590 (Peng) 39
Editor's Notes
Lecture 1:
(1)
Today, mobile internet anywhere, anytime.
(2) Today, Almost everyone can use mobile Internet anytime, anywhere.
%mobile Internet has become an important part of our everyday life.
Soruce: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/mobile-white-paper-c11-520862.html
(1) We still witness increasing growth.
Forecast: Mobile Network Through 2021
49 exabytes/month (6.8x growth)
4G: 75% traffic and 53% connections
5G: 1.5% traffic and 0.2% connections
98% traffic &75% connections from “smart” devices
he Mobile Network Through 2021
Mobile data traffic will reach the following milestones within the next 5 years:
● Monthly global mobile data traffic will be 49 exabytes by 2021, and annual traffic will exceed half a zettabyte.
● Mobile will represent 20 percent of total IP traffic by 2021.
● The number of mobile-connected devices per capita will reach 1.5 by 2021.
● The average global mobile connection speed will surpass 20 Mbps by 2021.
● The total number of smartphones (including phablets) will be over 50 percent of global devices and connections by 2021.
● Smartphones will surpass four-fifths of mobile data traffic (86 percent) by 2021.
● 4G connections will have the highest share (53 percent) of total mobile connections by 2021.
● 4G traffic will be more than three-quarters of the total mobile traffic by 2021.
● More traffic was offloaded from cellular networks (on to Wi-Fi) than remained on cellular networks in 2016.
● Over three-fourths (78 percent) of the world’s mobile data traffic will be video by 2021.
To connect these smartphones and the Internet, the key enabler is the underlying mobile networked system.
Mobile clients first get wireless access to the base stations and then traverse several gateways in the rest mobile network infrastructure and finally reach the external Internet.
(3) So far and also in the coming years, this is still the only large-scale, wide-area wireless network system, which complements the wired Internet.
To connect these smartphones and the Internet, the key enabler is the underlying mobile networked system.
Mobile clients first get wireless access to the base stations and then traverse several gateways in the rest mobile network infrastructure and finally reach the external Internet.
(3) So far and also in the coming years, this is still the only large-scale, wide-area wireless network system, which complements the wired Internet.
All these are empowered by the evoluation of mobile networks.
Today, the world is advancing to 4G LTE and even LTE advanced.
At this time point, almost everyone knows that 3G/4G mobile networks are everywhere.
This fact can be easily supported by many numbers.
For example, 3G/4G have been deployed in 203 countries; serving 6.8 billions user.
By 2014 (this year), it will go beyond our global population.
Last year, more than half a billion smartphones and tablets are shipped,
The market is $1 trillion by 2016.
And so on…
=========================================================
Mobile network is the largest scale wireless infrastructure.
It covers the whole planet and serves billions of users.
It provides mobile users with data service and carrier-grade quality voice service
There are other standards, like 3GPP2, 5GPP
CAT 3, CAT 4, CAT 6 (different radio technology), different speed
All implementations must meet baseline requirements
Increased speed
IP-based network (All circuits are gone/fried!)
New air interface: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access), MIMO (multiple antennas)
Also includes duplexing, timing, carrier spacing, coding...
CAT 3, CAT 4, CAT 6 (different radio technology), different speed
Enhancement over time (CAT3, CAT 4, CAT 6),
All implementations must meet baseline requirements
Increased speed
IP-based network (All circuits are gone/fried!)
New air interface: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access), MIMO (multiple antennas)
Also includes duplexing, timing, carrier spacing, coding...
Let us look at the mobile network architecture to see how these services are made possible.
Here it is a 4G LTE network architecture which only supports packet-switched service.
It consists of two parts:
First, base stations to offer radio access
Second, core network which consists of MME (Mobility Management Entity) and 4G PS gateways .
The MME is used to manage user mobility, e.g., location update.
The 4G PS Gateways route packets between Internet and 4G Base stations
Now we take a look at 3G network architecture.
Similar to 4G LTE, it has Base station and core networks.
The major difference is that 3G supports both Circuit-Switched and Packet-Switched services.
3G CS Gateways are used to connect to 3G base stations and telephony networks.
3G PS Gateways plays role similar to 4G PS Gateway.
The main difference is that 3G PS Gateways are responsible for control-plane and data-plane functions at same.
In 4G LTE, the control-plane functions are moved to MME.
Wireless technology, main evolution across different generations and releases are in PHY layer
It means that the network side implements complex functions.
(2) To support data delivery in the data-plane, it has to support rich control-plane functions like radio resource control, mobility support, connectivity management, QoS control etc.
(3) They are much more complex than the control in the Internet.
(1 ) Layered protocol stack
(2) Variants
(3) Complicated (rich set of control protocols)
We use one most common operation to explain how they work together.
RRC study:
A Close Examination of Performance and Power Characteristics of 4G LTE Networks, by Junxian Huang, Feng Qian, Alexandre Gerber, Z. Morley Mao, Subhabrata Sen, and Oliver Spatscheck, ACM Mobisys 2012.
MN2: [qian10-rrc3g-imc] Characterizing Radio Resource Allocation for 3G Networks, by Feng Qian, Zhaoguang Wang, Alex Gerber, Z. Morley Mao, Subhabrata Sen, and Oliver Spatscheck, ACM IMC 2010.
MN2: [qian11-aro-mobisys] Profiling Resource Usage for Mobile Applications: a Cross-layer Approach by Feng Qian, Zhaoguang Wang, Alex Gerber, Z. Morley Mao, Subhabrata Sen, and Oliver Spatscheck, ACM Mobisys 2011.
MN2:[balasubramanian09-rrctail-imc] Energy Consumption in Mobile Phones: A Measurement Study and Implications for Network Applications, by Niranjan Balasubramanian Aruna Balasubramanian Arun Venkataramani, ACM IMC 2009. (It focuses on energy model. RRC tail is introduced).
*MN2: [athivarapu12-radiojockey-mobicom] RadioJockey: Mining Program Execution to Optimize Cellular Radio Usage, by Pavan Kumar Athivarapu, Ranjita Bhagwan, Saikat Guha, Vishnu Navda, Ramachandran Ramjee, Dushyant Arora, Venkat Padmanabhan, and George Varghese, ACM MobiCom 2012.